GRADE 12 CAT THEORY - DETAILED STUDY NOTES
1. COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS AND DIFFERENT USERS
Computer specifications are the technical details of a computer system. Different users require different
specifications depending on the tasks they perform.
Important specifications include:
• CPU (Processor): The brain of the computer that processes instructions.
• RAM: Temporary memory used while programs are running.
• Storage: Permanent memory used to save files.
• Graphics Card: Used for gaming, graphics, and video editing.
• Operating System: Software such as Windows that manages the computer.
Different users:
• Home users need basic computers for browsing and schoolwork.
• Office users need moderate specifications for spreadsheets and documents.
• Gamers require powerful graphics cards and more RAM.
• Graphic designers and video editors need fast processors and SSD storage.
SSD vs HDD:
• SSDs are faster, quieter, and more reliable.
• HDDs are cheaper and usually have larger storage capacity.
2. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer that can be touched. Examples include the
keyboard, mouse, monitor, motherboard, and printer.
Software refers to programs and applications that run on a computer.
Types of software:
• System software controls the hardware. Example: Windows 11.
• Application software helps users complete tasks. Example: Microsoft Word.
• Utility software helps maintain and protect the computer. Example: Antivirus software.
Hardware and software work together. For example, the keyboard sends input to the software and the
monitor displays output.
3. TROUBLESHOOTING AND UTILITIES
Troubleshooting is the process of identifying and solving computer problems.
Problems caused by a full hard drive:
• Slow computer performance.
• Programs freezing or crashing.
• Files may fail to save.
• Updates may fail to install.
Ways to free up storage:
• Delete unnecessary files.
• Empty the recycle bin.
• Uninstall unused programs.
• Move files to cloud storage or external drives.
• Run Disk Cleanup.
Utility programs:
• Disk Cleanup removes temporary files.
• Antivirus software removes malware.
• Backup software creates copies of important files.
• Compression software reduces file size.
General troubleshooting steps:
1. Restart the computer.
2. Scan for viruses.
3. Update software and drivers.
4. Check storage space.
5. Close unnecessary applications.
4. CONVERGENCE
Convergence is the combining of many technologies into one device.
Examples:
• Smartphones combine cameras, internet, GPS, and music players.
• Smart TVs combine television and internet streaming.
Advantages:
• Convenient and portable.
• Saves money and space.
• One device performs many functions.
Disadvantages:
• If the device fails, all functions stop working.
• Battery drains quickly.
• Devices can be expensive.
• Security risks increase.
5. FUNCTIONS OF A WEB BROWSER
A web browser is software used to access websites on the internet.
Examples include:
• Google Chrome
• Mozilla Firefox
• Microsoft Edge
• Safari
Functions of a browser:
• Access websites.
• Download files.
• Save bookmarks.
• Open multiple tabs.
• Store browsing history.
• Protect users from dangerous websites.
Important terms:
• URL: Website address.
• Bookmark: Saved website.
• Tab: Different webpage opened in the same browser window.
6. CHALLENGES WHEN UPDATING SOFTWARE
Software updates improve security and fix bugs, but they can also create problems.
Challenges:
• Updates use internet data.
• Installation may take a long time.
• Older devices may become slower.
• Compatibility issues may occur.
• Updates require storage space.
Ways to reduce problems:
• Ensure enough storage space is available.
• Back up important files.
• Use stable internet.
• Update software regularly.
7. VOIP (VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL)
VoIP allows users to make calls over the internet.
Examples:
• Skype
• Zoom
• WhatsApp Calls
• Microsoft Teams
Advantages:
• Cheaper communication.
• Video calls are possible.
• International communication is easier.
Common VoIP problems:
• Poor sound quality.
• Delays or lag.
• Calls disconnecting.
• Background noise.
Ways to solve VoIP problems:
• Improve internet speed.
• Restart the router.
• Use a headset.
• Close unnecessary applications.
• Update the VoIP software.
EXAM TIPS
• Learn definitions carefully.
• Study advantages and disadvantages.
• Know examples of utility software.
• Understand troubleshooting methods.
• Learn the differences between RAM and storage, and SSD and HDD.