IV.
Beam Deflection Testing A beam is a horizontal or vertical structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment. Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, but smaller structures such as truck or automobile frames, machine frames, and other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are designed and analyzed in a similar fashion. Deflection is the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load. It may refer to an angle or a distance.
Different Types of Beams Cantilever Beam Cantilever beam design used to create the floating or hovering effect. This is used to create of a bay window, balconies, and some bridges. The weight load is spread back to the main beams of the structure in the cantilever beams and allowing a portion of the structure to go beyond the supported perimeters of the structure foundation. Steel I-Beam The very popular choice in the construction is no other than steel I-Beam. The I-Beam is also known as W shape. This is widely used in the steel construction. This I-Beam design is common fundamental beam design in commercial structures, but it can be used in the residential design also. Flitch Beam This beam is used for coating steel and wood to create a lightweight beam with adequate strength, so this beam design are composite beams. The addition of the wooden elements will allow the beam to be fixed to existing wooden structures. When compared with the steel beam, it is relatively less expensive. While maintaining the strict construction budget, this is used to support the heavy vertical loads. Flitch beam is very useful when the additional load carrying capacity to an existing beam. Hip Beam design The hip beam is one among the types of beam; it is very popular in roofing design. A hip beam will provide support for other load bearings beams branching off at symmetrical angles. This is more often used in the residential constructions.
The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in terms of its deflection from its original unloaded position. The deflection is measured from the original neutral surface of the beam to the neutral surface of the deformed beam. The configuration assumed by the deformed neutral surface is known as the elastic curve of the beam.
V. TORSION TEST
Introduction Torsion test is not widely accepted as much as tensile test. Torsion tests are made on materials to determine such properties as the modulus of elasticity in shear, the torsion yield streng th and the modulus of rupture. Often used for testing brittle materials and can be tested in full-sized parts, i.e., shafts, axles and twist drills which are subjected to torsional loading in service. Torsion Testing Equipment Tors ion-testing equipment cons ists of: 1) A twisting head, with a chuck for gripping the specimen and for applying the twisting moment to the specimen. 2) A weight head, which grips the other end of the specimen and measures the twisting moment of torque. Modulus of rupture or the ultimate torsional shearing stress. TYPES OF TORSION FAILURE 1.) Shear (ductile) failure is along the maximum shear plane. 2.) Tensile (brittle) Failure is perpendicular to maximum tensile stress ( at 450) resulting in a helical failure.