OM SAI RAM

MARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSES

By:- NEERAJ KUMAR ([Link]., 12th Dist. Topper) Mobile:- 7079340306

Solution Theory  If temp. Increases then molarity of

the solution get decreases.
 The unit use in Industrial area of %
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
term is % Molarity(M) =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 ′𝐿′
 The unit use in medicine or
Pharmacy is %  Mole Fraction: – Ratio of moles
 The unit use in calculation of of any one component and moles of
hardness of water is ppm total no. of compound in the solution is
known as mole fraction (x)
 Concentration of solution: –
 Mole fraction is unit and dimension
The solution in which actual amount
less
of solute present in actual amount of
 Mole fraction do not depends upon
solvent is known as concentration of
temperature.
solution
 Sum of mole fraction of all
 Molality of solution: – No. of
component present in the solution is
moles of solute present in per kg of
always one
solvent is known as molality of the
solution. i.e. X Solute +X Solvent=1
 Unit of molality is Mol. kg–1
 Mole fraction of any particular
 Molality of solution do not depends
component cannot be zero, –ve,
upon temperature
greater than 1 and equal to 1.
Molality =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒  The solution is called molal solution
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
which having molality 1 mol kg.
 The solution is called molar solution
 Molarity of solution:– Moles of which having molarity 1 mol L–1
solute present in per Litre of
Note:–
solution is known as molarity of the
solution. (I) Mole fraction, Molality, mass
 Unit of Molarity is mol L–1 percentage, ppm, ppb do not
 Due to presence of volume terms depends upon temperature.
Molarity of the solution is depends (II) Molarity, Normality, Formality and
upon temp. volume percentage depends upon temp.
due to presence of volume terms.

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 OM SAI RAM
MARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSES
By:- NEERAJ KUMAR ([Link]., 12th Dist. Topper) Mobile:- 7079340306
 Unsaturated solution: – no. of solvent particles and size of
solute and solvent particles.
The solution in which more amount of  There are four types of colligative
solute can be dissolve without rise in properties
temp. is known as unsaturated solution .
1. Relative lowering in vapour
 Saturated solution:-The solution pressure of solvent ( )
in which more amount of solute
cannot be dissolve without raise in 2. Elevation in boiling point of the
temp. is known as saturated solvent(∆ )
solution. 3. Depression in freezing point of the
 Dilution of solution:-Addition solvent ( )
of solvent to the solution is known
4. Osmotic pressure of the solution( )
as dilution of solution.
 Mole fraction of solvent  As the no. of solute particles
increases but mole fraction of increases colligative properties also
solute get decreases after increases.
dilution.  Vapour pressure of liquid :-
 Molality of solution get The pressure exerted by vapour of
decreases on dilution. liquid on its surface during
 Molarity of solution get equilibrium is known as vapour
decreases on dilution of solution . pressure of liquid .
 Demal(D) :- It is another unit  Vapour pressure of liquid depends
for expressing the concentration upon
(I) Temperature:- As temperature
of a solution.
increases v.p. also increases.
 It is equal to molar concentration . (II) Nature of liquid:- Greater is the
 1D represent one mole of solute intermolecular force of attraction lesser
present in one litre of the solution will rate of vaporization and hence lesser
at 10c. will be vapour pressure.
 Colligative properties:- The  Lowering of v.p.:- When a non-
properties of solution which only volatile solute dissolve in a volatile
depends upon no. of solute particles component then its v.p. decreases
is known as colligative properties. this decrease in v.p. is known as
 Colligative properties only lowering in v.p.
depends upon no. of solute [Lowering in v.p. =v.p. of solvent –
particles and do not depends upon v.p. of solution]

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 OM SAI RAM
MARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSES
By:- NEERAJ KUMAR ([Link]., 12th Dist. Topper) Mobile:- 7079340306
 Relative lowering in v.p. sum of partial v.p of all component in the
solution.
):- The ratio of lowering in
v.p. and v.p. of pure solvent is i.e. PT = PA + PB
known as relative lowering v.p. Boiling point:– The temperature at which
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑣 𝑝
Relative lowering in v.p. = 𝑣 𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 v.p of liquid becomes equal to
Atmospheric pressure is known as boiling
Raoults law of v.p. point of that liquid.
Case (I) For volatile solvent and non-  Atmospheric pressure of earth is
volatile solute. 1atm
 Relative lowering in v.p. of solvent  Water boils at 1000c on earth so we
is equal to mole fraction of solute can say that v.p of water at 1000c is
1atm.
i.e 𝑝 − 𝑝𝑠
𝑋𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑝 Elevation in boiling point:– When a non-
volatile solute dissolve to a volatile solvent
of pure solvent then its boiling point increases this
increase in boiling point is known as
of solution elevation in boiling point.
Partial v.p. of volatile components:- i.e. B.P of solution > B.P of solvent
Partial v.p. of volatile components is equal  Elevation in Boiling point ( )is
to product of v.p. of pure component and colligative properties because it
mole fraction of that component in the increases as the no. of solute particles
solution. increases.

[i.e, partial v.p.= v.p. of pure component ] Relation between Molality and elevation in
Boiling point:–
PA= .
According to Raoults law
PA = partial v.p of component A
𝑇𝑏 ⋉ Molality 𝑇𝑏 kb. Molality
= v.p of pure component A
 Where Kb = Molal elevation constant
XA = mole fraction of component A Or Ebullioscopic constant
Or Boiling point elevation constant.
Raoults law of total v.p :– According to
Raoults law v.p of mixture of two or more
than two volatile Component is equal to

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 OM SAI RAM
MARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSES
By:- NEERAJ KUMAR ([Link]., 12th Dist. Topper) Mobile:- 7079340306
 Molal elevation constant „Kb‟ is  Molal depression constant is
characteristic constant of solvent which characteristic constant of solvent.
do not depends upon temp. , pressure, i.e. Molal depression constant do not
amount of solute and solvent. depends upon temp., pressure and
 Molal elevation constant „kb‟ is defined amount of solute and solvent.
as elevation in boiling point when one  Molal depression constant (kf) is
moles of solute dissolve in 1kg of defined as depression in freezing point
solvent. when one moles of solute dissolve in
 Unit of molal elevation constant (kb) is 1kg of solvent.
= [Link] mol–1 = [Link] mol–1  Unit of molal depression constant (kf)
= k m–1 = 0C m–1 = k. kg. mol–1 = 0C. kg mol–
Freezing point:– The temperature at = 0C m–1 = k.m–1
which v.p of liquid becomes equal to Semipermeable membrane:–
v.p of its solid phase is known as The membrane which allow passes of
freezing point of that liquid. only solvent particles through them is
Depression in freezing point (∆ ):– known as semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis:– The net movement of
When a non-volatile solute dissolve in a
solvent particle from solvent to solution
volatile solvent then its freezing point
side through spm is known as osmosis.
decreases this decrease in freezing
Or, The net movement of solvent
point is known as depression in
particle from lower concentration to
Freezing point.
higher concentration side is known as
 Freezing point of solvent > freezing
osmosis.
point of solution
 The phenomenon of osmosis do not
 Depression in freezing point is
take place in isotonic solution
colligative properties because it
increases with increase in no. of solute Osmotic pressure ( ):– The minimum
particles. pressure applied on solution side to stop
Relation between molality and the osmosis is known as osmotic
depression in freezing point ( ) pressure. ( )
 Osmotic pressure is colligative property
According to Raoults law
because as the no. of solute particles
𝑇𝑓 ⋉ Molality 𝑇𝑓 kf. Molality increases osmotic pressure also
increases.
Where Molal depression constant of
solvent
Or Cyoscopic constant of solvent
Or Molal depression constant of solvent
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 OM SAI RAM
MARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSES
By:- NEERAJ KUMAR ([Link]., 12th Dist. Topper) Mobile:- 7079340306

𝑚
𝜋 𝑅𝑇 Experimental colligative property
𝑀𝑉
or abnormal colligative property
m = mass of solute in g In case of dissociating Or associating
M = Molar mass of solute nature of solute particle observed
V = Volume of solution colligative property are differ from normal
T = Temp. in „K‟ colligative property this is known as
Reverse osmosis:– If applied external experimental colligative property.
pressure is greater than osmotic pressure
then movement of solvent particle from  In case of dissociating nature of
solute particle
higher concentration side to lower
concentration side take place this is known Experimental c.p. > Normal c.p.
as Reverse osmosis.
 In case of associating nature of
 The pressure required for reverse
solute particle
osmosis is quite high
 The sea water is purified by Reverse Experimental c.p. < Normal c.p.
osmosis.
 Experimental c.p. is calculated with
Isotonic or ISO-osmotic solution:–
the help of normal c.p. and vant
Two or more solution having. Same
osmotic pressure at constant temperature is Hoff‟s factor.
called isotonic solution. Vant Hoff’s factor ( ̇) :- The ratio of total
 Isotonic solution having same moles after dissociation or association of
temperature. the initial no. of moles is known as vant
 Isotonic solution having same hoff‟s factor ( ̇ .
concentration (molarity).
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Isotonic solution having same osmotic 𝑖̇ =
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
pressure.
Hypertonic solution :- The solution
Vant Hoff‟s factor ( ̇) :-
which having higher osmotic pressure
than other solution is called Hypertonic Experimental c.p. = 𝑖̇ x normal c.p.
solution.
Hypotonic solution :- The solution which NOTE:-
having lower osmotic pressure than other ̇ > 1 for dissociation
solution is known as Hypotonic solution. ̇ < 1 for association
̇ = 1 for neither dissociation nor
association.

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 OM SAI RAM
MARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSES
By:- NEERAJ KUMAR ([Link]., 12th Dist. Topper) Mobile:- 7079340306
 Vant Hoff‟s factor ( ̇ for Ex:– Hexane + heptane, ethyl chloride
dissociation +ethyl bromide , CH3OH + C2H5OH

𝑖̇ = 1-α+α(x+Y) Benzene + toluene , chlorobenzene +

Bromo benzene
 α = Degree of dissociation
(2) Non ideal solution:-
 Vant Hoff‟s factor( ̇) for
association The solution which do not follows Raoults
𝛼 law under all condition of concentration
𝑖̇ = 1-α +
𝑛
Is known as Non – ideal solution.
α = Degree of association .
(i) Vmix 0 (ii) Hmix 0
 Types of solution on the basis of
Raoults Law. (iii) unlike force is always differ from like
force.
There are two types of solution on the
It means in solution of A and B A – A and
basis of Raoults Law.
B – B interaction is not equal to A – B
(1) Ideal solution :- The solution which Interaction.
follows Raoults law under all condition is (iv) PA P0AxA and PB P0BxB
known as Ideal solution.
There are two types of Non – ideal
Properties of ideal solution. solution
(1) Non – ideal (2) Non – ideal
(i) In ideal solution unlike force is always solution with +ve solution with –ve
equal to Like force. deviation. deviation.
It means in solution of A and B A – A (i) The solution in (i) The solution in
and B – B interaction is always equal to which unlike force which unlike force is
is weaker than like greater than like
A–B interaction. force shows +ve force shows –ve
deviation deviation
(ii) For ideal solution
(ii) Vmix = +ve (ii) Vmix = –ve
Vmix = 0 , i.e Vsolute + Vsolvent = Vsolution. (iii) Hmix = +ve (iii) Hmix = – ve
Example: Example:
(iii) For ideal solution (i) Acetone +CS2 (i) Water + HCl
(ii) Acetone + (ii) Water + H2SO4
Hmix = 0, i.e no heat evolved and
C2H5OH (iii) Water + HNO3
absorbed on mixing components.
(iii) H2O + (iv) Acetone +
(v) There is not dissociation or association C2H5OH Chloroform
of particles in ideal solution. (iv) H2O + CH3OH (v) HNO3 + CHCl3
(v) CCl4 + C6H6
(vi) For ideal solution.
PA= P0AxA and PB = P0BxB
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 OM SAI RAM
MARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSES
By:- NEERAJ KUMAR ([Link]., 12th Dist. Topper) Mobile:- 7079340306
Azeotrope or Azeotropic mixtur Solute + solvent +Heat ⇌ solution
Azeotrope or Azeotropic Mixture ∆H = + ve
A liquid mixture which boils at constant i.e. dissolution process is endothermic and
temperature without change in hence solubility increase with rise in temp.
composition is known as Azeotropic (b) The solubility of solid decreases with
mixture. increases in temp.
 Azeotropic mixture having Solute +solvent ⇌ soln +heat
constant boiling point. ∆H soln = - ve
 Non–ideal solution with +ve  If dissolution process is exothermic
deviation is minimum boiling then solubility of solid in liquid
Azeotrope decreases.
 Non–ideal solution with –ve  Henry law’s :- According to this
deviation is maximum boiling law partial pressure of the gas in the
azeotropes. vapour phase is directly proportion
 Solubility: - Solubility of a to the mole fraction of gas in the
substance is maximum amount that solution .
can be dissolved in a specified P =KH xgas p ⋉ Xgas
amount of the solvent.  Where KH is proportionality
Solubility of gas in a liquid depends upon constant, the value of KH depends
(i) Nature of gas :- more liquefiable gas upon nature of gas, and temperature.
are more soluble in liquid.  As the temperature increases value
(ii) Pressure: - As the pressure increases of KH increases and hence solubility
on the surface of liquid the solubility of of gas decreases.
gas in liquid increases. Ideal and Non-ideal Solution
(iii) As the temperature increases solubility According to Raoult's law there are two
of gas in liquid decreases. types of solution
 Factor affecting the solubility of a (i) Ideal Solution
solid in a liquid. (ii) Non-ideal Solution
(i) Nature of solute and solvent: - “Like Ideal Solution Non-Ideal Solution
dissolve like” i.e‟ polar compounds 1. The solution 1. The solution
dissolve in polar solvent and nonpolar which follows which do not
compound dissolve in nonpolar solvent. Raoults law at all follows Raoults law
conc. and temp. is at all conc. and
(ii) Effect of temp. :-
called ideal solution temp. is called non-
(a) The solubility may increase or decrease ideal solution.
with increase in temp. 2. 2.

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 OM SAI RAM
MARGDARSHAN CHEMISTRY CLASSES
By:- NEERAJ KUMAR ([Link]., 12th Dist. Topper) Mobile:- 7079340306
and solvent solvent
3. 3. (iii) Hmix = +ve (iii) Hmix = – ve
4. In ideal solution 4. like force always (iv) (iv)
like Force is always different from
equal to unlike unlike force. (v) (v)
force. i.e. In solution of A Example Example
i.e. In solution of A and B A-A and B-B (i) (a)
and B, A-A and B- interaction is (ii) (b)
B interaction is always differ to A- (c)
always equal to A- B interaction (iii)
B interaction.
5. For ideal solution 5. For non-ideal (iv)
change in heat is solution change in (v)
always equal to heat is not equal to
zero zero Solution
i.e. i.e.
There are two types of solution
6. For ideal solution 6. For non-ideal
change in volume is solution change in (i) Dilute solution: The solution in which
always equal to volume is not equal very less amount of solute is present as
zero to zero compare to solvent is called dilute
i.e. i.e. solution.
(ii) Concentrated Solution: The solution in
Ex (a) Ethyl Chloride + C2H5Br which large amount of solute present (not
(b) C6H6 + C6H5CH3 more than solvent)is called concentrated
(c) C6H14 + C6H16 solution.
(d) C6H5Cl + C6H5Br Based on the capacity of the solvent
There are two types of Non – ideal
➤ The solution in which more amount of
solution
(1) Non – ideal (2) Non – ideal solute can be dissolve without raise of
solution with +ve solution with –ve temp. is called unsaturated solution.
deviation. deviation.
➤ In an unsaturated solution the rate of
(i) The solution in (i) The solution in
which unlike force which unlike force is dissolution is much greater than the rate of
is weaker than like greater than like crystallisation.
force shows +ve force shows –ve ➤ Dissolution is the dissolving of the
deviation deviation
solute in solvent.
(ii) Vmix = +ve (ii) Vmix = –ve
i.e. Volume of i.e. Volume of
solution is more solution is less than
than sum of solute sum of solute and

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