Internet Programming

ITC501

Subject Incharge
Priya Chaudhari
Assistant Professor
Module 1: Web programming fundamentals
 Working of web browser
 HTTP protocol
 HTTPS, DNS
 TLS
 XML introduction
 Json introduction
 DOM
 URL
 URI
 REST API
 Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
Tim Berners-Lee

Tim Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth for his invention of

the World Wide Web. He is shown here, along with the first picture
posted on the Web and a screen shot from an early version of his Web
browser.
Basic Web Architecture
Web Browser
A web
browser is application
software for accessing
the World Wide Web.
 When a user requests a web
page from a
particular website, the web
browser retrieves the
necessary content from
a web server and then
displays the page on the
user's device.
Module 2: Web programming fundamentals
Working of web browser
HTTP protocol
HTTPS, DNS
TLS
XML introduction
Json introduction
DOM
URL
URI
REST API.
Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
Working of web browser
Features
High-level architecture of browser
Rendering engine
What is a Web browser?
A browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve
and display content on the World Wide Web.
It is the client program.
The Web server sends the information back to the Web
browser
Fully-functional software suites.
Offers plug-ins which extend the capabilities of the
software.
Group of structured codes.
 Features
Refresh Button

Stop Button

Home Button

Web Address Bar

Tabbed Browsing

Bookmarks
High-level architecture of browser

Main components of the browser

Main components of the browser
The User Interface
The Browser Engine
The Rendering Engine
Networking
JavaScript Interpreter
UI Backend
Data Persistence/Storage
Main components of the browser
The User Interface
space where User interacts with the browser.
It includes the address bar, back and next buttons, home button,
refresh and stop, bookmark option, etc.

The Browser Engine

bridge between the User interface and the rendering engine.
It queries and manipulates the rendering engine.
 Main components of the browser
 The Rendering Engine
 rendering the requested web page on the browser screen.
interprets the HTML, XML documents and images that are
formatted using CSS and generates the layout that is displayed in
the User Interface.
Different browsers use different rendering engines:
* Internet Explorer: Trident
* Firefox & other Mozilla browsers: Gecko
* Chrome & Opera 15+: Blink
* Chrome (iPhone) & Safari: Webkit
Main components of the browser
Networking
Retrieves the URLs using the common internet protocols of HTTP
or FTP.
Handles all aspects of Internet communication and security.
Implement a cache of retrieved documents in order to reduce
network traffic.

JavaScript Interpreter
Interprets and executes the JavaScript code embedded in a website.
interpreted results are sent to the rendering engine for display.
If the script is external then first the resource is fetched from the
network
Main components of the browser
UI Backend:
Used for drawing basic widgets like combo boxes and windows.
This backend exposes a generic interface that is not platform specific.
 It underneath uses operating system user interface methods.

Data Persistence/Storage:
 A persistence layer.
 LocalStorage, IndexedDB, WebSQL and FileSystem are supported.
 It is a small database created on the local drive of the computer where the
browser is installed.
 It manages user data such as cache, cookies, bookmarks and preferences
Working of Web Browser?
3 steps
1) Contact to DNS Server
2) Contact to Server
3) Rendering
Working of Web Browser?
Rendering engine
The networking layer will start sending the contents of the
requested documents to the rendering engine in chunks of 8KBs.
Module 2: Web programming fundamentals
Working of web browser
HTTP protocol
HTTPS, DNS
TLS
XML introduction
Json introduction
DOM
URL
URI
REST API.
Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
 HTTP protocol

Allows the fetching of resources, such as HTML documents.

It is a client-server protocol.
It is an application layer protocol.
A complete document is reconstructed from the different sub-
documents fetched, for instance text, layout description, images,
videos, scripts.
Fetch hypertext documents, images and videos.
Post content to servers.
Fetch parts of documents to update Web pages on demand.
HTTP protocol
Components of HTTP-based systems

 Between the client and the server there are numerous entities, collectively
called proxies, which perform different operations and act as gateways
or caches.
Components of HTTP-based systems
 Between the client and the server there are numerous entities, collectively
called proxies, which perform different operations and act as gateways
or caches.

Client
Client: the user-agent

 The user-agent is any tool that acts on the behalf of the user.
 Programs used by engineers and Web developers.
 Browser sends an original request to fetch the HTML document.
 Additional requests corresponding to execution scripts, layout information
(CSS) to display, and sub-resources contained within the page.
 Browser then mixes these resources to present to the user a complete document.
 Scripts executed by the browser can fetch more resources in later phases and
the browser updates the Web page accordingly.
 A Web page is a hypertext document.
Components of HTTP-based systems
 Between the client and the server there are numerous entities, collectively
called proxies, which perform different operations and act as gateways
or caches.

Server
The Web server
 Serves the document as requested by the client.
 It is not necessarily a single machine, but several server software instances can
be hosted on the same machine.
 collection of servers
Components of HTTP-based systems
 Between the client and the server there are numerous entities, collectively
called proxies, which perform different operations and act as gateways
or caches.

Proxy Proxy
Proxies
 Machines relay the HTTP messages.
 Most of these operate at the transport, network or physical levels.
 Those operating at the application layers are generally called proxies.
 Transparent or non-transparent.
• caching
• filtering
• load balancing
• authentication
• logging
Basic aspects of HTTP
HTTP is simple
HTTP is extensible
HTTP is stateless.
HTTP-connections
HTTP Messages
Request
HTTP Messages
Response
Status Code

[Link] responses (100–199)

[Link] responses (200–299)
[Link] (300–399)
[Link] errors (400–499)
[Link] errors (500–599)
Methods
 GET
 HEAD
 POST
 PUT
 DELETE
 TRACE
 OPTIONS
 CONNECT
 PATCH
Module 2: Web programming fundamentals
Working of web browser
HTTP protocol
HTTPS, DNS
TLS
XML introduction
Json introduction
DOM
URL
URI
REST API.
Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
 HTTPS
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure
SSL/TLS protocol for encryption and authentication.
uses port 443
makes it possible for website users to transmit sensitive data such as
credit card numbers, banking information, and login credentials
securely over the internet.
Standard protocol.
Asymmetric public key infrastructure
Public key
Private Key
 HTTPS
Difference between HTTP and HTTPS.
Why to use HTTPS
Working of HTTPS
What happens if my website doesn’t use HTTPS?
How do I know if a website uses HTTPS?
 HTTPS
Difference between HTTP and HTTPS.
Why to use HTTPS
Working of HTTPS
What happens if my website doesn’t use HTTPS?
How do I know if a website uses HTTPS?
Difference between HTTP and HTTPS.
 Difference between HTTP and HTTPS.
 HTTPS adds encryption, authentication, and integrity to the HTTP protocol.
 Encryption:
 HTTPS prevents data sent over the internet from being intercepted and read by a third
party.
 Through Public key cryptography and the SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol encrypted
communication session can be securely set up between two parties who have never met in
person via the creation of a shared secret key.
 Authentication:
 A website’s SSL/TLS certificate includes a public key.
 Web browser can use public key to confirm that documents sent by the server have been
digitally signed by someone in possession of the corresponding private key.
 Integrity:
 a digital signature that a web browser can use to determine that the document has not
been altered by a third party or otherwise corrupted
 HTTPS
Difference between HTTP and HTTPS.
Why to use HTTPS
Working of HTTPS
What happens if my website doesn’t use HTTPS?
How do I know if a website uses HTTPS?
 HTTPS
Difference between HTTP and HTTPS.
Why to use HTTPS?
Working of HTTPS
What happens if my website doesn’t use HTTPS?
How do I know if a website uses HTTPS?
Advantages of HTTPS
 Integrity and Authentication: protects the integrity of communication
between a website and a user’s browsers
 Privacy: intruders scooping up their credit card numbers and passwords
while they shop or bank online
 User Experience: HTTP sites being flagged as insecure.
[Link]
 Future: Makes internet safe.
 SEO : get an easy SEO boost.
 HTTPS
Difference between HTTP and HTTPS.
Why to use HTTPS?
Working of HTTPS
What happens if my website doesn’t use HTTPS?
How do I know if a website uses HTTPS?
 Working of HTTPS
 HTTPS adds encryption to the HTTP protocol by wrapping HTTP inside
the SSL/TLS protocol.
 data exchanged are securely encrypted by SSL/TLS, including:
Request URL
Website content
Query parameters
Headers
Cookies
 Authentication
 X.509 Certificates – Key Pair(Public key and Private Key)
 Public key is used by any user to
Send a message that only the possessor of the private key can decrypt.
Confirm that a message has been digitally signed by its corresponding private key.
Query Parameter, Header=>
 HTTPS
Difference between HTTP and HTTPS.
Why to use HTTPS?
Working of HTTPS
What happens if my website doesn’t use HTTPS?
How do I know if a website uses HTTPS?
What happens if my website doesn’t use HTTPS?
 Subject to browser security warnings and errors.

 HTTP and mixed-content websites can expect more browser warnings and
errors, lower user trust and poorer SEO than if they had enabled HTTPS.
 HTTPS
Difference between HTTP and HTTPS.
Why to use HTTPS?
Working of HTTPS
What happens if website doesn’t use HTTPS?
How do I know if a website uses HTTPS?
How do I know if a website uses HTTPS?
 An HTTPS URL begins with https:// instead of [Link] Modern web browsers
also indicate that a user is visiting a secure HTTPS website by displaying a
closed padlock symbol to the left of the URL:
How do I enable HTTPS on my website?
 Install an SSL/TLS certificate signed by a publicly trusted Certificate
Authority(CA) on your web server.

Knowledgebase - [Link]
Module 2: Web programming fundamentals
Working of web browser
HTTP protocol
HTTPS, DNS
TLS
XML introduction
Json introduction
DOM
URL
URI
REST API.
Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
 DNS- Domain Name System
Domain Name: Address of website.

IP address: [Link] => Domain Name.

DNS is phonebook of computer

Directory Service

DNS record=> Domain name and its matching IP address.

Working of DNS
Module 2: Web programming fundamentals
Working of web browser
HTTP protocol
HTTPS, DNS
TLS
XML introduction
Json introduction
DOM
URL
URI
REST API.
Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
 TLS-Transport Layer Security
Security Protocol.
Encryption
Used at layers from 4 to 7 of OSI model.
Derived from SSL protocol.
Client Server Handshake mechanism
Encryption capabilities
Authentication process
Public Key exchange process
Handshake methods: Rivest-Shamir-Adelman(RSA) and Diffie-
Hellman Handshake
Benefits of TLS
Encryption
Interoperability
Algorithm Flexibility
Ease of deployment
Ease of use
SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol
Cryptographic Protocols
SSL version 3.0 and TLS version v1.1 and v1.2.
SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol
SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol
 SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol

Step-1: Client sends “ClientHello” message.

 SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol

Step 2: Server sends “ServerHello” message.

SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol
Step 3: Client contacts CA for authenticity.
 SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol
Step 4: Client Key Exchange
SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol
Step 5: Client sends ‘finish’ message.
 SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol
Step 5:Server sends ‘finish’ message
 SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol

Client and server can exchange messages in encrypted

form.
SSL/TLS Handshake Protocol
Difference between SSL and TLS
Module 2: Web programming fundamentals
Working of web browser
HTTP protocol
HTTPS, DNS
TLS
XML introduction
Json introduction
DOM
URL
URI
REST API.
Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
 XML introduction
 XML stands for Extensible Markup Language.
 Provide information about a document.
 Tags are added to the document to provide the extra information.
 HTML tags tell a browser how to display the document.
 XML tags give a reader some idea what some of the data means.
 XML allows you to create and format your own document markups.
 A method for putting structured data into a text file;
 These files are: easy to read, unambiguous, extensible, platform-independent
 XML documents are used to transfer data from one place to another often
over the Internet.
 XML properties
Markup language.
Used for storing and transporting the data.
Focuses on data.
Platform and programming language independent.
No predefined tags.
XML syntax
<?xml version=“1.0”?>
<Contact-info> Markup
<FirstName>Saisha</FirstName>
<LastName>Zindal</LastName>
Text
<phone>1234567891</phone>
</contact-info>
XML syntax
<?xml version=“1.0”?>
XML syntax
<?xml version=“1.0”?>
<Contact-info> Markup
XML syntax
<?xml version=“1.0”?>
<Contact-info> Markup
<FirstName>Saisha</FirstName>

Text
XML syntax
<?xml version=“1.0”?>
<Contact-info> Markup
<FirstName>Saisha</FirstName>
<LastName>Zindal</LastName>
Text
XML syntax
<?xml version=“1.0”?>
<Contact-info> Markup
<FirstName>Saisha</FirstName>
<LastName>Zindal</LastName>
Text
<phone>1234567891</phone>
XML syntax
<?xml version=“1.0”?>
<Contact-info> Markup
<FirstName>Saisha</FirstName>
<LastName>Zindal</LastName>
Text
<phone>1234567891</phone>
</contact-info>
Syntax Rules
XML Declaration

<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8”?>

Tags and Element

• <element>
• <element>……..</element>
• Nesting
• Root element
• Case sensitivity
XML attribute
<a href=“[Link] >Visit Us</a>
Attribute=href
Value= “[Link]
Rules=>
1)Attribute names are case sensitive.
2) Same attribute cannot have two values.

XML References
• begin with the symbol "&" and end with the symbol ";".
• 2 types:
• Entity References: e.g. &amp;
• Character References : e.g. &#65;
 XML Validation
 Well formed XML document =>Satisfy all basic syntax conditions.
 Rules=>
It must begin with the XML declaration.
It must have one unique root element.
All start tags of XML document must match end tags.
XML tags are case sensitive.
All tags must be closed.
All elements must be properly nested.
All attribute values must be quoted.
XML entities must be used for special characters.
Example
Example
Example
Example
Simple XML Document
Simple XML Document
Simple XML Document
Difference between HTML and XML
HTML Vs XML
Advantages

Truly Portable Data

Easily readable by human users
Very expressive (semantics near data)
Very flexible and customizable (no finite tag set)
Easy to use from programs (libs available)
Easy to convert into other representations (XML transformation
languages)
Many additional standards and tools
Widely used and supported
Module 2: Web programming fundamentals
Working of web browser
HTTP protocol
HTTPS, DNS
TLS
XML introduction
Json introduction
DOM
URL
URI
REST API.
Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data-
interchange format.
JSON is a syntax for storing and exchanging data.
JSON is an easier-to-use alternative to XML.
It is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language.
A text format that is completely language independent.
A JSON filetype is .json.
Originated from JavaScript.
Supports data structure such as array and objects.
Features of JSON
Simplicity
Openness
Self-Describing
Internationalization
Extensibility
Interoperability
Need of JSON

Standard Structure: makes developers job easy to read and write

code.

Light weight: it becomes easier to get and load the requested data
quickly.

Scalable: JSON is language independent. It can work well with most

of the modern programming language.
{
“address”: [
{ “name”: “Alice Lee”,
“email”:”alee@[Link],
“phone”:
},
{

}
}
 JSON object
Key: Value pair.
Keys=>string, Value=>any type.
Object
{
“employee”:{
“name”: “Sai”,
“Salary”: 56000,
“married”: true
}
}
 JSON object
Key: Value pair.
Keys=>string, Value=>any type.
Object
{
“employee”:{
“name”: “Sai”,
“Salary”: 56000,
“married”: true
}
}

Keys
 JSON object
Key: Value pair.
Keys=>string, Value=>any type.
Object
{
“employee”:{
Values
“name”: “Sai”,
“Salary”: 56000,
“married”: true
}
}

Keys
 Data Structures and Rules
 JSON supports the following two data structures
Collection of name/value pairs
Ordered list of values − It includes array, list, vector or sequence etc.
 Data types: Number, String, Boolean, Null, object, array.
 Syntax Rules:
An object begins with {(left brace) and ends with }(right brace).
Each name is followed by :(colon) and the name/value pairs are separated by
,(comma).
 The string value must be enclosed within double quote " ".
The number value will be simply written.
The boolean values will be simple written as true or false.
JSON supports numbers in double precision floating-point format; digit,
fraction and exponent.
  Json object with Numbers:
JSON Object {
 Json object with strings: “integer”: 34,
“fraction”: .2143,
{
“Exponent”: 6.5678e+0
“name”: “Veena” }
}
 Json Nested object example:
 Json object with Booleans: {
{
“name”: “Alice”,
“name”: true,
“age”: false “address: {
} “street address”: “MG Road”,
“city”: “Mumbai”
}
}
JSON Object
 JSON Array
String array=> ["Ford", "BMW", "Fiat"]
Number array=> [12, 34, 45, 67]
Array of objects:
{
“employees”:[
{“name”: “Ragini”, “id”: 12},
{“name”: “Riya”, “id”: 14},
{“name”: “Sunny”, “id”: 16}
]
}
 Difference between XML and JSON
JSON XML

JSON is lightweight thus simple to read XML is less simple than JSON
and write

JSON supports array data structure. XML doesn't support array data structure.

JSON files are more human readable. XML files are less human readable

JSON has no display capabilities XML files has display capabilities.

Provides scalar data types and the ability Does not provide any notion of data types.
to express structured data through arrays One must rely on XML Schema for adding
and objects. type information.
Native object support. Objects have to be expressed by
conventions, often through a mixed use of
attributes and elements
 Similarities between JSON and XML
Both are simple and open.
Both supports unicode. So internationalization is supported by
JSON and XML both.
Both represents self describing data. Both are interoperable or
language-independent.
Module 2: Web programming fundamentals
Working of web browser
HTTP protocol
HTTPS, DNS
TLS
XML introduction
Json introduction
DOM
URL, URI
REST API.
Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
URL- Uniform Resource Locator

URI- Uniform Resource Identifier

URN- Uniform Resource Name

Points
What do they stand for?
What do they mean?
Difference between them?
Why does it matter?
 URI
It is a string containing characters that identify a resource on the
internet by name or by location or by both.
For example:
Name: Rachita Sharma

Address: MG Road, Borivali(E )

 URL
It is a string of characters but it refers to just the address.
It is the most used way to locate resources on the web.

Address: MG Road, Borivali(E )

 URN
Name: Rachita Sharma

Name URN

URI

Location URL
URL, URN, URI

URI that specifies the name is URN

URI that specifies the address is URL.
URI that specifies name and address is URI.

Two or more resources can have same name. So its ineffective to

use URN.
So, URLs are used to identify the resources.
 URL
A URL consists of two components:
• The Protocol The domain
Other Optional components:
• The path
• The port
• Others
 Example

http ://[Link]/[Link]

Protocol Domain Name

 Example

http ://[Link]/[Link]

Port Domain Name Port

Port is a type of software connection point used by TCP/IP protocol

and connecting computer.
 Example

http ://[Link]/[Link]

Port Domain Name Port Path

 Additional parts

 Query strings and fragments

http ://[Link]/signup?fn=Flick&ls=sidesmac

e.g. &t=set time in video

Query strings
Fragments=> #fragment
To request portion of the page.
[Link]

Fragment
Summarize
We use URL, URI and URN to identify resources.
URN can specify address or name or both.
We usually use URL to identify the resources.
URL consists of components such as protocol, domain, port, path,
query string, fragment.
Module 2: Web programming fundamentals
Working of web browser
HTTP protocol
HTTPS, DNS
TLS
XML introduction
Json introduction
DOM
URL, URI
REST API.
Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
 DOM
 Let’s understand this using the example of XML.

<books> Tree Structure

<book>
<author>carson</author>
<price
format=“dollar”>31.95</price>
<pubdate>05/01/2021</pubdate>
</book>
<pubinfo>
<publisher>Mspress</publisher>
<state>WA</state>
</pubinfo>
</books>
DOM represents contents of xml or html as
tree structure.
 DOM
 Let’s understand this using the example of XML.

Tree Structure

<books>
<book>
<author>carson</author>
<price format=“dollar”>31.95</price>
<pubdate>05/01/2021</pubdate>
</book>
<pubinfo>
<publisher>Mspress</publisher>
<state>WA</state>
</pubinfo>
</books>

DOM represents contents of xml or html as

tree structure.
 What is DOM?
The Document Object Model (DOM) is a cross-platform and
language-independent application programming interface.
The DOM, is the API through which JavaScript interacts with
content within a website.
The DOM API is used to read, access and update contents of
document.
The DOM is a W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) standard.
The DOM treats an HTML, XHTML, or XML document as a tree.
DOM

Document Object Model

HTML/XML tags Layout

Example
It is an object oriented representation of a webpage which can be
modified using JavaScript.
 DOM
Every browser uses some document object model to make JavaScript
page accessible.
e.g. Modify the html code using inspect element.
 DOM
The DOM is separated into 3 different parts / levels:
Core DOM - standard model for any structured document.
XML DOM - standard model for XML documents.
HTML DOM - standard model for HTML documents.
The DOM is accessible only when the whole document has been
loaded. That’s the reason the DOM access code is executed only
after the load event has been fired.
 HTML DOM
The HTML DOM defines a standard way for accessing and
manipulating HTML documents.

The HTML DOM is platform and language independent and can

be used by any programming language like Java, JavaScript, and
VBScript.
 DOM NODES
According to the DOM, everything in an HTML document is a node.
The entire document is a document node.
Every HTML tag is an element node.
The text in the HTML elements are text nodes.
Every HTML attribute is an attribute node.
Comments are comment nodes HTML DOM Node Tree (Document).
HTML Node tree DOM
 HTML DOM-ACCESS NODES
We can access a node in three ways:
By using the getElementById() method
By using the getElementsByTagName() method
By using the getElementsByName() method
By using the getElementsByClassName() method
Write(“string”)
 Method
The getElementById()
Method getElementById();
method returns the element with the specified ID Syntax
[Link]("someID");

<p id="intro">Finding HTML Elements by Id</p>

<script>
const element = [Link]("intro");
</script>
 Method
The getElementByTagName()
Method getElementsByTagName();
returns all elements with a specified tag name.
[Link]("tagname");

<p>Finding HTML Elements by Tag Name.</p>

<script>
const element = [Link]("p");
</script>
XML DOM
 DOM is a standard object model.
 Programming interface that defines relationship between nodes.
 Add, edit, move, remove nodes.

Advantages
 Language and platform dependent
 Traversable
 Modifiable

Disadvantage
 Consumes more memory
 Slower operational speed.
Module 2: Web programming fundamentals
Working of web browser
HTTP protocol
HTTPS, DNS
TLS
XML introduction
Json introduction
DOM
URL, URI
REST API.
Self-learning Topics: : Nginx server 03 CO1
Rest API
Representational State Transfer.
It is a software architectural style that defines the constraints to
create web services.
E.g. BookMyShow App
Example- BookMyShow App

HTML
Page Server
Example- BookMyShow App
 Rest API
 Look into so much of methods.
 RestAPI came into picture to avoid the same.
 RestAPI create the objects and send request through the object.
Rest API
 Rest API
It is an architectural style as well as an approach for
communications that is often used in various web services
development.
Language of internet
Stateless.
Lessers the use of bandwidth.
 Features
Simpler than SOAP
Documentation
Error messages
Principles

• Resource-
Based
• Manipulation
of resources
• Self-
Descriptive
messages
• Hypermedia
REST API Methods
 HTTP methods=> GET, PUT, POST, DELETE
 CRUD Operations – Create, Read, Update and Delete
 URI: [Link]
 Questions
 Explain 3-tier web architecture. 5M
 Write a short note on HTTP. 5M
 Write a short note on HTTPs. 5M
 What are the HTTP methods?? 5M
 Short note on HTTP request and response message 5M
 Short note on TLS. 5M
 Difference between SSL and TLS 5M
 Explain XML and JSON with example 5M
 What is DOM? Explain different types of DOM. 5M
 Differentiate between URL and URI with example. 5M
 Explain principles of REST API. 5M
 Explain REST API methods in detail. 5M
 References
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
c95ad628a509
• [Link]
US/docs/Web/Performance/How_browsers_work
• [Link]
Security-TLS
• [Link]
• [Link]
Thank you!!