Chapter 2

- Mrs. Apurwa A. Barve

Fundamentals of OOP

❖ OOP - Object Oriented Programming

❖ Everything revolves around class, objects and methods invoked on those objects

❖ Class - It is user defined data structure which acts as a blueprint combining data(attributes) and behaviour

(methods). Class definitions, like function definitions (def statements) must be executed before they have any effect.

❖ Object - It is the real world implementation of class. One class can have multiple objects. Each object has

data(state/attributes), behaviour(functionality/methods) and identity (unique id).

❖ Method - It defines the purpose of the class in which it is defined. It is possible to complete the business functionality

through methods of a given class. Method is invoked by the objects of that class.
Activity 2.1
1. Define a class City using following syntax:

class City: ● Definition starts with the keyword class

● Class name begins with a capital letter as per naming convention in
Python
● : follows the class name to mark the beginning of the class

def __init__(self,name,population): ● Built in method

● Always executed when the class is being
[Link] = name initiated.
● Used to assign values to object properties
self. population = population and operations

● Assigning values to respective

ATTRIBUTES of the given class.

mumbai = City(“Mumbai”,1000000) ● Creating OBJECT (mumbai) of the class City.

● Mumbai object will have the values Mumbai
and 1000000 for name and population
attributes respectively.
Activity 2.1
2. Add a method, describeCity() to the class using the following syntax

● User defined function for business logic

def describeCity(self):
● Can have the first argument as self if the function needs to
access instance variables

print(f'The name of the city is {[Link]}')

print(f'The population of the city is {[Link]}')
● Accessing individual instance variables using
DOT operator and printing them

mumbai = City(“Mumbai”,1000000) ● Creating OBJECT (mumbai) of the class City.

● mumbai object will have the values Mumbai
[Link]() and 1000000 for name and population
attributes respectively.
● mumbai object is used to invoke the method
describeCity using DOT operator
Activity 2.1
3. To the existing file add one more class State having attribute name and method describeState()

Final code should look like:

Class in Python
❖ Accessing members outside the clas -

➢ import statement allows us to use previously defined readymade classes or user defined classes in our

current class / file.

➢ Syntax to use a class from other file:

from nameOfFile import nameOfClass

❖ Naming Convention - It is recommended naming convention for Python classes is the PascalCase, where each

word is capitalized.
Activity 2.2
1. Using the syntax given in the previous slide, import classes City and State into another python file. Create their
respective objects and invoke describeCity() and describeState() methods on the respective objects.

Final code should look like:

getters and setters in Python

❖ Getter is a method that fetches the value of the attribute for you.

❖ Setter is a method that assigns/set the value of the attribute for you.

❖ In OOP, public attributes should be used only when you’re sure that such values will not impact the business

logic. If there are values which on mutating/computing/modifying can alter the business log then they should be

made PRIVATE and accessed through getters and setters.

❖ Implementing the getter and setter pattern requires:

1. Making your attributes non-public
2. Writing getter and setter methods for each attribute
Activity 2.3
Write a class Circle with following specifications:

1. a non-public attribute radius and a public attribute area.

2. Define the __init__ which calls the setter for radius

3. Define the getter and setter for non-public attribute radius

4. Define a method, calculateArea which calculates the area of the cicle using the pi constant from
‘math’ library. Use the getter method to fetch the radius value. Return the calculated area

5. Create an object of the Circle class and assign it a radius value. Call calculateArea() on this object
and print its area.
Activity 2.3
The final code should look like this:
Inheritance in Python
❖ Mechanism by which we can create a hierarchy of classes sharing common properties with each other

and having their own specific properties and behaviour is called Inheritance.

❖ Inheritance allows one class to derive from another class thus avoiding code redundancy and

encouraging code reusability.

❖ Python supports MULTIPLE inheritance.

❖ Syntax :

class ParentClass:

Body of the parent class

class ChildClass(ParentClass):

Body of the child class

Inheritance in Python - Example
Let us understand some basic concepts of Inheritance such as creating class hierarchies, using super in

constructors and method overriding in Python using an example of a base class, Mammal and child class,

Bat.

Mammal class specification:

1. Create a Mammal class with attributes, name, lifespan and habitat.

2. Add a constructor to initialise these attributes. Put a print statement in the constructor saying, “Mammal

object created”.

3. Add a method, describe() which will print the individual values of these attributes.
Inheritance in Python - Example

Bat class specification:

1. Create a Bat class extending Mammal class. Add an attribute, diet, to the Bat class

2. Add a constructor to initialise all the attributes from parent class and Bat class. Learn to use super().

Put a print statement in the constructor saying, “Bat object created”.

3. Add a method, describe() which will print the individual values of Bat class attributes.
Inheritance in Python - Example
[Link] specification

1. Import the necessary classes in this file.

2. Create object of Mammal class and call describe() of Mammal using this

object.

3. Create object of Bat class and call describe() of Bat using this object.

4. Run the program and observe the sequence of output statements to understand which methods and

called and in what order.

Inheritance in Python - super

❖ Super keyword is used to invoke parent class constructor or method invocation from a given overridden method.

❖ When a child class constructor is written, first line within in should be super().__init__() to invoke the parent

class constructor. This helps in assigning the values to the parent class attributes if any of those are used in the

child class.

❖ Take a look at the following activity to understand the importance of super.

Activity 2.4
1. In the describe method of Bat class in the previous example, make a call to super so as to call the
parent class describe() first.

2. Make the following changes to your code and observe the output.

In [Link] - comment the call to super class __init__

Activity 2.4
Make the following changes to your code and observe the output.

In [Link] - print [Link]

Observe the sequence of output and the value printed for [Link]. Why is the name attribute not
assigned its correct value, Bat? Why does it show None?

While creating child class objects it is important to make a call to parent class constructors if we want to use
the attributes from the parent class(es). Else like in the above example, the attributes do not have the
values which we want.
static and class methods

Will be convered as self study

private attributes and Inheritance
❖ Consider the following changes made to Mammal class and [Link].
private attributes and Inheritance
private attributes and Inheritance
❖ Run the above example and observe the output.

❖ When any attribute is made private / non-public by adding single or double underscores (_ / __ ) in front of its

name then such attribute is NOT accessible to the sub class(es) of that class.

❖ Private attributes are also NOT accessible from outside the class.
Thank you