Fluid Mechanics II

MNG382
Part of the material are taken from:
1. Munson, B.R., Young, D.F., Okiishi, T.H. and Huebsch, W.W., 2010.
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 6th SI ed.
2. Y. Cengel, J. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications 3rd Edition
3. Google images
 Objectives:

[Link] of stream function and velocity potential

2. Potential flow equation
 Fluid Dynamics
Contents
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Conservation of Mass
• 2.3 The Stream function and the Potential function
• 2.4 Balance of Linear Momentum
• 2.5 Equations of Motion for Inviscid Fluids (Euler's Equations)
• 2.5.1 Bernoulli Equation
• 2.6 Equations of Motion for Viscous Fluids
• 2.6.1 The stress tensor
• 2.6.2 Types of fluids
• 2.6.3 Navier–Stokes Equations
• 2.6.4 Non-Dimensionlization
• 2.7 Simple Applications of the Navier–Stokes Equations
 Recall the continuity equation is
D
+   V = 0
Dt

For incompressible flows: i.e. the material density is constant:

V = 0 2-D Cartesian coordinates ux + vy = 0

=====================>

Recall the irrotationality condition is

V = 0
2-D Cartesian coordinates vx − u y = 0
=====================>
 The Stream Function
Recall the streamline definition
dy v
=
dx u
which yields
udy − vdx = 0
Let’s define
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝑢= ; 𝑣=−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
 
then dy + dx = 0 →→ d = 0 →  = constant
y x
Which means that the stream function is constant along streamlines, or in
other words the contours of stream function are the streamlines.
5
 Physical interpretation of the stream function

Consider the volume flow rate between the

shown two streamlines

𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝐀 ∙ 𝐕 =
𝑑𝑦, −𝑑𝑥 ∙ 𝑢, 𝑣
= 𝑢𝑑𝑦 − 𝑣𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜓
2 𝜓2
Q = න 𝑑𝑄 = න 𝑑𝜓 = 𝜓2 − 𝜓1
1 𝜓1

Hence, the volumetric flow rate per unit width

between any two streamlines is given simply by the
difference of their stream function values.
 The continuity equation using the stream function
Recall the continuity equation for incompressible 2D flow is
u v
+ =0
x y
Using the definition of the stream function yields:
u v      2  2
+ = ( ) + (− )= − =0
x y x y y x xy yx

In the above equation, the stream function is assumed to be smooth such that the order of
differentiation is irrelevant.

In a nutshell the stream function is a consequence of the conservation of mass.

7
 The irrotationality condition using the stream function
Recall the irrotationality definition is
v u
− =0
x y

Using the definition of the stream function yields:

v u    
− = (− )− ( )
x y x x y y
 2  2
=− − = − 2

x 2
y 2

So, the Laplacian of the stream function vanishes

for irrotational incompressible (potential) flows:  =0
2

8
 The stream function in cylindrical coordinates

Recall the incompressible form of the continuity equation is

 (rvr ) v
+ =0
r 
The definition of the stream function is

1  
vr = v = −
r  r

9
Example: Stream Function
• The velocity components in a steady, incompressible, two-dimensional flow field
are:
u = 2y v = 4x

Determine the corresponding stream function and show on a sketch several

streamlines. Indicate the direction of flow along the streamlines.
Also get the streamlines using a different approach (recall the definition of the
streamline equation in terms of the velocities).

10
Solution
From the definition of the stream function
   = −2x + y
2 2

u= = 2y v=− = 4x Ψ=0
y x
 = y2 + f1 (x)  = −2x 2 + f 2 (y)

 = −2 x + y
2 2

2 2
y x
− =1
 /2 Ψ≠0

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 The Potential Function
Recall the irrotationality definition 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
− =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Let’s define
 
u= ; v=
x y

       
then  −   = 0
x  y  y  x 

Which means that the potential function is a consequence of the

irrotationality.
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 The continuity equation in terms of the potential function
Recall the continuity equation is
u v
+ =0
then x y
       
 +  
x  x  y  y 
 2  2
= 2 + 2 =  2 = 0
x y
 1 
In cylindrical coordinates vr = v =
r r 
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 The potential and stream functions
The velocity potential is analogous to stream function in a sense that
the derivatives of both yield the flow field velocities. However, there are
distinct differences between :

• The velocities are obtained by differentiating the potential function in

the same direction as the velocities, whereas the stream function is
differentiated normal to the velocity direction.

• The velocity potential is defined for irrotational flows only. In contrast,

stream function can be used in either rotational or irrotational flows.

• The velocity potential applies to three-dimensional flows, whereas the

stream function is defined for two dimensional flows only.
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 The Relation between potential and stream functions
For the streamlines ==> 𝜓 = constant (the streamlines)
𝑑𝜓 = 0 = 𝜓𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜓𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Recall that this is
= −𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢𝑑𝑦 the definition of
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 the streamline
===> ቤ =
𝑑𝑥 𝜓=constant 𝑢

Similarly for the equipotential lines ==> 𝜙 = constant (the equipotential lines)
𝑑𝜙 = 0 = 𝜙𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑢𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑢
===> ቤ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝜙=constant 𝑣

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 The Relation between potential and stream functions
So, the relation between the slopes of the
streamlines and equipotential lines is

dy dy
 = −1
dx  =constant dx  =constant

Hence, the streamlines and equipotential

lines are mutually perpendicular.

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 Potential Flow
The potential flow main assumptions are:
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
1. Irrotational flow: this assumption is 𝛚 = 𝟎, and in 2D leads to − = 0. It is important to
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

stress here that this assumption forbids for the formation of vortices behind bodies [except where
explicitly introduced as a singularity (e.g., bound circulation)] leading the disappearance of the
pressure drag (this is will be needed to interpret, partially, what will be called d’Alembert paradox)

2. Inviscid flow: this means viscous stresses and boundary layers are not modeled because of
imposing the slip boundary conditions over the surface instead of no-slip boundary conditions.
One of the consequences of this assumption is the disappearance of the viscous drag (this is will
be needed to complete the interpretation of what will be called d’Alembert paradox)
 Potential Flow over a cylinder
MATLAB Assignment

In cylindrical coordinates:
1 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 1 𝜕 2𝜓
∇2 𝜓 = 𝑟 + 2 2 =0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

Boundary conditions:
Cylinder surface: 𝜓(r=a) = 0

Far field (infinity): u= 𝑉∞ and The solution is:

v=0 𝒂𝟐
𝝍 = 𝑽∞ 𝒓 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒓
 Potential Flow over a cylinder
MATLAB Assignment

1 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
𝑣𝑟 = 𝑣𝜃 = −
𝑟 𝜕𝜃
2
and 𝜕𝑟
𝑎 𝑎2
= 𝑉∞ 1 − 2 cos 𝜃 = −𝑉∞ 1 + 2 sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟
Which is for the potential flow over a cylinder with radius a and the free
stream velocity is 𝑉∞ .
1. Plot the streamlines over the cylinder (take V∞=1 and a=1). Consider the
external domain to be a circle with radius equals to 5a.
2. Get the velocities in both the polar and Cartesian coordinates allover the
domain [0,2π] and [0,5a]
3. Plot the velocity over the cylinder surface.
• clc MATLAB code
• clear all
• close all
• format long
• %% Parameters
• a=1; %cylinder radius
• V=1; %free stream velocity
•
• %% Domain
• theta=[0:2*pi/100:2*pi];
• rad=[a:(5*a-a)/100:5*a];
•
• %% Body
• for i=1:length(theta)
• x_cy(i)=a*cos(theta(i));
• y_cy(i)=a*sin(theta(i));
• end
• %% streamline function
•
• for i=1:length(rad)
• for j=1:length(theta)
• x(i,j)=rad(i)*cos(theta(j));
• y(i,j)=rad(i)*sin(theta(j));
• psi(i,j)=V*rad(i)*(1-a^2/rad(i)^2)*sin(theta(j));
• end
• end
• plot(x_cy,y_cy); axis equal;
• hold on
• contour(x,y,psi,50);axis equal;
 Potential Flow over a cylinder
MATLAB Assignment

The potential function:

𝑎2
∅ = 𝑉∞ 𝑟 1 + 2 cos 𝜃
𝑟

Make use of the previous MATLAB code and plot the potential lines.