DESIGN NOTE – [DEFLECTION CHECK]
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INTRODUCTION:
This design note addresses the Client's comment on the approach followed by the designer to check the short
and long-term deflections, specifically regarding the approach used in the SAFE model. As a sample building,
we have selected building as this building has a variety of span lengths.
This design note is prepared following the requirements of ACI 318-19, ACI 435 R-95, ACI 209 R-92, and CSI
SAFE guidance on cracked section analysis (Provided in Annexure A) to explain the material properties,
selection of load cases and combinations used in the SAFE analysis model.
CODE REQUIREMENT:
As per ACI 318-19 Table 24.2.2 Maximum permissible calculated deflections
Flat roofs not supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections
must consider immediate deflection due to live load and should not exceed L/180.
Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to non-structural elements not likely to be damaged by
large deflections must consider That part of the total deflection occurring after attachment of non-structural
elements, which is the sum of time dependent due to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection due
to any additional live load and should not exceed L/240
As per ACI 435 R-95 Section 4.3.3
For slab systems in which significant restraint to in-plane deformations may be present, it is recommended that
a reduced effective modulus (modified modulus of rupture) of 4 ��′ psi (0.33 fc. MPa) be used to compute the
effective moment of inertia, where fc’ is compressive strength.
As per ACI 209 R-92 Section 2.3
To account for long-term time-dependent effects, creep coefficient and shrinkage strain are calculated as
follows under ACI 209 R-92 section 2.3 and 2.4 which states that following general procedure is suggested for
predicting creep and shrinkage of concrete at any time.
= ∗ −−−−−−−� :�
�+
(∈ ) = ∗ (∈ ) − − − −Eq: B
�+
where d and f (in days), and are considered constants for a given member shape and size which define the
time-ratio part, is the ultimate creep coefficient defined as the ratio of creep strain to initial strain, ((∈ ) is
the ultimate shrinkage strain, and t is the time after loading in Equation A and the time from the end of the initial
curing in Equation B. The above Equation has been modified by inputting the average value of d, f, .
.
= .
∗ 2.35 − − − − − − � �
10 +
m
(∈ ) = ∗ 780x10 − − − Eq D
35 + m
As per standard practice, we assume that 25% of the live load is sustained.
We have created the following load combinations in the SAFE model.
Case 1: Cracked analysis for short-term load with short-term concrete modulus is given as:
= DEAD + SDEAD + ΨsLIVE, in which Ψs = 1.0
Case 2: Cracked analysis for permanent load with short-term concrete modulus is given as:
= DEAD + SDEAD + ΨLLIVE, in which ΨL = 0.25 (ΨL = 0 if 100% of the LIVE load is non-sustained)
Case 3: Long-term cracked analysis (with creep and shrinkage) for permanent load with long-term concrete
modulus is given as:
=DEAD + SDEAD + ΨLLIVE, in which ΨL = 0.25
Case 4: Cracked analysis for permanent load with long-term concrete modulus creep and shrinkage is given
as:
=DEAD + ΨDSDEAD, in which ΨD = percentage of superimposed dead load present before attachment of non-
structural elements and say using a creep factor for 3 months.
The value of total long-term deflection to occur after attachment of non-structural elements is then the
combination of Case 3 + (Case 1- Case 2)- Case 4.
Note: For Creep and shrinkage factors refer to Ref: ACI-209.2R (A-18 & A-19)].
1. IMMEDIATE CRACKED DEFLECTION COMBINATION
This combination complies with ACI Code 318-19 Table 24.2.2 Maximum permissible calculated deflections,
which specifies that “Flat roofs not supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by
large deflections must consider immediate deflection due to live load L and should not exceed L/180.
To account for cracking behaviour, the effective moment of inertia is determined using the reduced modulus of
rupture as specified in the ACI 435R95 code section 4.3.3. SAFE uses a default modulus-of-rupture value of
4√f 'c. The difference between Case 1 and Case 2 represents the incremental deflection (without creep and
shrinkage) due to non-sustained loading on a cracked structure.
Design Input:
CASE:1
CASE:2
Deflection Check (WE-01) Page 3 of 9
Immediate Cracked Deflection:
Immediate cracked deflection in Design model:
7200 mm
2. LONG TERM CRACKED DEFLECTION
This combination complies with ACI Code 318-19 Table 24.2.2. Maximum permissible calculated deflections,
which specifies that Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to non-structural elements not likely to be
damaged by large deflections must consider that part of the total deflection occurring after attachment of non-
structural elements [sum of the long-term deflection due to all sustained loads(Case 3) and the immediate
deflection due to any additional live load (Case1 -Case 2)] but may be reduced by amount of deflection
calculated to occur before attachment of non-structural elements (Case 4) and should not exceed L/240.
To account for long-term time-dependent effects, creep coefficient and shrinkage strain are calculated by ACI
209R-92 section 2.3 and section 2.4 as follows:
.
= .
∗ 2.35
10 +
(∈ ) = ∗780x10-6 m/m
For t = 3 month = 90 days
.
= . ∗ 2.35 = 1.4
(∈ ) = ∗780x10-6 = 5.6x10-4 m/m
For t = 100 years = 36500 days
( ) .
= .
∗ 2.35 = 2.30
(∈ ) = ∗780x10-6 m/m =780x10-6 m/m
CASE3
CASE 4
Long-term cracked deflection.
Long-term cracked deflection output
3. LONG TERM CRACKED DEFLECTION COMBINATION (CONSERVATIVE)
Under CSI SAFE guidance on cracked section analysis and ACI code 318-19 as stated above The
value of total long-term deflection is then the linear combination of Case 3 + (Case 1- Case 2).
LONG-TERM CRACKED DEFLECTION (CONSERVATIVE)
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we believe this design note has effectively addressed the Client's concerns regarding Cundall’s
structural design of project WE-01, particularly focusing on short and long-term deflection load cases employed
in the SAFE model. We understand that the approach followed are aligned with the requirements of ACI 318-
19, ACI 435R-95, ACI 209R-92, and CSI SAFE guidance on cracked section analysis. And the deflection values
are withing the allowable limits.
Computed Deflection
Deflection Allowable Limit(mm) Status
(mm)
Short-Term Cracked Deflection 4.23 mm L/180=7200/180=40 mm OKAY
Long-Term Cracked Deflection 10.32 mm L/240=7200/240=30 mm OKAY
Long-Term Cracked Deflection (Conservative) 29 .10 mm L/240=7200/240=30 mm OKAY
ANNEXURE A
CSI CRACKED SECTION ANALYSIS
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Pages / Home / Cracking
Cracked-section analysis
Created by Ondrej, last modified on Oct 11, 2022
On this page:
How are cracked sections analyzed in SAFE?
Source of reinforcement for Cracked-slab deflection
References
Refer to watch and learn video: Cracked section analysis
See Also
How are cracked sections analyzed in SAFE?
Answer: Two types of cracked-section analysis are available, including:
Immediate cracked deflection
Long-term cracked deflection accounting for creep and shrinkage
Cracked-section analysis is run in SAFE using either of the following two methods:
1. All load patterns are applied in a single load case which uses either immediate or long-term cracked deflection, discussed as follows:
Immediate cracked deflection, in which all loads (DEAD + SDEAD + LIVE) are applied in a single load pattern, then analysis is run with the Crack Analysis option.
Long-term cracked deflection, in which analysis is divided into the following two categories:
Non-sustained portion, in which cracked-section analysis considers only the non-sustained portion of LIVE load, solving for incremental deflection.
Sustained portion, in which long-term cracked analysis considers the sustained loading from DEAD, SDEAD, and a portion of the LIVE load. Creep and shrinkage are
included only in this sustained portion of analysis because these effects are only applicable under sustained loading.
NOTE: Short-term concrete modulus = Elastic concrete modulus Ec(to)
NOTE: Long-term concrete modulus = Age-adjusted concrete modulus Ec(t,to), given as:
For example, assume that 25% of the LIVE load is sustained. Analysis proceeds as follows:
Case 1: Cracked analysis for short-term load with short-term concrete modulus is given as DEAD + SDEAD + ΨsLIVE, in which Ψs = 1.0
Case 2: Cracked analysis for permanent load with short-term concrete modulus is given as DEAD + SDEAD + ΨLLIVE, in which ΨL = 0.25 (ΨL = 0 if 100% of the
LIVE load is non-sustained)
Case 3: Long-term cracked analysis (with creep and shrinkage) for permanent load with long-term concrete modulus is given as DEAD + SDEAD + ΨLLIVE, in
which ΨL = 0.25
The value of total long-term deflection is then the linear combination of Case 3 + (Case 1- Case 2). The difference between Case 1 and Case 2 represents the
incremental deflection (without creep and shrinkage) due to non-sustained loading on a cracked structure.
The procedure indicated above results on total long term deflection over time. Most engineers simply check this values against ACI 318 Table 9.5(b), since this will
always result in safe and conservative design. In order to remove portion of dead load deflection occurring before attachment of nonstructural elements, the
following procedure can also be used:
Case 4= Cracked analysis for permanent load with short-term concrete modulus is given as DEAD + ΨDSDEAD, in which ΨD = percentage of super imposed
dead load present before attachment of non structural elements
Or Case 4= Cracked analysis for permanent load with long-term concrete modulus creep and shrinkage is given as DEAD + ΨDSDEAD, in which ΨD =
percentage of super imposed dead load present before attachment of non structural elements, and say using a creep factor for 3 months.
The value of total long term deflection to occur after attachment of nonstructural elements is then the combination of Case 3 + (Case 1- Case 2)- Case 4.
We recommend this method, though an alternative is available, described as follows:
2. A single load pattern is applied in a load case, then another case is set to continue From State at End of Nonlinear Case.
For example:
Add a DEAD load case using the Nonlinear (Cracked) option, starting with a Zero Initial Condition.
Add a SDEAD load case using the Nonlinear (Cracked) option, starting From State at End of Nonlinear Case DEAD.
Add a LIVE load case using the Nonlinear (Cracked) option, starting From State at End of Nonlinear Case SDEAD.
The DEAD load case predicts cracking from a zero initial condition, in which no load is present, then computes cracking due to DEAD load-pattern application. Adding
SDEAD then uses the stiffness at the end of DEAD load case, and contributes additional deflection. Deflection reports the total deflection from both DEAD and SDEAD
cases, however, the increase in DEAD load deflection due to additional cracking from SDEAD load application is not recognized, therefore we do not recommend this
method.
Source of reinforcement for Cracked-slab deflection
To select the source of reinforcement to be used in cracked deflection select Run > Reinforcing Option for Cracking Analysis
As a default the program uses the reinforcement that results from finite element design. The other two options include user-defined reinforcement and quick tension reinforcement. If
user rebar is selected the reinforcement needs to be added to the model, to do this use Draw >Slab Rebar. Rebar should be added in both the tension and compression regions for
the entire slab, note that in this case the software will only use the user-defined reinforcement in cracked calculation, not the reinforcement from design.
References
Refer to watch and learn video: Cracked section analysis
During nonlinear cracked-section analysis, SAFE estimates deflection using a moment-rotation curve as described in the reference which follows:
Ghali, A., Favre, R., Elbadry, M. (2002). Concrete Structures: Stresses and Deformations: Analysis and Design for Serviceability (3rd ed.). London, England: Spon Press.
SAFE verification example 16 by going to Help > Documentation > verification> Analysis > Example 16-Cracked Slab Analysis. Example [Link]
See Also
Cracking article
Soil-structure interaction section
Modeling cracked-section properties article
Cracking FAQ article
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