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Science
Ch-5 Life Process
Life
Earth happens to be the only known planet having life. There are beings who live, die and
become part of nature again. The living organism can be differentiated from the inanimate
entities on various parameters of life processes.
Life Process
 The maintenance of living organisms is essential even if they are moving, resting or even sleeping.
 The processes which together perform the function of maintenance of ‘life’ are called as life
processes.
 Nutrition, respiration, circulation, and excretion are examples of essential life processes.
 In unicellular organisms, all these processes are carried out by a single cell.
 In multicellular organisms, well-developed systems are present to carry out the processes.

Life processes are the basic processes in living organisms which are necessary for maintaining their
life. The basic life processes are – nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.

i) Nutrition: is the process of taking food by an organism and its utilization by the body for life
processes.
ii) Respiration: is the process by which food is burnt in the cells of the body with the help of oxygen to
release energy.
iii) Transportation: is the process by which food, oxygen, water, waste products are carried from one part
of the body to the other,
iv) Excretion: is the process by which waste products are removed from the body.

Nutrition in Plants and Animals

 Nutrition: The process by which an organism takes food and utilizes it, is called nutrition.
 Need for Nutrition: Organisms need the energy to perform various activities. The energy is supplied
by the nutrients. Organisms need various raw materials for growth and repair. These raw materials are
provided by nutrients.
 Nutrients: Materials which provide nutrition to organisms are called nutrients. Carbohydrates,
proteins and fats are the main nutrients and are called macronutrients. Minerals and vitamins are
required in small amounts and hence are called micronutrients.

Modes of Nutrition
1. Autotrophic Nutrition. is nutrition in which organisms prepare their own food from simple
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inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. e.g.: -
all green plants and some bacteria.

2. Heterotrophic Nutrition. is nutrition in which organisms get their food directly or indirectly from
plants. E.g.: - all animals fungi and some bacteria. b) Types of heterotrophic nutrition: - There are
three main types of heterotrophic nutrition. They are saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic nutrition.

Types of heterotrophic nutrition: - There are three main types of heterotrophic nutrition. They are
saprophytic, parasitic and holozoic nutrition.

i) Saprophytic nutrition: - is nutrition in which organisms get their food from dead and decaying
organisms. They break down the food material outside their body and then absorbs it.
e.g.: - mushroom, bread mould, yeast, some bacteria etc.
ii) Parasitic nutrition: - is nutrition in which organisms get their food from living organisms (host)
without killing them.
e.g.: - cuscuta, orchids, ticks, lice, leeches, round worm, tape worm, plasmodium etc.
iii) Holozoic nutrition: - is nutrition in which organisms take food directly and then digests and absorbs
it.
e.g.: - amoeba, paramaecium, birds, fishes, humans etc.

Autotrophic Nutrition
The mode of nutrition in which an organism prepares its own food is called autotrophic
nutrition. Green plants and blue-green algae follow the autotrophic mode of nutrition.

 The organisms which carry out autotrophic nutrition are called autotrophs (green plants).
 Autotrophic nutrition is fulfilled by the process, by which autotrophs intake CO2 and H2O,
and convert these into carbohydrates in the presence of chlorophyll, sunlight is called
photosynthesis.

Raw Materials for Photosynthesis:

 Sunlight
 Chlorophyll: Sunlight absorbed by chloroplast
 CO2: Enters through stomata, and oxygen (O2) is released as a byproduct through stomata on
the leaf.
 Water: Water + dissolved minerals like nitrogen, phosphorous etc., are taken up by the roots
from the soil.
How do raw materials for photosynthesis become available to the plant?
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 Water comes from the soil, through the xylem tissue in roots and stems.
 Carbon dioxide comes in the leaves through stomata.

Site of Photosynthesis: Chloroplast in the leaf. Chloroplast contains chlorophyll (green pigment)

Main Events of Photosynthesis:

 Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.

 Conversion of light energy into chemical energy + splitting (breaking) of water into hydrogen
and oxygen.
 Reduction of CO2 to carbohydrates.
 Sunlight activates chlorophyll, which leads to splitting of the water molecule.
 The hydrogen, released by the splitting of a water molecule is utilized for the reduction of
carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates.
 Oxygen is the by-product of photosynthesis.
 Carbohydrate is subsequently converted into starch and is stored in leaves and other storage
parts.
 The splitting of water molecules is a part of the light reaction.
Stomata – Life Processes Class 10 Notes

 Stomata: These are tiny pores present in the epidermis of leaf or stem through which gaseous
exchange and transpiration occur.
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Functions of stomata
 Exchange of gases, O2 and CO2.
 Loses a large amount of water (water vapour) during transpiration.

Opening and closing of stomatal pores:

 The opening and closing of stomatal pores are controlled by the turgidity of guard cells.
 When guard cells uptake water from surrounding cells, they swell to become a turgid body,
which enlarges the pore in between (Stomatal Opening).
 While, when water is released, they become flaccid shrinking to close the pore (Stomatal
Closing).

Significance of Photosynthesis:

 Photosynthesis is the main way through which solar energy is made available for different
living beings.
 Green plants are the main producers of food in the ecosystem. All other organisms directly or
indirectly depend on green plants for food.
 The process of photosynthesis also helps in maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide and
oxygen in the air.
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Nutrition in Amoeba
 Amoeba is a unicellular animal which follows the holozoic mode of nutrition.
 In holozoic nutrition, the digestion of food follows after the ingestion of food. Thus, digestion
takes place inside the body of the organism.
 Holozoic nutrition happens in five steps, viz. ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation
and egestion.

Activity to show that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis: -

Take two potted plants of the same size and keep them in a dark room for three days so that all the starch is
used up. Then keep the plants on separate glass plates. Keep a watch glass containing some potassium
hydroxide near one plant to absorb carbon dioxide. Cover both the plants with bell jars and seal the bottom
of the jars with Vaseline to make it air tight. Keep the plants in sunlight for three hours. Then take a leaf
from each plant and test for starch. The leaf of the plant kept in the jar containing potassium hydroxide
does not show the presence of starch. This shows that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis.

Activity to show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis: -

Take a potted plant having variegated leaves (croton plant). Keep it in a dark room for three days so that all
the starch is used up. Then keep it in sunlight for 6 hours. Then take a leaf from the plant and mark the
green areas of the leaf on a sheet of paper. Then dip the leaf in boiling water to make it soft. Then dip the
leaf in alcohol and heat it in a water bath to decolourise it and remove the chlorophyll. Then wash the leaf
in water and dip it in dilute iodine solution. It will be seen that only the green parts of the leaf turn blue
black. This shows that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis.
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Human Digestive System

The human digestive system comprises of the alimentary canal and associated digestive
glands.

 Alimentary Canal: It comprises of mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large
intestine.
 Associated Glands: Main associated glands are
 Salivary gland
 Gastric Glands
 Liver
 Pancreas
Mouth or Buccal Cavity:

 The mouth has teeth and tongue. Salivary glands are also present in the mouth.
 The tongue has gustatory receptors which perceive the sense of taste.
 The tongue helps in turning over the food so that saliva can be properly mixed in it.
 Teeth help in breaking down the food into smaller particles so that, swallowing of food
becomes easier.
 There are four types of teeth in human beings. The incisor teeth (4) are used for cutting the
food.
 The canine teeth (2) are used for tearing the food and for cracking hard substances.
 The premolars (4) are used for the coarse grinding of food. The molars (6) are used for fine
grinding of food.

Salivary glands secrete saliva: Saliva makes the food slippery which makes it easy to swallow the
food. Saliva also contains the enzyme salivary amylase or ptyalin. Salivary amylase digests starch and
converts it into sucrose, (maltose).
Oesophagus: Taking food from mouth to stomach by Peristaltic movement.
Peristaltic movement: Rhythmic contraction of muscles of the lining of the alimentary canal
to push the food forward.
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Stomach
 Stomach is a bag-like organ. Highly muscular walls of the stomach help in churning the food.
 The walls of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid kills the germs which
may be present in food.
 Moreover, it makes the medium inside the stomach as acidic. The acidic medium is necessary
for gastric enzymes to work.
 The enzyme pepsin, secreted in the stomach, does partial digestion of protein.
 The mucus, secreted by the walls of the stomach saves the inner lining of the stomach from
getting damaged from hydrochloric acid.
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Small Intestine: It is a highly coiled tube-like structure. The small intestine is longer than the
large intestine but its lumen is smaller than that of the large intestine. The small intestine is
divided into three parts, like duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
Liver: Liver is the largest organ in the human body. The liver manufactures bile, which gets
stored in the gall bladder. From the gall bladder, bile is released as and when required.
Pancreas: Pancreas is situated below the stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice which contains
many digestive enzymes.
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Bile and pancreatic juice go to the duodenum through a hepatopancreatic duct. Bile breaks
down fat into smaller particles. This process is called emulsification of fat. After that, the
enzyme lipase digests fat into fatty acids and glycerol. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are
enzymes which digest protein into amino acids. Complex carbohydrates are digested into
glucose. The major part of digestion takes place in the duodenum.
No digestion takes place in the jejunum: The inner wall in the ileum is projected into
numerous finger-like structures, called villi. Villi increase the surface area inside the ileum so
that optimum absorption can take place. Moreover, villi also reduce the lumen of the ileum so
that food can stay for a longer duration in it, for optimum absorption. Digested food is
absorbed by villi.
Large Intestine:

 Large intestine is smaller than the small intestine.

 Undigested food goes into the large intestine.
 Some water and salt are absorbed by the walls of the large intestine. After that, the undigested
food goes to the rectum, from where it is expelled out through the anus.
 Large Intestine bbsorb excess of water. The rest of the material is removed from the body via
the anus. (Egestion).
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Respiration
Respiration is the process by which food is burnt in the cells of the body with the help of
oxygen to release energy. It takes place in the mitochondria of the cells.

The energy released during respiration is used to make ATP molecules (Adenosine tri
phosphate) from ADP molecules (Adenosine di phosphate) and inorganic phosphate.

Energy is stored in the cells in the form of ATP molecules. When the cells need energy, ATP
is broken down in the presence of water to form ADP and energy is released.

Types of respiration :-

There are two main types of respiration. They are aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

i) Aerobic respiration: - takes place in the presence of oxygen. It produces more energy.
The end products are carbon dioxide, water and energy. It takes place in most organisms.

In aerobic respiration glucose is converted into pyruvate in the cytoplasm in the presence of
oxygen and then in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide, water
and energy in the mitochondria.

ii) Anaerobic respiration :- takes place in the absence of oxygen. It produces less energy.
The end products are lactic acid or ethanol, carbon dioxide, and energy. It takes place in
muscle cells and yeast.

In anaerobic respiration in muscle cells, glucose is converted into pyruvate and in the absence
of oxygen pyruvate is converted into lactic acid and energy.
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In anaerobic respiration in yeast, glucose is converted into pyruvate and in the absence of
oxygen pyruvate is converted into ethanol, carbondioxide and energy. This process is called
fermentation.

Breakdown of glucose by various pathways: -

Pain in leg muscles while running:

 When someone runs too fast, he may experience throbbing pain in the leg muscles. This
happens because of anaerobic respiration taking place in the muscles.
 During running, the energy demand from the muscle cells increases. This is compensated by
anaerobic respiration and lactic acid is formed in the process.
 The deposition of lactic acid causes pain in the leg muscles. The pain subsides after taking
rest for some time.
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Exchange of gases:

 For aerobic respiration, organisms need a continuous supply of oxygen, and carbon dioxide
produced during the process needs to be removed from the body.
 Different organisms use different methods for the intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon
dioxide.
 Diffusion is the method which is utilized by unicellular and some simple organisms for this
purpose.
 In plants also, diffusion is utilized for exchange of gases.
 In complex animals, respiratory system does the job of exchange of gases.
 Gills are the respiratory organs for fishes. Fishes take in oxygen which is dissolved in water
through gills.
 Since, availability of oxygen is less in the aquatic environment, so the breathing rate of
aquatic organisms is faster.
 Insects have a system of spiracles and trachease which is used for taking in oxygen.
 Terrestrial organisms have developed lungs for exchange of gases.
 Availability of oxygen is not a problem in the terrestrial environment so breathing rate is
slower as compared to what it is in fishes.
Terrestrial organisms: Use atmospheric oxygen for respiration.
Aquatic organisms: Use dissolve oxygen for respiration.

Human respiratory system

The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs. These are attached to a system
of tubes which open on the outside through the nostrils.
Following are the main structures in the human respiratory system:

1. Nostrils: There are two nostrils which converge to form a nasal passage. The inner lining of
the nostrils is lined by hair and remains wet due to mucus secretion. The mucus and the hair
help in filtering the dust particles out from inhaled air. Further, air is warmed up when it
enters the nasal passage.
2. Pharynx: It is a tube-like structure which continues after the nasal passage.
3. Larynx: This part comes after the pharynx. This is also called voice box.
4. Trachea: This is composed of rings of cartilage. Cartilaginous rings prevent the collapse of
trachea in the absence of air.
5. Bronchi: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea, with one bronchus going to each
lung.
6. Bronchioles: A bronchus divides into branches and sub-branches inside the lung.
7. Alveoli: These are air sacs at the end of bronchioles. The alveolus is composed of a very thin
membrane and is the place where blood capillaries open. This is alveolus, where the oxygen
mixes with the blood and carbon dioxide exits from the blood. The exchange of gases, in
alveoli, takes place due to the pressure differential.
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Passage of air through the respiratory system in human beings:

Blood Capillaries
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Breathing Mechanism

 The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and the intercostals
muscles.
 The diaphragm is a membrane which separates the thoracic chamber from the abdominal
cavity.
When we breathe in air, the muscles of the diaphragm contracts and moves downward
and the chest cavity expands and air enters into the lungs.
When we breathe out air, the muscles of the diaphragm relax and moves upward and
the chest cavity contracts and air goes out of the lungs.
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Transportation
Circulatory system of human being, transportation in plants. Human beings like other
multicellular organism need a regular supply of foods, oxygen etc. This function is performed
by a circulatory system or transport system.
Transportation in Human Beings: The circulatory system is responsible for transport of
various substances in human beings. It is composed of the heart, arteries, veins and blood
capillaries. Blood plays the role of the carrier of substances.
Blood consists of a fluid medium called plasma in which the cells are suspended. Plasma
transports food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form. Oxygen is carried
by the red blood corpuscles. Many other substances like salts, are also transported by the
blood.
1. Heart: Heart is a muscular organ, which is composed of cardiac muscles.

 It is so small that, it can fit inside an adult’s wrist. The heart is a pumping organ which pumps
the blood.
 The human heart is composed of four chambers, viz. right atrium, right ventricle, left
ventricle and left atrium.
 Systole: Contraction of cardiac muscles is called systole.
 Diastole: Relaxation of cardiac muscles is called diastole.
 The upper chambers are called atria and the lower chambers are called ventricles. Since the
ventricles pump blood to the different organs its walls are thicker than the atria.
 The right and left chambers are separated by a septum. It prevents the mixing of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood The atria and ventricles have valves between them to prevent blood
flowing backward.
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2. Arteries:

 These are thick-walled blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood from the heart to
different organs.
 Pulmonary arteries are exceptions because they carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to
lungs, where oxygenation of blood takes place.
3. Veins:

 These are thin-walled blood vessels which carry deoxygenated blood from different organs to
the heart, pulmonary veins are exceptions because they carry oxygenated blood from lungs to
the heart.
 Valves are present in veins to prevent back flow of blood.

4. Capillaries: - are very narrow blood vessels which connects arteries and veins together.
The exchange of food, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide etc. between the blood and cells take
place through the capillaries.
5. Blood: Blood is a connective tissue which plays the role of the carrier for various
substances in the body. Blood is composed of 1. Plasma 2. Blood cells 3. Platelets.

 Blood plasma: Blood plasma is a pale coloured liquid which is mostly composed of water.
Blood plasma forms the matrix of blood.
 Bloods cells: There are two types of blood cells, viz. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and White
Blood Cells (WBCs).
(a) Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs): These are of red colour because of the presence of
haemoglobin which is a pigment. Haemoglobin readily combines with oxygen and carbon
dioxide. The transport of oxygen happens through haemoglobin. Some part of carbon dioxide
is also transported through haemoglobin.
(b) White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs): These are of pale white colour. They play important
role in the immunity.
 Platelets: Platelets are responsible for blood coagulation. Blood coagulation is a defence
mechanism which prevents excess loss of blood, in case of an injury.
6. Lymph:
 Lymph is similar to blood but RBCs are absent in lymph.
 Lymph is formed from the fluid which leaks from blood capillaries and goes to the
intercellular space in the tissues. This fluid is collected through lymph vessels and finally
return to the blood capillaries.
 Lymph also plays an important role in the immune system.
 Lymph yellowish fluids escape from the blood capillaries into the intercellular spaces contain
less proteins than blood.
 Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation and destroying germs.
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Working of the heart (Circulation of blood): -

When the left atrium relaxes oxygenated blood from the lungs flows into it through the
pulmonary vein. When it contracts, the left ventricle expands and the blood flows into it.
Then the left ventricle contracts and the oxygenated blood is pumped out through the aorta to
all parts of the body. After circulating through all parts of the body the deoxygenated blood
enters the right atrium through the vena cava. When the right atrium contracts, the right
ventricle expands and the blood flows into it. Then the right ventricle contracts and the blood
is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. In the lungs carbon dioxide is removed
and oxygen is absorbed and the oxygenated blood again enters the left atrium and the process
repeats. Since blood flows through the heart twice in one cycle, it is called double circulation.
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Transportation in plants
Plants have specialized vascular tissues for transportation of substances. There are two types
of vascular tissues in plants.

 Xylem: Xylem is responsible for transportation of water and minerals. It is composed of

tracheid, xylem vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibre. Tracheid and xylem vessels are
the conducting elements. The xylem makes a continuous tube in plants which runs from roots
to stem and right up to the veins of leaves.
 Water and minerals enter the roots by diffusion.
 Carry water and minerals from the leaves to the other part of the plant.
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 Phloem: Phloem is responsible for transportation of food. Phloem is composed of sieve

tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and bast fibres. Sieve tubes are the conducting
elements in phloem.
 Carries product of photosynthesis from roots to other part of the plant.
 Water and minerals enter the roots by diffusion.

Ascent of sap: The upward movement of water and minerals from roots to different plant
parts is called ascent of sap. Many factors are at play in ascent of sap and it takes place in
many steps. They are explained as follows :

 Root pressure: The walls of cells of root hairs are very thin. Water from soil enters the root
hairs because of osmosis. Root pressure is responsible for movement of water up to the base
of the stem.
 Capillary action: A very fine tube is called capillaiy, water, or any liquid, rises in the
capillary because of physical forces and this phenomenon is called capillary action. Water, in
stem, rises up to some height because of capillaiy action.
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 Adhesion-cohesion of water molecules: Water molecules make a continuous column in the

xylem because of forces of adhesion and cohesion among the molecules.
 Transpiration pull: Loss of water vapour through stomata and lenticels, in plants, is called
transpiration. Transpiration through stomata creates vacuum which creates a suction, called
transpiration pull. The transpiration pull sucks the water column from the xylem tubes and
thus, water is able to rise to great heights in even the tallest plants.
 Transport of food: Transport of food in plants happens because of utilization of energy.
Thus, unlike the transport through xylem, it is a form of active transport. Moreover, the flow
of substances through phloem takes place in both directions, i.e., it is a two-way traffic in
phloem.
Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the plant.
Functions

 Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating pull.

 Helps in temperature regulation in plant.
Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different parts of the plant is called
Translocation.
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Excretion
Excretion is the process by which the waste products produced during metabolic
activities is removed from the body. In unicellular organism the waste products are
removed from the cells into the surroundings by diffusion. In multicellular organisms
the waste prducts are removed through specialised organs.

Excretion in Human beings

The excretory system consists of a pair of kidneys , a pair of ureters, urinary bladder
and urethra. Each kidney has a number of excretory units called nephrons.

 The human excretory system is composed of a pair of kidneys.

 A tube, called ureter, comes out of each kidney and goes to the urinary bladder.
 Urine is collected in the urinary bladder, from where it is expelled out through urethra as and
when required.
Kidney:
 Kidney is a bean-shaped organ which lies near the vertebral column in the abdominal cavity
one on either side of the backbone.
 The kidney is composed of many filtering units, called nephrons.
 Nephron is called the functional unit of kidney.

Nephron

 It is composed of a tangled mess of tubes and a filtering part, called glomerulus.

 The glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries to which renal artery is attached.
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 The artery which takes blood to the glomerulus is called afferent arteriole and the one
receiving blood from the glomerulus is called efferent arteriole.
 The glomerulus is enclosed in a capsule like portion, called bowman’s capsule. The
bowman’s capsule extends into a fine tube which is highly coiled.
 Tubes from various nephrons converge into collecting duct, which finally goes to the ureter.

Urine formation in the kidney: The urine formation involves three steps:

 Glomerular filtration: Nitrogenous wastes, glucose, water, amino acid filter from the blood
into bowman’s capsule of the nephron.
 Tubular reabsorption: Now, useful substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed back by
capillaries surrounding the nephron.
 Secretion: Extra water, salts are secreted into the tubule which opens up into the collecting
duct and then into the ureter.
Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder where it is
stored until it is released through the urethra.
The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood i.e., urea which is
produced in the liver.
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Haemodialysis: The process of purifying blood by an artificial kidney. It is meant for kidney
failure patient.

Excretion in plants :-
In plants the gaseous waste products produced during respiration (CO2) and photosynthesis
(O2) are removed through the stomata. Excess water is removed through the stomata. This
process is called transpiration. Some waste products are stored in the leaves and removed
when the leaves dry and fall off. Some waste products are stored in vacuoles. Some waste
products like gums and resins are stored in the old xylem cells. Some waste products are
removed through the roots.