STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I

XIAOLONG HAN

Abstract. The three main subjects in Calculus I are limits, differentiation, and integra-
tion. This Study Guide covers the key topics and problems featured in the Tests and the Final.
(I). This Guide presents a collection of problems organized by topic. These problems closely
reflect those found on the Tests and the Final in terms of type, difficulty, and wording.
(II). Complete and understand all problems independently. Solutions are provided, but use
them only to verify answers and enhance understanding.

Contents
Topic 1. Limits 2
Topic 1.A. Limits 2
Topic 1.B. Limits involving infinity 4
Topic 1.C. Continuity 5
Topic 2. Differentiation 6
Topic 2.A. Derivatives by limits 6
Topic 2.B. Derivatives by rules 8
Topic 2.C. Implicit differentiation 10
Topic 3. Applications of differentiation 11
Topic 3.A. Related rates 11
Topic 3.B. Mean value theorem 12
Topic 3.C. First-order derivative test and optimization 12
Topic 3.D. Second-order derivative test and graphing 15
Topic 4. Integration 18
Topic 4.A. Indefinite integrals 18
Topic 4.B. Definite integrals 22
Topic 4.C. Fundamental theorem of calculus 24
Topic 5. Applications of integration 25
Topic 5.A. Average and work 25
Topic 5.B. Area between curves 26
Topic 5.C. Volume of revolutions 27

1
2 XIAOLONG HAN

Topic 1. Limits
Topic 1.A. Limits.
Definition (Limits).
•
lim f (x) = L,
x→a
if f (x) approaches a number L as x approaches a.
•
lim f (x) = L,
x→a−
if f (x) approaches a number L as x approaches a from the left.
•
lim f (x) = L,
x→a+
if f (x) approaches a number L as x approaches a from the right.
Theorem (The squeeze theorem). If
f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) and lim f (x) = lim h(x) = L,
x→a x→a
then
lim g(x) = L.
x→a

Remark.
•
x2 sin x
1− ≤ ≤ 1 as x → 0.
6 x
•
−1 ≤ sin x, cos x ≤ 1 for all x.
Problem 1. Find the limits.
(a).
x−1
lim √ .
x→1 x−1
(b).
4 − x2
lim .
x→2 x2 − 3x + 2
(c).
tan x
lim .
x→0 x
(d).
sin(3x)
lim .
x→0 x
Answer.
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 3

(a).
√
x−1 (x − 1)( x + 1)
lim √ = lim √ √
x→1 x−1 x→1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
√
(x − 1)( x + 1)
= lim √
x→1 ( x)2 − 12
√
(x − 1)( x + 1)
= lim
x→1 x−1
√
= lim x + 1
x→1
√
= 1+1
= 2.
(b).
4 − x2 (2 − x)(2 + x)
lim = lim
x→2 x2 − 3x + 2 x→2 (x − 1)(x − 2)

−(x − 2)(2 + x)
= lim
x→2 (x − 1)(x − 2)

−(2 + x)
= lim
x→2 x−1
−(2 + 2)
=
2−1
= −4.
(c). As x → 0,
x2 sin x
1− ≤ ≤ 1.
6 x
Since
x2
 
lim 1 − = 1 and lim 1 = 1,
x→0 6 x→0
by the squeeze theorem,
sin x
lim = 1.
x→0 x
Then
tan x sin x sin x 1 1
lim = lim = lim · lim =1· = 1.
x→0 x x→0 x · cos x x→0 x x→0 cos x cos 0
(d). As y → 0,
y2 sin y
1− ≤ ≤ 1.
6 y
Since
y2
lim 1 − = 1 and lim 1 = 1,
y→0 6 y→0
by the squeeze theorem,
sin y
lim = 1.
y→0 y
4 XIAOLONG HAN

By a change of variables y = 3x,

sin(3x) sin(3x) sin y
lim = 3 lim = 3 lim = 3.
x→0 x x→0 3x y→0 y

Topic 1.B. Limits involving infinity.

Theorem (Limits involving infinity).
(i). (
number ∞ if positive,
=
0 −∞ if negative.
Use test points near the base point to determine the sign.
(ii).
number
= 0.
±∞
(iii). The limit of the quotient of two polynomials at infinity is the same as the quotient of the
leading terms. For example,
18x3 + 5x2 − 2x 18x3 18 3
lim 3 2
= lim 3
= = .
x→∞ 42x + x + 3x + 2 x→∞ 42x 42 7
Problem 2. Find the limits.
(a).
x x x
lim , lim , lim .
x→3− 9 − x2 x→3+ 9 − x2 x→3 9 − x2
(b).
x−1 x−1 x−1
lim 2 , lim 2 , lim 2 .
x→−2− x + 4x + 4 x→−2+ x + 4x + 4 x→−2 x + 4x + 4
(c).
2x + 3
lim √ .
x→∞ x2 + 1
(d).
sin(6x)
lim .
x→∞ 13x
Answer.
(a).
x x
2
= .
9−x (3 − x)(3 + x)
Test at x = 2.9 for x → 3−:
2.9 x
> 0. ⇒ lim = ∞.
(3 − 2.9)(3 + 2.9) x→3− (3 − x)(3 + x)

Test at x = 3.1 for x → 3+:

3.1 x
< 0. ⇒ lim = −∞.
(3 − 3.1)(3 + 3.1) x→3+ (3 − x)(3 + x)

Hence,
x
lim does not exist and is not ∞ or −∞.
x→3 9 − x2
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 5

(b).
x−1 x−1
= .
x2 + 4x + 4 (x + 2)2
Test at x = −2.1 for x → −2−:
−2.1 − 1 x−1
< 0. ⇒ lim = −∞.
(−2.1 + 2)2 x→−2− (x + 2)2

Test at x = −1.9 for x → −2+:

−1.9 − 1 x−1
< 0. ⇒ lim = −∞.
(−1.9 + 2)2 x→−2+ (x + 2)2

Hence,
x−1
lim = −∞.
x→−2 x2 + 4x + 4
(c).
2x + 3 2x 2x
lim √ = lim √ = lim = 2.
x→∞ x2 + 1 x→∞ x2 x→∞ x
(d). Because −1 ≤ sin(6x) ≤ 1,
1 sin(6x) 1
− ≤ ≤ as x → ∞.
13x 13x 13x
Since
1 1
lim − = 0 and lim = 0,
x→∞ 13x x→∞ 13x
by the squeeze theorem,
sin(6x)
lim = 0.
x→∞ 13x
Topic 1.C. Continuity.
Definition (Continuity). We say that f is continuous at a if
lim f (x) = f (a).
x→a

Problem 3. Let (√
x−3
x−9
, x 6= 9,
f (x) =
A, x = 9.
Find A such that f (x) is continuous.
Answer. Compute that
√ √ √
x−3 ( x − 3) ( x + 3)
lim = lim √
x→9 x − 9 x→9 (x − 9) ( x + 3)
√ 2
( x) − 32
= lim √
x→9 (x − 9) ( x + 3)

x−9
= lim √
x→9 (x − 9) ( x + 3)

1
= lim √
x→9 x+3
1
= √
9+3
6 XIAOLONG HAN

1
= .
6
The function f is continuous if
√
x−3
lim = f (9) = A,
x→9 x−9
that is,
1
A= .
6
Topic 2. Differentiation
Topic 2.A. Derivatives by limits.
Definition (Derivative by limit).
• The derivative of a function f at a point x is
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim .
h→0 h
• The tangent to f at the point (x0 , y0 ) has slope f 0 (x0 ) = m and equation
y − y0 = m (x − x0 ) .
Theorem.
(i). If f is continuous, then the graph of f has no breaks or jumps. (However, f may have
corners.)
(ii). If f is differentiable, then f is continuous and the graph of f has no corners.
Problem 4. Let f be defined as follows.

f (x)
3

x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

(a). List any x values where f is not continuous.

(b). List any x values where f is not differentiable.
(c). Sketch the graph of f 0 (x).
Answer.
(a). The function f is not continuous at x = 3, 4.
(b). The function f is not differentiable at x = 1, 3, 4, 5.
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 7

(c).
1−3


 from (0, 3) to (1, 1) : 1−0
= −2,
 3−1
from (1, 1) to (3, 3) : = 1,

 3−1
2−3
The slope is from (3, 3) to (4, 2) : 4−3
= −1,
2−0

from (4, 0)
 to (5, 2) : = 2,

 5−4
 2−2
from (5, 2) to (6, 2) : 6−5
= 0.
That is, the derivative 
−2
 on (0, 1),

1 on (1, 3),


0
f (x) = −1 on (3, 4),




 2 on (4, 5),

0 on (5, 6).
0
Hence, f (x) is as follows.

f 0 (x)

0 x
1 2 3 4 5 6
−1

−2

Problem 5. Let √
f (x) = 2x + 1.
(a). Find f 0 (x) using the limit definition of derivative.
(b). Find the equation of the tangent to y = f (x) at (4, f (4)).
Answer.
(a).
f (x + h) − f (x)
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
p √
2(x + h) + 1 − 2x + 1
= lim
h→0
√ h
√
2x + 2h + 1 − 2x + 1
= lim
h→0
√ h
√
√ √

2x + 2h + 1 − 2x + 1 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
= lim √ √

h→0 h 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
√
2 √
2
2x + 2h + 1 − 2x + 1
= lim √ √

h→0 h 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
8 XIAOLONG HAN

(2x + 2h + 1) − (2x + 1)
= lim √ √

h→0 h 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
2h
= lim √ √

h→0 h 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
2
= lim √ √
h→0 2x + 2h + 1 + 2x + 1
2
= √ √
2x + 1 + 2x + 1
2
= √
2 2x + 1
1
= √ .
2x + 1
(b). Since
1 1 √
f 0 (4) = √ = and f (4) = 2 · 4 + 1 = 3,
2·4+1 3
the equation of the tangent at (4, f (4)) is
1
y − 3 = (x − 4),
3
that is,
1 5
y = x+ .
3 3
Topic 2.B. Derivatives by rules.
Theorem (Derivative rules).
(i). Derivatives of powers:
(xn )0 = nxn−1 .
In particular,
√
0  1 0 1 − 1 1 1
x = x2 = x 2 = 1 = √ .
2 2x 2 2 x
(ii). Derivatives of trigonometric functions:
(sin x)0 = cos x, (cos x)0 = − sin x, (tan x)0 = sec2 x.
(csc x)0 = − csc x cot x, (sec x)0 = sec x tan x, (cot x)0 = − csc2 x.
(iii). Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions:
1
(ex )0 = ex and (ln x)0 = .
x
(iv). The product rule:
(f g)0 = f 0 g + f g 0 .
(v). The quotient rule:  0
f f 0g − f g0
= .
g g2
(vi). The chain rule:
(f (g(x)))0 = f 0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x).
Problem 6. Find the derivatives.
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 9

(a). √
f (x) = x 2x + 1.
(b).
1
f (x) = π 2 + 3x − .
x
(c).
sin x
f (x) = .
cos x + 1
(d).
tan e3x .

(e).
2
f (x) = e x .
(f ).
f (x) = esec x .
(g).
x3
 
f (x) = ln .
(x + 1)2
(h).
f (x) = x ln(cos x).
Answer.
(a).
 √ 0 √ √ 0
x 2x + 1 = (x)0 · 2x + 1 + x · 2x + 1
√ 1
= 1· 2x + 1 + x · √ · (2x + 1)0
2 2x + 1
√ 1
= 2x + 1 + x · √ ·2
2 2x + 1
√ x
= 2x + 1 + √
2x + 1
√ √
2x + 1 · 2x + 1 x
= √ +√
2x + 1 2x + 1
2x + 1 + x
= √
2x + 1
3x + 1
= √ .
2x + 1
(b).  0
1
0 1
2
π + 3x − = 0 + (3x)0 − x−1 = 3 − (−1) · x−2 = 3 + x−2 = 3 + .
x x2
(c).
 0
sin x (cos x)(cos x + 1) − (sin x)(− sin x)
=
cos x + 1 (cos x + 1)2
cos2 x + cos x + sin2 x
=
(cos x + 1)2
10 XIAOLONG HAN

cos x + 1
=
(cos x + 1)2
1
= .
cos x + 1
(d).

0
tan e3x = sec2 e3x · e3x · 3 = 3e3x sec2 e3x .

(e).
0  0 2
 2 2 2 2
−1 0

2
−2 2e x
e x =e ·
x = e · 2x
x = e · (−1) · x = − 2 .
x
x x
(f).
(esec x )0 = esec x · (sec x)0 = esec x tan x sec x.
(g).
0 0
x3 x3
  
1
ln = x3
·
(x + 1)2 (x+1)2
(x + 1)2
(x + 1)2 3x2 · (x + 1)2 − x3 · 2(x + 1)
= ·
x3 ((x + 1)2 )2
(x + 1)2 x2 (x + 1)(3(x + 1) − 2x)
= ·
x3 (x + 1)4
(3x + 3 − 2x)
=
x(x + 1)
x+3
= .
x(x + 1)
(h).
(x ln(cos x))0 = (x)0 · ln(cos x) + x · (ln(cos x))0
1
= ln(cos x) + x · · (− sin x)
cos x
= ln(cos x) − x tan x.
Topic 2.C. Implicit differentiation.
Problem 7. Let
x2 y + y 3 = 2.
(a). Use implicit differentiation to find y 0 at (−1, 1).
(b). Find the equation of the tangent at (−1, 1).
Answer.
(a). Differentiate with respect to x to both sides of the equation:

0
x2 y + x2 y 0 + 3y 2 · y 0 = 0, 2xy + x2 + 3y 2 y 0 = 0.

Then
x2 + 3y 2 y 0 = −2xy.

Hence,
2xy
y0 = − .
x2 + 3y 2
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 11

At (−1, 1),
2 · (−1) · 1 1
y0 = − 2 2
= .
(−1) + 3 · 1 2
1
(b). The tangent at (−1, 1) has slope 2 , and equation
1
y − 1 = (x − (−1)) .
2
That is,
1 3
y = x+ .
2 2
Topic 3. Applications of differentiation
Topic 3.A. Related rates.
Problem 8.
(a). A spherical balloon is being filled with air so that its volume is increasing at a rate of 8 in3 /s.
How fast is the radius of the balloon growing, when the radius is 2 in? (Hint: the volume
of a ball with radius r is V = 43 πr3 .)
(b). A dolphin heading north at a rate of 4 mi/hr passes a boat going east at a rate of 3 mi/hr.
If it has been 2 hours since they passed, how fast is the distance between the boat and the
dolphin increasing?
(c). Sand falls into a pile at a rate of 6 ft3 /min. The pile is a cone whose radius is always 2
times the height. How fast is the height increasing, when the height is 3 ft? (Hint: The
volume of a cone with radius of the base r and height h is V = 13 πr2 h.)
Answer.
(a). Differentiate V = 43 πr3 with respect to t:
V 0 = 4πr2 · r0 .
Since V 0 = 8 and r = 2,
8 = 4π · 22 · r0 .
Then
1
r0 =
in/s.
2π
(b). Let x be the distance between the dolphin and the point where they passed. Let y be the
distance between the boat and the point where they passed. Then the distance between
them, denoted by z, satisfies that
z 2 = x2 + y 2 ,
by the Pythagorean theorem. Differentiate with respect to t:
2z · z 0 = 2x · x0 + 2y · y 0 .
Then
x 0 y 0
z0 =·x + ·y.
z z
0 0
Since x = 4 and y = 3, after 2 hours since they passed,
p √
x = 4 · 2 = 8, y = 3 · 2 = 6, and z = x2 + y 2 = 82 + 62 = 10.
Then
dz x y 8 6
= · x0 + · y 0 = ·4+ · 3 = 5 mi/hr.
dt z z 10 10
12 XIAOLONG HAN

(c). Since the radius is always 2 times the height, r = 2h,

1 1 4
V = πr2 h = π(2h)2 h = πh3 .
3 3 3
Differentiate with respect to t:
V 0 = 4πh2 · h0 .
Since h = 3 and V 0 = 6,
6 = 4π · 32 · h0 .
Then
1
h0 = ft/min.
6π
Topic 3.B. Mean value theorem.
Theorem (Mean value theorem). If a function f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on
(a, b), then there is at least one point c in (a, b) such that
f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) = .
b−a
√
Problem 9. Let f (x) = x on [1, 9].
(a). State the mean value theorem for f (x).
(b). Find c in (1, 9) which satisfies the conclusion in Part (a).
Answer.
√
(a). The function f (x) = x is continuous on [1, 9] and differentiable on (1, 9). There is at least
one point c in (1, 9) such that
f (9) − f (1)
f 0 (c) = .
9−1
(b). First, √ √
9− 1 1
= .
9−1 4
Next,
√
0 1
f 0 (x) = x = √ .
2 x
Set
1 1 √ √
√ = , 2 c = 4, c = 2.
2 c 4
Then
c = 4.
Topic 3.C. First-order derivative test and optimization.
Theorem (First-order derivative test).
(i). (
increasing if f 0 > 0,
f is
decreasing if f 0 < 0.
The points where f 0 = 0 are called the critical points.
(ii). At a critical point, f may attain a maximum or a minimum.
√
Problem 10. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum of f (x) = x 3 − x on [−1, 3].
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 13

Answer.
• Step 1. Find the critical points of the function.
√
0
f 0 (x) = x 3 − x
√ √
0
= (x)0 3 − x + x · 3−x
√ 1
= 3−x+x· √ · (3 − x)0
2 3−x
√ x
= 3−x− √
2 3−x
√ √
3−x·2 3−x−x
= √
2 3−x
2(3 − x) − x
= √
2 3−x
6 − 2x − x
= √
2 3−x
6 − 3x
= √ = 0.
2 3−x
Then
6 − 3x = 0.
The critical point is x = 2.
• Step 2. Evaluate the function at the critical point 2 and at the boundary points −1, 3.
√
f (2) = 2 · 3 − 2 = 2.
p
f (−1) = −1 · 3 − (−1) = −2.
√
f (3) = 3 · 3 − 3 = 0.
The absolute maximum is 2 attained at x = 2, and the absolute minimum is −2 attained
at x = −1.
Problem 11.
(a). What two positive numbers with a product of 6 have the greatest possible sum?
(b). What rectangle with a perimeter of 12 has the largest area?
(c). A rectangular fence is built against a wall, so that there are three sides to the fence. The
fence costs $5 per foot to build. Find the maximum area of the fence, if you have $400 to
spend.

Wall

fence fence

fence

Answer.
14 XIAOLONG HAN

(a). • Step 1. Set up the objective function: Let x, y are the two positive numbers. Then
the sum S = x + y.
Step 2. Use the condition to eliminate one variable: Since xy = 6, y = x6 . Then
6
S =x+ .
x
Step 3. Find the critical point and evaluate the function at that point:
 0
0 6
0 6
S = x+ = x + 6x−1 = 1 − 6x−2 = 1 − 2 = 0.
x x
√
Then x2 = 6 and x = 6 (since it is positive). Hence,
√ 6 √ √ √
S = 6 + √ = 6 + 6 = 2 6.
6
√ √ √
That is, the largest sum is 2 6, attained at x = 6 and y = √66 = 6.
(b). • Step 1. Set up the objective function: Let w, l be the dimensions of the rectangle.
Then the area A = wl.
• Step 2. Use the condition to eliminate one variable: Since the perimeter 2w + 2l = 12,
12 − 2w
l= = 6 − w.
2
Then
A = wl = w(6 − w) = 6w − w2 .
• Step 3. Find the critical point and evaluate the function at that point:
A0 (w) = 6 − 2w = 0.
Then w = 3. Hence,
A(3) = 3 · (6 − 3) = 9.
That is, the maximum area is 9, attained at w = 3 and l = 6 − 3 = 3.
(c). • Step 1. Set up the objective function: Let x (vertical) and y (horizontal) be the
dimensions of the fence. Then the area A = xy.
• Step 2. Use the condition to eliminate one variable: Since the total length of fence
 
400
2x + y = 80 = ,
5
y = 80 − 2x. Then
A = xy = x(80 − 2x) = 80x − 2x2 .
• Step 3. Find the critical point and evaluate the function at that point:

0
A0 = 80x − 2x2 = 80 − 4x = 0.
Then x = 20. Hence,
A = 20(80 − 2 · 20) = 800 ft2 .
That is, the maximum area is 800, attained at x = 20 and y = 80 − 2 · 20 = 40.
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 15

Topic 3.D. Second-order derivative test and graphing.

Theorem (Second-order derivative test).
(i). Second-order derivative test:
(
concave up if f 00 > 0,
f is
concave down if f 00 < 0.
The points where f 00 = 0 are called the inflection points.
(ii). The points for which f 0 = 0 are called the critical points. At each critical point,
(
a local minimum at x if f 00 (x) > 0,
f attains
a local maximum at x if f 00 (x) < 0.
Problem 12. Let
f (x) = 3x2 − x3 .
(a). Find the critical points and the intervals on which f is increasing and decreasing.
(b). Find the inflection points and the intervals on which f is concave up and concave down.
(c). List any x values where a local maximum occurs.
(d). List any x values where a local minimum occurs.
(e). Sketch the graph of f (x).
Answer.
(a). Compute that
f 0 (x) = 6x − 3x2 = 3x(2 − x) = 0.
The critical points are x = 0, 2.

− + −
−1 0 1 2 3

Test at x = −1: f 0 (−1) = 3 · (−1) · (2 − (−1)) < 0.

Test at x = 1: f 0 (1) = 3 · 1 · (2 − 1) > 0.
Test at x = 3: f 0 (3) = 3 · 3 · (2 − 3) < 0.
Hence, f is increasing on (0, 2), and is decreasing on (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞).
(b). Compute that
f 00 (x) = 6 − 6x = 6(1 − x) = 0.
The inflection point is x = 1.

+ −
0 1 2

Test at x = 0: f 00 (0) = 3 · (1 − 0) > 0.

Test at x = 2: f 00 (2) = 3 · (1 − 2) < 0.
Hence, f is concave up on (−∞, 1), and is concave down on (1, ∞).
(c). At the critical point x = 2, f 00 (2) = −6 < 0. Hence, f attains a local maximum f (2) = 4
at x = 2.
(d). At the critical point x = 0, f 00 (0) = 6 > 0. Hence, f attains a local minimum f (0) = 0 at
x = 0.
(e). We sketch the curve from left to right:
16 XIAOLONG HAN

• The curve begins from the top-left corner (since y → ∞ as x → −∞) and is decreasing
till x = 0.
• The curve is increasing from x = 0 to x = 2 (with y-intercept (0, 0)).
• The curve is decreasing from x = 2 to the bottom-right corner (since y → −∞ as
x → ∞).

y
5

x
−1 0 1 2 3

Problem 13. Let

1
.f (x) =
+1 x2
(a). Find the critical points and the intervals on which f is increasing and decreasing.
(b). Find the inflection points and the intervals on which f is concave up and concave down.
(c). List any x values where a local extreme value occurs.
(d). Find the horizontal asymptote.
(e). Graph the function.
Answer.
(a). Set
 0
0 1 
−1 0
−2
−2 2x
f (x) = = x2 + 1 = (−1)· x2 + 1 ·2x = −2x x2 + 1 =− = 0.
x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2
Then 2x = 0. The critical point is x = 0.
Notice that x2 + 1 > 0.
If f 0 (x) = − (x22x
+1)2
> 0, then x < 0. That is, f is increasing on (−∞, 0).
0 2x
If f (x) = − (x2 +1)2 < 0, then x > 0. That is, f is decreasing on (0, ∞).
(b). Set
 0
00 2x
f (x) = −
(x2 + 1)2
 0
2 2
(2x)0 · (x2 + 1) − 2x · (x2 + 1)
= −
((x2 + 1)2 )2
2
2 · (x2 + 1) − 2x · 2 (x2 + 1) · 2x
= −
(x2 + 1)4
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 17

2
2 (x2 + 1) − 8x2 (x2 + 1)
= −
(x2 + 1)4
2 (x2 + 1) ((x2 + 1) − 4x2 )
= −
(x2 + 1)4
2 (−3x2 + 1)
= −
(x2 + 1)3
2 (3x2 − 1)
=
(x2 + 1)3
6x2 − 2
= = 0.
(x2 + 1)3
2
Then 6x2 − 2 = 0, x2 = 6
= 31 . The inflection points are x = √1 , − √1 .
3 3
6x2 −2
Since x2 + 1 > 0, the sign of f 00 (x) = (x2 +1)3
2
is the one of 6x − 2.

+ + −
−1 − √1 0 √1 1
3 3

Test at x = −1: f 00 (−1) > 0.

Test at x = 0: f 00 (0) < 0.
Test at x = 1: f 00 (1) > 0.
Hence, f is concave up on (−∞, − √13 ) ∪ ( √13 , ∞), and is concave down on (− √13 , √13 ).
(c). At the critical point x = 0,
00 6 · 02 − 2
f (0) = 2 = −2 < 0.
(0 + 1)3
Hence, f attains a local maximum at x = 0.
(d). Since
1 1
lim f (x) = lim 2 = 0 and lim f (x) = lim 2 = 0,
x→∞ x→∞ x + 1 x→−∞ x→−∞ x + 1

f has a horizontal asymptote y = 0.

(e). We sketch the curve from left to right:
• The curve begins from the bottom-left corner (since y → 0 as x → −∞) and is
increasing till x = 0 (with y-intercept (0, 1)).
• The curve is decreasing from x = 0 to the bottom-right corner (since y → 0 as x → ∞).
y

x
0
18 XIAOLONG HAN

Topic 4. Integration
Topic 4.A. Indefinite integrals.
Theorem.
(i). Integrals of powers: ˆ
n xn+1
x dx = + c.
n+1
(ii). Integrals of trigonometric functions:
ˆ ˆ ˆ
sin x dx = − cos x + c, cos x dx = sin x + c, sec2 x dx = tan x + c.

(iii). Integrals of exponential and logarithmic functions:

ˆ ˆ
x x 1
e dx = e + c and dx = ln |x| + c.
x
Problem 14. Find the integrals.
(a). ˆ
sec2 (5x) dx.
(b). ˆ
cos x
√ dx.
sin x + 1
(c). ˆ
x(x + 6)5 dx.
(d). ˆ
x
√ dx.
x − 11
(e). ˆ
e9x + 8e−x dx.

(f ).
ˆ √
e6 x
√ dx.
x
(g).
ˆ x
e9
x dx.
e9 + 1
(h). ˆ
cos(ln x)
dx.
11x
(i). ˆ
(ln x)3
dx.
x
(j). ˆ √
3+ x
dx.
x
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 19

Answer.
(a). Set u = 5x. Then
1
du = 5 dx and dx = du.
5
Hence,
ˆ ˆ
2 1
sec (5x) dx = sec2 (u) · du
5
ˆ
1
= sec2 (u) du
5
1
= tan(u) + c
5
1
= tan(5x) + c.
5
(b). Set u = sin x + 1. Then
1
du = cos x dx and dx = du.
cos x
Hence,
ˆ ˆ
cos x cos x du
√ dx = √ ·
sin x + 1 u cos x
ˆ
1
= √ du
u
1
u2
= 1 +c
2
1
= 2u 2 + c
1
= 2(sin x + 1) 2 + c.
(c). Set u = x + 6. Then x = u − 6 and du = dx. Hence,
ˆ ˆ
5
x(x + 6) dx = (u − 6)u5 du
ˆ ˆ
= u du − 6 u5 du
6

u7 u6
= −6· +c
7 6
u7
= − u6 + c
7
1
= (x + 6)7 − (x + 6)6 + c.
7
(d). Set u = x − 11. Then x = u + 11 and du = dx. Hence,
ˆ ˆ
x u + 11
√ dx = √ du
x − 11 u
ˆ  
u 11
= √ +√ du
u u
20 XIAOLONG HAN
ˆ ˆ
u 1
= du + 11
1 1 du

ˆ u 2
ˆ u 2

1 1
= u 2 du + 11 u− 2 du
3 1
u2 u2
= 3 + 11 · 1 +c
2 2
2 3 1
= u 2 + 22u 2 + c
3
2 3 1
= (x − 11) 2 + 22(x − 11) 2 + c.
3
(e). ˆ
e9x e−x e9x e−x
e9x + 8e−x dx =


+8· +c= +8· + c.
9 −1 9 −1
√
(f). Set u = 6 x. Then
√
6 3 x
du = √ dx = √ dx and dx = du.
2 x x 3
Hence,
ˆ 6√x ˆ u √
e e x
√ dx = √ · du
x x 3
ˆ
1
= eu du
3
1 u
= e +c
3
1 6√x
= e + c.
3
x
(g). Set u = e 9 + 1. Then
1 x 9
du = e 9 dx and dx = x du.
9 e9
Hence,
ˆ x ˆ x
e9 e9 9
x dx = · x du
e9 + 1 u e9
ˆ
1
= 9 du
u
= 9 ln |u| + c
x
= 9 ln e 9 + 1 + c.
(h). Set u = ln x. Then
1
du = dx and dx = x du.
x
Hence,
ˆ ˆ
cos(ln x) cos u
dx = · x du
11x 11x
ˆ
1
= cos u du
11
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 21

1
= sin u + c
11
1
= sin(ln x) + c.
11
(i). Set u = ln x. Then
1
du = dx and dx = x du.
x
Hence,
ˆ ˆ
(ln x)3 u3
dx = · x du
x x
ˆ
= u3 du
1 4
= u +c
4
1
= (ln x)4 + c.
4
(j).
ˆ √ ˆ  √ 
3+ x 3 x
dx = + dx
x x x
ˆ ˆ 1
1 x2
= 3 dx + dx
x x
ˆ ˆ
1 1
= 3 dx + x− 2 dx
x
1
x2
= 3 ln |x| + 1 +c
2
1
= 3 ln |x| + 2x 2 + c.
Problem 15. A particle has acceleration a(t) = 3 sin(5t) m/s2 , initial velocity v(0) = 1 m/s,
and initial position s(0) = 12 m.
(a). Find the velocity v(t).
(b). Find the position s(t).
Answer.
(a). Compute that
ˆ ˆ ˆ
3
v(t) = a(t) dt = 3 sin(5t) dt = 3 sin(5t) dt = − cos(5t) + c.
5
Since v(0) = 1,
3 3
− cos(5 · 0) + c = − + c = 1.
5 5
Then
3 8
c= +1= .
5 5
Hence, the velocity
3 8
v(t) = − cos(5t) + m/s.
5 5
22 XIAOLONG HAN

(b). Compute that

ˆ
s(t) = v(t) dt
ˆ  
3 8
= − cos(5t) + dt
5 5
3 1 8
= − · sin(5t) + t + c
5 5 5
3 8
= − sin(5t) + t + c.
25 5
Since s(0) = 12,
3 8
− sin(5 · 0) + · 0 + c = c = 12.
25 5
Hence, the position
3 8
s(t) = − sin(5t) + t + 12 m.
25 5
Topic 4.B. Definite integrals.
Problem 16. Let y = f (x) be defined by the graph. Find the left and right Riemann sums of
y = f (x) on [0, 3] with n = 6 (the number of sub-intervals).

x
0 1 1 3 2 5 3
2 2 2

Answer. The length of each sub-interval is

3−0 1
= .
6 2
The boundary points of the sub-intervals are 0, 2 , 1, 23 , 2, 25 , 3.
1

(a). The left Riemann sum

     
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1
f (0) · + f · + f (1) · + f · + f (2) · + f ·
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
= (3 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 3)
2
= 8.
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 23

(b). The right Riemann sum

     
1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 1
f · + f (1) · + f · + f (2) · + f · + f (3) ·
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1
= (2 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 3 + 5)
2
= 9.
Problem 17. Find the integrals using either symmetry or geometry.
(a). ˆ 2
(1 + |x|) dx.
−2
(b). ˆ 4 √
16 − x2 dx.
0

Answer.
(a). Using symmetry that |x| = | − x|,
ˆ 2 ˆ 2
(1 + |x|) dx = 2 (1 + x) dx
−2 0
2
x2

= 2 x+
2 0
22
 
= 2 2+
2
= 8.
√
(b). Notice that y = 16 − x2 on [0, 4], that is, x2 + y 2 = 16 with y ≥ 0, denotes a quarter of
the circle centered at the origin and with radius 4.

4
√
y= 16 − x2

x
0 4

Hence, ˆ 4 √ 1
16 − x2 dx = · π · 42 = 4π.
0 4
24 XIAOLONG HAN

Topic 4.C. Fundamental theorem of calculus.

Theorem (Fundamental theorem of calculus).
ˆ b
f (x) dx = [F (x)]ba = F (b) − F (a),
a
´
where F is the antiderivative of f , that is, F = f .
Problem 18. Find the integrals using the fundamental theorem of calculus. (Do not integrate.)
(a).
ˆ x2
d dt
2
.
dx 0 t + 5
(b). ˆ x√
d
5 + t4 dt.
dx −x
Answer.
(a). Let ˆ
1
f= 2 and F = f dt.
t +5
Then F 0 = f . By the fundamental theorem of calculus,
ˆ x2
dt
= F x2 − F (0).


2
t +5
0
Differentiate with respect to x and use the chain rule. Notice that F (0) is a number so the
derivative is zero.
ˆ x2
d dt 2 0


0 2

1 2x
dt = F x − (F (0)) = f x · 2x = 2 · 2x = .
dx 0 t2 + 5 (x2 ) + 5 x4 + 5
(b). Let ˆ
√
f= 5 + t4 and F = f dt.
Then F 0 = f . By the fundamental theorem of calculus,
ˆ x√
5 + t4 dt = F (x) − F (−x).
−x
Differentiate with respect to x and use the chain rule.
ˆ x√
d
5 + t4 dt = (F (x))0 − (F (−x))0
dx −x
= f (x) − f (−x) · (−1)
= f (x) + f (−x)
√ p
= 5 + x4 + 5 + (−x)4
√ √
= 5 + x4 + 5 + x4
√
= 2 5 + x4 .
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 25

Topic 5. Applications of integration

Topic 5.A. Average and work.
Theorem (Average). The average of f on [a, b] is
ˆ b
1
f= f (x) dx.
b−a a
Problem 19. Let
x
f (x) = √ on [0, 4].
x2 + 9
(a). Find the average f .
(b). Find x in (0, 4) such that f (x) = f .
Answer.
(a). Compute that
ˆ 4  
1 x 2 1
f = √ dx u = x + 9, du = 2x dx, dx = du.
4−0 0 x2 + 9 2x
ˆ
1 25 x 1
= √ · du (x = 0 ⇒ u = 9, x = 4 ⇒ u = 25.)
4 9 u 2x
ˆ
1 25 1
= √ du
8 9 u
ˆ 25
1 1
= u− 2 du
8 9
" 1 #25
1 u2
=
8 12
9
1 √ 25
= u 9
4
1 h√ √ i
= 25 − 9
4
1
= .
2
(b). Set
x 1 √
√ = , 2x = x2 + 9, 4x2 = x2 + 9, 3x2 = 9, x2 = 9.
x2 + 9 2
Then √
x = ± 3.
√
Hence, x = 3 in (0, 4) satisfies that f (x) = f .
Problem 20. The work required to stretch a spring 1 meter from the equilibrium is 2 joules.
Find the work required to stretch the spring from 1 meter to 2 meters?
Answer.
• Step 1. Find the spring constant k. The work required to stretch the spring from x = 0
to x = 1 is 2. ˆ 1  2 1
x 12 k
2= kx dx = k =k· = .
0 2 0 2 2
26 XIAOLONG HAN

Then
k = 4.
• Step 2. The work required to stretch the spring from x = 1 to x = 2 is
ˆ 2 ˆ 2  2 2
x
= 2 22 − 12 = 6 joules.
 
kx dx = 4 x dx = 4
1 1 2 1
Topic 5.B. Area between curves.
Theorem. The area of the region bounded by the upper function y = f (x) and the lower function
y = g(x) is
ˆ b
(f (x) − g(x)) dx.
a

Problem 21. Find the area of the region between y = x2 + x − 1 and y = x + 3.

g(x) = x + 3
f (x) = x2 + x − 1

x
0

Answer. Set
x2 + x − 1 = x + 3, x2 + x − 1 − x − 3 = x2 − 4 = (x + 2)(x − 2) = 0.
Then x = −2, 2. The area is
ˆ 2 ˆ 2
2
−x2 + 4 dx




(x + 3) − x + x − 1 dx =
−2 −2
2
x3

= − + 4x
3 −2
 3
(−2)3
  
2
= − +4·2 − − + 4 · (−2)
3 3
8 8
= − +8− +8
3 3
32
= .
3
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 27

Topic 5.C. Volume of revolutions.

Theorem (Volume by slices). Each slice is orthogonal to the rotating axis.
(i). Let R be bounded by y = f (x), y = g(x), x = a, and x = b. The volume of the solid by
revolving R around the x-axis is
ˆ b
π f (x)2 − g(x)2 dx,


a
where f (x) is the outer radius and g(x) is the inner radius of the annulus slice.
(ii). Let R be bounded by x = f (y), x = g(y), y = a, and y = b. The volume of the solid by
revolving around R the y-axis is
ˆ b
π f (y)2 − g(y)2 dy,


a
where f (y) is the outer radius and g(y) is the inner radius of the annulus slice.
Theorem (Volume by shells). Each shell is parallel to the rotating axis.
(i). Let R be bounded by y = f (x), y = g(x), x = a, and x = b. The volume of the solid by
revolving R around the y-axis is
ˆ b
2πx (f (x) − g(x)) dx,
a
where 2πx is the circumference and f (x) − g(x) is the height of the cylinder shell.
(ii). Let R be bounded by x = f (y), x = g(y), y = a, and y = b. The volume of the solid by
revolving R around the x-axis is
ˆ b
2πy (f (y) − g(y)) dy,
a
where 2πy is the circumference and f (y) − g(y) is the height of the cylinder shell.
Problem 22. Let R be the region bounded by y = 3x and y = x2 .
28 XIAOLONG HAN

y = 3x

y = x2

x
0

(a). Find the volume given by revolving R around the x-axis.

(b). Find the volume given by revolving R around the y-axis.
Answer. Set
3x = x2 , 3x − x2 = x(3 − x) = 0.
Then x = 0, 3.
(a). Volume by slices.
ˆ 3   ˆ 3
2 2 2
9x2 − x4 dx



π (3x) − x dx = π
0 0
3
9x3 x5

= π −
3 5 0
35
 
3
= π 3·3 −
5
 
4 3
= π·3 1−
5
2
= π · 81 ·
5
162
= π.
5
(b). Volume by shells.
ˆ 3 ˆ 3
2
3x2 − x3 dx



2πx 3x − x dx = 2π
0 0
 STUDY GUIDE OF CALCULUS I 29
3
3x3 x4

= 2π −
3 4
 4
 0
3
= 2π 33 −
4
 
3 3
= 2π · 3 1 −
4
1
= 2π · 27 ·
4
27
= π.
2
1
Problem 23. Let R be the region bounded by y = x+1 , y = 0, x = 0, and x = 1.

1
y= x+1

x
0 x=1

(a). Find the volume given by revolving R around the x-axis.

(b). Find the volume given by revolving R around the y-axis.
Answer.
(a). Volume by slices.
ˆ 1  2 !
1
π − 02 dx
0 x+1
ˆ 1
1
= π dx (u = x + 1, du = dx.)
0 (x + 1)2
ˆ 2
1
= π du (x = 0 ⇒ u = 1, x = 1 ⇒ u = 2.)
1 u2
ˆ 2
= π u−2 du
1
2
u−1

= π
−1 1
 2
1
= −π
u 1
30 XIAOLONG HAN
 
1 1
= −π −
2 1
π
= .
2
(b). Volume by shells.
ˆ 1 
1
2πx − 0 dx
0 x+1
ˆ 1
x
= 2π dx (u = x + 1, du = dx, x = u − 1.)
0 x+1
ˆ 2
u−1
= 2π du (x = 0 ⇒ u = 1, x = 1 ⇒ u = 2.)
1 u
ˆ 2 
1
= 2π 1− du
1 u
= 2π [u − ln |u|]21
= 2π ([2 − ln 2] − [1 − ln 1])
= 2π(1 − ln 2).