JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Thermodynamics Tutorial
1. A temperature scale of certain thermometer is given by the relation
t = a ln p + b
where a and b are constants and p is the thermometric property of the fluid in the
thermometer. If at the ice point and steam point the thermometric properties are found
to be 1.5 and 7.5 respectively what will be the temperature corresponding to the
thermometric property of 3.5 on Celsius scale.
2. To a closed system 150 kJ of work is supplied. If the initial volume is 0.6m 3 and
pressure of the system changes as p = 8 – 4V, where p is in bar and V is in m 3. Determine
the final volume and pressure of the system.
3. A vessel having a capacity of 0.05 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and
saturated steam at a temperature of 245°C. The mass of the liquid present is 10 kg. Find
the following :
(i) The pressure, (iv) The specific enthalpy,
(ii) The mass, (v) The specific entropy, and
(iii) The specific volume, (vi) The specific internal energy.
4. A fluid system undergoes a non-flow frictionless process following the pressure-volume
relation as p = + 1.5 where p is in bar and V is in m3. During the process the volume
changes from 0.15 m3 to 0.05 m3 and the system rejects 45 kJ of heat. Determine :
(i) Change in internal energy ; (ii) Change in enthalpy.
5. 0.1 m3 of an ideal gas at 300 K and 1 bar is compressed adiabatically to 8 bars. It is then
cooled at constant volume and further expanded isothermally so as to reach the
condition from where it started. Calculate :
a. Pressure at the end of constant volume cooling.
b. Change in internal energy during constant volume process.
c. Net work done and heat transferred during the cycle. Assume
cp = 14.3 kJ/kg K and cv= 10.2 kJ/kg K.
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6. In a gas turbine unit, the gases flow through the turbine is 15 kg/s and the power
developed by the turbine is 12000 kW. The enthalpies of gases at the inlet and outlet are
1260 kJ/kg and 400 kJ/kg respectively, and the velocity of gases at the inlet and
outlet are 50 m/s and 110 m/s respectively. Calculate :
a. The rate at which heat is rejected to the turbine, and
b. The area of the inlet pipe given that the specific volume of the gases at the inlet
is 0.45m3/kg
7. In a steam plant, 1 kg of water per second is supplied to the boiler. The enthalpy and
velocity of water entering the boiler are 800 kJ/kg and 5 m/s. The water receives 2200
kJ/kg of heat in the boiler at constant pressure. The steam after passing through the
turbine comes out with a velocity of 50 m/s, and its enthalpy is 2520 kJ/kg. The inlet is 4
m above the turbine exit. Assuming the heat losses from the boiler and the turbine to the
surroundings are 20 kJ/s, calculate the power developed by the turbine. Consider the
boiler and turbine as single system.
8. Find the dryness fraction, specific volume and internal energy of steam at 7 bar and
enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg (5 Marks)
Find the dryness fraction, specific volume and internal energy of steam at 7 bar and
enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg.
9. The specific heat capacity of the system during a certain process is given by = (0.4 +
0.004 T) kJ/kg°C. If the mass of the gas is 6 kg and its temperature changes from 25°C to
125°C find:
(i) Heat transferred ;(ii) Mean specific heat of the gas (5 Marks).
10. A piston-cylinder contains 3 kg of wet steam at 1.4 bar. The initial volume is 2.25 m 3. The
steam is heated until its temperature reaches 400°C. The piston is free to move up or
down unless it reaches the stops at the top. When the piston is up against the stops the
cylinder, volume is 4.65 m3. Determine the amount of work and heat transfer to or from
steam (5 Marks).
11. 1 kg of ethane (perfect) gas is compressed from 1.1 bar, 27°C according to a law
P𝑣 .
=constant, until the pressure is 6.6 bar. Calculate the heat flow to or from the
cylinder walls (8 Marks).
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12. A Carnot cycle operates between source and sink temperatures of 250°C and – 15°C. If
the system receives 90 kJ from the source, find :
a. Efficiency of the system ; (ii) The net work transfer ;
b. Heat rejected to sink.
13. 0.04 kg of carbon dioxide (molecular weight = 44) is compressed from 1 bar, 20°C, until
the pressure is 9 bar, and the volume is then 0.003 m3. Calculate the change of entropy.
Take cp for carbon dioxide as 0.88 kJ/kg K, and assume carbon dioxide to be a perfect gas.
14. Calculate the change of entropy of 1 kg of air expanding polytropically in a cylinder
behind a piston from 7 bar and 600°C to 1.05 bar. The index of expansion is 1.25.
15. One kg of CO2 has a volume of 1 m3 at 100°C. Compute the pressure by
(i) Van der Waals’ equation
(ii) Perfect gas equation.
Molar specific volume, v = 1 × 44 = 44 m3/kg-mol
Temperature, T = 100 + 273 = 373 K
The values of a and b for CO2 a = 362850 Nm4/ (kg-mol)2 and b = 0.0423m3/(kg-mol)
R= 8314 Nm/kg-mol K
16. Show that the compression ratio for the maximum work to be done per kg of air in an
Otto cycle between upper and lower limits of absolute temperatures T is given by
ϒ
P
γ=
P
Determine the air-standard efficiency of the cycle when the cycle develops maximum
work with the temperature limits of 310 K and 1220 K and working fluid is air. What
will be the percentage change in efficiency if helium is used as working fluid instead of
air ? The cycle operates between the same temperature limits for maximum work
development. Consider that all conditions are ideal.
17. An engine working on Otto cycle, in which the salient points are 1, 2,3 and 4, has upper
and lower temperature limits T3 and T1. If the maximum work per kg of air is to be done,
show that the intermediate temperature is given by
𝑇 =𝑇 = 𝑇𝑇
If an engine works on Otto cycle between temperature limits 1450 K and 310 K, find the
pmaximum power developed by the engine assuming the circulation of air per minute
as 0.38 kg.
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18. Steam enters a counter-flow heat exchanger, dry saturated at 10 bar and leaves at 35°C.
The mass flow of steam is 800 kg/min. The gas enters the heat exchanger at 650°C and
mass flow rate is 1350 kg/min. If the tubes are 30 mm diameter and 3 m long, determine
the number of tubes required. Neglect the resistance offered by metallic tubes. Use the
following data: For steam : tsat = 180°C (at 10 bar) ; cps = 2.71 kJ/kg°C ; hs = 600 W/m2°C
For gas : cpg = 1 kJ/kg°C ; hg = 250 W/m2 °C
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