JAVA DETAILED NOTES (EASY EXPLANATION)
-----------------------------------------
INTRODUCTION TO JAVA
-----------------------------------------
Java is an object–oriented, high-level programming language created by Sun Microsystems.
It follows the principle: "Write Once, Run Anywhere". Java programs run on JVM (Java Virtual
Machine).
Key Features:
• Simple – easy syntax similar to C/C++
• Object-Oriented – supports classes, objects, inheritance, etc.
• Platform Independent – .class file runs on any OS
• Secure – built-in security manager
• Robust – strong memory management
• Multithreaded – supports multithreading
-----------------------------------------
JAVA BASIC STRUCTURE
-----------------------------------------
A simple Java program:
class Hello {
public static void main(String args[]) {
[Link]("Hello Java");
}
}
Explanation:
• class Hello → class declaration
• main() → entry point
• [Link] → prints output
-----------------------------------------
DATA TYPES IN JAVA
-----------------------------------------
Primitive Data Types:
1. byte
2. short
3. int
4. long
5. float
6. double
7. char
8. boolean
Non-Primitive:
• String
• Arrays
• Classes
• Objects
-----------------------------------------
VARIABLES
-----------------------------------------
A variable is a container that stores data.
Types:
• Local Variable
• Instance Variable
• Static Variable
-----------------------------------------
OPERATORS
-----------------------------------------
1. Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
2. Relational: >, <, >=, <=, ==
3. Logical: &&, ||, !
4. Assignment: =, +=, -=
5. Unary: ++, --
6. Ternary: condition ? x : y
-----------------------------------------
CONTROL STATEMENTS
-----------------------------------------
1. if, else-if, else
2. switch
3. loops: for, while, do-while
4. break, continue
-----------------------------------------
OOPS CONCEPTS
-----------------------------------------
1. CLASS – blueprint of object
2. OBJECT – instance of class
3. INHERITANCE – reuse properties of parent
Types:
• Single
• Multilevel
• Hierarchical
4. POLYMORPHISM – many forms
• Compile-time: Method overloading
• Run-time: Method overriding
5. ENCAPSULATION – bind data + methods
• Use private variables + getters/setters
6. ABSTRACTION – hide details using
• Abstract class
• Interface
-----------------------------------------
CONSTRUCTORS
-----------------------------------------
A constructor initializes objects.
Types:
• Default Constructor
• Parameterized Constructor
-----------------------------------------
ARRAYS
-----------------------------------------
Array stores multiple values of same type.
Syntax:
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3};
Types:
• 1D array
• 2D array
-----------------------------------------
EXCEPTION HANDLING
-----------------------------------------
An exception is an error during runtime.
Keywords:
• try
• catch
• finally
• throw
• throws
-----------------------------------------
FILE HANDLING (BASIC)
-----------------------------------------
Java uses [Link] package.
Key classes:
• File
• FileReader
• FileWriter
• BufferedReader
-----------------------------------------
MULTITHREADING
-----------------------------------------
Thread → lightweight process.
Ways to create thread:
1. Extending Thread class
2. Implementing Runnable interface
Important Methods:
• start()
• run()
• sleep()
• join()
-----------------------------------------
JAVA IMPORTANT EXAM DEFINITIONS
-----------------------------------------
1. JVM – Java Virtual Machine
2. JDK – Java Development Kit
3. JRE – Java Runtime Environment
4. OOPS – Object Oriented Programming System
5. Bytecode – .class file generated after compilation
-----------------------------------------
END OF NOTES
-----------------------------------------