CHAPTER-

02
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER
ENCODING OVERVIEW ENCODING
SCHEMES NUMBER
& NUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSION
SYSTEM BETWEEN
ENCODING SCHEMES & NUMBER SYSTEM
NUMBER
SYSTEMS

CHAPTER-02
ENCODING SCHEMES
& NUMBER SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION
ENCODING
ASCII
ISCII
UNICODE
NUMBER SYSTEM
BINARY
OCTAL
DECIMAL
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
CONVERSION BETWEEN NUMBER SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION
ENCODING
What is Encoding ?
It is the process of converting data from one format to another
(cipher)using specific code is called Encoding

When the key ‘A’ is pressed,it is internally mapped to a decimal

value 65(code value),which is then converted to its equivalent
binary value for the computer to understand.

This encoding is possible because of standard encoding

schemes where each letter,numeral & symbol is encoded or
assigned a unique code.
some of the well-known encoding schemes are--
ASCII :
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for information
interchange.
it is a character encoding standard used to represent text in
computers & other devices that work with text.
ASCII assigns a unique number to each character
(letter,number,punctuation,etc.)
It represents characters using 7 bits (now typically extended to 8
bits in modern systems,called extended ASCII).
 Text Representation :
ASCII converts text into a numeric form that computers can
easily process

Standardization :
It became the standard way to represent characters in computers
in the 1960's & is still widely used today.

ASCII value of A is 65 and its equivalent 7-bits binary code

=1000001
 ISCII :
ISCII stands for Indian Script Code for information interchange.

In order to facilitate the use of Indian languages on computers,

a common standard for coding Indian scripts called ISCII was
developed in India during mid 1980s.
It is an 8-bit code representation for Indian languages which
means it can represent 2^8=256 characters. It retains all 128
ASCII codes and uses rest of the codes (128) for additional
Indian language character set.
UNICODE :

Unicode is a Universal character encoding standard that

assigns a unique code to every character.
a standard called UNICODE has been developed to incorporate
all the characters of every written language of the world.
UNICODE provides a unique number for every character,
irrespective of device (server, desktop, mobile), operating
system (Linux, Windows, iOS) or software application (different
browsers, text editors, etc.). Commonly used UNICODE
encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32. It is a superset of ASCII,
and the values 0–128 have the same character as in ASCII.
2.2 Number System
A number system is a method to represent numbers.
Every number system has a set of unique characters or
literals.
The count of these literals is called the radix or base of
the number system.
Number systems are also called positional number
system because the value of each symbol in a number
depends upon its position within the number. Number
may also have a fractional part similar to decimal
numbers used by us.
 NUMBER SYSTEM :
Types of number system :

1 3 4
2
Decimal Octal Hexadecimal
Binary Number
Number Number Number
System
System System System
LIST OF NUMBER

Type Base Numbers/Symbols

Decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Binary 2 0, 1

Octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
Hexadecimal 16 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
Decimal Number System
It is known as base -10 system since 10 digits
(0 to 9) are used.
A number is presented by its two values-
symbol value &
positional value
Binary Number System
A computer are made up of a large number of
transistors which are activated by the electronic
signals (low/high) they receive.
The ON/ high and OFF/low state of a transistor is
represented using the two digits 1 and 0, respectively.
These two digits 1 and 0 form the binary number
system. This system is also referred as base-2 system
as it has two digits only.
Some examples of binary numbers are 1001011,
1011.101, 111111.01.
Octal Number System

Octal number system is

called base-8 system as it
has total eight digits (0-
7), and positional value is
expressed in powers of 8.
Three binary digits
(8=24) are sufficient to
represent any octal digit.
Hexadecimal Number System
It consists of 16 unique symbols (0-
9), A-F), and is called base-16
system. In hexadecimal system, each
alphanumeric digit is represented as
a group of 4 binary digits because 4
bits ( are sufficient to represent 16
alphanumeric symbols. Here that the
decimal numbers 10 through 15 are
represented by the letters A through
F.
[Link] the word ‘COMPUTER’ using ASCII and convert the
encoded value into binary values.
C 67 1000011
O 79 1001111
M 77 1001101
P 80 1010000
U 85 1010101
T 84 1010100
E 69 1000101
R 82 1010010
COLOUR CODES IN DECIMAL ,BINARY &
HEXADECIMAL NUMBERS
 NCERT SOLUTIONS
1. HOW DOES COMPUTER UNDERSTAND THE FOLLOWING TEXT?
(HINT: 7 BIT ASCII CODE)
(I) HOTS
ASCII VALUE OF H IS 72 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1001000
ASCII VALUE OF O IS 79 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1001111
ASCII VALUE OF S IS 83 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1010011
ASCII VALUE OF T IS 84 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1010100
(II) MAIN
ASCII VALUE OF M IS 77 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1001101
ASCII VALUE OF A IS 97 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1100001
ASCII VALUE OF I IS 105 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1101001
ASCII VALUE OF N IS 110 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1101110
(III) CASE
ASCII VALUE OF C IS 67 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1000011
ASCII VALUE OF A IS 97 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1100001
ASCII VALUE OF S IS 83 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1010011
ASCII VALUE OF E IS 101 AND ITS EQUIVALENT 7-BIT BINARY CODE = 1100101
 12. The hexadecimal number system uses 16 literals (0 – 9, A– F).
Write down its base value. * The base value of Binary number is 16.
[Link] X be a number system having B symbols only. Write down the base
value of this number system.
A base of the number system is the symbols or digits used in the
number system. Hence the base of the X number system is B.
[Link] the equivalent hexadecimal and binary values for each
character of the phrase given below. – ‘‘ हम सब एक”
ह – 0939 – 100100111001
म – 092E – 100100101110
स – 0938 – 100100111000
ब – 092C – 100100101100
ए – 090F – 100100001111
क – 0915 – 100100010101
15. What is the advantage of preparing a digital content in Indian
language using UNICODE font?
It allows to incorporate all the characters of every written language.
It provides a unique number for every character
Every character represented thorugh unicode is compatible for
various devices like mobile, tables, computer and os like Linux,
Windows, Android etc.
[Link] and list the steps required to type in an Indian language
using UNICODE.
Step 1: Type the instruction in the Indian language
Step 2: Each character has its own hexadecimal code that the machine
will read that code.
Step 3: The machine will then convert that UNICODE to binary code and
do the task according to the instruction given
[Link] the word ‘COMPUTER’ using ASCII and convert the
encoded value into binary values.
C 67 1000011
O 79 1001111
M 77 1001101
P 80 1010000
U 85 1010101
T 84 1010100
E 69 1000101
R 82 1010010