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Discursive Essay

The document provides guidelines for writing discursive essays, particularly for third and fourth-year International Relations students. It outlines the definition, structure, and types of discursive essays, including 'for-and-against', 'opinion', and 'solution' essays, along with tips for maintaining a formal writing style. Additionally, it includes useful expressions, cohesive devices, and evaluation criteria for essays.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views17 pages

Discursive Essay

The document provides guidelines for writing discursive essays, particularly for third and fourth-year International Relations students. It outlines the definition, structure, and types of discursive essays, including 'for-and-against', 'opinion', and 'solution' essays, along with tips for maintaining a formal writing style. Additionally, it includes useful expressions, cohesive devices, and evaluation criteria for essays.

Uploaded by

xsntkqzvfk
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DISCURSIVE ESSAYS

Academic Writing Tips for 3rd and 4th Year IR Students


Contents

1. Discursive Essays
2. “For-and-Against” Essays
3. Points to Consider for Your Discursive Essay
4. Appendix 1. Useful Expressions & Cohesive Devices
5. Appendix 2. Критерии Оценивания Эссе (6 Семестр 3 Курс)
6. Appendix 3. Критерии Оценивания Эссе (8 Семестр 4 Курс)
7. Appendix 4. A Checklist for Writers
8. Appendix 5. Punctuation Within Sentences: A Comma
Discursive Essays
1. What is a Discursive Essay?

A discursive essay is a formal piece of academic writing that examines a specific


issue, situation, or problem from multiple perspectives.
Think of it as a balanced debate on paper. Its main goal is to inform the reader
about the different arguments.

This genre of writing is primarily categorized into three distinct types:

Type What it does How to write it


1. "For and Against" Presents both the You give reasons and examples
Essays positive and negative for each side. Your own opinion
sides of an issue is only given in the final
fairly. concluding paragraph if
specifically asked for in the task.
2. "Opinion" Essays Presents your You clearly state your opinion in
personal view on a the introduction. You support it
topic. with reasons and examples
throughout the essay. You must
also include a paragraph that
mentions the opposite viewpoint,
but then explain why you
disagree with it. Finally, you
restate your opinion in the
conclusion.
3. "Solution" Essays Analyzes a problem You describe the problem and its
and suggests possible causes. Then, you put forward
ways to solve it. realistic solutions and discuss
what might happen if they are
implemented. Your opinion on
the best solutions can be
mentioned in the introduction
and/or conclusion.

• It is the first type of the essay (so-called “for-and-against” essay) that you are
assigned throughout your university English course.
2. The Basic Structure of a Good Discursive Essay

Irrespective of the type, a well-structured discursive essay should adhere to the


following format:
a) Introduction
The first paragraph where you introduce the topic and grab the reader's attention.
Introduce the topic in a general, neutral way. Do not repeat the task word-by-word
and paraphrase it instead. Do not give your personal opinion.
b) Main Body
Several paragraphs where you present your main points.
Each paragraph should focus on one main idea and then include an example or
reason to explain it.
c) Conclusion
The final paragraph where you summarize the main points and give a balanced
summary of the topic or your final opinion (only if specifically required in the task).

"For and Against" Essays


1. What is a "For and Against" Essay?

A "For and Against" essay is a formal piece of writing where you explore a topic by
looking at it from two opposing sides. Your goal is to present both sides in a fair and
balanced way, giving equal detail to each. You must be objective, meaning you don’t
take one side until the very end.

2. The Structure of a Good "For and Against" Essay

You can structure your essay in two different ways. Both are excellent; Plan A is more
straightforward, while Plan B is more integrated and often creates a stronger flow.

Plan A: The Block Method (Traditional)

This is the classic and most common structure. You present all the "for" arguments
together in one block and all the "against" arguments in another.

1) Introduction
Paragraph 1: State the topic generally. Do not give your opinion.
2) Main Body
Block 1 (For): Paragraph 2 (and 3): Present all the arguments FOR the topic, with
examples and justifications.
Block 2 (Against): Paragraph 4 (and 5): Present all your arguments AGAINST the
topic, with examples and justifications.
3) Conclusion
Final Paragraph: Summarize the main points. Give a balanced consideration of
the topic.

Best for: When the arguments for and against are clearly separate themes.

Plan B: The Point-by-Point Method (Alternative)

This plan is more advanced. You discuss each main point one by one, presenting the
"for" and "against" side of that specific point within the same paragraph.

1) Introduction
Paragraph 1: State the topic generally. Do not give your opinion.
2) Main Body
Point 1: Paragraph 2: Present the first main point.
First, give the argument FOR this point.
Then, give the contrasting argument AGAINST this point.
Point 2: Paragraph 3: Present the second main point.
First, give the argument FOR this point.
Then, give the contrasting argument AGAINST this point.
(You can add more paragraphs if you have more main points).
3) Conclusion
Final Paragraph: Summarize the main points. Give a balanced consideration of
the topic.

Best for: More complex topics and for creating a more sophisticated, well-balanced
discussion. It helps you compare and contrast ideas directly.

Remember: Whichever plan you choose, your introduction and conclusion will follow
the same rules!
Formal Style in Discursive Essays
Discursive essays require a formal style. This means you should sound objective and
academic. Here is a guide on what to do and what to avoid.

5 DOs (Formal Style):


1. Use Passive Voice and Impersonal Constructions.
This helps you sound more neutral and objective.
Example: “It is argued that economic interdependence is considered a foundation
for lasting peace.”
2. Use a Range of Advanced Vocabulary.
Choose precise and sophisticated words.
Example: “Global diplomacy is essential for fostering mutual understanding and
resolving transnational conflicts.”
3. Use Formal Linking Words and Phrases.
These words create a smooth flow between your complex ideas.
Example: “Some nations prioritize sovereignty above all else. However, it is equally
important to consider the benefits of international cooperation. Furthermore,
such cooperation is often crucial for tackling global issues.”
4. Write Complex Sentences.
Connect your ideas within longer sentences using clauses and links like 'which',
'although', and 'despite'.
Example: "Although powerful nations possess significant influence, multilateral
organizations, which represent a collective will, play an indispensable role in
maintaining global order."
5. Use Inversion for Emphasis (i.e. in conditionals).
This is an advanced technique that makes your writing more formal.
Example: "Were a global consensus on this issue to be reached, it would mark a
historic achievement for diplomacy."

5 DO NOTs (Informal Style):


1. Do NOT use short forms (contractions).
Write the full forms instead.
Avoid: "A country can't solve climate change alone."
Write: "A country cannot solve climate change alone."
2. Do NOT use colloquial expressions, phrasal verbs, or idioms.
Use more formal, single-word verbs and standard language.
Avoid: "Powers need to team up to sort out the crisis."
Write: "Powers must cooperate to resolve the crisis."
3. Do NOT use simplistic vocabulary.
Avoid vague and basic words; be specific and precise.
Avoid: "Countries talking to each other is a good thing for sorting out big
problems."
Write: "Bilateral dialogue is beneficial for resolving significant disputes."
4. Do NOT write a series of short, simple sentences.
This makes your writing sound choppy and simplistic. Connect your ideas instead.
Avoid: "Powerful countries are strong. International groups are also important.
They help keep the world stable."
Write: "While powerful countries are influential, international organizations also
play a vital role in maintaining global stability."
5. Do NOT overuse simple linking words like 'and', 'but', ‘also’.
While sometimes okay, you should mainly use more formal alternatives.
Avoid: "The treaty was signed, and it created a new alliance, but it also caused
some tension."
Write: "The treaty was signed, which led to the creation of a new alliance; however,
it also generated a degree of international tension."

Points to Consider for Your Discursive Essay


Here are some key things to keep in mind to make your essay strong and effective:

• Plan Before You Write: Always make a list of the points you want to present
before you start writing. This will help you organize your thoughts.
• One Point per Paragraph: Always present each new point in its own separate
paragraph. A good paragraph contains:
– A Topic Sentence: This is the first sentence that clearly states the main idea of
the paragraph (e.g., "A further advantage of renewable energy is its positive
impact on public health.").
– A Justification or Example: This part explains your point and supports it with
evidence.
• Pro Tip: Even though the essay is balanced, if you feel one side is stronger, present
that side in the last body paragraphs (Paragraphs 4 & 5). This way, the reader will
remember these points better when they get to your conclusion.
• Stay academic: Do NOT use very strong, emotional language (e.g., "I know this is
wrong...").
• Connect Your Ideas: Use linking words and phrases (like "however,"
"furthermore," "on the other hand") to show the relationship between your
paragraphs and sentences. This makes your essay flow smoothly.
Appendix 1

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS & COHESIVE DEVICES


1. to list points or ideas
• Firstly, / First of all, / In the first place, / To begin with,
• Secondly, / Thirdly,
• Finally, / Lastly,
2. to list advantages (the "for" side)
• One/Another/A further/An additional (major) advantage of... is...
• The main/greatest/first advantage of... is...
3. to list disadvantages (the "against" side)
• One/Another/A further/An additional (major) disadvantage/drawback of...
• The main/greatest/most serious/first disadvantage /drawback of...
• Another negative aspect of...
4. to introduce points/arguments for or against
• One (very convincing) point/argument in favour of... / against...
• A further common criticism of... is that...
• It could be argued that...
• It is often/widely/generally claimed that...
"It is often claimed that technology isolates people."
• It is often/widely/generally argued that...
"It is widely argued that school uniforms promote equality."
• Some/Many/Most people/experts claim that...
• Some/Many/Most people/experts advocate (+ing) / support the view that...
"Most experts advocate reducing carbon emissions."
• Smb is in favour of / against...
“They are in favour of stricter regulations."
• Smb is of the opinion that... / is convinced that...
"He is of the opinion that the policy is effective."
5. to add more points to the same idea
• in addition (to this), • as well as,
• furthermore, • not to mention (the fact) that,
• moreover, • also,
• besides, • not only... but also/as well,
• apart from, • both... and...
• what is more,
6. to make contrasting points (show the other side)
• on the other hand, • but,
• however, • nonetheless,
• still, • nevertheless,
• yet, • even so,
• although... • Opponents of...
• though... argue/believe/claim that...
• even though... • The fact that... contradicts the
• while... belief/idea that...
• whilst... • While it is true to say that..., in
• whereas... fact...
• despite/in spite of (the fact that)... • While/Although..., it cannot be
• regardless of the fact that... denied that...
7. to introduce examples
• for example, • This is (clearly)
• for instance, illustrated/shown by the fact that...
• such as, • One/A clear/striking/ typical
• like, example of (this) is...
• in particular, • The fact that... shows/illustrates
• particularly, that...
• especially,
8. to emphasize a point
• clearly, • of course,
• obviously, • needless to say,
• it is obvious, • indeed
• naturally,
9. to express reality or facts
• In fact, • in practice,
• the fact (of the matter) is, • it is a fact that,
• actually, • in effect
10. to make general statements
• as a (general) rule, • on the whole,
• generally, • by and large,
• in general, • in most cases
11. to make partially correct statements (weaken a statement)
• to a certain extent/degree, • to a limited extent,
• to some extent/degree, • there is some truth in (this),
• in a way/sense, • in some cases,
• this is partly true (but), • up to a point
12. to explain or clarify a point
• in other words,
• that is to say,
• this/which means that
13. to express cause
• owing to, • on the grounds that,
• due to (the fact that), • given that,
• on account of, • because,
• as, • since
14. to express effect
• therefore, • so,
• thus, • for this reason,
• as a result/consequence, • if ... were to happen, ... the
• consequently, effect/result would be ...
15. to express intention
• to, • so that,
• so as to, • with the intention of (+ -ing)
• in order to,
16. useful phrases for your conclusion
– to give a balanced consideration or indirect opinion
• In conclusion, / On balance, / All things considered, it can/must be said that...
• To sum up, / All in all, it seems/appears that...
• Finally, it would seem that...
• The best course of action would be to...
• Achieving a balance between... would be...
• Although it must be said that...
• In the light of this evidence, it is clear that...
– avoid stating your opinion directly (I think, in my opinion, etc.)
Appendix 2

КРИТЕРИИ ОЦЕНИВАНИЯ ЭССЕ (6 СЕМЕСТР 3 КУРС)


Балл Содержательная и Лексика: правильность, разнообразие Грамматика: правильность, Организация, орфография и
стилевая адекватность разнообразие пунктуация
5 Письменное высказывание Эффективно использует разнообразную лексику. Использует разнообразные, Письменное высказывание оформлено
по объему и содержанию При использовании идиоматических как простые, так и сложные в соответствии с типом задания,
адекватно поставленной выражений / менее частотной лексики / в речевые конструкции. правильно разделено на абзацы.
коммуникативной задаче. сочетании слов может иногда допускать В сложных речевых Пунктуационные / орфографические
Высказывание логично. ошибки. конструкциях может ошибки практически отсутствуют.
Успешно использует Для обогащения речи использует прием допускать отдельные Иногда могут встречаться описки.
требуемый стиль речи. перефразирования. ошибки. Успешно использует различные
средства логической связи.

4 Некоторые дескрипторы соответствуют баллу «3», некоторые - баллу «5» или находятся между баллами «3» и «5»

3 Письменное высказывание Объем используемой лексики достаточен для Использует как простые, так и Письменное высказывание в основном
по объему и содержанию в решения коммуникативной задачи; при этом сложные речевые оформлено в соответствии с типом
основном адекватно лексика может быть однообразна. конструкции, для которых задания,
поставленной При попытке разнообразить используемую характерно некоторое имеются ошибки при делении текста на
коммуникативной задаче. лексику может допускать ошибки, которые не однообразие. абзацы.
Высказывание в основном приводят к затруднению в понимании текста. Допускает ошибки в Отдельные пунктуационные /
логично. основном в сложных речевых орфографические ошибки, не
В основном правильно конструкциях, которые не затрудняют понимание текста.
использует стиль речи. приводят к затруднению в В основном правильно использует
понимании текста. средства логической связи.

2 Некоторые дескрипторы соответствуют баллу «1», некоторые - баллу «3» или находятся между баллами «1» и «3»
Письменное высказывание Использует часто употребляемую лексику. В основном использует Допускает ошибки в оформлении
по объему и содержанию Может допускать ошибки, при этом некоторые простые речевые письменного высказывания / делении
частично адекватно из них могут требовать усилий в понимании. конструкции. текста на абзацы.
1 поставленной задаче. При попытке использовать Может допускать ряд пунктуационных /
Высказывание не всегда сложные речевые орфографических ошибок / некоторые
логично: могут встречаться конструкции практически ошибки могут привести к непониманию
незаконченные мысли / всегда допускает ошибки, и/или затруднению понимания текста.
повторы / противоречия. которые могут требовать В основном использует однотипные
усилий в понимании текста. средства логической связи. Их выбор
может быть не всегда адекватен.

0 Речевое высказывание не соответствует описанию балла «1»


Appendix 3

КРИТЕРИИ ОЦЕНИВАНИЯ ЭССЕ (8 СЕМЕСТР 4 КУРС)


Оценка / рубрика Тезис/анализ/ Развитие тезиса и Организация/ Структура Использование языка
раскрытие темы подкрепление аргументами

20 баллов -представлен полный ответ на - сформирована четкая - эссе эффективно поделено на - эффективное использование
вопрос эссе; система вспомогательных абзацы, что способствует логике сложных грамматических конструкций
Полное и эффективное -сформирован центральный аргументов, изложения; для выражения мнений в стиле
владение навыками аргумент и цели для его поддерживающих главный - четко сформулирована главная академического письма
письменной эффективного раскрытия в тезис; идея каждого абзаца; - эффективное использование
академической речи на эссе; -эффективно используются - полная связность на уровне академической общественно-
англ.яз -выводы полностью навыки краткого изложения абзаца и на уровне эссе, все политической лексики
соответствуют теме и целям предложения логично связаны
эссе. между собой

19-16 баллов Ряд дескрипторов соответствуют оценке 20 баллов, ряд – оценке 15 баллов

15 баллов - представлен достаточно - сформирована достаточно - эссе достаточно эффективно - достаточное использование сложных
полный ответ на вопрос эссе; четкая система поделено на абзацы, что грамматических конструкций для
Хорошо развитые -сформулирован вспомогательных способствует логике эссе; выражения мнений в стиле академ.
навыки письменной центральный аргумент и аргументов, , -достаточно четко письма
академической речи на цели для его эффективного поддерживающих главный сформулирована главная идея -достаточно эффективное
англ.яз и достаточно раскрытия в эссе; тезис; каждого абзаца; использование академической
эффективное их -выводы в целом -достаточно эффективно - достаточная связность на общественно-
использование, соответствуют теме и целям используются навыки уровне абзаца и на уровне эссе, политической лексики
позволяющее достичь эссе краткого изложения возможны 1-2 нелогичных - наличие ряда грамматическо-
цели коммуникации, перехода между лексических ошибок, которые не
несмотря на возможные предложениями и абзацами затрудняют понимание смысла
неточности. высказывания

14-11 баллов Ряд дескрипторов соответствуют оценке 15 баллов, ряд – оценке 10 баллов
10 баллов. - представлен частичный -вспомогательные аргументы - есть деление на абзацы, но - использование сложных
ответ на вопрос эссе; недостаточно связаны с логика эссе не всегда понятна; грамматических конструкций не
Навыки письменной -недостаточно четко центральным тезисом; - не всегда понятна главная всегда корректно и приводит к
академической речи на сформулирован центральный - рассуждение изобилует идея каждого абзаца; искажению
англ.яз развиты аргумент, а также цели для его нерелевантными - при отдельных попытках - недостаточное и/или некорректное
удовлетворительно, но раскрытия в эссе; подробностями, может быть использования средств использование академической
используются студентом -выводы могут не затянуто связности, переходы между общественно-- политической лексики
не всегда эффективно соответствовать теме и целям предложениями и абзацами - грамматическо-
эссе часто нелогичны лексические ошибки затрудняют
понимание смысла высказывания.

9-4 балла Ряд дескрипторов соответствуют оценке 10 баллов, ряд – оценке 5 баллов

5 баллов - ответ на вопрос эссе не -вспомогательные аргументы - нет деления на абзацы, логика - используется простой синтаксис,
представлен; не связаны с центральным эссе не ясна; сложные грамматические конструкции
Навыки письменной - не понятен центральный тезисом или их нет; -не понятна главная идея построены некорректно либо
академической речи на аргумент, не абзацев; отсутствуют
англ.яз развиты сформулированы цели для - при попытке использования -отсутствие академической
недостаточно, и их его эффективного раскрытия средств связности переходы общественно-
использование не в эссе; между предложениями и политической лексики
приводит к -нет выводов параграфами абсолютно - грамматическо-
эффективной нелогичны лексические ошибки приводят к
коммуникации искажению смысла высказывания и
непониманию

4-1 балл Ряд дескрипторов соответствуют оценке 5 баллов, ряд – оценке 0 баллов

0 баллов -ответ полностью не -нет попытки сопроводить -нет организации текста -отдельные слова и используемый
Навыки письменной соответствует вопросу эссе, идеи вспомогательными синтаксис абсолютно препятствуют
академической речи на задание не выполнено аргументами достижению цели коммуникации
англ.яз не
сформированы
Appendix 4

A CHECKLIST FOR WRITERS


1. I have a clear research question that I have located in the introduction part of
my essay
☐ YES ☐ NO
2. My essay has structure: an introduction, a main body and a conclusion
☐ YES ☐ NO
3. Each body section focuses on developing one main point idea
☐ YES ☐ NO
4. I have been able to motivate to myself how the main ideas presented in the
body sections are related to and develop my thesis
☐ YES ☐ NO
5. All my sources are reliable and relevant, given the topic
☐ YES ☐ NO
6. I have used enough cohesive ties in my writing
☐ YES ☐ NO
7. I have used the correct register, style and tone of writing
☐ YES ☐ NO
8. I have checked the spelling of the words in the essay
☐ YES ☐ NO
9. I have checked the grammar of my writing
☐ YES ☐ NO
10. I have checked for and corrected my punctuation
☐ YES ☐ NO
11. I have double-checked for errors that I tend to make when writing in English
☐ YES ☐ NO
Appendix 5

PUNCTUATION WITHIN SENTENCES: A


COMMA
1. To separate a subordinate clause from the main clause:
Ex. The physics students went home after class, because they were tired from last
night’s party.
Because they were tired from last night’s party, the physics students went home
after class.
1.1. When subordinate clauses begin sentences, they are separated by
commas:
Ex. If you are ever in London, come and see me.
Come and see me if you are ever in London.
If the government raises taxes, consumer spending will fall.
If we sign the contract today, we can start production immediately.
We will sign the deal tomorrow unless something goes wrong.
1.2. Commas are not used before that-clauses/before that, what, where in
indirect speech structures:
Ex. It is quite natural that you should want to be promoted.
Everybody realizes that online education is not an easy thing to perform.
They quickly explained what to do.
I didn’t know where I could find the book of my interest.
2. To indicate a non-restrictive relative clause or other non-restricted
modifier:
Ex. The physics students, who were tired from last night’s party, went home after
class.
The physics students, tired from last night’s party, went home after class.
3. Between items in a list:
Ex. I bought apples, oranges, pears, and bananas.
To be able to pass, the students need to write an essay, take an exam, and bring an
apple to the teacher.
The teacher was wearing a bright, colourful hat and a long, dark, woolen coat.
4. Introductory comma is used after introductory words, phrases, clauses:
Ex. However,
Consequently,
Thus,
Therefore,
On the one hand,
5. Oxford comma is the most controversial one:
Stylistic function – some style guides require it: AP style in newspapers does not
require it; it is a hallmark of OUP house style.
5.1. The final comma in a series of three or more items:
Ex. He always wanted to explore verb tenses, voices, and moods in the
language.
She could never decide if her favourite entertainment was ballet, opera, or
drama.
5.2. Introductory element:
Ex. In 1558, the number of English speakers in the world is estimated to have
been less than five million.
For a start, the linguistic codes indicate that class in England has nothing to do
with money, and very little to do with occupation.
In this study, sensitivity to feedback in classrooms was not considered for the
outcome, but it is relevant and should have been taken into account.

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