JAVA NOTES

Content :

OOP Concepts:- Data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, Benefits of Inheritance,

Polymorphism, classes and objects, Procedural and object oriented programming paradigms.
Java Programming- History of Java, comments, Data types, Variables, Constants, Scope and
Lifetime of variables, Operators, Operator Hierarchy, Expressions, Type conversion and casting,
Enumerated types, Control flow- block scope, conditional statements, loops, break and continue
statements, simple java stand alone programs, arrays, console input and output, formatting
output, constructors, methods, parameter passing, static fields and methods, access control, this
reference, overloading methods and constructors, recursion, garbage collection, building strings,
exploring string class.

Inheritance – Inheritance hierarchies super and sub classes, Member access rules, super
keyword, preventing inheritance: final classes and methods, the Object class and its methods.
Polymorphism – dynamic binding, method overriding, abstract classes and methods. Interfaces-
Interfaces Vs Abstract classes, defining an interface, implement interfaces, accessing
implementations through interface references, extending interface. Inner classes- Uses of inner
classes, local inner classes, anonymous inner classes, static inner classes, examples. Packages-
Defining, creating and accessing a package, Understanding CLASSPATH, importing packages
Exception handling- Dealing with errors, benefits of exception handling, the classification of
exceptions- exception hierarchy, checked exceptions and unchecked exceptions, usage of try,
catch, throw, throws and finally, rethrowing exceptions, exception specification, built in
exceptions, creating own exception sub classes. Multithreading – Differences between multiple
processes and multiple threads, thread states, creating threads, interrupting threads, thread
priorities, synchronizing threads, inter-thread communication, producer consumer
pattern,Exploring [Link] and [Link].

Collection Framework in Java – Introduction to java collections, Overview of java collection

framework, Generics, Commonly used collection classes- Array List, Vector, Hash table, Stack,
Enumeration, Iterator, String Tokenizer, Random, Scanner, Calendar and Properties. Files-
Streams- Byte streams, Character streams, Text input/output, Binary input/output, random access
file operations, File management using File class. Connecting to Database – JDBC Type 1 to 4
drivers, Connecting to a database, querying a database and processing the results, updating data
with JDBC.

GUI Programming with Java- The AWT class hierarchy, Introduction to Swing, Swing Vs AWT,
Hierarchy for Swing components, Containers – Jframe, JApplet, JDialog, JPanel, Overview of
some Swing components – Jbutton, JLabel, JTextField, JTextArea, simple Swing applications,
Layout management – Layout manager types – border, grid and flow Event Handling- Events,
Event sources, Event classes, Event Listeners, Relationship between Event sources and
Listeners, Delegation event model, Examples: Handling a button click, Handling Mouse events,
Adapter classes. Applets – Inheritance hierarchy for applets, differences between applets and
applications, Life cycle of an applet, Passing parameters to applets, applet security issues.
JAVA OOP Concepts : - Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts
such as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc. Simula is considered as the first object-oriented
programming language. The programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object is
known as truly object-oriented programming language. Smalltalk is considered as the first truly
object-oriented programming language.

Object :- Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.

Class :- Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

Inheritance:- When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known as
inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

Polymorphism:- When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For
example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc. In java, we
use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Abstraction:- Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example:
phone call, we don't know the internal processing. In java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve
abstraction.

Encapsulation :- Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as
encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines. A java class is the example
of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class because all the data members are private
here.

Procedural and object oriented programming paradigms

History of java :-
 James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June
1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.

Features of Java
There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords. The Java Features
given below are simple and easy to understand.
1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Portable
4. Platform independent
5. Secured
6. Robust
7. Architecture neutral
8. Dynamic
9. Interpreted
10. High Performance
11. Multithreaded
[Link]

Types of Java Comments

There are 3 types of comments in java.
1. Single Line Comment: //This is single line comment
2. Multi Line Comment : /* This is multi line comment */
3. Documentation Comment : /** This is documentation comment */

Data Types :-

Data types represent the different values to be stored in the variable. In java, there are two types of data
types:
o Primitive data types
o Non-primitive data types
Constants in Java :- A constant is a variable which cannot have its value changed after declaration. It
uses the 'final'

Java Type casting and Type conversion :- Widening conversion takes place when two data types are
automatically converted. This happens when:
● The two data types are compatible.
● When we assign value of a smaller data type to a bigger data type.

Java Enum :- Enum in java is a data type that contains fixed set of constants. Enum does not have a
public constructor. Enums are type-safe as they have own name-space.
What is the range of short data type in Java?
a) -128 to 127
b) -32768 to 32767
c) -2147483648 to 2147483647
d) None of the mentioned

Explanation: Short occupies 16 bits in memory. Its range is from -32768 to 32767.

What is the range of byte data type in Java?

a) -128 to 127
b) -32768 to 32767
c) -2147483648 to 2147483647
d) None of the mentioned

Explanation: Byte occupies 8 bits in memory. Its range is from -128 to 127.

Which of these literals can be contained in float data type variable?

a) -1.7e+308
b) -3.4e+038
c) +1.7e+308
d) -3.4e+050

Explanation: Range of float data type is -(3.4e38) To +(3.4e38)

What is the numerical range of a char data type in Java?

a) -128 to 127
b) 0 to 256
c) 0 to 32767
d) 0 to 65535

Explanation: Char occupies 16-bit in memory, so it supports 216 i:e from 0 to 65535.

Which method returns the elements of Enum class?

a) getEnums()
b) getEnumConstants()
c) getEnumList()
d) getEnum()

Explanation: getEnumConstants() returns the elements of this enum class or null if this
Class object does not represent an enum type.

Literal in Java is a synthetic representation of boolean, numeric, character, or string data.

It is a means of expressing particular values in the program, such as an integer variable named
''/count is assigned an integer value in the following statement. int count = 0; A literal '0'
represents the value zero.

Which of these is necessary condition for automatic type conversion in Java?

a) The destination type is smaller than source type
b) The destination type is larger than source type
c) The destination type can be larger or smaller than source type
d) None of the mentioned

If an expression contains double, int, float, long, then the whole expression will be
promoted into which of these data types?
a) long
b) int
c) double
d) float

Which of these operators is used to allocate memory to array variable in Java?

a) malloc
b) alloc
c) new
d) new malloc

Explanation: Operator new allocates a block of memory specified by the size of an array,
and gives the reference of memory allocated to the array variable.
Which of these is an incorrect array declaration?
a) int arr[] = new int[5]
b) int [] arr = new int[5]
c) int arr[] = new int[5]
d) int arr[] = int [5] new

Explanation: Operator new must be succeeded by array type and array size.

Which of these is an incorrect Statement?

a) It is necessary to use new operator to initialize an array
b) Array can be initialized using comma separated expressions surrounded by curly braces
c) Array can be initialized when they are declared
d) None of the mentioned

Explanation: Array can be initialized using both new and comma separated expressions
surrounded by curly braces example : int arr[5] = new int[5]; and int arr[] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4};

● ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException comes when code tries to access an invalid

index for a given array.
● ArrayStoreException comes when you have stored an element of type other than
the type of array.
● Array elements are stored in contiguous memory. Linked List is stored in random
memory locations.

Where is an array stored in memory?

a) heap space
b) stack space
c) heap space and stack space
d) first generation memory

Explanation: Array is stored in heap space. Whenever an object is created, it’s always
stored in the Heap space and stack memory contains the reference to it.

What is the output of relational operators?

a) Integer
b) Boolean
c) Characters
d) Double
Which of these have highest precedence?
a) ()
b) ++
c) *
d) >>

Explanation: Order of precedence is (highest to lowest) a -> b -> c -> d.

Which of these selection statements test only for equality?

a) if
b) switch
c) if & switch
d) none of the mentioned

Explanation: Switch statements checks for equality between the controlling variable and its
constant cases.
What is true about a break?
a) Break stops the execution of entire program
b) Break halts the execution and forces the control out of the loop
c) Break forces the control out of the loop and starts the execution of next iteration
d) Break halts the execution of the loop for certain time frame

What is true about do statement?

a) do statement executes the code of a loop at least once
b) do statement does not get execute if condition is not matched in the first iteration
c) do statement checks the condition at the beginning of the loop
d) do statement executes the code more than once always

Explanation: Do statement checks the condition at the end of the loop. Hence, code gets
executed at least once.

Which of the following is used with the switch statement?

a) Continue
b) Exit
c) break
d) do

Explanation: Break is used with a switch statement to shift control out of switch.

Which of the following is not a decision making statement?

a) if
b) if-else
c) switch
d) do-while

Explanation: do-while is an iteration statement. Others are decision making statements.

● Abstraction is the concept of defining real world objects in terms of classes or

interfaces.
● Encapsulation is implemented by combining methods and attribute into a class.
The class acts like a container of encapsulating properties.
● Composition occurs when child object gets killed if parent object gets killed.
Aggregation is also known as strong Aggregation.
● Aggregation occurs when objects have their own life cycle and child object can
associate with only one parent object.

Difference between aggregation and composition:-

 JDK-JRE-JIT-JVM
JDK (java development kit) :- JDK is a core component of Java Environment and provides
all the tools, executables and binaries required to compile, debug and execute a Java
Program.

JVM (Java virtual machine):- JVM is responsible to converting bytecode to the machine
specific code. JVM is also platform dependent and provides core java functions like garbage
collection, memory management, security etc.

JRE:- JRE is the implementation of JVM, it provides platform to execute java programs.

JIT:- JIT optimizes bytecode to machine specific language code by compiling similar
bytecodes at the same time. This reduces overall time taken for compilation of bytecode to
machine specific language.
 ● Java is called ‘Platform Independent Language’ as it primarily works on the
principle of ‘compile once, run everywhere’.

What is the extension of java code files?

a) .class
b) .java
c) .txt
d) .js

Explanation: Java files have .java extension.

What is use of interpreter?

a) They convert bytecode to machine language code
b) They read high level code and execute them
c) They are intermediated between JIT and JVM
d) It is a synonym for JIT

Explanation: Interpreters read high level language (interprets it) and execute the program.
Interpreters are normally not passing through byte-code and jit compilation.

Which of these statement is incorrect?

a) Every class must contain a main() method
b) Applets do not require a main() method at all
c) There can be only one main() method in a program
d) main() method must be made public

Explanation: Every class does not need to have a main() method, there can be only one main()
method which is made public. Applets do not require a main() method at all.

Function overloading :- Function overloading is a process of defining more than one

method in a class with same name differentiated by function signature i:e return type or
parameters type and number. Example – int volume(int length, int width) & int volume(int
length , int width , int height) can be used to calculate volume.

Which of the following is a method having same name as that of it’s class?
a) finalize
b) delete
c) class
d) constructor

Explanation: A constructor is a method that initializes an object immediately upon creation.

It has the same name as that of class in which it resides. Constructors does not have any
return type, not even void.
Which of this statement is incorrect?
a) All object of a class are allotted memory for the all the variables defined in the class
b) If a function is defined public it can be accessed by object of other class by inheritation
c) main() method must be made public
d) All object of a class are allotted memory for the methods defined in the class

Explanation: All object of class share a single copy of methods defined in a class,
Methods are allotted memory only once. All the objects of the class have access to
methods of that class are allotted memory only for the variables not for the methods.

Which keyword is used by the method to refer to the object that invoked it?
a) import
b) catch
c) abstract
d) this

Explanation: this keyword can be used inside any method to refer to the current object. this
is always a reference to the object on which the method was invoked.

Which of the following statements are incorrect?

a) default constructor is called at the time of object declaration
b) constructor can be parameterized
c) finalize() method is called when a object goes out of scope and is no longer
needed
d) finalize() method must be declared protected

Explanation: finalize() method is called just prior to garbage collection. it is not called when
object goes out of scope.

Imp point regarding constructor:-

● Object of private constructor can only be created within class. Private constructor is
used in singleton pattern.
● The constructor cannot have a return type. It should create and return new
objects.
● Constructor can take any number of parameters.

What is true about protected constructor?

a) Protected constructor can be called directly
b) Protected constructor can only be called using super()
c) Protected constructor can be used outside package
d) protected constructor can be instantiated even if child is in a different package
What is not the use of “this” keyword in Java?
a) Passing itself to another method
b) Calling another constructor in constructor chaining
c) Referring to the instance variable when local variable has the same name
d) Passing itself to method of the same class

Explanation: “this” is an important keyword in java. It helps to distinguish between local

variable and variables passed in the method as parameters.

Which of the following has the highest memory requirement?

a) Heap
b) Stack
c) JVM
d) Class

Explanation: JVM is the super set which contains heap, stack, objects, pointers, etc.

Garbage collection consists of two phases, the mark phase and the sweep phase. I
mark phase all the objects reachable by java threads, native handles and other root sources
are marked alive and others are garbage.
In sweep phase, the heap is traversed to find gaps between live objects and the gaps are
marked free list used for allocating memory to new objects.

What is the process of defining two or more methods within same class that have same
name but different parameters declaration?
a) method overloading
b) method overriding
c) method hiding
d) none of the mentioned

Explanation: Two or more methods can have same name as long as their parameters
declaration is different, the methods are said to be overloaded and process is called method
overloading. Method overloading is a way by which Java implements polymorphism.

When we pass an argument by call-by-value a copy of argument is made into the formal
parameter of the subroutine and changes made on parameters of subroutine have no effect
on original argument, they remain the same.
What is the process of defining a method in terms of itself, that is a method that calls itself?
a) Polymorphism
b) Abstraction
c) Encapsulation
d) Recursion

Which of these access specifiers must be used for main() method?

a) private
b) public
c) protected
d) none of the mentioned

Explanation: main() method must be specified public as it called by Java run time system,
outside of the program. If no access specifier is used then by default member is public
within its own package & cannot be accessed by Java run time system.

Which of these is used to access a member of class before object of that class is created?
a) public
b) private
c) static
d) protected

Which of these is used as a default for a member of a class if no access specifier is used for
it?
a) private
b) public
c) public, within its own package
d) protected

What is the process by which we can control what parts of a program can access the
members of a class?
a) Polymorphism
b) Abstraction
c) Encapsulation
d) Recursion
Which of the following statements are incorrect?
a) public members of class can be accessed by any code in the program
b) private members of class can only be accessed by other members of the class
c) private members of class can be inherited by a subclass, and become protected
members in subclass
d) protected members of a class can be inherited by a subclass, and become private
members of the subclass

Explanation: private members of a class can not be inherited by a subclass.

Which of these access specifier must be used for class so that it can be inherited by
another subclass?
a) public
b) private
c) protected
d) none of the mentioned

● The variables should be private and should be accessed with get and set methods.
● Private variables are accessible only within the class.
● Default is the access modifier when none is defined explicitly. It means the member
(method or variable) can be accessed within the same package.

How can a protected modifier be accessed?

a) accessible only within the class
b) accessible only within package
c) accessible within package and outside the package but through inheritance only
d) accessible by all

Explanation: The protected access modifier is accessible within package and outside the
package but only through inheritance. The protected access modifier can be used with data
member, method and constructor. It cannot be applied in the class.

All the variables of interface should be?

a) default and final
b) default and static
c) public, static and final
d) protect, static and final

Explanation: Variables of an interface are public, static and final by default because the
interfaces cannot be instantiated, final ensures the value assigned cannot be changed with
the implementing class and public for it to be accessible by all the implementing classes.
Protected class member (method or variable) is like package-private (default visibility),
except that it also can be accessed from subclasses. Since there is no such concept as
‘subpackage’ or ‘package-inheritance’ in Java, declaring class protected or package-private
would be the same thing.

Which of these keywords is used to prevent content of a variable from being modified?
a) final
b) last
c) constant
d) static

Explanation: A variable can be declared final, doing so prevents its content from being
modified. Final variables must be initialized when it is declared.

Which of the following statements are incorrect?

a) static methods can call other static methods only
b) static methods must only access static data
c) static methods can not refer to this or super in any way
d) when object of class is declared, each object contains its own copy of static
variables

Explanation: All objects of class share same static variable, when object of a class are
declared, all the objects share same copy of static members, no copy of static variables are
made.

Which of these methods must be made static?

a) main()
b) delete()
c) run()
d) finalize()

Explanation: main() method must be declared static, main() method is called by Java
runtime system before any object of any class exists.

Which of these keywords is used to refer to member of base class from a subclass?
a) upper
b) super
c) this
d) none of the mentioned
Explanation: Whenever a subclass needs to refer to its immediate superclass, it can do so
by use of the keyword super.

Which of the following statements are incorrect?

a) String is a class
b) Strings in java are mutable
c) Every string is an object of class String
d) Java defines a peer class of String, called StringBuffer, which allows string to be altered

Explanation: Strings in Java are immutable that is they can not be modified.

Which of these is the method which is executed first before execution of any other thing
takes place in a program?
a) main method
b) finalize method
c) static method
d) private method

Explanation: If a static method is present in the program then it will be executed first, then
main will be executed.

Which of these data type can be used for a method having a return statement in it?
a) void
b) int
c) float
d) both int and float

Recursion
Recursion is the process of defining something in terms of itself. It allows us to define a
method that calls itself. Recursions are always managed by using stack.

Which of these is not a correct statement?

a) A recursive method must have a base case
b) Recursion always uses stack
c) Recursive methods are faster that programmers written loop to call the function
repeatedly using a stack
d) Recursion is managed by Stack

Explanation: Recursion is always managed by operating system.

Which of these packages contains the exception Stack Overflow in Java?
a) [Link]
b) [Link]
c) [Link]
d) [Link]

Which of these keywords can be used to prevent Method overriding?

a) static
b) constant
c) protected
d) final

Explanation: To disallow a method from being overridden, specify final as a modifier at the
start of its declaration. Methods declared as final cannot be overridden.

Which of these class is superclass of every class in Java?

a) String class
b) Object class
c) Abstract class
d) ArrayList class

Explanation: Object class is superclass of every class in Java.

Which of these keywords cannot be used for a class which has been declared final?
a) abstract
b) extends
c) abstract and extends
d) none of the mentioned

Explanation: A abstract class is incomplete by itself and relies upon its subclasses to
provide a complete implementation. If we declare a class final then no class can inherit that
class, an abstract class needs its subclasses hence both final and abstract cannot be used
for a same class.

Which of these is not a correct statement?

a) Every class containing abstract method must be declared abstract
b) Abstract class defines only the structure of the class not its implementation
c) Abstract class can be initiated by new operator
d) Abstract class can be inherited
Explanation: Abstract class cannot be directly initiated with new operator, Since abstract
class does not contain any definition of implementation it is not possible to create an
abstract object.

Which of this keyword must be used to inherit a class?

a) super
b) this
c) extent
d) extends

A class member declared protected becomes a member of subclass of which type?

a) public member
b) private member
c) protected member
d) static member

Using which of the following, multiple inheritance in Java can be implemented?

a) Interfaces
b) Multithreading
c) Protected methods
d) Private methods

Explanation: Multiple inheritance in java is implemented using interfaces. Multiple interfaces

can be implemented by a class.

ll classes in Java are inherited from which class?

a) [Link]
b) [Link]
c) [Link]
d) [Link]

Explanation: All classes in java are inherited from Object class. Interfaces are not inherited
from Object Class.

● Java supports multiple level inheritance through implementing multiple interfaces.

● replace() method replaces all occurrences of one character in invoking string with another character.

Which of these is an incorrect statement?

a) String objects are immutable, they cannot be changed
b) String object can point to some other reference of String variable
c) StringBuffer class is used to store string in a buffer for later use
d) None of the mentioned
Explanation: StringBuffer class is used to create strings that can be modified after they are
created.

Which of this method of class StringBuffer is used to concatenate the string representation
to the end of invoking string?
a) concat()
b) append()
c) join()
d) concatenate()

What is the string contained in s after following lines of Java code?

StringBuffer s new StringBuffer("Hello");

[Link](0);

a) Hell
b) ello
c) Hel
d) llo

Explanation: deleteCharAt() method deletes the character at the specified index location
and returns the resulting StringBuffer object.

Serialization

Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream. This is used when you
want to save the state of your program to a persistent storage area. Serialization and
deserialization occur automatically by java runtime system, Garbage collection also occur
automatically but is done by CPU or the operating system not by the java runtime system

Deserialization is a process by which the data written in the stream can be extracted out
from the stream.

Which of these is a method of ObjectOutput interface used to finalize the output state so
that any buffers are cleared?
a) clear()
b) flush()
c) fflush()
d) close()
What is serialization?
a) Turning object in memory into stream of bytes
b) Turning stream of bytes into an object in memory
c) Turning object in memory into stream of bits
d) Turning stream of bits into an object in memory

Explanation: Serialization in Java is the process of turning object in memory into stream of
bytes.

What is deserialization?
a) Turning object in memory into stream of bytes
b) Turning stream of bytes into an object in memory
c) Turning object in memory into stream of bits
d) Turning stream of bits into an object in memory

Explanation: Deserialization is the reverse process of serialization which is turning stream of

bytes into an object in memory.

Which of these is a standard for communicating multimedia content over email?

a) http
b) https
c) Mime
d) httpd

Explanation: MIME is an internet standard for communicating multimedia content over

email. The HTTP protocol uses and extends the notion of MIME headers to pass attribute
pairs between HTTP client and server.

Which of these methods is used to know host of an URL?

a) host()
b) getHost()
c) GetHost()
d) gethost()

● HttpResponse is wrapper around everything associated with a reply from an http

server.
What is the relation between hashset and hashmap?
a) HashSet internally implements HashMap
b) HashMap internally implements HashSet
c) HashMap is the interface; HashSet is the concrete class
d) HashSet is the interface; HashMap is the concrete class

JAVA Exceptional Handling Basics

Exceptions in Java are run-time errors. Exceptional handling is managed via 5 keywords –
try, catch, throws, throw and finally.

● Which of these keywords must be used to monitor for exceptions : Try

● Which of these keywords must be used to handle the exception thrown by try block in some rational
manner : Catch
● Which of these keywords is used to manually throw an exception : Throw
● Which of these keywords is used to generate an exception explicitly : Throw

Which of the following operators is used to generate instance of an exception which can be
thrown using throw?
a) thrown
b) alloc
c) malloc
d) new
Explanation: new operator is used to create instance of an exception. Exceptions may have
parameter as a String or have no parameter.

Which of the following keyword is used by calling function to handle exception thrown by
called function?
a) throws
b) throw
c) try
d) catch

Explanation: A method specifies behaviour of being capable of causing exception. Throws

clause in the method declaration guards caller of the method from exception.

Which part of code gets executed whether exception is caught or not?

a) finally
b) try
c) catch
d) throw

Explanation: Finally block of the code gets executed regardless exception is caught or not.
File close, database connection close, etc are usually done in finally.

A single try block must be followed by which of these?

a) finally
b) catch
c) finally & catch
d) none of the mentioned

Explanation: try block can be followed by any of finally or catch block, try block checks for
exceptions and work is performed by finally and catch block as per the exception.

Which of these exceptions will occur if we try to access the index of an array beyond its
length?
a) ArithmeticException
b) ArrayException
c) ArrayIndexException
d) ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

Explanation: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException is a built in exception that is caused when

we try to access an index location which is beyond the length of an array.

● try is used for the block that needs to checked for exception
Which of these statements is incorrect?
a) try block need not to be followed by catch block
b) try block can be followed by finally block instead of catch block
c) try can be followed by both catch and finally block
d) try need not to be followed by anything

Explanation: try must be followed by either catch or finally block.

Which of this method can be used to make the main thread to be executed last among all
the threads?
a) stop()
b) sleep()
c) join()
d) call()

Explanation: By calling sleep() within main(), with long enough delay to ensure that all child
threads terminate prior to the main thread.

Which of this method is used to find out that a thread is still running or not?
a) run()
b) Alive()
c) isAlive()
d) checkRun()

Explanation: The isAlive( ) method returns true if the thread upon which it is called is still
running. It returns false otherwise.

Which of these method waits for the thread to terminate?

a) sleep()
b) isAlive()
c) join()
d) stop()

Which of these method of Thread class is used to find out the priority given to a thread?
a) get()
b) ThreadPriority()
c) getPriority()
d) getThreadPriority()
Which of these functions is called to display the output of an applet?
a) display()
b) paint()
c) displayApplet()
d) PrintApplet()

Explanation: Whenever the applet requires to redraw its output, it is done by using method
paint().
● drawString() method is defined in Graphics class, it is used to output a string in an
applet.

JAVA interfaces and packages

Packages are both naming and visibility control mechanism. We can define a class
inside a package which is not accessible by code outside the package.

● Operator * is used to import the entire package.

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about packages?

a) Package defines a namespace in which classes are stored
b) A package can contain other package within it
c) Java uses file system directories to store packages
d) A package can be renamed without renaming the directory in which the classes
are stored

Explanation: A package can be renamed only after renaming the directory in which the
classes are stored.

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about packages?

a) Interfaces specifies what class must do but not how it does
b) Interfaces are specified public if they are to be accessed by any code in the program
c) All variables in interface are implicitly final and static
d) All variables are static and methods are public if interface is defined public

Explanation: All methods and variables are implicitly public if interface is declared public.

Interface can have either public access specifier or no specifier. The reason is they need
to be implemented by other classes.
What type of variable can be defined in an interface?
a) public static
b) private final
c) public final
d) static final

Explanation: variable defined in an interface is implicitly final and static. They are usually
written in capital letters

What type of methods an interface contain by default?

a) abstract
b) static
c) final
d) private

Explanation: By default, interface contains abstract methods. The abstract methods need to
be implemented by concrete classes.

Which of these package is used for graphical user interface?

a) [Link]
b) [Link]
c) [Link]
d) [Link]

Explanation: [Link] provides capabilities for graphical user interface.

Which of this package is used for invoking a method remotely?

a) [Link]
b) [Link]
c) [Link]
d) [Link]

Explanation: [Link] provides capabilities for remote method invocation.

Key points:-
● Generics add stability to your code by making more of your bugs detectable at
compile time. Generics provide type safety by shifting more type checking
responsibilities to the compiler. Generics and parameterized types eliminate the
need for down casts when using Java Collections
What is JDBC Driver?
JDBC drivers implement the defined interfaces in the JDBC API, for interacting with your
database server. For example, using JDBC drivers enable you to open database
connections and to interact with it by sending SQL or database commands then
receiving results with Java.

The [Link] package that ships with JDK, contains various classes with their
behaviours defined and their actual implementaions are done in third-party drivers.
Third party vendors implements the [Link] interface in their database driver.

JDBC Drivers Types

JDBC driver implementations vary because of the wide variety of operating systems and
hardware platforms in which Java operates. Sun has divided the implementation
types into four categories, Types 1, 2, 3, and 4, which is explained below −

Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver :- In a Type 1 driver, a JDBC bridge is used to access
ODBC drivers installed on each client machine. Using ODBC, requires configuring on your
system a Data Source Name (DSN) that represents the target database.

Type 2: JDBC-Native API :- In a Type 2 driver, JDBC API calls are converted into native C/C++
API calls, which are unique to the database. These drivers are typically provided by the
database vendors and used in the same manner as the JDBC-ODBC Bridge. The
vendor-specific driver must be installed on each client machine.

Type 3: JDBC-Net pure Java :- In a Type 3 driver, a three-tier approach is used to access
databases. The JDBC clients use standard network sockets to communicate with a
middleware application server. The socket information is then translated by the middleware
application server into the call format required by the DBMS, and forwarded to the database
server

Type 4: 100% Pure Java :- In a Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver communicates directly
with the vendor's database through socket connection. This is the highest performance driver
available for the database and is usually provided by the vendor itself.

● If you are accessing one type of database, such as Oracle, Sybase, or IBM, the preferred
driver type is 4.
● If your Java application is accessing multiple types of databases at the same time, type 3 is
the preferred driver.
● Type 2 drivers are useful in situations, where a type 3 or type 4 driver is not available yet for
your database.
 ● The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment-level driver, and is typically used for
development and testing purposes only.

Difference between AWT and Swing.

JSP (Java server page) :-

● It stands for Java Server Pages.

● It is a server side technology.
● It is used for creating web application.
● It is used to create dynamic web content.
● In this JSP tags are used to insert JAVA code into HTML pages.
● It is an advanced version of Servlet Technology.
● It is a Web based technology helps us to create dynamic and platform independent web
pages.
● In this, Java code can be inserted in HTML/ XML pages or both.
● JSP is first converted into servlet by JSP container before processing the client’s request.