ELECTRONICS

CSIR-UGC-NET/JRFIGATE
T JEST BARG |1ISC |JNU | SLET PhD Enttan

First Edition Hebruary 2014

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 CONTENTS

Chapter Page Nos.

Chapter-1: Network Theory (1-23)

Chapter-2: Semiconductor Diodes (24-62)

Chapter-3: Bipolar Junction Transistors ... (63-85)

Chapter-4: Field Effect Transistors (FET) (86-95)

Chapter-5: Zener Diode and opto Electronio

hics. (96-112)

Chapter-6: Operational Amplifier (113-139)

Chapter-7: Digital Electronics (140-163)

Chapter-8: Microprocessor (164-165)

 CHAPTER – 1: NETWORK THEORY

Basic Circuit Analysis and KVL/KCL

Resistance: It is the property of a resistor to oppose current.

:Case-I ‫شيد‬ Conventional current flow from high to low potential.

R
Case-II:
‫پشیا‬ Electron current flow from low to high potential

In both case I and case II: V = iR

Where resistance of Resistor: R=

P
A

where 1 = length of conductor, A = Area of conductor, p = resistivity of conductor.

So

Current:
RA

The phenomenon of transf

electric current.

An electric current may

sectional boundary !
and conductivity

e
3
detined

=
as
1

Resistivity
の=
harge fronuonсроньта опreun to

the time rate of net motion of electric

Coulombs,
anotner is described by the tem

charge across a cross-

Voltage:
To move the electrons from one pomtto ofher pomt in pantelardrecionrexternal force is required.
In analytical circuit externalforce as provided by emt and it s given l
Mp
=V
bd

where a
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differential amount [Link] given a differential increase in energy dW.
Vołtage "Energy per unit
[Link] or [Link]
=

A voltage can exist betweenapair of electrical terminal

automobile battery, for example, has a voltage of 12V across its terminals even if nothing whatsoever
is connected to the terminal.
Ohm's Law:

At constant temperature, the potential difference Vacross the terminals of a resistor R as show below,
is directly proportional to the current i flowing through it. That is

R
Voxi V = iR i Λ

Ohm's law can also be expressed in terms of conductance G as

1
i=GV G= G = Conductance [mho or Siemens]
R

NETWORK THEORY
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Ohm' s Law:
Field Interpretation of
At constant temperature current density is directly proportional to electric field intensity."

JE

J=GE J Current density (A/m²), o Conductivity [(-m)]

E Electric field intensity (V/m)
Linearly test of Resistor:
When resistive element obeys ohm's law then the element is called as linear resistor otherwise it is
a non-linear resistor.
Power Dissipation in a Resistor:

P =Vi=(iR)i=i?R=-
=V ²G
RG
Practical Voltage Sources: It delivers energy at snecified (V) which depends on current delivers by
sources.

3R
V(t)
)=VS- IRs
V,

DC

Current Sources: Ideal current soource delivers

vers energy at a specined which is independent on voltage
across the source. Interpal resistance of ideal current source =

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[Link]
ideal

DC AC

Practical Current Sources: Practical current sources delivers energy at specified

current I, which is dependent
on voltage across the source. In real time system current source
does not exist.

i(t)
I

ΟἹ
R, V L(t)
Λ

DC AC

NETWORK THEORY