ExXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BODY
1. Integumentary System
2. Muscular System
3. Skeletal system
4. Endocrine system
5. Digestive system
6. Respiratory system
7. Excretory system
8. Reproductive system
9. Circulatory system
10. Nervous system
11. Immune system
PARTS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Epidermis – outermost layer of the skin; provides protection against pathogens, prevents water loss, and forms
a barrier against physical damage.
Dermis – inner layer beneath the epidermis; contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands; responsible for
nourishment, sensation, and support.
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) – layer beneath the dermis; stores fat, insulates the body, and absorbs
shock.
Melanin – skin pigment produced in the epidermis; protects the body from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Hair – grows from follicles in the skin; provides protection, insulation, and sensitivity to touch.
Hair follicle – structure that produces and anchors hair; responsible for hair growth.
Sebaceous (oil) glands – glands that produce sebum; lubricate the skin and hair and prevent drying and
microbial growth.
Sebum – oily substance; keeps skin soft and reduces water loss.
Sweat glands – glands that produce sweat; regulate body temperature and remove small amounts of waste.
Eccrine sweat glands – produce watery sweat; mainly for cooling the body.
Apocrine sweat glands – produce thicker sweat; found in specific areas and contribute to body odor.
Sweat pores – openings on the skin surface; allow sweat to be released.
Nails – hard keratin structures; protect the tips of fingers and toes and assist in grasping.
Blood vessels (in dermis) – regulate body temperature by controlling heat loss and supply nutrients to the
skin.
Nerve endings – sensory receptors; detect touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.
Keratin – tough structural protein in skin, hair, and nails; provides strength and waterproofing.
Vitamin D synthesis (skin function) – skin produces vitamin D when exposed to sunlight; important for
bone health.
An image of the Integumentary System
PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTIONS.
Bones – rigid structures forming the skeleton; provide support, protect organs, enable movement,
and produce blood cells.
Skull – bones of the head; protect the brain and support the face.
Cranium – upper part of the skull; encloses and protects the brain.
Vertebral Column (Spine) – series of vertebrae; supports the body, protects the spinal cord, and
allows flexibility.
Ribs – curved bones forming the rib cage; protect the heart and lungs.
Sternum – breastbone; connects ribs and helps protect thoracic organs.
Pelvis (Pelvic girdle) – hip bones; support body weight and protect reproductive organs.
Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder girdle) – clavicle and scapula; attaches arms to the body.
Limbs (Arms and Legs) – bones for movement; enable locomotion and manipulation of objects.
Joints – points where two or more bones meet; allow movement and flexibility.
Cartilage – flexible connective tissue; reduces friction at joints and provides cushioning.
Ligaments – tough tissues connecting bone to bone; stabilize joints.
Tendons – tissues connecting muscle to bone; transmit force for movement.
Bone Marrow – soft tissue inside bones; produces blood cells (red, white, platelets).
Compact Bone – dense outer layer of bone; provides strength and support.
Spongy Bone – porous inner bone; reduces weight and contains marrow.
Calcium (in bones) – mineral stored in bones; provides strength and hardness.
Synovial Fluid – fluid in joints; lubricates and reduces friction.
Patella (Kneecap) – small bone in knee; protects joint and improves movement efficiency.
PARTS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Skeletal muscles – attached to bones; enable voluntary movement, posture, and locomotion.
Smooth muscles – found in internal organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels); control involuntary
movements like digestion and blood flow.
Cardiac muscle – found only in the heart; contracts rhythmically to pump blood throughout the
body.
Tendons – tough connective tissues; attach muscles to bones and transmit force for movement.
Ligaments (support role) – connect bones at joints; help stabilize muscle action during
movement.
Muscle fibers – individual muscle cells; contract and relax to produce movement.
Myofibrils – thread-like structures inside muscle fibers; responsible for contraction.
Actin – thin protein filament; works with myosin to cause muscle contraction.
Myosin – thick protein filament; pulls actin during contraction.
Sarcomere – functional unit of muscle contraction; shortens during contraction.
Neuromuscular junction – point where nerve meets muscle; transmits signals for contraction.
Motor neuron – nerve cell that stimulates muscle contraction.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) – energy source for muscle contraction.
Muscle groups (e.g., biceps and triceps) – work in pairs; one contracts while the other relaxes to
produce movement.
Biceps muscle – located in upper arm; bends the arm (flexion).
Triceps muscle – located in upper arm; straightens the arm (extension).
Diaphragm – dome-shaped muscle; controls breathing by contracting and relaxing.
Intercostal muscles – muscles between ribs; assist in breathing.
Core Functions of the Muscular System
Movement of the body
Maintenance of posture
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CELL TYPES AND THEIR IMAGES