Digital Image Processing

By
Rashmita Kumari Mohapatra
Syllabus
Introduction

Origin

Steps in Digital Image Processing

Components

Elements of Visual Perception

Introduction
• Digital Image Processing (DIP) refers to the manipulation of digital
images using computational algorithms to enhance, analyze, or
extract information. It bridges the fields of mathematics, computer
science, and engineering, with applications ranging from medical
imaging to remote sensing, industrial inspection, and computer
vision.
Origin of Digital Image Processing
• The origins of DIP can be traced back to the early 1920s when digital
technology began to emerge. Key milestones include:
• 1920s: Early work in digital images for improving the quality of
scanned documents.
• 1960s: NASA used DIP for enhancing images of the moon and planets.
• 1970s: Advances in computers and algorithms allowed DIP to expand
to medical and scientific applications.
• Present: DIP is integral to artificial intelligence, autonomous systems,
and multimedia technology.
Definition of an Image
• Concept: An image is a two-dimensional function where:

o Each point corresponds to specific spatial coordinates (x, y).

o Each point has an intensity value which represents brightness or color.

Pixels
• Definition: A pixel, or picture element, is the smallest unit of a digital image.

o Coordinates: Each pixel has specific coordinates in the image grid.

o Intensity Levels: The intensity value for each pixel determines its color and brightness.
Structureof Digital Images
• Finite Elements: Digital images consist of a finite number of pixels.

o Each pixel has a specific location (coordinates) and value (intensity).

Electromagnetic Spectrum in Imaging
• Use of Waves: Different types of electromagnetic waves (e.g., ultraviolet, microwaves, radio waves) are utilized for capturing images.

o Interaction with Materials: Various waves interact differently with materials, allowing for unique image acquisition.

• Applications: This principle is fundamental in fields like:

o Medical Imaging (e.g., X-rays, MRI)

o Satellite Imagery (e.g., remote sensing)

Levels of Digital Image Processing
• Digital image processing can be categorized into three main levels:
1. Basic Processing:
1. Image Enhancement: Techniques to improve the visual quality of images (e.g., adjusting brightness, contrast).
2. Intermediate Processing:
1. Segmentation: The process of dividing an image into meaningful regions for easier analysis and interpretation.
3. Advanced Processing:
1. Feature Extraction: Identifying and analyzing specific features or elements within an image for further study.
Key Topics in Digital Image Processing
• Image Segmentation: Crucial for identifying objects within an image, useful in various applications such as
computer vision and medical diagnostics.

• Image Enhancement: Techniques to improve the quality of images for better visibility and analysis.

• Feature Extraction: Important for analyzing the content of images, often used in pattern recognition and
machine learning applications.
• The study of digital image processing is essential for various applications across multiple fields, enhancing
our ability to analyze, modify, and interpret visual information. By understanding the fundamentals, we can
better appreciate the technology and techniques that enable the effective use of digital images.
Till now we covered
• Introduction
• Origin
• What is DIP
• What is image
• Pixel
• Structure of image
• Levels of image processing
• Key topics of image processing
Image Acquisition
•Capturing the image through
a digital camera or sensor.
•Preprocessing, such as
converting the captured image
into a digital format.
• Image enhancement refers to
techniques that improve the visual
quality of an image or make certain
features more prominent.
• The goal is to process an image so that
the resulting output is more suitable
for a specific application or for human
visual perception.
• Image restoration refers to the process of recovering or
reconstructing an image that has been degraded by noise,
blurring, or other distortions.
• Unlike image enhancement, which focuses on improving
image quality subjectively, restoration is based on
mathematical models to reverse known degradations.
• Morphological processing is a set of image
processing operations that process images based on
their shapes. It is primarily applied to binary images
but can also be extended to grayscale images.
• These techniques rely on the principles of
mathematical morphology, which studies the structure
or form of objects.
• Image segmentation is the process of
partitioning an image into multiple
meaningful regions or objects. The goal is to
simplify the representation of an image to
make it more meaningful and easier to
analyze.
• Segmentation is a crucial step in many
computer vision and image processing tasks,
including object detection, medical imaging,
and scene understanding.
Object recognition is a process in computer
vision and image processing that identifies and
classifies objects within an image or a video. It
combines the tasks of object detection (locating
objects) and classification (identifying what the
objects are).
• Representation: Focuses on how to model or store the
segmented objects (shape, boundary, or region) in a
way suitable for analysis.
• Description: Extracts meaningful attributes or
features from the represented objects to aid in
classification, recognition, or analysis.
• Image compression is the process of reducing the
amount of data required to represent an image
while maintaining acceptable visual quality.

• The primary goals of image compression are to

save storage space and reduce transmission
bandwidth in communication systems.
• Color image processing focuses on the
manipulation and analysis of color images.
• It involves color models, transformations,
and processing techniques tailored to
enhance or analyze color information for
applications such as computer vision,
medical imaging, and multimedia.
Components of a Digital Image Processing System
A Digital Image Processing (DIP) system consists of various components that work together to
capture, process, store, and display images. These components are essential for transforming raw
image data into useful information.
• Image Sensor
• Digital Processor
• Memory
• Display Devices
• Software
• Storage Devices
Components of a Digital Image Processing System
• The image sensor is responsible for capturing an image and converting it into an electronic signal
Image Sensor that can be processed. It is typically made up of a grid of photodetectors that convert light (from a
scene) into electrical signals.

• The digital processor executes algorithms for image enhancement, analysis, compression, and other
Digital Processor processing tasks. It takes the raw image data from the sensor and applies various algorithms to
manipulate or extract meaningful information.

Memory • Memory temporarily stores the raw image, intermediate data, and final processed images. The
amount and type of memory determine how efficiently and quickly images can be processed.

Display Devices • Display devices present the processed image to the user. They provide the visual output of the
processed data, enabling human interpretation and analysis.

Software • Software provides the tools for algorithm development, image manipulation, and analysis. It enables
the user to apply image processing techniques and manage workflows.

• Storage devices are used to save raw or processed images for long-term use. These devices provide
Storage Devices the necessary space for storing large image files, especially in fields requiring high-resolution images
or video.
Summary
Component Function Example
Captures the image and converts it to an
Image Sensor electronic signal.
CCD, CMOS sensors in cameras

CPU, GPU, DSP for edge detection,

Digital Processor Executes image processing algorithms.
enhancement

Temporarily stores images and intermediate

Memory results.
RAM, ROM, cache, external storage

Display Devices Presents the processed image for viewing. Monitors, projectors, AR glasses

Provides tools for algorithm development and

Software image analysis.
OpenCV, MATLAB, Photoshop, 3D Slicer

Stores raw and processed images for long- HDD, SSD, cloud storage
Storage Devices term use.
Key Elements of Visual Perception in Digital Image Processing
Elements of Visual Perception
• Cornea
• Lens
• Iris and Pupil
• Retina
• Optic Nerve
• Relevance to Digital Image Processing
Image Formation in the Human Eye and Its Relation to Digital Image
Processing
• Light Entry through the Cornea and Pupil
• Focusing Light with the Lens
• Image Formation on the Retina
• Photoreceptors: Rods and Cones
• Signal Transmission to the Brain via the Optic Nerve
• Relevance to Digital Image Processing
Brightness Adaption of Human Eye
(Mach Band Effect)
Mach Band Effect
Mach band effect(Contd.)
Brightness Adaption of Human Eye(Simultaneous
Contrast)
 Elements of Visual Perception
Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
Two phenomena
demonstrate that
perceived brightness
is not a simple
function of intensity.
The first is called Mach
Bands after Ernst
Mach.
The second is called
simultaneous
contrast.
All sorts of optical
illusions illustrate
human perception
phenomenon.
 Elements of Visual Perception
Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination
Visual Phenomena
An example showing that perceived brightness is not a simple function of intensity.
The relative vertical positions between the two profiles in have no Special significance;
they were chosen for clarity.
An examples of simultaneous contrast. All the inner squares have the same intensity,
but they appear progressively darker as the background becomes lighter.
Image Sampling and Quantization
 Image Sampling and Quantization
Sampling and Quantization
Sampling is the process of taking
values of a signal at discrete
points in time and space.
Quantizing is the process of taking a
continuous amplitude input
signal and outputting a signal
with distinct levels of amplitude.
 Image Sampling and Quantization
Digital Image Representation
A digital image can be represented by a
matrix of pixel values.
The area of the matrix is determined by
the spatial resolution.
The color depth determines the matrix
height.
 Image Sampling and Quantization
Spatial Resolution
Increasing the spatial resolution of an image increases the amount of spatial detail. It also
increases the size of an image.
Increasing the gray-level resolution of an image increases the intensity detail, it also
increases the size of an image.
The quality of a digital image is a function of both its spatial and gray-level resolutions.
 Image Sampling and Quantization
Spatial Resolution
Assuming a N2 (1024 * 1024
pixel) image with L=8 (256
gray level resolution.)
Sampling it down to ½ the size
by deleting every other row
and every other column,
while keeping L the same.
A Checkerboard pattern will
result as the sub-sampling
reduces the number of N by
½ each time.
 Image Sampling and Quantization
Gray-Level Resolution
Doing so gradually resulted very
fine ridge like structures in
areas of smooth gray levels.
This effect, caused by the use
of an insufficient number of
gray levels in smooth areas of
a digital image, is called false
contouring.
Varying the gray level from 256
bits to 2 bits, while maintaining
the spatial resolution.
 Image Sampling and Quantization
Gray-Level Resolution
 Image Sampling and Quantization
Isopreference Curve
Only a few gray levels may be
needed for images with a large
amount of detail
A decrease in k tends to increase
the apparent contrast of an
image, a visual effect that
humans often perceive as
improved quality in an image.
 Image Sampling and Quantization
Zooming and Shrinking Digital Images
Zooming and shrinking a digital image can be thought of as over or under sampling. The
difference is that is applied to a digital image and not the original.
Three Methods of zooming.
Nearest Neighbor
Interpolation.
Pixel Replication.
Bilinear Interpolation.

Two Methods of shrinking.

Row-Column Deletion.
Reverse Nearest Neighbor
Interpolation
 Image Sampling and Quantization
Zooming and Shrinking Digital Images
Zooming and shrinking a digital image can be thought of as over or under sampling. The
difference is that is applied to a digital image and not the original.
Three Methods of zooming.
Nearest Neighbor
Interpolation.
Pixel Replication.
Bilinear Interpolation.

Two Methods of shrinking.

Row-Column Deletion.
Reverse Nearest Neighbor
Interpolation
Basic Relationships Between Pixels

•Neighborhood

•Adjacency

•Paths

•Connectivity

•Regions

•Boundaries
Basic Relationships Between Pixels
Neighbors of a pixel – N4(p)

•Any pixel p(x, y) has two vertical and two horizontal neighbors, given by

(x+1, y),
(x-1, y),
(x, y+1),
(x, y-1)
Neighbors of a pixel – ND(p)

•Any pixel p(x, y) has four diagonal neighbors, given by

(x+1, y+1), (x+1, y-1), (x-1, y+1), (x-1 ,y-1)

Neighbors of a pixel – N8(p)

•ND(p) and N4(p) are together known as 8-Neighbors and are denoted by N8(p)

•ND(p) U N4(p) = N8(p)

•What about when p(x,y) is a border pixel of the image ?

 Basic Relationships Between Pixels
Image Operations on a Pixel Basis
Dividing one image by another is defined as dividing one pixel by the
corresponding pixel in the other image.
Adding one image is added to another to form the composite of the two.
Subtraction one image is formed by subtracting one from another.
NOT, OR, and AND operations to form the inverted image or to window an
image.

Linear and Non-Linear Operations

H is a linear operation if f and g are two images, a and b are two scalar values,
and the equation H(af+bg)=aH(f)+bH(g) is satisfied.
Linear operations are important because they provide well understood practical
results.
While nonlinear operations sometimes provide better results they are often
unpredictable.
 Linear and Non-Linear Operations

H is a linear operation if f and g are two images, a and b

are two scalar values, and the equation
H(af+bg)=aH(f)+bH(g) is satisfied.
Linear operations are important because they provide well
understood practical results, while nonlinear operations
sometimes provide better results they are often
unpredictable.
1 Explain the origin and steps involved in Digital Image Processing.

2 Describe the different components involved in Digital Image Processing.

3 Discuss the elements of visual perception and their relevance in image processing.

4 Explain the process of Image Sensing and Acquisition in Digital Image Processing.

5 Define Image Sampling and Quantization and its role in Digital Image Processing.

6 Describe the relationships between pixels in digital images.

7 Discuss the concept of Image Geometry and its significance in image processing.

8 Explain the fundamentals of Color Image Processing and its applications.

9 Describe the various Color Models used in image processing.

10 Compare and contrast the different Color Models used in Digital Image Processing.
11 What is the process of Image Sensing and Acquisition? Describe its components.

12 Explain the role of image sampling in digital image processing.

13 Discuss the significance of Image Quantization and its impact on image quality.

14
Explain the basic elements involved in Visual Perception and their importance in
image processing.

15
Define and explain the term "Image Geometry" in the context of digital image
processing.

16
What are the various Color Models used in image processing? Describe their
differences.

17
Describe the mathematical concepts behind the relationship between pixels in an
image.

18 Discuss the significance of Color Image Processing and its key applications.

19 Explain how different color models impact image processing outcomes.

20
Compare Image Sensing and Acquisition in Digital Image Processing with other
signal processing techniques.
21 Explain the concept of Image Sampling and its role in digital image processing.

22 Discuss the relationship between Image Sampling and Quantization.

23
Describe the process of Image Acquisition and its significance in image processing
systems.
24 Explain the concept of Image Geometry in digital image processing.

25 Compare and contrast the different Color Models used in image processing.

26
How does visual perception affect image processing techniques? Discuss the key
elements involved.
27 Identify and explain the various components involved in digital image formation.

28
Discuss the importance of Image Sensing and Acquisition in the context of digital
image processing applications.
29 Analyze the impact of pixel relationships on image processing tasks.

30
Describe how different image color models are applied in real-world image processing
applications.
31 Define Image Sampling and Quantization and explain their importance in digital image processing.

Explain the process of converting a continuous image to a digital image through sampling and
32
quantization.

33 Discuss the impact of different sampling rates on image quality and resolution.

34 Compare the different types of Image Color Models and their application in image processing.

Describe how pixels and their relationships in a digital image influence various image processing
35
tasks.
Explain the concept of visual perception in the context of digital image processing and its effect on
36
image analysis.
Identify the different components involved in digital image formation and explain their roles in the
37
image processing pipeline.

38 Discuss the significance of Image Sensing and Acquisition in producing high-quality digital images.

Explain how different Color Models are used to represent color in digital images and their impact on
39
processing.
Analyze how image geometry and pixel relationships affect image processing techniques such as
40
filtering and enhancement.
41 Define digital image processing and describe its basic steps.

42 Discuss the role of image sensing and acquisition in digital image processing.

43 Explain the concept of Image Sampling and Quantization with an example.

44 What is the importance of image geometry in digital image processing?

45 Compare different Color Models used in image processing and give examples of their applications.

46 Discuss the components involved in the formation of digital images and their significance.

Evaluate the significance of visual perception in the context of digital image processing and image
47
analysis.

48 Analyze how pixel relationships affect image processing tasks like enhancement and filtering.

49 Explain how image sampling impacts the resolution and quality of digital images.

50 Design a basic workflow of digital image formation and its processing pipeline.
Thank You