FINAL COMPLETE MATHEMATICS NOTES
CHAPTER 1 — QUADRATIC AND FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS
1.1A Factorisation
• ax2 + bx + c = 0
• Zero Product Principle: if ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0
• a2 − b2 = (a − b)(a + b)
• (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
• (a−b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
• Steps: rearrange → factorise → solve each bracket
1.1B Equations of form (x+p)²=q
• (x+p)2 = q
• x+p = ±√q
• Always remember plus/minus
1.1C Perfect Squares
• x2 + 6x + 9 = (x+3)2
• x2 − 10x + 25 = (x−5)2
1.1D Completing the Square
• x2 + bx + (b/2)2 = (x+b/2)2
• To complete square for x2+bx add (b/2)2
• Take HALF coefficient of x then square it
1.1E Solving by Completing the Square
• Move constants to RHS
• Complete the square
• Take square roots
• Solve for x
1.2 Quadratic Formula
• x = (−b ± √(b2 − 4ac))/2a
• D = b2 − 4ac
• D>0 → 2 real roots
• D=0 → equal roots
• D<0 → no real roots
1.3 Fractional Equations
• Find LCM
• Multiply every term
• Reduce to quadratic
• Reject invalid roots
1.4 Graphical Method
• Parabola opens upward if a>0
• Parabola opens downward if a<0
• x-intercepts are roots
• y-intercept found by putting x=0
• Axis of symmetry: x = −b/2a
• Vertex x-coordinate: −b/2a
1.5 Applications
• Define variable
• Form equation
• Solve
• Check realistic answer
CHAPTER 3 — INDICES AND STANDARD FORM
3.1 Indices
• a^m × a^n = a^(m+n)
• a^m / a^n = a^(m−n)
• (a^m)^n = a^(mn)
• (ab)^n = a^n b^n
• (a/b)^n = a^n / b^n
3.2 Zero and Negative Indices
• a■ = 1
• a^(−n) = 1/a^n
3.3 Rational Indices
• a^(1/n) = nth root of a
• a^(m/n) = nth root of a^m
3.4 Standard Form
• a × 10^n
• 1 ≤ a < 10
• 4 500 000 = 4.5 × 10■
• 0.00032 = 3.2 × 10■■
CHAPTER 4 — COORDINATE GEOMETRY
4.1 Length of Line Segment
• d = √[(x■−x■)2 + (y■−y■)2]
4.2 Midpoint
• ((x■+x■)/2 , (y■+y■)/2)
4.3 Gradient
• m = (y■−y■)/(x■−x■)
• Positive = rising
• Negative = falling
4.4 Equation of Straight Line
• y = mx + c
• y − y■ = m(x−x■)
• Parallel lines: same gradient
• Perpendicular lines: m■m■ = −1
CHAPTER 6 — FURTHER TRIGONOMETRY
6.1 Obtuse Angles
• sin(180°−θ)=sinθ
• cos(180°−θ)=−cosθ
6.2 Area of Triangle
• Area = 1/2 bh
• Area = 1/2 ab sinC
6.3 Sine Rule
• a/sinA = b/sinB = c/sinC
• Use when given opposite side-angle pairs
6.4 Cosine Rule
• c2 = a2+b2−2abcosC
• cosC = (a2+b2−c2)/2ab
• Use for 3 sides or included angle
CHAPTER 7 — APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONETRY
7.1 SOH CAH TOA
• sinθ = opposite/hypotenuse
• cosθ = adjacent/hypotenuse
• tanθ = opposite/adjacent
7.2 Elevation and Depression
• Elevation = looking upward
• Depression = looking downward
7.3 Bearings
• Measured clockwise from North
• Always use 3 digits
7.4 Three Dimensional Problems
• a2+b2=c2
• Draw diagrams
• Split into right triangles
CHAPTER 8 — ARC LENGTH, SECTOR AREA, RADIANS
8.1 Arc Length
• L = (θ/360) × 2πr
• L = rθ
8.2 Sector Area
• A = (θ/360) × πr2
• A = 1/2 r2θ
8.3 Radian Measure
• 180° = π radians
• Radians = Degrees × π/180
• Degrees = Radians × 180/π
CHAPTER 9 — CONGRUENCE AND SIMILARITY
9.1 Congruence Tests
• SSS
• SAS
• ASA
• RHS
9.2 Similarity Tests
• AAA
• SSS
• SAS
9.3 Scale Factor
• Scale factor = new/original
9.4 Area and Volume Ratios
• A■/A■ = (l■/l■)2
• V■/V■ = (l■/l■)3
IMPORTANT EXAM TIPS
• Keep calculator in DEGREE MODE.
• Always draw diagrams for trig questions.
• Watch negative signs carefully.
• Learn sine rule vs cosine rule properly.
• Show all working clearly.
• Check whether roots are valid in fractional equations.
• Practice graph sketching.
• Bearings are clockwise from North.