An induction machine (Figure 1) is one in which alternating

currents are supplied directly to stator windings and by

transformer action (induction) to the rotor.

The flow of power from stator to rotor is associated with a

change in frequency, as shown in Chapter 4, with an output
being mechanical power transmitted to the load connected to the
motor shaft.

The induction motor is the most widely used motor in industrial

and commercial utilization of electric energy.

Reasons for the popularity of induction motors include

simplicity, reliability, and low cost, combined with reasonable
overload capacity, minimal service requirements, and good
effliciency
The squirrel cage
rotor on the rotor The terminal
box

The stator
windings on
the stator

The motor
shaft

Figure 1. Three – phase induction motor constructional feature

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The induction motor consists of two parts:
1- The stator
2- The rotor
The Stator
The stator of a three-phase
induction motor carries three
sets of windings that are
displaced by 120° in space to
constitute a three-phase
winding set.

Types of rotors of induction motor are:

1- The squirrel cage rotor and
2- The wound-rotor.

Figure 3. The squirrel cage rotor

Hence the two famous names of the induction motors are :

1. The squirrel cage induction motors.
2. The wound – rotor induction motors.

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The Rotating Magnetic Field
The application of a three-phase voltage to the stator
wining results in producing a magnetic field. It is easy to
prove that this magnetic field is a rotating field in the
sense that it is:
1. Rotating with a constant speed in the air gap
2. Has a constant amplitude .

5.2 Graphical Prove Of the Rotating Magnetic Field

The three-phase stator currents are shown in figure 3. We

record these current at three instant of times, namely :
ωt1 = 0 ia = Im ib= -Im/2 ic = -Im/2
ωt2 = π/3 ia = Im /2 ib = Im /2 ic = -Im
ωt3 = 2π/3 ia = - Im /2 Ib = - Im /2 ic = Im

Figure 4. The three-

phase stator currents

Figure 5 . The mmf distribution r at

three different instants of time
From the above diagrams, it is found that the resultant magnetic
field rotates in the air-gap of the machine . It has constant
amplitude of ( 3Fmax/2) and rotates with the same speed as the
stator current.

For 2-pole machines: ωm = ω e

For 4-pole machines : ωm = ωe/2
For p-pole machines : ωm = 2 ωe /p
2π ns/60 = 2* 2π fs /p
ns = 120 fs /p

The slip

When the stator is supplied by a balanced three-phase source,

it will produce a magnetic field that rotates at synchronous
speed as determined by the number of poles and applied
frequency f s

The rotor runs at a steady speed n s [r/min] in the same

direction as the rotating stator field. The speed n s is very
close to n r when the motor is running light and is lower as
the mechanical load is increased. The difference (n s —nr) is
termed the slip and is commonly defined as a per unit value s.
Thus

As a result of the relative motion between stator and rotor,

induced voltages will appear in the rotor with a frequency fr
called the slip frequency. Thus
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From the above we can conclude that the induction motor is
simply a transformer with a secondary frequency fr.

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An equivalent circuit of the three-phase induction motor can
be developed on the basis of the foregoing considerations and
transformer models treated in Chapter 2. Looking into the
stator terminals, .we find that the applied voltage Vs will
supply the resistive drop 1sRs as well as the inductive voltage
jI s X s and the counter EMF E l , where I s is the stator current
and R s and Xs are the stator effective resistance and
inductive reactance, respectively. In a manner similar to that
employed for the analysis of the transformer, we model the
magnetizing circuit by the shunt conductance Gc and inductive
susceptance –jBm.

When the rotor is stationary( at s = 1)

The equivalent circuit of the induction motor is rhe same as
that of the transformer as shown in Figure . Where E20 is the rotor
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 EMF at standstill (at s=1).

E1 = E20

Figure 6. The equivalent circuit of the induction motor refered to the stator at s=1

When the rotor rotating ( at any value of s)

When the rotor is running at any speed , two variables are
changed:
1. The rotor frequency will decrease and equal to the slip
multiplied by the ststor frequency
fr=s fs
2. The rotor EMF will also decrease and become
E2s = s E20
3. The rotor reactance is changed to
s X2

The rotor current will become:

s E 20
Ir =
R2 + js X 2

And dividing both side by s

E 20
Ir =
R2 + j
s
X2
Taking the changes in the last equation , the following equivalent
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circuit is obtained in Figure 5.6 .

FIGURE 7 Exact Equivalent circuit for a three-phase induction motor.

The approximate equivalent circuit of the three

phase induction motor

(1-s)

Gc

FIGURE 8. Approximate Equivalent circuit for a three-phase induction motor.

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Power Considerations
If we consider the active power flow into the induction
machine, we find that the input power Ps supplies the stator
I2R losses as well as the core losses. The remaining power
denoted by the air-gap power is expressed as:

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SPEED CONTROL OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS

1. Methods of speed control:

a. Pole changing
b. Line voltage control
c. Line frequency control.

STARTING OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

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