Questions

[Link].TZ1.2
Powdered zinc was reacted with 25.00 cm3 of 1.000 mol dm−3 copper(II) sulfate
solution in an insulated beaker. Temperature was plotted against time.

a(i). Estimate the time at which the powdered zinc was placed in the beaker. [1]

a(ii). State what point Y on the graph represents. [1]

b(i).

The maximum temperature used to calculate the enthalpy of reaction was chosen
at a point on the extrapolated (dotted) line.

State the maximum temperature which should be used and outline one assumption
made in choosing this temperature on the extrapolated line.

Maximum temperature: Assumption: [2]

b(ii).

To determine the enthalpy of reaction the experiment was carried out five times.
The same volume and concentration of copper(II) sulfate was used but the mass of
zinc was different each time. Suggest, with a reason, if zinc or copper(II) sulfate
should be in excess for each trial.

[1]

b(iii).
 The formula q = mcΔT was used to calculate the energy released. The values used
in the calculation were m = 25.00 g, c = 4.18 J g−1 K−1.

State an assumption made when using these values for m and c.

[2]

b(iv).

Predict, giving a reason, how the final enthalpy of reaction calculated from this
experiment would compare with the theoretical value.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.1
Xylene is a derivative of benzene. One isomer is 1,4-dimethylbenzene.

Bromine reacts with alkanes.

a.

State the number of 1H NMR signals for this isomer of xylene and the ratio in which
they appear.

Number of signals: Ratio: [2]

b.

Draw the structure of one other isomer of xylene which retains the benzene ring.

[1]
 c(i). Identify the initiation step of the reaction and its conditions. [2]

c(ii).

1,4-dimethylbenzene reacts as a substituted alkane. Draw the structures of the two

products of the overall reaction when one molecule of bromine reacts with one
molecule of 1,4-dimethylbenzene.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.10
Ascorbic acid and retinol are two important vitamins.
Explain why ascorbic acid is soluble in water and retinol is not. Use section 35 of the
data booklet.

[2]

(a) The melting points of cocoa butter and coconut oil are 34 °C and 25 °C respectively.
Explain this in terms of their saturated fatty acid composition.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.13
(b)

Show that, for combustion of equal masses of fuel, ethanol ( M r = 46 g mol −1 ) has a
lower carbon footprint than octane ( M r = 114 g mol −1 ).

[3]

(c)

Biodiesel containing ethanol can be made from renewable resources.

Suggest one environmental disadvantage of producing biodiesel from renewable
resources.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.4
This question is about peroxides.

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen when a catalyst such as

potassium iodide, KI, is added.
KI
2H2O2 (aq) → O2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
a.

Suggest why many chemicals, including hydrogen peroxide, are kept in brown
bottles instead of clear colourless bottles.

[1]

b(i).

In a laboratory experiment solutions of potassium iodide and hydrogen peroxide

were mixed and the volume of oxygen generated was recorded. The volume was
adjusted to 0 at t = 0.

The data for the first trial is given below.

Plot a graph on the axes below and from it determine the average rate of formation
of oxygen gas in cm3 O2 (g) s−1.
 Average rate of reaction: [3]

b(ii).

Additional experiments were carried out at an elevated temperature. On the axes

below, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves at two temperatures
T1 and T2, where T2 > T1.

[2]

b(iii).
 Apart from a greater frequency of collisions, explain, by annotating your graphs in
(b)(ii), why an increased temperature causes the rate of reaction to increase.

[2]

b(iv).

MnO2 is another possible catalyst for the reaction. State the IUPAC name for MnO2.

[1]

c.

Comment on why peracetic acid, CH3COOOH, is always sold in solution with

ethanoic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

H2O2 (aq) + CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ CH3COOOH (aq) + H2O (l) [1]

d.

Sodium percarbonate, 2Na2CO3•3H2O2, is an adduct of sodium carbonate and

hydrogen peroxide and is used as a cleaning agent.

Mr (2Na2CO3•3H2O2) = 314.04

Calculate the percentage by mass of hydrogen peroxide in sodium percarbonate,

giving your answer to two decimal places.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.5
Both vinegar (a dilute aqueous solution of ethanoic acid) and bleach are used as
cleaning agents.

Bleach reacts with ammonia, also used as a cleaning agent, to produce the poisonous
compound chloramine, NH2Cl.

a. Outline why ethanoic acid is classified as a weak acid. [1]

b.

A solution of bleach can be made by reacting chlorine gas with a sodium hydroxide
solution.

Cl2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) ⇌ NaOCl (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Suggest, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, why it is dangerous to mix

vinegar and bleach together as cleaners.

[3]

c(i). Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloramine. [1]

 c(ii).

Deduce the molecular geometry of chloramine and estimate its H–N–H bond angle.

Molecular geometry: H–N–H bond angle: [2]

[Link].TZ1.6
This question is about iron.

a. State the nuclear symbol notation, AZ X, for iron-54. [1]

b. Mass spectrometry analysis of a sample of iron gave the following results:

Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of this sample of iron to two decimal places.

[2]

c. An iron nail and a copper nail are inserted into a lemon.

Explain why a potential is detected when the nails are connected through a
voltmeter.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.8
(a)

Draw a circle around the functional group formed between the amino acids and state its
name.
 Name:

[2]

(c)

Calculate the energy released, in kJ g −1 , when 3.49 g of starch are completely

combusted in a calorimeter, increasing the temperature of 975 g of water from 21.0 °C
to 36.0 °C. Use section 1 of the data booklet.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.13
(a) State one greenhouse gas, other than carbon dioxide. [1]

(c) Outline one approach to controlling industrial emissions of carbon dioxide. [1]

[Link].TZ2.2
The thermal decomposition of dinitrogen monoxide occurs according to the equation:

2N2O (g) → 2N2 (g) + O2 (g)

The reaction can be followed by measuring the change in total pressure, at constant
temperature, with time.

The x-axis and y-axis are shown with arbitrary units.

a.

Explain why, as the reaction proceeds, the pressure increases by the amount
shown.

[2]

b.

Outline, in terms of collision theory, how a decrease in pressure would affect the
rate of reaction.

[2]

c.

The experiment is repeated using the same amount of dinitrogen monoxide in the
same apparatus, but at a lower temperature.

Sketch, on the axes in question 2, the graph that you would expect. [2]

d.

The experiment gave an error in the rate because the pressure gauge was
inaccurate. Outline whether repeating the experiment, using the same apparatus,
and averaging the results would reduce the error.

[1]

e.

The graph below shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies

at a particular temperature.
 The rate at which dinitrogen monoxide decomposes is significantly increased by a
metal oxide catalyst.

Annotate and use the graph to outline why a catalyst has this effect. [2]

[Link].TZ2.3
Dinitrogen monoxide, N2O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.

Different sources of N2O have different ratios of 14N:15N.

a. Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important. [1]

b(i).

State one analytical technique that could be used to determine the ratio of 14N:15N.

[1]

b(ii).

A sample of gas was enriched to contain 2 % by mass of 15N with the remainder
being 14N.

Calculate the relative molecular mass of the resulting N2O. [2]

b(iii).

Predict, giving two reasons, how the first ionization energy of 15N compares with
that of 14N.

[2]

c.

Suggest why it is surprising that dinitrogen monoxide dissolves in water to give a

neutral solution.
 [1]

[Link].TZ2.4
Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.

One chloride of rhenium has the empirical formula ReCl3.

a.

Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its
properties.

Suggest the basis of these predictions. [2]

b.

Describe how the relative reactivity of rhenium, compared to silver, zinc, and
copper, can be established using pieces of rhenium and solutions of these metal
sulfates.

[2]

c(i). State the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules. [1]

c(ii). Calculate the percentage, by mass, of rhenium in ReCl3. [2]

[Link].TZ2.5
Carbonated water is produced when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under
pressure.

The following equilibria are established.

Carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid.

Soda water has sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3, dissolved in the carbonated

water.

a(i). Distinguish between a weak and strong acid. Weak acid: Strong acid:

[1]

a(ii).
 The hydrogencarbonate ion, produced in Equilibrium (2), can also act as an acid.

State the formula of its conjugate base. [1]

a(iii).

When a bottle of carbonated water is opened, these equilibria are disturbed.

State, giving a reason, how a decrease in pressure affects the position of

Equilibrium (1).

[1]

b(i).

Predict, referring to Equilibrium (2), how the added sodium hydrogencarbonate

affects the pH.(Assume pressure and temperature remain constant.)

[2]

b(ii). 100.0 cm3 of soda water contains 3.0 × 10−2 g NaHCO3.

Calculate the concentration of NaHCO3 in mol dm−3. [2]

b(iii). Identify the type of bonding in sodium hydrogencarbonate.

Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:

Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate: [2]

[Link].TZ2.6
(a) Draw the repeating unit of polyphenylethene. [1]

(b) Determine the density of calcium, in g cm −3 , using section 2 of the data booklet.
Ar = 40.08; metallic radius (r) = 1.97 × 10 −10 m

[3]

(c(i))

Suggest two reasons why oil decomposes faster at the surface of the ocean than at
greater depth.

[2]

(c(ii))

Oil spills can be treated with an enzyme mixture to speed up decomposition.

Outline one factor to be considered when assessing the greenness of an enzyme
mixture.

[1]
 (e)

The minor product, C 6 H 5 –CH 2 –CH 2 Br, can be directly converted to an intermediate
compound, X , which can then be directly converted to the acid C 6 H 5 –CH 2 –COOH.
C 6 H 5 –CH 2 –CH 2 Br → X → C 6 H 5 –CH 2 –COOH
Identify X .

[1]

[Link].TZ2.9
The regular rise and fall of sea levels, known as tides, can be used to generate energy.
State one advantage, other than limiting greenhouse gas emissions, and one
disadvantage of tidal power.
Advantage:
Disadvantage:

[2]

(d(i))

Suggest two reasons why oil decomposes faster at the surface of the ocean than at
greater depth.

[2]

(d(ii))

Oil spills can be treated with an enzyme mixture to speed up decomposition.

Outline one factor to be considered when assessing the greenness of an enzyme
mixture.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.1
A student investigated how the type of acid in acid deposition affects limestone, a
building material mainly composed of calcium carbonate.

The student monitored the mass of six similarly sized pieces of limestone. Three were
placed in beakers containing 200.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 nitric acid, HNO3 (aq), and
the other three in 200.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 sulfuric acid, H2SO4 (aq).

The limestone was removed from the acid, washed, dried with a paper towel and
weighed every day at the same time and then replaced in the beakers.

The student plotted the mass of one of the pieces of limestone placed in nitric acid
against time.
 [Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

The student hypothesized that sulfuric acid would cause a larger mass loss than nitric
acid.

a. Draw a best-fit line on the graph. [1]

b(i).

Determine the initial rate of reaction of limestone with nitric acid from the graph.

Show your working on the graph and include the units of the initial rate. [3]

b(ii).

Explain why the rate of reaction of limestone with nitric acid decreases and reaches
zero over the period of five days.

[2]

b(iii).

Suggest a source of error in the procedure, assuming no human errors occurred

and the balance was accurate.

[1]

c(i). Justify this hypothesis. [1]

c(ii). The student obtained the following total mass losses.

She concluded that nitric acid caused more mass loss than sulfuric acid, which did
not support her hypothesis.

Suggest an explanation for the data, assuming that no errors were made by the
student.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.2
Ethanol was electrolysed at different voltages. The products at the anode, ethanoic acid,
ethanal and carbon dioxide, were collected and analysed.

The percentages of products obtained using three different catalysts mounted on a

carbon anode, platinum (Pt/C), platinum and ruthenium alloy (PtRu/C) and platinum and
tin alloy (PtSn/C) are shown.
 Chemical yields of ethanoic acid, ethanal and carbon dioxide as a function of voltage for
oxidation of 0.100 mol dm−3 ethanol at Pt/C, PtRu/C and PtSn/C anodes at 80°C.

[Source: Product Distributions and Efficiencies for Ethanol Oxidation in a Proton

Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell, Rakan M. Altarawneh and Peter G. Pickup, Journal
of the Electrochemical Society, 2017, volume 164, issue 7, [Link]
Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY,
[Link]

a(i). Describe the effect of increasing the voltage on the chemical yield of:

Ethanal using Pt/C: Carbon dioxide using PtRu/C: [2]

a(ii). Determine the change in the average oxidation state of carbon.

From ethanol to ethanal: From ethanol to carbon dioxide: [2]

a(iii). List the three products at the anode from the least to the most oxidized.

[1]

b.

Deduce, giving your reason, which catalyst is most effective at fully oxidizing
ethanol.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.1
The equations show steps in the formation and decomposition of ozone in the
stratosphere, some of which absorb ultraviolet light.
 Step 1 O2 → 2O•

Step 2 O• + O2 → O3

Step 3 O3 → O• + O2

Step 4 O• + O3 → 2O2

a. Draw the Lewis structures of oxygen, O2, and ozone, O3. [2]

b.

Outline why both bonds in the ozone molecule are the same length and predict
the bond length in the ozone molecule. Refer to section 10 of the data booklet.

Reason: Length: [2]

c.

Distinguish ultraviolet light from visible light in terms of wavelength and energy.

[1]

d.

Discuss how the different bond strengths between the oxygen atoms in O2 and O3
in the ozone layer affect radiation reaching the Earth’s surface.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.16
(a) Discuss the data. [3]

(b) Outline what is meant by the degradation of energy. [1]

[Link].TZ0.2
The biochemical oxygen demand of a water sample can be determined by the following
series of reactions. The final step is titration of the sample with sodium thiosulfate
solution, Na2S2O3 (aq).

2Mn2+ (aq) + O2 (aq) + 4OH− (aq) → 2MnO2 (s) + 2H2O (l)

MnO2 (s) + 2I− (aq) + 4H+ (aq) → Mn2+ (aq) + I2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

2S2O32− (aq) + I2 (aq) → 2I− (aq) + S4O62− (aq)

A student analysed two 300.0 cm3 samples of water taken from the school pond: one
immediately (day 0), and the other after leaving it sealed in a dark cupboard for five
 days (day 5). The following results were obtained for the titration of the samples with
0.0100 mol dm−3 Na2S2O3 (aq).

a(i). Determine the mole ratio of S2O32− to O2, using the balanced equations. [1]

a(ii). Calculate the number of moles of oxygen in the day 0 sample. [2]

a(iii). The day 5 sample contained 5.03 × 10−5 moles of oxygen.

Determine the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand of the pond, in mg dm−3 (“parts
per million”, ppm).

[2]

b(i). Calculate the percentage uncertainty of the day 5 titre. [1]

b(ii).

Suggest a modification to the procedure that would make the results more reliable.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.4
A molecule of citric acid, C6H8O7, is shown.

The equation for the first dissociation of citric acid in water is

C6H8O7 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ C6H7O7− (aq) + H3O+ (aq)

a(i). Identify a conjugate acid–base pair in the equation. [1]

a(ii).

The value of the equilibrium constant for the first dissociation at 298 K is 5.01 ×
10−4.

State, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid. [1]

 a(iii).

The dissociation of citric acid is an endothermic process. State the effect on the
hydrogen ion concentration, [H+], and on the equilibrium constant, of increasing
the temperature.

[2]

b.

Outline one laboratory methods of distinguishing between solutions of citric acid

and hydrochloric acid of equal concentration, stating the expected observations.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.6
Automobile air bags inflate by a rapid decomposition reaction. One typical compound
used is guanidinium nitrate, C(NH2)3NO3, which decomposes very rapidly to form
nitrogen, water vapour and carbon.

a(i). Deduce the equation for the decomposition of guanidinium nitrate. [1]

a(ii).

Calculate the total number of moles of gas produced from the decomposition of
10.0 g of guanidinium nitrate.

[1]

a(iii).

Calculate the pressure, in kPa, of this gas in a 10.0 dm3 air bag at 127°C, assuming
no gas escapes.

[1]

a(iv).

Suggest why water vapour deviates significantly from ideal behaviour when the
gases are cooled, while nitrogen does not.

[2]

b. Another airbag reactant produces nitrogen gas and sodium.

Suggest, including an equation, why the products of this reactant present a safety
hazard.
 [2]

[Link].TZ0.1
In order to determine the oil content of different types of potato crisps (chips), a student
weighed 5 . 00 g of crushed crisps and mixed them with 20 . 0 cm3 of non-polar solvent.

She assumed all the oil in the crisps dissolved in the solvent.

The student then filtered the mixture to remove any solids, and gently heated the
solution on a hot plate to evaporate the solvent.

She measured the mass of the oil that remained from each type of crisps

a. Suggest why a non-polar solvent was needed. [1]

b. State one reason why the mixture was not heated strongly. [1]

c.

Non-polar solvents can be toxic. Suggest a modification to the experiment which

allows the evaporated solvent to be collected.

[1]

d.

Suggest one source of error in the experiment, excluding faulty apparatus and
human error, that would lead to the following:

[2]

[Link].TZ0.18
(a(ii)) The vapour pressure of pure ethanal at 20 ° C is 101 kPa . [1]
Calculate the vapour pressure of ethanal above the liquid mixture at 20 ° C .
 (b) Describe how this mixture is separated by fractional distillation. [2]

[Link].TZ0.2
An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of chain length of the alcohol
on the equilibrium constant, 𝐾c , for the reversible reaction:
H+ aq
ROH + CH3 COOH ⇌ CH3 COOR + H2 O

The reactants, products and the catalyst form a homogeneous mixture.

Fixed volumes of each alcohol, the ethanoic acid and the sulfuric acid catalyst were
placed in sealed conical flasks.

At equilibrium, the flasks were placed in an ice bath, and samples of each flask titrated
with NaOH ( aq ) to determine the ethanoic acid concentration present in the
equilibrium mixture.

The following processed results were obtained.

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2020

a. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment.

[1]

b.
 The ice bath is used at equilibrium to slow down the forward and reverse
reactions. Explain why adding a large amount of water to the reaction mixture
would also slow down both reactions.

[2]

c.

Suggest why the titration must be conducted quickly even though a low
temperature is maintained.

[1]

d.

An additional experiment was conducted in which only the sulfuric acid catalyst
was titrated with NaOH ( aq ) . Outline why this experiment was necessary.

[1]

e.

Calculate the percentage uncertainty and percentage error in the experimentally

determined value of 𝐾c for methanol.

[2]

f.

Comment on the magnitudes of random and systematic errors in this experiment

using the answers in (e).

[2]

g. Suggest a risk of using sulfuric acid as the catalyst. [1]

[Link].TZ0.11
(a)
 Calculate the energy released, in kJ , from the complete combustion of 5 . 00 dm3 of
ethanol.

[1]

(c)

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of gasoline as fuel
for a car. Exclude any discussion of cost.

[4]

(d)

A mixture of gasoline and ethanol is often used as a fuel. Suggest an advantage of such a
mixture over the use of pure gasoline. Exclude any discussion of cost.

[1]

(e(ii))

Methane is another greenhouse gas. Contrast the reasons why methane and carbon
dioxide are considered significant greenhouse gases.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.9
(a)

Calculate the energy released, in kJ , from the complete combustion of 5 . 00 dm3 of

ethanol.
 [1]

(c)

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of gasoline as fuel
for a car. Exclude any discussion of cost.

[4]

(d)

A mixture of gasoline and ethanol is often used as a fuel. Suggest an advantage of such a
mixture over the use of pure gasoline. Exclude any discussion of cost.

[1]

(f(ii))

Methane is another greenhouse gas. Contrast the reasons why methane and carbon
dioxide are considered significant greenhouse gases.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.1
Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.

Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.

The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron
(III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.

a. Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity. [1]

 b.

Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving two of its chemical

properties.

[2]

c(i). Describe the bonding in this type of solid. [2]

c(ii). State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion. [1]

c(iii).

Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide
ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.

[1]

c(iv).

Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent
and metallic.

[1]

d(i). Write the equation for this reaction. [1]

d(ii). Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur. [1]

d(iii). Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns. [1]

e.

Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal
harder.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.2
Iron (II) sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen sulfide, H2S.

In aqueous solution, hydrogen sulfide acts as an acid.

a(i). Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of hydrogen sulfide. [1]

a(ii). Predict the shape of the hydrogen sulfide molecule. [1]

b(i). State the formula of its conjugate base. [1]

b(ii).
 Saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide has a concentration of 0.10 mol dm−3 and a
pH of 4.0. Demonstrate whether it is a strong or weak acid.

[1]

b(iii).

Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration in saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide.

[1]

c.

A gaseous sample of nitrogen, contaminated only with hydrogen sulfide, was

reacted with excess sodium hydroxide solution at constant temperature. The
volume of the gas changed from 550 cm3 to 525 cm3.

Determine the mole percentage of hydrogen sulfide in the sample, stating one
assumption you made.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.3
Magnetite, Fe3O4, is another ore of iron that contains both Fe2+ and Fe3+.

Iron exists as several isotopes.

In acidic solution, hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, will oxidize Fe2+.

Fe2+ (aq) → Fe3+ (aq) + e−

a. Deduce the ratio of Fe2+:Fe3+ in Fe3O4. [1]

b(i).

State the type of spectroscopy that could be used to determine their relative
abundances.
 [1]

b(ii). State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each species.

[2]

c.

Iron has a relatively small specific heat capacity; the temperature of a 50 g sample
rises by 44.4°C when it absorbs 1 kJ of heat energy.

Determine the specific heat capacity of iron, in J g−1 K−1. Use section 1 of the data
booklet.

[1]

d(i).

Write the half-equation for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water in acidic
solution.

[1]

d(ii).

Deduce a balanced equation for the oxidation of Fe2+ by acidified hydrogen

peroxide.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.5
Ethanol is obtained by the hydration of ethene, C2H4.

a(i). State the class of compound to which ethene belongs. [1]

a(ii).

State the molecular formula of the next member of the homologous series to which
ethene belongs.

[1]

b. Justify why ethene has only a single signal in its 1H NMR spectrum. [1]

c.
 Suggest two possible products of the incomplete combustion of ethene that
would not be formed by complete combustion.

[1]

d. A white solid was formed when ethene was subjected to high pressure.

Deduce the type of reaction that occurred. [1]

[Link].TZ1.6
When dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, is heated the colourless gas undergoes thermal
decomposition to produce brown nitrogen dioxide:
1
N2O5 (g) → 2NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
2

Data for the decomposition at constant temperature is given.

a. Suggest how the extent of decomposition could be measured. [1]

b(i). Plot the missing point on the graph and draw the best-fit line.
 [2]

b(ii).

Deduce the relationship between the concentration of N2O5 and the rate of
reaction.

[1]

b(iii).

Outline why increasing the concentration of N2O5 increases the rate of reaction.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.1
Limestone can be converted into a variety of useful commercial products through the
lime cycle. Limestone contains high percentages of calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
The second step of the lime cycle produces calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2.

Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to reform calcium carbonate.

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)

a. Calcium carbonate is heated to produce calcium oxide, CaO.

CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at STP when 555 g of calcium
carbonate decomposes. Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.

[2]

b. Thermodynamic data for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is given.

Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH, in kJ, for the decomposition of
calcium carbonate.

[2]

c(i).

The potential energy profile for a reaction is shown. Sketch a dotted line labelled
“Catalysed” to indicate the effect of a catalyst.

[1]

c(ii). Outline why a catalyst has such an effect. [1]

d(i).
 Write the equation for the reaction of Ca(OH)2 (aq) with hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq).

[1]

d(ii).

Determine the volume, in dm3, of 0.015 mol dm−3 calcium hydroxide solution
needed to neutralize 35.0 cm3 of 0.025 mol dm−3 HCl (aq).

[2]

d(iii).

Saturated calcium hydroxide solution is used to test for carbon dioxide. Calculate
the pH of a 2.33 × 10−2 mol dm−3 solution of calcium hydroxide, a strong base.

[2]

e(i).

Determine the mass, in g, of CaCO3 (s) produced by reacting 2.41 dm3 of 2.33 ×
10−2 mol dm−3 of Ca(OH)2 (aq) with 0.750 dm3 of CO2 (g) at STP.

[2]

e(ii).

2.85 g of CaCO3 was collected in the experiment in e(i). Calculate the percentage
yield of CaCO3.

(If you did not obtain an answer to e(i), use 4.00 g, but this is not the correct
value.)

[1]

f.

Outline how one calcium compound in the lime cycle can reduce a problem
caused by acid deposition.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.2
The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic table.

a(i). Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al. [2]

a(ii). Explain the decrease in radius from Na to Na+. [2]

b(i). State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3+.

 [2]

b(ii). Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical conductivity.

[3]

c.

Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of sulfur
dichloride, SCl2.

[2]

d. Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl2 and H2O. [3]

e. Consider the following equilibrium reaction: 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g)

State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume
of the reaction container at a constant temperature.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.7
(a) State the equilibrium constant expression, K c , for the reaction above. [1]

(b)

State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume of the
reaction container at a constant temperature.

[3]
[Link].TZ0.2
Explain the general increase in trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3
elements, Na to Ar.

[Link].TZ0.3
White phosphorus is an allotrope of phosphorus and exists as P4.

An equilibrium exists between PCl3 and PCl5.

PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) ⇌ PCl5 (g)

a(i).

Sketch the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the P4 molecule, containing only single
bonds.

[1]

a(ii).

Write an equation for the reaction of white phosphorus (P4) with chlorine gas to
form phosphorus trichloride (PCl3).

[1]

b(i).

Deduce the electron domain and molecular geometry using VSEPR theory, and
estimate the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl3.

[3]

b(ii). Explain the polarity of PCl3. [1]

c(i).

Calculate the standard enthalpy change (ΔH⦵) for the forward reaction in kJ mol−1.
 ΔH⦵f PCl3 (g) = −306.4 kJ mol−1 ΔH⦵f PCl5 (g) = −398.9 kJ mol−1 [1]

c(ii). State the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. [1]

c(iii).

State, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of this
equilibrium.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.5
Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, can undergo stepwise neutralization, forming amphiprotic
species.

a.

Formulate an equation for the reaction of one mole of phosphoric acid with one
mole of sodium hydroxide.

[1]

b. Formulate two equations to show the amphiprotic nature of H2PO4−. [2]

c.

Calculate the concentration of H3PO4 if 25.00 cm3 is completely neutralised by the

addition of 28.40 cm3 of 0.5000 mol dm−3 NaOH.

[2]

d.

Outline the reason that sodium hydroxide is considered a Brønsted–Lowry base.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.7
Alkanes undergo combustion and substitution.

a.

Determine the molar enthalpy of combustion of an alkane if 8.75 × 10−4 moles are
burned, raising the temperature of 20.0 g of water by 57.3 °C.

[2]

b.
 Formulate equations for the two propagation steps and one termination step in the
formation of chloroethane from ethane.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.8
Fast moving helium nuclei (4He2+) were fired at a thin piece of gold foil with most
passing undeflected but a few deviating largely from their path. The diagram illustrates
this historic experiment.

Figure from PPLATO / FLAP (Flexible Learning Approach To Physics),

[Link]
phys8_1.html#top 1996 The Open University and The University of Reading.

a. Suggest what can be concluded about the gold atom from this experiment.

[2]

b(i).
 Subsequent experiments showed electrons existing in energy levels occupying
various orbital shapes.

Sketch diagrams of 1s, 2s and 2p.

[2]

b(ii). State the electron configuration of copper. [1]

[Link].TZ0.9
(a)

Suggest what can be concluded about the gold atom from this experiment.

[2]

(b(i))

Subsequent experiments showed electrons existing in energy levels occupying various

orbital shapes.
Sketch diagrams of 1s, 2s and 2p.
 [2]

(b(ii)) State the electron configuration of copper. [1]

[Link].TZ1.1
When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.

The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was
recorded:

Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g

Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g

Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g

When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium
nitride according to the equation:

3 Mg (s) + N2 (g) → Mg3N2 (s)

The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the

product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.

Most nitride ions are 14N3–.

a(i). Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs. [1]

a(ii). State the block of the periodic table in which magnesium is located. [1]

a(iii).

Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does not form a basic
oxide.

[1]
b(i). Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used. [1]

b(ii). Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.

[2]

b(iii).

Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion,
but some product has been lost from the crucible. Deduce the percentage yield of
magnesium oxide in the crucible.

[2]

c(i).

Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found
in (b)(iii).

[1]

c(ii).

Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or
reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).

[1]

d(i). Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.

__ Mg3N2 (s) + __ H2O (l) → __ Mg(OH)2 (s) + __ NH3 (aq) [1]

d(ii). Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg3N2 and in NH3.

[1]

d(iii).

Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is
an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.
 [2]

e(i). State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.

[1]

e(ii).

Some nitride ions are 15N3–. State the term that describes the relationship between
14N3– and 15N3–.

[1]

e(iii).

The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same
electron configuration). Determine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic
radius.

[1]

f.

Suggest two reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of
matter.

[2]

g.
 State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how
the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.

[4]

[Link].TZ1.3
Magnesium is a reactive metal often found in alloys.

Organomagnesium compounds can react with carbonyl compounds. One overall

equation is:

Compound B can also be prepared by reacting an alkene with water.

Iodomethane is used to prepare CH3MgI. It can also be converted into methanol:

CH3I + HO– → CH3OH + I–

a.

Magnesium can be produced by the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.

Write the half-equation for the formation of magnesium. [1]

b.

Suggest an experiment that shows that magnesium is more reactive than zinc,
giving the observation that would confirm this.

[2]

c(i).

State the name of Compound A, applying International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.

[1]

c(ii). Identify the strongest force between the molecules of Compound B. [1]

d(i). Draw the structural formula of the alkene required.

[1]

d(ii).

Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from
this alkene.

[1]

e.

Deduce what would be observed when Compound B is warmed with acidified

aqueous potassium dichromate (VI).

[1]

f(i). Identify the type of reaction. [1]

f(ii). Outline the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products.

[2]

f(iii). The polarity of the carbon–halogen bond, C–X, facilitates attack by HO–.

Outline, giving a reason, how the bond polarity changes going down group 17.
 [1]

[Link].TZ1.5
(a(i))

State the name of Compound B, applying International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.

[1]

(a(ii))

Compound A and Compound B are both liquids at room temperature and pressure.
Identify the strongest intermolecular force between molecules of Compound A.

[1]

(b(i))

Draw the structural formula of the alkene required.

[1]

(b(iii))

Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this
alkene.

[1]

(d(ii)) Outline the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products.

[2]

(d(iv)) The polarity of the carbon–halogen bond, C–X, facilitates attack by HO – .

Outline, giving a reason, how the bond polarity changes going down group 17.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.6
 (a(i))

Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electron configuration of a nitrogen atom.

[1]

(a(iii)) Explain the relative lengths of the three bonds between N and O in nitric acid.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.1
Lithium reacts with water to form an alkaline solution.

A 0.200 g piece of lithium was placed in 500.0 cm3 of water.

a.

Determine the coefficients that balance the equation for the reaction of lithium
with water.

[1]

b(i).

Calculate the molar concentration of the resulting solution of lithium hydroxide.

[2]

b(ii).

Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced, in cm3, if the temperature was
22.5 °C and the pressure was 103 kPa. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet.

[2]

b(iii).
 Suggest a reason why the volume of hydrogen gas collected was smaller than
predicted.

[1]

c.

The reaction of lithium with water is a redox reaction. Identify the oxidizing agent
in the reaction giving a reason.

[1]

d.

Describe two observations that indicate the reaction of lithium with water is
exothermic.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.2
Electrons are arranged in energy levels around the nucleus of an atom.

The diagram represents possible electron energy levels in a hydrogen atom.

a.

Explain why the first ionization energy of calcium is greater than that of potassium.

[2]

b(i).
 All models have limitations. Suggest two limitations to this model of the electron
energy levels.

[2]

b(ii).

Draw an arrow, labelled X, to represent the electron transition for the ionization of
a hydrogen atom in the ground state.

[1]

b(iii).

Draw an arrow, labelled Z, to represent the lowest energy electron transition in the
visible spectrum.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.3
Sulfur trioxide is produced from sulfur dioxide.

2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g) ΔH = −196 kJ mol−1

The reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be carried out at different
temperatures.

Nitric acid, HNO3, is another strong Brønsted–Lowry acid. Its conjugate base is the
nitrate ion, NO3−

a. Outline, giving a reason, the effect of a catalyst on a reaction. [2]

b(i).

On the axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the reacting
species at two temperatures T1 and T2, where T2 > T1.
 [3]

b(ii). Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the yield of SO3. [2]

c(i). State the product formed from the reaction of SO3 with water. [1]

c(ii). State the meaning of a strong Brønsted–Lowry acid. [2]

d(i). Draw the Lewis structure of NO3−. [1]

d(ii). Explain the electron domain geometry of NO3−. [2]

[Link].TZ2.4
Carbon forms many compounds.

C60 and diamond are allotropes of carbon.

But-2-ene reacts with hydrogen bromide.

Chlorine reacts with methane.

CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g) → CH3Cl (g) + HCl (g)

a(i).

Outline one difference between the bonding of carbon atoms in C60 and diamond.

[1]

b.

State two features showing that propane and butane are members of the
same homologous series.
 [2]

c.

Describe a test and the expected result to indicate the presence of carbon–carbon
double bonds.

[2]

d(i). Draw the full structural formula of but-2-ene. [1]

d(ii).

Write the equation for the reaction between but-2-ene and hydrogen bromide.

[1]

d(iii). State the type of reaction. [1]

d(iv).

Suggest two differences in the 1H NMR of but-2-ene and the organic product from
(d)(ii).

[2]

e(i).

Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, ΔH, using section 11 of the data
booklet.

[3]

e(ii). Draw and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.
 [2]

[Link].TZ2.5
Molten zinc chloride undergoes electrolysis in an electrolytic cell at 450 °C.

a. Deduce the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode.

[2]

b.

Deduce the overall cell reaction including state symbols. Use section 7 of the data
booklet.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.6
(a) Outline, giving a reason, the effect of a catalyst on a reaction. [2]
 (b(i))

On the axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the reacting
species at two temperatures T 1 and T 2 , where T 2 > T 1 .

[3]

(b(ii)) Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the yield of SO 3 . [2]

(d(i)) State the product formed from the reaction of SO 3 with water. [1]

(d(ii)) State the meaning of a strong Brønsted–Lowry acid. [2]

[Link].TZ2.8
(a(i))

Outline two differences between the bonding of carbon atoms in C 60 and diamond.

[2]

(a(ii)) Explain why C 60 and diamond sublime at different temperatures and pressures.

[2]

(b)

State two features showing that propane and butane are members of the
same homologous series.

[2]

(c)
 Describe a test and the expected result to indicate the presence of carbon–carbon
double bonds.

[2]

(d(ii)) Write the equation for the reaction between but-2-ene and hydrogen bromide.

[1]

(d(iii)) State the type of reaction. [1]

(f(i))

Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, Δ H , using section 11 of the data booklet.

[3]

(f(ii))

Draw and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.4
 (a.i)

Deduce the structural and empirical formulas of B .

[3]

([Link])

Explain, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, the effect of using dilute rather than
concentrated sulfuric acid as the catalyst on the yield of the reaction.

[2]

([Link]) Explain, with reference to intermolecular forces, why B is more volatile than A .

[2]

(b)

Compound A can also react with bromine. Describe the change observed if A is reacted
with bromine.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.5
(a)

Calculate the amount, in mol, of sulfur dioxide produced when 500.0 g of

lignite undergoes combustion.
S (s) + O 2 (g) → SO 2 (g)

[2]

(b) Write an equation that shows how sulfur dioxide can produce acid rain. [1]

(c)

Sodium thiosulfate reacts with hydrochloric acid as shown:

Na 2 S 2 O 3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → S (s) + SO 2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)
 The precipitate of sulfur makes the mixture cloudy, so a mark underneath the
reaction mixture becomes invisible with time.

Suggest two variables, other than concentration, that should be controlled

when comparing relative rates at different temperatures.

[2]

(d)

Discuss two different ways to reduce the environmental impact of energy

production from coal.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.2
(a.i)

Annotate and label the ground state orbital diagram of boron, using arrows to represent
electrons.

[1]

(a) The results are given where ✓ = reaction occurred and x = no reaction.
Metal ASO 4 (aq) BSO 4 (aq) CSO 4 (aq) DSO 4 (aq) ESO 4 (aq)
A — ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓
B ✗ — ✗ ✓ ✓
C ✓ ✓ — ✓ ✓
 D ✗ ✗ ✗ — ✓
E ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ —

[Link].TZ1.3
(a.i) Outline the meaning of homologous series. [1]

(a)

High-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionation (HiPco) produces carbon atoms that

react with nano catalysts to produce carbon nanotubes.

[Link].TZ1.4
(a) State the oxidation state of sulfur in copper (II) sulfate. [1]

(a)

Explain why metals alloyed with another metal are usually harder and stronger
but poorer conductors than the pure metal.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.5
(a.i) Calculate the percentage of oxygen present in the double salt. [1]

(a) Outline why vitamins usually need to be obtained from food sources. [1]

[Link].TZ2.1
(a)

An unknown organic compound, X , comprising of only carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen was found to contain 48.6 % of carbon and 43.2 % of oxygen.
Determine the empirical formula.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.2
(a)

Nitrogen (IV) oxide exists in equilibrium with dinitrogen tetroxide, N 2 O 4 (g), which is
colourless.
 2NO 2 (g) ⇌ N 2 O 4 (g)

(a)

All species are almost colourless except for MnO 4 − , which has an intense purple
colour, though the kale extract is coloured by the chlorophyll present.

[Link].TZ2.3
(a)

An electrolytic cell was set up using inert electrodes and molten magnesium
chloride, MgCl 2 (l).

[Link].TZ2.4
(a)

Bismuth has atomic number 83. Deduce two pieces of information about the
electron configuration of bismuth from its position on the periodic table.

[2]

(b)

Explain how a substance in the same phase as the reactants can reduce the
activation energy and act as a catalyst.

[2]
[Link].TZ2.6
(a)

Suggest an experimental method that could be used to determine the rate of reaction.

[2]

(a)

Describe the interactions between amino acids occurring at the primary, secondary and
tertiary levels within a protein.
Structure Level Interactions between amino acids
Primary ...........................................................

Secondary ...........................................................

Tertiary ...........................................................

[3]

[Link].TZ0.1
(a)

The student reported the volumes of titrant used per trial for samples collected each
day in the following table:

(i)

The candidate used a 25 cm 3 burette with an uncertainty of ±0.05 cm 3 . Comment on

the uncertainty recorded for the titrant volumes.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the initial % content of Fe 2+ in the raw spinach, showing your working.

[3]
 (iii)

The results calculated for the subsequent days are shown.

Comment on the significance of the difference in Fe 2+ content measured for day 4 and
5.

[1]

(i)

Suggest two flaws in the design that could have contributed to the random error in the
investigation.

[2]

(ii)

The student did not standardise the KMnO 4 solution used for titration. Suggest what
type of error this may have caused, giving your reasons.

[1]

(i)

The titration of Fe(II) with MnO 4 in acid medium is a redox reaction. State the oxidised
and reduced species, including their change in oxidation states.

Oxidised: ........................................................................................................................................

Reduced: ........................................................................................................................................

[2]

(ii)

Spinach contains a large amount of antioxidant compounds, including ascorbic acid and
oxalic acid. Predict how this will affect the accuracy of the results, mentioning the type
and direction of the error.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.2
(a)
A calibration curve with pure ascorbic acid and appropriate amounts of the reagent, R,
was prepared by dilutions with water of an initial aqueous solution of 100 μg/cm −3
ascorbic acid in water, AA (aq)

(i)

Calculate the volumes of pure ascorbic acid solution required for each point of the
calibration curve; point 4 of the curve is shown as an example.

[2]

(ii)

The resulting calibration curve is shown:

Suggest a range of absorbance values for which this curve can be used to calculate
ascorbic acid of broccoli accurately.

[1]

(iii) Suggest what should be used as a blank for spectrophotometric reading. [1]

(iv) Discuss why it is important to obtain a value of R 2 close to 1 for a calibration curve.

[2]

(b)
After 3 days, the broccoli samples were removed from storage and 1.0 g of each sample
was blended with 100.0 cm 3 of water. The filtered solution was mixed with the reactant
in the same proportions as that used for the calibration curve in a cuvette and
measured.
The sample stored at 5 °C showed an absorbance of 0.600. Determine the concentration
of ascorbic acid in the sample solution by interpolation and using the line equation.

interpolation in graph:
..........................................................................................................................

using line
equation: .............................................................................................................................

[2]

(c)

Suggest why water was chosen to extract ascorbic acid from the spinach leaves with
reference to its structure.

[2]

(i)

Estimate the % change in ascorbic acid concentration when stored for 3 days storage at
5 °C and 20 °C.

[1]

(ii)

Estimate how much ascorbic acid will remain after 6 days storage at 20 °C in the same
experimental conditions, stating any assumption made for the calculation.

[3]
Markschemes
[Link].TZ1.2
a(i).

100 «s» [✔]

Note: Accept 90 to 100 s.

a(ii). highest recorded temperature
OR
when rate of heat production equals rate of heat loss [✔]
Note: Accept “maximum temperature”. Accept “completion/end point of reaction”.

b(i). Maximum temperature:

73 «°C» [✔]

Assumption:
«temperature reached if» reaction instantaneous
OR
«temperature reached if reaction occurred» without heat loss [✔]
Note: Accept “rate of heat loss is constant” OR “rate of temperature decrease is
constant”.

b(ii).

Any one of:

copper(II) sulfate AND mass/amount of zinc is independent variable/being changed.
OR
copper(II) sulfate AND with zinc in excess there is no independent variable «as
amount of copper(II) sulfate is fixed» [✔]

copper(II) sulfate AND having excess zinc will not yield different results in each trial
[✔]
zinc AND results can be used to see if amount of zinc affects temperature rise «so this
can be allowed for» [✔]

zinc AND reduces variables/keeps the amount reacting constant [✔]

 b(iii).

Note: Accept “copper(II) sulfate/zinc sulfate” for “solution”.

b(iv).

lower/less exothermic/less negative AND heat loss/some heat not accounted for
OR
lower/less exothermic/less negative AND mass of reaction mixture greater than 25.00
g
OR
greater/more exothermic /more negative AND specific heat of solution less than
water [✔]

Note: Accept “temperature is lower” instead of “heat loss”.

Accept “similar to theoretical value AND heat losses have been compensated for”.

Accept “greater/more exothermic/more negative AND linear extrapolation

overestimates heat loss”.

[Link].TZ1.1
a.

Number of signals:
2 [✔]

Ratio:
3:2
OR
6 : 4 [✔]

Note: Accept any correct integer or fractional ratio.

Accept ratios in reverse order.

 b.

[✔]
c(i). Br2 → 2Br• [✔] «sun»light/UV/hv
OR
high temperature [✔]
Note: Do not penalize missing radical symbol on Br.
Accept “homolytic fission of bromine” for M1.

c(ii). HBr [✔]

[✔]
Note: Accept condensed formulae, such as CH3C6H4CH2Br.
Accept skeletal structures.

[Link].TZ1.10

ascorbic acid: many hydroxyl/OH groups AND retinol : few/one hydroxyl/OH group
OR
ascorbic acid : many hydroxyl/OH groups AND retinol : long hydrocarbon chain [✔]

ascorbic acid : «many» H-bond with water

OR
retinol : cannot «sufficiently» H-bond with water [✔]

Note: Do not accept “OH − /hydroxide”.

(a)
coconut oil has higher content of lauric/short-chain «saturated» fatty acids
OR
cocoa butter has higher content of stearic/palmitic/longer chain «saturated» fatty acids [
✔]

longer chain fatty acids have greater surface area/larger electron cloud [✔]

stronger London/dispersion/instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces «between

triglycerides of longer chain saturated fatty acids» [✔]
 Note: Do not accept arguments that relate to melting points of saturated and
unsaturated fats.

[Link].TZ1.13

(b)
Alternative 1
C 2 H 5 OH (l) + 3O 2 (g) → 2CO 2 (g) + 3H 2 O (l) / 1 mol ethanol produces 2 mol CO 2
OR
C 8 H18 (l) + 12.5O 2 (g) → 8CO 2 (g) + 9H 2 O (l) / 1 mol octane produces 8 mol CO 2 [✔]

For 1 g of fuel:
− 1 × 2 mol CO 2 (g) =» 0.04 «mol CO 2 (g)» from ethanol [✔]
1g
«
46 g mol

× 8 mol CO 2 (g) =» 0.07 «mol CO 2 (g)» from octane [✔]

1g
« −1
114 g mol

Alternative 2
ratio of C in ethanol:octane is 2:8, so ratio in carbon dioxide produced per mole will be
1:4 [✔]

= 2.5:1 [✔]
1 1
ratio amount of fuel in 1 g = 46
: 114

4 > 2.5 so octane produces more carbon dioxide

OR
ratio of amount of carbon dioxide = 2.5:4 = 1:1.61 so octane produces more «for
combustion of same mass» [✔]

(c)
use of «farm» land «for production»
OR
deforestation «for crop production for fuel»
OR
can release more NO x «than normal fuel on combustion» [✔]

Note: Ignore any reference to cost.

[Link].TZ1.4
a.

decomposes in light [✔]

Note: Accept “sensitive to light”.

b(i).

points correctly plotted [✔] best fit line AND extended through (to) the origin [✔]
Average rate of reaction:
«slope (gradient) of line =» 0.022 «cm3 O2 (g) s−1» [✔]
Note: Accept range 0.020–0.024cm3 O2 (g) s−1.
b(ii).

peak of T2 to right of AND lower than T1 [✔]

 lines begin at origin AND T2 must finish above T1 [✔]

b(iii). Ea marked on graph [✔] explanation in terms of more “particles” with E ≥ Ea

OR
greater area under curve to the right of Ea in T2 [✔]
b(iv). manganese(IV) oxide Note: Accept “manganese(IV) dioxide”.
OR
manganese dioxide [✔]
c. move «position of» equilibrium to right/products [✔]
Note: Accept “reactants are always present as the reaction is in equilibrium”.
d. M (H2O2) «= 2 × 1.01 + 2 × 16.00» = 34.02 «g» [✔]
«% H2O2 = 3 ×
34.02
314.04
× 100 =» 32.50 «%» [✔]
Note: Award [2] for correct final answer.

[Link].TZ1.5
a.

partial dissociation «in aqueous solution» [✔]

b. ethanoic acid/vinegar reacts with NaOH [✔]
moves equilibrium to left/reactant side [✔] releases Cl2 (g)/chlorine gas
OR
Cl2 (g)/chlorine gas is toxic [✔]
Note: Accept “ethanoic acid produces H+ ions”.
Accept “ethanoic acid/vinegar reacts with NaOCl”.

Do not accept “2CH3COOH + NaOCl + NaCl → 2CH3COONa + Cl2 + H2O” as it does

not refer to equilibrium.

Accept suitable molecular or ionic equations for M1 and M3.

c(i).

[✔]
Note: Accept any combination of dots/crosses or lines to represent electron pairs.
c(ii). Molecular geometry: H–N–H bond angle:
«trigonal» pyramidal [✔] 107° [✔]
 Note: Accept angles in the range of 100–109.

[Link].TZ1.6
a.
54
26 Fe [✔]
b. «Ar =» 54 × 0.0584 + 56 × 0.9168 + 57 × 0.0217 + 58 × 0.0031 «Ar =» 55.91 [✔]
OR
«Ar =» 55.9111 [✔]
Notes: Award [2] for correct final answer.
Do not accept data booklet value (55.85).

c. lemon juice is the electrolyte

OR
lemon juice allows flow of ions
OR
each nail/metal forms a half-cell with the lemon juice [✔]
Note: Accept “lemon juice acts as a salt bridge”.
Any one of:
iron is higher than copper in the activity series
OR
each half-cell/metal has a different redox/electrode potential [✔]
Note: Accept “iron is more reactive than copper”.
iron is oxidized
OR
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e–
OR
Fe → Fe3+ + 3e−
OR
iron is anode/negative electrode of cell [✔]
copper is cathode/positive electrode of cell electrons flow from iron to copper [✔]
OR
reduction occurs at the cathode
OR
2H+ + 2e− → H2 [✔]
Notes:
Accept “lemon juice acts as a salt bridge”.
Accept “iron is more reactive than copper”.

[Link].TZ1.8
 (a)
Name :
amide/amido/carboxamide [✔]

Note: Accept “peptide bond/linkage”.

(c)
q = « mc ΔT = 975 g × 4.18 J g –1 K –1 × 15.0 K =» 61 100 «J» / 61.1 «kJ» [✔]

«heat per gram =

61.1kJ
3.49g
= » 17.5 «kJ g –1 » [✔] Note: Award [2] for correct final answer.

[Link].TZ2.13

(a)
Any one of:
methane, water, nitrous oxide/nitrogen(I) oxide, ozone, CFCs, sulfur hexafluoride [✔]

Note: Accept formulas. Do not accept “NO 2 ”, “NO x ”, “oxides of sulfur”.

(c)
Any one of: use scrubbers to remove [✔]
capture where produced «and stored» [✔]

use as feedstock for synthesizing other chemicals [✔]

carbon credit/tax/economic incentive/fines/country specific action [✔]

use alternative energy

OR
stop/reduce use of fossil fuels for producing energy [✔]

use carbon reduced fuels «such as methane» [✔]

increase efficiency/reduce energy use [✔]

[Link].TZ2.2
a.

increase in the amount/number of moles/molecules «of gas» [✔]

from 2 to 3/by 50 % [✔]
b. «rate of reaction decreases»
concentration/number of molecules in a given volume decreases
OR
more space between molecules [✔]
collision rate/frequency decreases
OR
fewer collisions per second/unit time [✔]
Note: Do not accept just “larger space/volume” for M1.
c.

smaller initial gradient [✔]

initial pressure is lower AND final pressure of gas lower «by similar factor» [✔]
d. no AND it is a systematic error/not a random error
OR
no AND «a similar magnitude» error would occur every time [✔]
e.

catalysed and uncatalysed Ea marked on graph AND with the catalysed being at
lower energy [✔]
 «for catalysed reaction» greater proportion of/more molecules have E ≥ Ea / E > Ea
OR
«for catalysed reaction» greater area under curve to the right of the Ea [✔]
Note: Accept “more molecules have the activation energy”.

[Link].TZ2.3
a.

absorbs UV/ultraviolet light «of longer wavelength than absorbed by O2» [✔]
b(i). mass spectrometry/MS [✔]
b(ii). «
(98 × 14) + (2 × 15)
100
= » 14.02 [✔] «Mr = (14.02 × 2) + 16.00 =» 44.04 [✔]
b(iii). Any two:
same AND have same nuclear charge/number of protons/Zeff [✔]
same AND neutrons do not affect attraction/ionization energy/Zeff
OR
same AND neutrons have no charge [✔]

same AND same attraction for «outer» electrons [✔]

same AND have same electronic configuration/shielding [✔]

Note: Accept “almost the same”.

“same” only needs to be stated once.

c. oxides of nitrogen/non-metals are «usually» acidic [✔]

[Link].TZ2.4
a.

gap in the periodic table

OR
element with atomic number «75» unknown
OR
break/irregularity in periodic trends [✔]
«periodic table shows» regular/periodic trends «in properties» [✔]
b. place «pieces of» Re into each solution [✔]
if Re reacts/is coated with metal, that metal is less reactive «than Re» [✔]
Note: Accept other valid observations such as “colour of solution fades” or
“solid/metal appears” for “reacts”.
 c(i). rhenium(III) chloride
OR
rhenium trichloride [✔]
c(ii). «Mr ReCl3 = 186.21 + (3 × 35.45) =» 292.56 [✔]
«100 ×
186.21
292.56
=» 63.648 «%» [✔]

[Link].TZ2.5
a(i).

Weak acid: partially dissociated/ionized «in solution/water»

AND
Strong acid: «assumed to be almost» completely/100 % dissociated/ionized «in
solution/water» [✔]

a(ii). CO32– [✔]

a(iii).

shifts to left/reactants AND to increase amount/number of moles/molecules of

gas/CO2 (g) [✔]

b(i). «additional HCO3–» shifts position of equilibrium to left [✔] pH increases [✔]
Note: Do not award M2 without any justification in terms of equilibrium shift in M1.

b(ii). «molar mass of NaHCO3 =» 84.01 «g mol–1» [✔]

−2
«concentration =
3.0 × 10
84.01 g mol
g
−1 × 0.100 dm3 = » 3.6 × 10–3 «mol dm–3»
1
[✔]

Note: Award [2] for correct final answer.

b(iii). Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:
ionic [✔]

Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate:

«polar» covalent [✔]

[Link].TZ2.6

(a)
 [ ✔]
Note: Do not penalize the use of brackets and “n”.
Do not award the mark if the continuation bonds are missing.

(b)
4r 4 × 1.97 × 10 − 10 m
a=« = =» 5.572 × 10 –10 «m»
√2 √2
OR
volume of unit cell = «(5.572 × 10 –10 m) 3 × 10 6 =» 1.73 × 10 –22 «cm 3 » [✔]
−1
=» 2.66 × 10 –22 «g» [✔]
40.08g mol ×4
mass of unit cell =« 23 −1
6.02 × 10 mol
− 22
» 1.54 «g cm –3 » [✔]
2.66 × 10 g
density = « 3
− 10 6
( 5.572 × 10 ) × 10

Note: Award [3] for correct final answer.

(c(i))
Any two of:
surface water is warmer «so faster reaction rate»/more light/energy from the sun [✔]

more oxygen «for aerobic bacteria/oxidation of oil» [✔] greater surface area [✔]

(c(ii))
Any one of:
non-hazardous/toxic to the environment/living organisms [✔]

energy requirements «during production» [✔]

quantity/type of waste produced «during production» safety of process [✔]

OR
atom economy [✔]

Note: Accept “use of solvents/toxic materials «during production»”.

Do not accept “more steps involved”.

(e)
 C 6 H 5 –CH 2 –CH 2 OH [✔]

[Link].TZ2.9

Advantage
Any one of:
renewable [✔]
predictable supply [✔]
tidal barrage may prevent flooding [✔]
effective at low speeds [✔]
long life-span [✔]
low cost to run [✔]

Disadvantage
Any one of:
cost of construction [✔]
changes/unknown effects on marine life [✔]
changes circulation of tides in the area [✔]
power output is variable [✔]
limited locations where feasible [✔]
equipment maintenance can be challenging [✔]
difficult to store energy [✔]

Note : Do not accept vague generalizations.

Do not accept economic issues for both advantage and disadvantage.

Do not accept sustainable. Accept “energy” or “electricity” for “power”.

(d(i))
Any two of:
surface water is warmer «so faster reaction rate»/more light/energy from the sun [✔]

more oxygen «for aerobic bacteria/oxidation of oil» [✔] greater surface area [✔]

(d(ii))
Any one of:
non-hazardous/toxic to the environment/living organisms [✔]

energy requirements «during production» [✔]

quantity/type of waste produced «during production» safety of process [✔]

OR
atom economy [✔]

Note : Accept “use of solvents/toxic materials «during production»”.

 Do not accept “more steps involved”.

[Link].TZ0.1
a.

best-fit smooth curve ✔

NOTE: Do not accept a series of connected lines that pass through all points OR any
straight line representation.

b(i). tangent drawn at time zero ✔

g day−1 ✔
0.16 ✔

NOTE: Accept other reasonable units for initial rate eg, mol dm−3 s−1, mol dm−3 min−1,
g s−1 OR g min−1.

M3 can only be awarded if the value corresponds to the correct unit given in M2.
Accept values for the initial rate for M3 in the range: 0.13 − 0.20 g day−1 OR 1.5 ×
10−6 g s−1 − 2.3 × 10−6 g s−1 OR 7.5 × 10−8 − 1.2 × 10−7 mol dm−3 s−1 OR 4.5 × 10−6 −
6.9 × 10−6 mol dm−3 min−1 OR 9.0 × 10−5 − 1.4 × 10−4 g min−1 OR a range based on
any other reasonable unit for rate.

Ignore any negative rate value.

Award [2 max] for answers such as 0.12/0.11 g day−1, incorrectly obtained by using
the first two points on the graph (the average rate between t = 0 and 1 day).
Award [1 max] for correctly calculating any other average rate.

b(ii). acid used up concentration of acid decreases

OR OR
acid is the limiting reactant ✔ less frequent collisions ✔

NOTE: Award [1 max] for "surface area decreases" if the idea that CaCO3 is used
up/acts as the limiting reactant” is conveyed for M1.

Do not accept “reaction reaches equilibrium” for M2.

b(iii). surface area not uniform

NOTE: Accept “acids impure.

OR
limestone pieces do not have same composition/source
NOTE: Accept “«limestone» contains impurities”.

OR
limestone absorbed water «which increased mass»

OR
acid removed from solution when limestone removed
NOTE: Accept “loss of limestone when dried" OR "loss of limestone due to crumbling
when removed from beaker”.
 OR
«some» calcium sulfate deposited on limestone lost

OR
pieces of paper towel may have stuck to limestone

OR OR
beakers not covered/evaporation temperature was not controlled ✔

c(i).

sulfuric acid is diprotic/contains two H+ «while nitric acid contains one H+»/releases
more H+ «so reacts with more limestone»
OR
higher concentration of protons/H+ ✔

NOTE: Ignore any reference to the relative strengths of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
Accept “sulfuric acid has two hydrogens «whereas nitric has one»”.
Accept "dibasic" for "diprotic".

c(ii).

calcium sulfate remained/deposited on limestone «in sulfuric acid»

OR
reaction prevented/stopped by slightly soluble/deposited/layer of calcium sulfate ✔

NOTE: Answer must refer to calcium sulfate.

[Link].TZ0.2
a(i).

Ethanal using Pt/C:

decreases ✔

Carbon dioxide using PtRu/C:

«generally» increases AND then decreases ✔

NOTE: Accept “no clear trend/pattern” OR “increases and decreases” OR “increases,

reaches a plateau and «then» decreases” for M2.

a(ii). From ethanol to ethanal: NOTE: Do not accept “2− to 1−”.

−2 to −1
OR
+1/increases by 1 ✔

From ethanol to carbon dioxide: NOTE: Do not accept “2− to 4+”.

−2 to +4
OR
+6/increases by 6 ✔

Do not penalize incorrect notation twice.

 Penalize incorrect oxidation state value of carbon in ethanol once only.

a(iii). ethanal < ethanoic acid < carbon dioxide ✔ NOTE: Accept formulas.
No ECF from 2aii calculations.

b. Pt/platinum/PtC AND highest yield of CO2 «at all voltages» ✔

NOTE: ECF from 2aiii.

[Link].TZ0.1
a.

NOTES: Coordinate bond may be represented by an arrow.

Do not accept delocalized structure for ozone.

b. resonance «structures»
OR
delocalization of «the double/pi bond» electrons ✔
121 «pm» < length < 148 «pm» ✔

NOTE: Accept any length between these two values.

c. «UV» shorter wavelength AND higher energy «than visible» ✔

d. «bond» in O2 stronger than in O3 ✔

ozone absorbs lower frequency/energy «radiation than oxygen»

OR
ozone absorbs longer wavelength «radiation than oxygen» ✔

NOTE: Accept ozone «layer» absorbs a range of frequencies.

[Link].TZ0.16

(a)
«similar specific energy and» pentane has «much» larger energy density ✔

Any two for [2 max] :

similar number of bonds/«C and H» atoms in 1 kg «leading to similar specific energy»
OR
only one carbon difference in structure «leading to similar specific energy» ✔
NOTE: Accept “both are alkanes” for M2.
 pentane is a liquid AND butane is a gas «at STP» ✔
NOTE: Accept “pentane would be easier to transport”.

1 m 3 of pentane contains greater amount/mass than 1 m 3 of butane ✔

NOTE: Accept “same volume” for “1 m 3 ” and “more moles” for “greater amount” for M4.

(b)
energy converted to heat
OR
energy converted to less useful/dispersed forms
OR
energy converted to forms that have lower potential to do work
OR
heat transferred to the surroundings ✔

NOTE: Reference to energy conversion/transfer required. Do not accept reference to

loss of energy.

[Link].TZ0.2
a(i).

4:1✔

a(ii). ns2 o3 2 − = « 0.0258 dm3 × 0.010 mol dm−3 = » 2.58 × 10−4 «mol» ✔

«
2.58 × 10−4 mol
= » 6.45 × 10−5 «mol» ✔ NOTE: Award [2] for correct final answer.
4

«difference in moles per dm3 = (6.45 × 10−5 − 5.03 × 10−5) ×

1000
a(iii). =»
300.0

4.73 × 10−5 «mol dm−3» ✔

«convert to mg per dm3: 4.73 × 10−5 mol dm−3 × 32.00 g mol−1 × 1000 mg g–1 = »
1.51 «ppm/mg dm−3» ✔

NOTE: Award [2] for correct final answer.

b(i). «
100 × 0.1 cm3
= » 0.5 «%»✔
20.1 cm3

b(ii). repetition / take several samples «and average» ✔

[Link].TZ0.4
a(i).

C6H8O7 AND C6H7O7−

OR
H2O AND H3O+ ✔
 a(ii). weak acid AND partially dissociated
OR
weak acid AND equilibrium lies to left
OR
weak acid AND Kc/Ka<1 ✔

a(iii).

b.

Any one of:

«electrical» conductivity AND HCl greater ✔
pH AND citric acid higher ✔
titrate with strong base AND pH at equivalence higher for citric acid ✔
add reactive metal/carbonate/hydrogen carbonate AND stronger
effervescence/faster reaction with HCl ✔
titration AND volume of alkali for complete neutralisation greater for citric acid ✔
titrate with strong base AND more than one equivalence point for complete
neutralisation of citric acid ✔
titrate with strong base AND buffer zone with citric acid ✔

NOTE: Accept “add universal indicator AND HCl more red/pink” for M2.

Accept any acid reaction AND HCl greater rise in temperature.

Accept specific examples throughout. Do not accept “smell” or “taste”.

[Link].TZ0.6
a(i).

C(NH2)3NO3 (s) → 2N2 (g) + 3H2O (g) + C (s) ✔

10.0 g
a(ii). moles of gas = « 5 × −1 = » 0.409 «mol» ✔
122.11 g mol

a(iii). −1 −1
0.409 mol × 8.31 J K mol × ( 127 + 273 ) K
«𝑝 = » = 136 «kPa» ✔
10.0 dm3

a(iv).

Any two of:

nitrogen non-polar/London/dispersion forces AND water polar/H-bonding ✔
water has «much» stronger intermolecular forces ✔
water molecules attract/condense/occupy smaller volume «and therefore deviate
from ideal behaviour» ✔

b. 2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g) ✔ hydrogen explosive

OR
 highly exothermic reaction
OR
sodium reacts violently with water
OR
forms strong alkali ✔

NOTE: Accept the equation of combustion of hydrogen.

Do not accept just “sodium is reactive/dangerous”.

[Link].TZ0.1
a.

oil is non-polar «and dissolves best in non-polar solvents»

OR
oil does not dissolve in polar solvents ✔

Do not accept “like dissolves like” only.

b. solvent/oil is flammable
OR
solvent/oil must be kept below its flash point
OR
oxidation/decomposition of oil
OR
mixture has a low boiling point ✔

Accept “to prevent evaporation of oil”.

c. distillation «instead of evaporation» ✔

Accept “pass vapour through a condenser and collect liquid”.

Do not accept “condensation” without experimental details.

d. Experimental mass greater than actual mass of oil in crisps:

other substances «in the crisps» are soluble in the solvent
OR
not all the solvent evaporates ✔

Experimental mass less than actual mass of oil in crisps:

not all oil dissolved/extracted ✔

Accept “oil evaporated” OR “oil burned/decomposed” OR “oil absorbed by the filter”

OR “assumption «all oil dissolved» was wrong” for M2.
Do not accept examples of human errors OR faulty apparatus.

[Link].TZ0.18

(a(ii))
 « ρ ethanal = 0 . 250 × 101 = » 25 . 3 « kPa » ✔

(b)
Any two of:
continuous evaporation and condensation
OR
increased surface area in column helps condensation ✔
Accept “glass «beads» aid condensation «in fractionating column»”.

temperature decreases up the fractionating column ✔

liquids condense at different heights

OR
liquid of lowest boiling point collected first
OR
liquid with weakest intermolecular forces collected first
OR
most volatile component collected first
OR
fractions/liquids collected in order of boiling point/volatility ✔
Accept “liquids collected in order of molar mass”.

[Link].TZ0.2
a.

Independent variable:
chain length OR number of carbon «atoms in alcohol»
AND
Dependent variable:
volume of NaOH OR 𝐾𝑐 /equilibrium constant OR equilibrium concentration/moles of
CH3 COOH ✔

b. dilution/lower concentrations ✔ less frequent collisions «per unit volume» ✔

Accept “lowers concentration of acid catalyst” for M1. M2 must refer to increase in
activation energy or different pathway.

Do not accept responses referring to equilibrium.

c. equilibrium shifts to left

OR
more ethanoic acid is produced «as ethanoic acid is neutralized»
OR
prevents/slows down ester hydrolysis ✔

Accept “prevents equilibrium shift” if described correctly without direction.

d.
 to determine volume/moles of NaOH used up by the catalyst/sulfuric acid «in the
titration»
OR
to eliminate/reduce «systematic» error caused by acid catalyst ✔

Do not accept “control” OR “standard” alone.

e. Percentage uncertainty: Percentage error:

0 . 4 × 100 6.5 - 5.3
« 6 . 5 = » 6 « % » ✔ « 5 . 3 = » 23 « % » ✔

Award [1 max] if calculations are reversed OR if incorrect alcohol is used.

f. Any two: large percentage error means large systematic error «in procedure» ✔

small percentage uncertainty means small random errors ✔

random errors smaller than systematic error ✔

Award [2] for “both random and systematic errors are significant.”

g. corrosive/burns/irritant/strong oxidizing agent/carcinogenic

OR
disposal is an environmental issue
OR
causes other side reactions/dehydration/decomposition ✔

Do not accept just “risk of accidents” OR “health risks” OR “hazardous”.

[Link].TZ0.11

(a)
« 21 200 kJ dm − 3 × 5 . 00 dm3 = » 106000 / 1 . 06 × 105 « kJ » ✔

(c)
Advantages: [2 max] renewable ✔ uses up waste «such as used cooking oil» ✔

lower carbon footprint/carbon neutral ✔ higher flashpoint ✔

produces less SOx / SO2 has lubricating properties

OR OR
less polluting emissions ✔ preserves/increases lifespan of engine ✔

increases the life of the catalytic converter ✔

eliminates dependence on foreign suppliers ✔

does not require pipelines/infrastructure «to produce» ✔

 relatively less destruction of habitat compared to obtaining petrochemicals ✔

Accept “higher energy density” OR “biodegradable” for advantage.

needs conversion/transesterification ✔
Disadvantages: [2 max]

takes time to produce/grow plants ✔ takes up land

OR
deforestation ✔

fertilizers/pesticides/phosphates/nitrates «used in production of crops» have negative

environmental effects ✔

biodiversity affected
OR
loss of habitats «due to energy crop plantations» ✔

cannot be used at low temperatures ✔ variable quality «in production» ✔

high viscosity/can clog/damage engines ✔

Accept “lower specific energy” as disadvantage.

Do not accept “lower octane number” as disadvantage”.

(d)
Any one: uses up fossil fuels more slowly ✔ lower carbon footprint/CO2 emissions ✔

undergoes more complete combustion ✔ produces fewer particulates ✔

higher octane number/rating prevents fuel injection system build up

OR OR
less knocking ✔ helps keep engine clean ✔

Accept an example of a suitable advantage even if repeated from 11c.

(e(ii))
carbon dioxide is highly/more abundant «in the atmosphere» ✔

methane is more effective/potent «as a greenhouse gas»

OR
methane/better/more effective at absorbing IR «radiation»
OR
methane has greater greenhouse factor
OR
methane has greater global warming potential/GWP✔

Accept “carbon dioxide contributes more to global warming” for M1.

[Link].TZ0.9

(a)
« 21 200 kJ dm − 3 × 5 . 00 dm3 = » 106000 / 1 . 06 × 105 « kJ » ✔

(c)
Advantages: [2 max] renewable ✔ uses up waste «such as used cooking oil» ✔

lower carbon footprint/carbon neutral ✔ higher flashpoint ✔

produces less SOx / SO2 has lubricating properties

OR OR
less polluting emissions ✔ preserves/increases lifespan of engine ✔

increases the life of the catalytic converter ✔

eliminates dependence on foreign suppliers ✔

does not require pipelines/infrastructure «to produce» ✔

relatively less destruction of habitat compared to obtaining petrochemicals ✔

Accept “higher energy density” OR “biodegradable” for advantage.

needs conversion/transesterification ✔
Disadvantages: [2 max]

takes time to produce/grow plants ✔ takes up land

OR
deforestation ✔

fertilizers/pesticides/phosphates/nitrates «used in production of crops» have negative

environmental effects ✔

biodiversity affected
OR
loss of habitats «due to energy crop plantations» ✔

cannot be used at low temperatures ✔ variable quality «in production» ✔

high viscosity/can clog/damage engines ✔

Accept “lower specific energy” as disadvantage.

Do not accept “lower octane number” as disadvantage”.

(d)
Any one: uses up fossil fuels more slowly ✔ lower carbon footprint/CO2 emissions ✔

undergoes more complete combustion ✔ produces fewer particulates ✔

 higher octane number/rating prevents fuel injection system build up
OR OR
less knocking ✔ helps keep engine clean ✔

Accept an example of a suitable advantage even if repeated from 9c.

(f(ii))
carbon dioxide is highly/more abundant «in the atmosphere» ✔

methane is more effective/potent «as a greenhouse gas»

OR
methane/better/more effective at absorbing IR «radiation»
OR
methane has greater greenhouse factor
OR
methane has greater global warming potential/GWP✔

Accept “carbon dioxide contributes more to global warming” for M1.

[Link].TZ1.1
a.

mobile/delocalized «sea of» electrons

b. Any two of: forms acidic oxides «rather than basic oxides» ✔

forms covalent/bonds compounds «with other non-metals» ✔

forms anions «rather than cations» ✔

behaves as an oxidizing agent «rather than a reducing agent» ✔

Award [1 max] for 2 correct non-chemical properties such as non-conductor, high

ionisation energy, high electronegativity, low electron affinity if no marks for chemical
properties are awarded.

c(i). electrostatic attraction ✔

between oppositely charged ions/between Fe2+ and S2− ✔

c(ii). 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 ✔

Do not accept “[Ne] 3s2 3p6”.

c(iii).

«valence» electrons further from nucleus/extra electron shell/ electrons in third/3s/3p

level «not second/2s/2p»✔
 Accept 2,8 (for O2–) and 2,8,8 (for S2–)

c(iv). allows them to explain the properties of different compounds/substances

OR
enables them to generalise about substances
OR
enables them to make predictions ✔

Accept other valid answers.

d(i). 4FeS(s) + 7O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 4SO2(g) ✔

Accept any correct ratio.

d(ii). +6 Accept “6/VI”.

OR Accept “−II, 4//IV”.
−2 to +4 ✔ Do not accept 2− to 4+.

d(iii). sulfur dioxide/SO2 causes acid rain ✔

Accept sulfur dioxide/SO2/dust causes respiratory problems

Do not accept just “causes respiratory problems” or “causes acid rain”.

e. disrupts the regular arrangement «of iron atoms/ions»

OR
carbon different size «to iron atoms/ions» ✔

prevents layers/atoms sliding over each other ✔

[Link].TZ1.2
a(i).

OR

✔
Accept any combination of lines, dots or crosses to represent electrons.

a(ii). bent/non-linear/angular/v-shaped✔

b(i). HS− ✔

b(ii).
 weak AND strong acid of this concentration/[H+] = 0.1 mol dm−3 would have pH = 1
OR
weak AND [H+] = 10−4 < 0.1 «therefore only fraction of acid dissociated» ✔

b(iii). 10−10 «mol dm−3» ✔

c. Mole percentage H2S:

volume of H2S = «550 − 525 = » 25 «cm3» ✔
25 cm3
mol % H2S = « × 100 = » 4.5 «%» ✔
550 cm3

Award [2] for correct final answer of 4.5 «%»

Assumption:
«both» gases behave as ideal gases ✔

Accept “volume of gas α mol of gas”.

Accept “reaction goes to completion”.
Accept “nitrogen is insoluble/does not react with NaOH/only H2S reacts with NaOH”.

[Link].TZ1.3
a.

1:2 ✔

Accept 2 Fe3+: 1 Fe2+

Do not accept 2:1 only

b(i). mass «spectroscopy»/MS ✔

b(ii).

Award [1 max] for 4 correct values.

= 0.45 «J g−1 K−1» ✔

𝑞 1000 J
c. specific heat capacity « = / 50 »
𝑚 × ∆𝑇 g × 44 K

d(i). H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e−→ 2H2O(l) ✔

d(ii). H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) → 2H2O(l) + 2Fe3+(aq) ✔

[Link].TZ1.5
a(i).

alkene ✔
 a(ii). C3H6 ✔ Accept structural formula.

b. hydrogen atoms/protons in same chemical environment ✔

Accept “all H atoms/protons are equivalent”.

Accept “symmetrical”

c. carbon monoxide/CO AND carbon/C/soot ✔

d. «addition» polymerization ✔

[Link].TZ1.6
a.

use colorimeter
OR
change in colour
OR
change in volume
OR
change in pressure ✔

Accept suitable instruments, e.g. pressure probe/oxygen sensor.

b(i). point correct ✔

straight line passing close to all points AND through origin ✔

 Accept free hand drawn line as long as attempt to be linear and meets criteria for M2.

b(ii). « rate of reaction is directly» proportional to/∝[N2O5]

OR
doubling concentration doubles rate ✔

Do not accept “rate increases as concentration increases”/ positive correlation

Accept linear

b(iii). greater frequency of collisions «as concentration increases»

OR
more collisions per unit time «as concentration increases» ✔

Accept “rate/chance/probability/likelihood” instead of “frequency”.

Do not accept just “more collisions”.

[Link].TZ2.1
a.
555 g
«nCaCO3 = -1 =» 5.55 «mol» ✓
11 . 09 g mol

«V = 5.55 mol × 22.7 dm3 mol−1 =» 126 «dm3» ✓

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Accept method using pV = nRT to obtain the volume with p as either 100 kPa (126
dm3) or 101.3 kPa (125 dm3).

Do not penalize use of 22.4 dm3 mol–1 to obtain the volume (124 dm3).

b. «ΔH =» (−635 «kJ» – 393.5 «kJ») – (−1207 «kJ») ✓ «ΔH = + » 179 «kJ» ✓

Award [1 max] for −179 kJ.

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Ignore an extra step to determine total enthalpy change in kJ: 179 kJ mol−1 x 5.55 mol
= 993 kJ.

Award [2] for an answer in the range 990 - 993« kJ».

c(i).

lower activation energy curve between same reactant and product levels ✓

Accept curve with or without an intermediate.

Accept a horizontal straight line below current line with the activation energy with
catalyst/Ecat clearly labelled.

c(ii). provides an alternative «reaction» pathway/mechanism ✓

Do not accept “lower activation energy” only.

d(i). Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → 2H2O (l) + CaCl2 (aq) ✓

d(ii). «nHCl = 0.0350 dm3 × 0.025 mol dm−3 =» 0.00088 «mol»

OR
1
nCa(OH)2 = 2
nHCl/0.00044 «mol» ✓
1
× 0 . 00088 mol
«V = 2
-3 =» 0.029 «dm3» ✓ Award [2] for correct final answer.
0 . 015 mol dm

Award [1 max] for 0.058 «dm3».

d(iii). Alternative 1: [OH−] = « 2 × 2.33 × 10−2 mol dm−3 =» 0.0466 «mol dm−3» ✓

1 . 00 × 10-14
«[H+] = 0 . 0466 = 2.15 × 10−13 mol dm−3» Alternative 2:
pH = « −log(2.15 × 10−13) =» 12.668 ✓

[OH−] =« 2 × 2.33 × 10−2 mol dm−3 =» 0.0466 «mol dm−3» ✓

«pOH = −log (0.0466) = 1.332» pH = «14.000 – pOH = 14.000 – 1.332 =» 12.668 ✓

Award [2] for correct final answer. Award [1 max] for pH =12.367.

e(i). «nCa(OH)2 = 2.41 dm3 × 2.33 × 10−2 mol dm−3 =» 0.0562 «mol» AND
3
0 . 750 dm
«nCO2 = -3 =» 0.0330 «mol» ✓
22 . 7 mol dm
 «CO2 is the limiting reactant» «mCaCO3 = 0.0330 mol × 100.09 g mol−1 =» 3.30 «g» ✓

Only award ECF for M2 if limiting reagent is used.

Accept answers in the range 3.30 - 3.35 «g».

2 . 85
e(ii). « 3 . 30 × 100 =» 86.4 «%» ✓
Accept answers in the range 86.1-86.4 «%».

Accept “71.3 %” for using the incorrect given value of 4.00 g.

f. «add» Ca(OH)2/CaCO3/CaO AND to «acidic» water/river/lake/soil

OR
«use» Ca(OH)2/CaCO3/CaO in scrubbers «to prevent release of acidic pollution» ✓

Accept any correct name for any of the calcium compounds listed.

[Link].TZ2.2
a(i).

nuclear charge/number of protons/Z/Zeff increases «causing a stronger pull on the

outer electrons» ✓

same number of shells/«outer» energy level/shielding ✓

a(ii). Na+ has one less energy level/shell

OR
Na+ has 2 energy levels/shells AND Na has 3 ✓

less shielding «in Na+ so valence electrons attracted more strongly to nucleus»
OR
effective nuclear charge/Zeff greater «in Na+ so valence electrons attracted more
strongly to nucleus» ✓

Accept “more protons than electrons «in Na+»” OR “less electron-electron repulsion
«in Na+»” for M2.

b(i). Cr: Accept “[Ar] 3d34s0”.

[Ar] 4s13d5 ✓ Cr3+: Accept “[Ar] 3d54s1”.
[Ar] 3d3 ✓

Award [1 max] for two correct full electron configurations “1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5

AND 1s22s22p63s23p63d3”.
Award [1 max] for 4s13d5 AND 3d3.

b(ii). electrostatic attraction ✓

 between «a lattice of» cations/positive «metal» ions AND «a sea of» delocalized
electrons ✓

mobile electrons responsible for conductivity

OR
electrons move when a voltage/potential difference/electric field is applied ✓

Do not accept “nuclei” for “cations/positive ions” in M2.

Accept “mobile/free” for “delocalized” electrons in M2.

Accept “electrons move when connected to a cell/battery/power supply” OR

“electrons move when connected in a circuit” for M3.

c.

d. H2O forms hydrogen bonding «while SCl2 does not» ✓

SCl2 «much» stronger London/dispersion/«instantaneous» induced dipole-induced

dipole forces ✓

Alternative 1:
H2O less volatile AND hydrogen bonding stronger «than dipole–dipole and dispersion
forces» ✓

Alternative 2:
SCl2 less volatile AND effect of dispersion forces «could be» greater than hydrogen
bonding ✓\

Ignore reference to Van der Waals.

Accept “SCl2 has «much» larger molar mass/electron density” for M2.

e. pressure decrease «due to larger volume» ✓

reactant side has more moles/molecules «of gas» ✓

reaction shifts left/towards reactants ✓

Award M3 only if M1 OR M2 is awarded.

[Link].TZ2.7
 (a)
SO3 2
« K c= » ✓
SO2 2 O2 Square brackets required for the mark.

(b)
pressure decrease «due to larger volume» ✓

reaction shifts to side with more moles/molecules «of gas» ✓

reaction shifts left/towards reactants ✓

Award M3 only if M1 OR M2 awarded.

[Link].TZ0.2
increasing number of protons

OR
increasing nuclear charge ✔

«atomic» radius/size decreases

OR
same number of shells/electrons occupy same shell

OR
similar shielding «by inner electrons» ✔

[Link].TZ0.3
a(i).

Accept any diagram with each P joined to the other three.

Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines.

a(ii). P4 (s) + 6Cl2 (g) → 4PCl3 (l) ✔

 b(i). Electron domain geometry: tetrahedral ✔

Molecular geometry: trigonal pyramidal ✔ Bond angle: 100«°» ✔

Accept any value or range within the range 91−108«°» for M3.

b(ii).

polar AND unsymmetrical distribution of charge

OR
polar AND dipoles do not cancel
OR
«polar as» dipoles «add to» give a «partial» positive «charge» at P and a «partial»
negative «charge» at the opposite/Cl side of the molecule ✔

Accept “polar AND unsymmetrical molecule”.

c(i). «−398.9 kJ mol−1 − (−306.4 kJ mol−1) =» −92.5 «kJ mol−1» ✔

c(ii). «Kc =»
PCl5
✔
PCl3 Cl2

c(iii).

«shifts» left/towards reactants AND «forward reaction is» exothermic/ΔH is negative ✔

[Link].TZ0.5
a.

H3PO4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaH2PO4 (aq) + H2O (l) ✔

Accept net ionic equation.

b. H2PO4− (aq) + H+ (aq) → H3PO4 (aq) ✔

H2PO4− (aq) + OH− (aq) → HPO42− (aq) + H2O (l) ✔

Accept reactions of H2PO4− with any acidic, basic or amphiprotic species, such as
H3O+, NH3 or H2O.

Accept H2PO4− (aq) → HPO42− (aq) + H+ (aq) for M2.

c. «NaOH
28 . 40 cm3
× 0 . 5000 mol dm-3 = 0 . 01420 mol»
1000

= » 0.1893 «mol dm−3» ✔

0 . 01420 mol 0 . 004733 mol
« 3
= » 0.004733 «mol» ✔ « 25 . 00 cm3
1000

Award [2] for correct final answer.

 d. «OH− is a» proton acceptor ✔

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

«q = mcΔT = 20.0 g × 4.18 J g−1 °C−1 × 57.3 °C =» 4790 «J» ✔

= » –5470 «kJ mol–1» ✔

4790 J
«∆𝐻c 1000
8 . 75 × 10-4 mol

Award [2] for correct final answer.

Accept answers in the range –5470 to –5480 «kJ mol−1».

Accept correct answer in any units, e.g. –5.47 «MJ mol−1» or 5.47 x 106 «J mol−1».

b. Cl· + C2H6 → ·C2H5 + HCl ✔ ·C2H5 + Cl2 → Cl· + C2H5Cl ✔

·C2H5 + Cl· → C2H5Cl Do not penalize incorrectly placed radical sign, eg C2H5·.
OR
Cl· + Cl· → Cl2
OR
·C2H5 + ·C2H5 → C4H10 ✔

[Link].TZ0.8
a.

Most 4He2+ passing straight through:

most of the atom is empty space

OR
the space between nuclei is much larger than 4He2+ particles
OR
nucleus/centre is «very» small «compared to the size of the atom» ✔

Very few 4He2+ deviating largely from their path:

nucleus/centre is positive «and repels 4He2+ particles»

OR
nucleus/centre is «more» dense/heavy «than 4He2+ particles and deflects them»
OR
nucleus/centre is «very» small «compared to the size of the atom» ✔
 Do not accept the same reason for both M1 and M2.

Accept “most of the atom is an electron cloud” for M1.

Do not accept only “nucleus repels 4He2+ particles” for M2.

b(i). 1s AND 2s as spheres ✔

one or more 2p orbital(s) as figure(s) of 8 shape(s) of any orientation (px, py pz) ✔

b(ii). 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 OR [Ar] 4s13d10 ✔

Accept configuration with 3d before 4s.

[Link].TZ0.9

(a)
Most 4 He 2+ passing straight through:

most of the atom is empty space

OR
the space between nuclei is much larger than 4 He 2+ particles
OR
nucleus/centre is «very» small «compared to the size of the atom» ✔

Very few 4 He 2+ deviating largely from their path:

nucleus/centre is positive «and repels 4 He 2+ particles»

OR
nucleus/centre is «more» dense/heavy «than 4 He 2+ particles and deflects them»
OR
nucleus/centre is «very» small «compared to the size of the atom» ✔

Do not accept the same reason for both M1 and M2 .

Accept “most of the atom is an electron cloud” for M1 .

Do not accept only “nucleus repels 4 He 2+ particles” for M2 .

(b(i))
 1s AND 2s as spheres ✔

one or more 2p orbital(s) as figure(s) of 8 shape(s) of any orientation (p x , p y p z ) ✔

(b(ii))
1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 3d 10
OR Accept configuration with 3d before 4s.
[Ar] 4s 1 3d 10 ✔

[Link].TZ1.1
a(i).

2 Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2 MgO(s) ✔

Do not accept equilibrium arrows. Ignore state symbols

a(ii). s✔
Do not allow group 2

a(iii). aluminium/Al ✔

b(i). 53 . 726 g - 47 . 372 g 6 . 354 g

⟨⟨ -1 = -1 ⟩⟩ = 0 . 2614 «mol» ✔
244 . 31 g mol 24 . 31 g mol

b(ii). mass of product « = 56 . 941 g - 47 . 372 g » = 9 . 569 « g » ✔

⟨⟨100 ×
2 × 0 . 001 g
=0.0209⟩⟩ = 0.02 «%» ✔ Award [2] for correct final answer
9 . 569 g

Accept 0.021%

b(iii).

⟨⟨ 0 . 2614 mol × ( 24 . 31 g mol-1 + 16 . 00 g mol-1 ) = 0 . 2614 mol × 40 . 31 g mol-

✔

9 . 569 g Award «0.2614 mol x 40.31 g mol–1»

⟨⟨100 × = 90 . 822⟩⟩ = 91 « % » ✔
10 . 536 g

Accept alternative methods to arrive at the correct answer.

Accept final answers in the range 91-92% [2] for correct final answer.
c(i).

yes
AND
2 2
«each Mg combines with 3
N, so» mass increase would be 14x 3 which is less than
expected increase of 16x
OR
3 mol Mg would form 101g of Mg3N2 but would form 3 x MgO = 121 g of MgO
OR
0.2614 mol forms 10.536 g of MgO, but would form 8.796 g of Mg3N2 ✔

Accept Yes AND “the mass of N/N2 that combines with each g/mole of Mg is lower
than that of O/O2”

Accept YES AND “molar mass of nitrogen less than of oxygen”.

c(ii). incomplete reaction

OR
Mg was partially oxidised already
OR
impurity present that evaporated/did not react ✔

Accept “crucible weighed before fully cooled”.

Accept answers relating to a higher atomic mass impurity consuming less O/O2.

Accept “non-stoichiometric compounds formed”.

Do not accept "human error", "wrongly calibrated balance" or other non-chemical

reasons.

If answer to (b)(iii) is >100%, accept appropriate reasons, such as product absorbed

moisture before being weighed.

d(i). «1» Mg3N2 (s) + 6 H2O (l) → 3 Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2 NH3 (aq)

d(ii). Mg3N2: -3
AND Do not accept 3 or 3-
NH3: -3 ✔

d(iii). Acid–base:
yes AND N3- accepts H+/donates electron pair«s»
OR
yes AND H2O loses H+ «to form OH-»/accepts electron pair«s» ✔

Redox:
no AND no oxidation states change ✔

Accept “yes AND proton transfer takes place”

Accept reference to the oxidation state of specific elements not changing.

Accept “not redox as no electrons gained/lost”.

Award [1 max] for Acid–base: yes AND Redox: no without correct reasons, if no other
mark has been awarded

e(i). Protons: 7 AND Neutrons: 7 AND Electrons: 10 ✔

e(ii). isotope«s» ✔

e(iii). nitride AND smaller nuclear charge/number of protons/atomic number ✔

f.

Any two of:

subatomic particles «discovered»

OR
particles smaller/with masses less than atoms «discovered»
OR
«existence of» isotopes «same number of protons, different number of neutrons» ✔

charged particles obtained from «neutral» atoms

OR
atoms can gain or lose electrons «and become charged» ✔

atom «discovered» to have structure ✔ fission

OR
atoms can be split ✔

Accept atoms can undergo fusion «to produce heavier atoms»

Accept specific examples of particles.

Award [2] for “atom shown to have a nucleus with electrons around it” as both M1
and M3.
 g.

Award [1] for each correct description.

Award [1] for all bonding types correct.

Apply ECF for M2 only once.

[Link].TZ1.3
a.

Mg2+ + 2 e- → Mg ✔

Do not penalize missing charge on electron.

Accept equation with equilibrium arrows.

b. Alternative 1 put Mg in Zn2+(aq) ✔

Zn/«black» layer forms «on surface of Mg» ✔

Alternative 2
Award [1 max] for “no reaction when Zn placed in Mg2+(aq)”.

place both metals in acid ✔ bubbles evolve more rapidly from Mg Alternative 3
OR
Mg dissolves faster ✔

construct a cell with Mg and Zn electrodes ✔

bulb lights up
OR Accept “electrons flow from Mg to Zn”.
shows (+) voltage
OR
size/mass of Mg(s) decreases «over time»
 OR
size/mass of Zn increases «over time»

Accept Mg is negative electrode/anode

OR Accept other correct methods.
Zn is positive electrode/cathode

c(i). propanone ✔
Accept 2-propanone and propan-2-one.

c(ii). hydrogen bonds ✔

d(i).

d(ii). Do not penalize missing brackets or n.

Do not award mark if continuation bonds are not shown.

e. no change «in colour/appearance/solution» ✔

f(i). «nucleophilic» substitution Accept SN1

OR Accept “hydrolysis”.
SN2 ✔

f(ii). energy/E ≥ activation energy/Ea ✔ correct orientation «of reacting particles»

OR
correct geometry «of reacting particles» ✔

f(iii). decreases/less polar AND electronegativity «of the halogen» decreases ✔

Accept “decreases” AND a correct comparison of the electronegativity of two

halogens.

Accept “decreases” AND “attraction for valence electrons decreases”.

[Link].TZ1.5

(a(i))
 2-methylpropan-2-ol /2-methyl-2-propanol ✔

Accept methylpropan-2-ol/ methyl-2-propanol. Do not accept 2-methylpropanol.

(a(ii))
dipole-dipole ✔ Do not accept van der Waals’ forces.

(b(i))

(b(iii))
Do not penalize missing brackets or n.

Do not award mark if continuation bonds are not shown.

(d(ii))
energy/E ≥ activation energy/E a ✔ correct orientation «of reacting particles»
OR
correct geometry «of reacting particles» ✔

(d(iv))
decreases/less polar AND electronegativity «of the halogen» decreases ✔

Accept “decreases” AND a correct comparison of the electronegativity of two halogens.

Accept “decreases” AND “attraction for valence electrons decreases”.

[Link].TZ1.6

(a(i))
 Accept half arrows instead of full arrows.
Accept all 2p electrons pointing downwards.

(a(iii))
Any three of: two N-O same length/order ✔
delocalization/resonance ✔

N-OH longer «than N-O»

OR
N-OH bond order 1 AND N-O bond order 1½ ✔

Award [2 max] if bond strength, rather than bond length discussed.

Accept N-O between single and double bond AND N-OH single bond.

[Link].TZ2.1
a.

2 Li (s) + 2 H2O (l) → 2 LiOH (aq) + H2 (g) ✔

= » 0 . 0288 « 𝑚𝑜𝑙 » ✔ «nLiOH = nLi»

0200 𝑔
b(i). 𝑛𝐿𝑖 «
6 . 94 𝑔

0 . 0288 𝑚𝑜𝑙
LiOH « = = » 0 . 0576 « 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑚-3 » ✔
0 . 5000 𝑑𝑚3

Award [2] for correct final answer.

1
b(ii). « 𝑛𝐻2 = 2 × 0 . 0288 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0 . 0144 𝑚𝑜𝑙 »

« cm3 » ✔
-1 -1
«𝑉=
𝑛𝑅𝑇
= »
0 . 0144 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 8 . 31 𝐽𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 22 . 5 + 273𝐾
« × 103 » ✔ 𝑉 = 343
𝑃 103 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Award [2] for correct final answer. Accept answers in the range 334 – 344 cm3.

Award [1 max] for 0.343 «cm3/dm3/m3».

Award [1 max] for 26.1 cm3 obtained by using 22.5 K.

Award [1 max] for 687 cm3 obtained by using 0.0288 mol.

b(iii). lithium was impure/«partially» oxidized OR gas leaked/ignited ✔

 Accept “gas dissolved”.

c. H2O AND hydrogen gains electrons «to form H2» OR

H2O AND H oxidation state changed from +1 to 0 ✔

Accept “H2O AND H/H2O is reduced”.

d. Any two: temperature of the water increases ✔ lithium melts ✔

pop sound is heard ✔ Accept “lithium/hydrogen catches fire”.

Do not accept “smoke is observed”.

[Link].TZ2.2
a.

increasing number of protons/nuclear charge/Zeff ✔

«atomic» radius/size decreases

OR
same number of energy levels
OR
similar shielding «by inner electrons» ✔

b(i). Any two of: does not represent sub-levels/orbitals ✔

only applies to atoms with one electron/hydrogen ✔

does not explain why only certain energy levels are allowed ✔

the atom is considered to be isolated ✔

does not take into account the interactions between atoms/molecules/external fields
✔

does not consider the number of electrons the energy level can fit ✔

does not consider probability of finding electron at different positions/OWTTE ✔

Do not accept “does not represent distance «from nucleus»”.

 b(ii).

upward arrow X AND starting at n = 1 extending to n = ∞ ✔

b(iii).

downward or upward arrow between n = 3 and n = 2 ✔

[Link].TZ2.3
a.

increases rate AND lower Ea ✔

provides alternative pathway «with lower Ea»

OR
more/larger fraction of molecules have the «lower» Ea ✔

Accept description of how catalyst lowers Ea for M2 (e.g. “reactants adsorb on

surface «of catalyst»”, “reactant bonds weaken «when adsorbed»”, “helps favorable
orientation of molecules”).
 b(i). both axes correctly labelled ✔

peak of T2 curve lower AND to the right of T1 curve ✔

lines begin at origin AND correct shape of curves AND T2 must finish above T1 ✔

Accept “probability «density» / number of particles / N / fraction” on y-axis.

Accept “kinetic E/KE/Ek” but not just “Energy/E” on x-axis.

b(ii). decrease AND equilibrium shifts left / favours reverse reaction ✔

«forward reaction is» exothermic / ΔH is negative ✔

c(i). sulfuric acid/H2SO4 ✔ Accept “disulfuric acid/H2S2O7”.

c(ii). fully ionizes/dissociates ✔ proton/H+ «donor » ✔

d(i).

Do not accept the delocalised structure.

Accept any combination of dots, crosses and lines.

Coordinate/dative bond may be represented by an arrow.

d(ii). three electron domains repel OR

three electron domains as far away as possible ✔ trigonal planar OR
«all» angles are 120° ✔

[Link].TZ2.4
a(i).

C60 fullerene: «each carbon is» bonded to 3 C AND diamond: bonded to 4 C

OR
C60 fullerene: delocalized/resonance AND diamond: not delocalized/no resonance
OR
C60 fullerene: single and double bonds AND diamond: single bonds ✔

Accept “C60 fullerene: sp2 AND diamond: sp3”.

Accept “C60 fullerene: trigonal planar geometry / bond angles between

109.5°/109°/108°–120° AND diamond: tetrahedral geometry / bond angle
109.5°/109°”.

Accept "bonds in fullerene are shorter/stronger/have higher bond order".

b. same general formula / CnH2n+2 ✔ differ by CH2/common structural unit ✔

Accept "similar chemical properties".

Accept “gradation/gradual change in physical properties”.

c. ALTERNATIVE 1: Test: add bromine «water»/Br2 (aq) ✔ Result:

«orange/brown/yellow» to colourless/decolourised ✔

Do not accept “clear” for M2. ALTERNATIVE 2: Test: add «acidified» KMnO4 ✔

Result: «purple» to colourless/decolourised/brown ✔

Accept “colour change” for M2. ALTERNATIVE 3: Test: add iodine /I2 ✔

Result: «brown» to colourless/decolourised ✔

d(i). Accept

d(ii). CH3CH=CHCH3 (g) + HBr (g) → CH3CH2CHBrCH3 (l) OR

C4H8 (g) + HBr (g) → C4H9Br (l) ✔

d(iii). «electrophilic» addition/EA ✔

Do not accept nucleophilic or free radical addition.

d(iv). ALTERNATIVE 1: Any two of: but-2-ene: 2 signals AND product: 4 signals ✔

but-2-ene: «area ratio» 3:1/6:2 AND product: «area ratio» 3:3:2:1 ✔

product: «has signal at» 3.5-4.4 ppm «and but-2-ene: does not» ✔

but-2-ene: «has signal at» 4.5-6.0 ppm «and product: does not» ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2:
 but-2-ene: doublet AND quartet/multiplet/4 ✔

product: doublet AND triplet AND quintet/5/multiplet AND sextet/6/multiplet ✔

Accept “product «has signal at» 1.3–1.4 ppm «and but-2-ene: does not»”.

e(i). bond breaking: C–H + Cl–Cl / 414 «kJ mol–1» + 242 «kJ mol–1»/656 «kJ»
OR
bond breaking: 4C–H + Cl–Cl / 4 × 414 «kJ mol–1» + 242 «kJ mol–1» / 1898 «kJ» ✔

bond forming: «C–Cl + H–Cl / 324 kJ mol–1 + 431 kJ mol–1» / 755 «kJ»
OR
bond forming: «3C–H + C–Cl + H–Cl / 3 × 414 «kJ mol–1» + 324 «kJ mol–1» + 431 kJ mol–
1
» / 1997 «kJ» ✔

«ΔH = bond breaking – bond forming = 656 kJ – 755 kJ» = –99 «kJ» ✔

Award [2 max] for 99 «kJ».

Award [3] for correct final answer.

e(ii).

reactants at higher enthalpy than products ✔

ΔH/-99 «kJ» labelled on arrow from reactants to products

OR
activation energy/Ea labelled on arrow from reactant to top of energy profile ✔

Accept a double headed arrow between reactants and products labelled as ΔH for
M2.

[Link].TZ2.5
a.

Cathode (negative electrode):

Zn2+ + 2e− → Zn (l) ✔

 Anode (positive electrode):

2Cl− → Cl2 (g) + 2e−

OR
Cl− → ½ Cl2 (g) + e− ✔

b. ZnCl2 (l) → Zn (l) + Cl2 (g) Accept ionic equation.

balanced equation ✔
correct state symbols ✔

[Link].TZ2.6

(a)
increases rate AND lower E a ✔

provides alternative pathway «with lower E a »

OR
more/larger fraction of molecules have the «lower» E a ✔

Accept description of how catalyst lowers E a for M2 (e.g. “reactants adsorb on surface
«of catalyst»”, “reactant bonds weaken «when adsorbed»”, “helps favorable orientation
of molecules”).

(b(i))
both axes correctly labelled ✔

peak of T 2 curve lower AND to the right of T 1 curve ✔

lines begin at origin AND correct shape of curves AND T 2 must finish above T 1 ✔

Accept “probability «density» / number of particles / N / fraction” on y-axis.

Accept “kinetic E/KE/E k ” but not just “Energy/E” on x-axis.

(b(ii))
 decrease AND equilibrium shifts left / favours reverse reaction ✔

«forward reaction is» exothermic / ΔH is negative ✔

(d(i))
sulfuric acid/H 2 SO 4 ✔
Accept “disulfuric acid/H 2 S 2 O 7 ”.

(d(ii))
fully ionizes/dissociates ✔ proton/H + «donor »✔

[Link].TZ2.8

(a(i))
Any two of: C 60 fullerene: bonded to 3 C AND diamond: bonded to 4 C ✔

C 60 fullerene: delocalized/resonance AND diamond: not delocalized / no resonance ✔

C 60 fullerene: sp 2 AND diamond: sp 3 ✔

C 60 fullerene: bond angles between 109–120° AND diamond: 109° ✔

Accept "bonds in fullerene are shorter/stronger/have higher bond order OR bonds in

diamond longer/weaker/have lower bond order".

(a(ii))
diamond giant/network covalent AND sublimes at higher temperature ✔

C 60 molecular/London/dispersion/intermolecular «forces» ✔

Accept “diamond has strong covalent bonds AND require more energy to break «than
intermolecular forces»” for M1.

(b)
same general formula / C n H 2n+2 ✔ differ by CH 2 /common structural unit ✔

Accept "similar chemical properties".

Accept “gradation/gradual change in physical properties”.

(c)
ALTERNATIVE 1: Test: add bromine «water»/Br 2 (aq) ✔ Result:

«orange/brown/yellow» to colourless/decolourised ✔
Do not accept “clear” for M2.
 Test: add «acidified» KMnO 4 ✔ Result:
ALTERNATIVE 2:
«purple» to colourless/decolourised/brown ✔
Accept “colour change” for M2.

Test: add iodine / I2 ✔ Result:

ALTERNATIVE 3:
«brown» to colourless/decolourised ✔

(d(ii))
CH 3 CH=CHCH 3 + HBr (g) → CH 3 CH 2 CHBrCH 3 Correct reactants ✔

Correct products ✔ Accept molecular formulas for both reactants and product

(d(iii))
«electrophilic» addition/EA ✔ Do not accept nucleophilic or free radical addition.

(f(i))
bond breaking: C–H + Cl–Cl / 414 «kJ mol –1 » + 242 «kJ mol –1 »/656 «kJ»
OR
bond breaking: 4C–H + Cl–Cl / 4 × 414 «kJ mol –1 » + 242 «kJ mol –1 » / 1898 «kJ» ✔

bond forming: «C–Cl + H–Cl / 324 kJ mol –1 + 431 kJ mol –1 » / 755 «kJ»
OR
bond forming: «3C–H + C–Cl + H–Cl / 3 × 414 «kJ mol –1 » + 324 «kJ mol –1 » + 431 kJ mol –1
» / 1997 «kJ» ✔

«ΔH = bond breaking – bond forming = 656 kJ – 755 kJ» = –99 «kJ» ✔

Award [3] for correct final answer. Award [2 max] for 99 «kJ».

(f(ii))

reactants at higher enthalpy than products ✔

 ΔH/-99 «kJ» labelled on arrow from reactants to products
OR
activation energy/ E a labelled on arrow from reactant to top of energy profile ✔

Accept a double headed arrow between reactants and products labelled as ΔH for M2.

[Link].TZ0.4

(a.i)
Structure: ester functional group ✔

rest of structure ✔ C 3H 5O ✔
Empirical Formula:

Accept condensed/skeletal formula.

(a.i)
Structure: ester functional group ✔

rest of structure ✔ C 3H 5O ✔
Empirical Formula:

Accept condensed/skeletal formula.

([Link])
dilute adds «excess» water OR water is a product ✔

shift left AND decreases yield ✔

([Link])
A has hydrogen bonding/bonds «and dipole-dipole and London/dispersion forces» AND
B has dipole-dipole «and London/dispersion forces»
OR A has hydrogen bonding/bonds AND B does not ✔
intermolecular forces are weaker in B OR
 hydrogen bonding/bonds stronger «than dipole-dipole» ✔

(b)
brown/orange/red/yellow to colourless ✔
Do not accept clear for colourless.

[Link].TZ0.5

(a)
« 0 . 40 % × 500 . 0 g = » 2.0 «g» ✔
1 mol S
«2.0 g× 32 . 07 g
= 0 . 062 mol of S » = 0.062 «mol of SO 2 » ✔

Award [2] for correct final answer. Accept 0.063 «mol».

(a)
« 0 . 40 % × 500 . 0 g = » 2.0 «g» ✔
1 mol S
«2.0 g× = 0 . 062 mol of S » = 0.062 «mol of SO 2 » ✔
32 . 07 g

Award [2] for correct final answer. Accept 0.063 «mol».

(b)
SO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) → H 2 SO 3 (aq) OR
SO 2 (g) + ½O 2 (g) → SO 3 (g) AND SO 3 (g) + H 2 O (l) → H 2 SO 4 (aq) OR
SO 2 (g) + ½O 2 (g) + H 2 O (l) → H 2 SO 4 (aq) ✔ Accept ionized forms of acids.

(c)
Any two of: depth/volume «of solution» ✔

colour/darkness/thickness/size/background of mark ✔ intensity of lighting in the lab ✔

Accept same size flask. Accept position of observation/person observing.

Accept same equipment/apparatus.

Do not accept catalyst/particle size/pressure/time.

(d)
Any two of: remove sulfur from coal ✔ add lime during combustion ✔

not allow sulfur oxides to be released into the environment ✔

 reduce proportion/percentage of energy/power produced by «the combustion of» coal
✔

Accept any valid method to wash coal and remove sulfur content for M1.

Accept any valid combustion/post-combustion method to remove sulfur oxides.

Accept any suggestion that would reduce the amount of coal that is burnt or would
reduce the damage caused.

Do not accept answers that only reduce production of SO 2 /CO 2 from other fuels.

Accept “improve efficiency of energy production from coal”.

Accept “use coal of lower sulfur content” OR “cleaner coal”.

[Link].TZ1.2

(a.i)
arrows AND identifies 2s AND 2p sub orbitals ✓

Accept “hooks” to represent the electrons.

(a)
+2/II ✓
Do not accept A 2+ , A +2 , 2 OR 2+.

[Link].TZ1.3

(a.i)
compounds of the same family AND general formula
OR
compounds of the same family AND differ by a common structural unit/ CH 2 ✓

Accept contains the same functional group for same family.

(a)
2CO(g) → C(s) + CO 2 (g) ✓
Accept reversible arrows.

[Link].TZ1.4

(a)
 +6/VI ✓ Do not accept 6/6 + .

(a)
metal ions/atoms have different sizes ✓
cations/atoms/layers do not slide over each other as easily ✓
«irregularities» obstruct free movement of electrons ✓

Accept electrons move less easily/less delocalized for M3.

[Link].TZ1.5

(a.i)
«100 − (7.09 + 5.11 + 16.22 + 14.91) =» 56.67 «%» ✓

(a)
cannot be synthesized «by the human body» ✓

[Link].TZ2.1

(a)
«n(C) =» 4.05 «mol» «empirical formula =» C 3 H 6 O 2 ✓
AND
«n(O) =» 2.70 «mol» ✓
«% H =» 8.2 %
OR
«n(H) =» 8.12 «mol» ✓

Award [2] for the simplest ratio ″1.5 C: 3 H: 1 O″.

[Link].TZ2.2

(a)
reaction hardly proceeds
OR
reverse reaction/formation of NO 2 is favoured
OR
«concentration of» reactants greater than «concentration of» products «at equilibrium»
✓

Accept equilibrium lies to the left.

(a)
 green to purple Accept “colourless to purple”.
OR Accept “green to grey/blueish”.
green to brown Do not accept “clear” for “colourless”.
OR Do not accept “purple to “brown”.
green to purple-green ✓ Do not accept blue as final colour.

[Link].TZ2.3

(a)
magnesium/Mg «metal» ✓ Do not accept magnesium ions/Mg 2+ .

[Link].TZ2.4

(a)
Any two of the following:
«group 15 so Bi has» 5 valence electrons ✓
«period 6 so Bi has» 6 «occupied» electron shells/energy levels ✓
«in p-block so» p orbitals are highest occupied ✓
occupied d/f orbitals ✓
has unpaired electrons ✓
has incomplete shell(s)/subshell(s) ✓

Award [1] for full or condensed electron configuration, [Xe] 4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 3 .

Accept other valid statements about the electron configuration.

(b)
forms an intermediate/activated complex ✓
«intermediate/activated complex» dissociates to form product « AND catalyst» ✓

Accept correct annotated energy profile for either mark.

[Link].TZ2.6

(a)
«measure change in» with time ✓ Accept any of the following for M1:
mass perform experiment on balance
OR OR
pressure use pressure probe
OR OR
volume of gas/CO 2 produced collect gas/gas syringe
OR OR
«intensity of» colour use colorimeter
OR OR
 «electrical» conductivity use conductivity meter
OR OR
pH ✓ use pH meter

Do not accept “measure rate of change” for M2.

(a)

Structure Level Interactions between amino acids

covalent bonding
OR
Primary peptide bond
OR
amide bond ✓
Secondary hydrogen bonding ✓
interactions between R groups/side chains
OR
ionic/electrostatic «attraction»
OR
hydrogen bonding
OR
Tertiary hydrophobic interactions
OR
disulfide bridges
OR
London/dispersion/van der
Waals/«instantaneous» induced dipole-induced
dipole ✓

Do not accept “amino acid sequence” for M1.

Do not accept “alpha helix” OR “beta sheets” for M2.

Accept “covalent bonding” for M3.

[Link].TZ0.1

(a)
Incorrect AND two readings, uncertainty is ±0.1 ✔

(i)
Incorrect AND two readings, uncertainty is ±0.1 ✔

(ii)
«mol» MnO 4− «=0.00339 × 0.01» = 3.38 × 10 −5 «mol» ✓ «mol MnO 4− : mol Fe +2 = 1:5»
 «mol» Fe 2+ = 1.95 × 10 −4 ✓ % Fe 2+ «= 1.95 × 10 −4 × 55.8 × 100/2.0»= 0.47«%» ✓

Must show working for the marks.

(iii)
no difference AND uncertainty larger than difference ✔

Accept other explanations referred to overlapping.

(i)
dilute the titrant to use larger volumes «of titrant» ✔

ensure spinach leaf fragments are the same size ✔

(ii)
systematic error AND all values «equally» inaccurate ✔

(i)
Oxidised: Fe +2 → Fe +3 ✔ Reduced: Mn 7+ → Mn 2+ ✔

(ii)
systematic error AND lower accuracy ✔ overestimation of [Fe(II)] ✔

[Link].TZ0.2

(a)
1- 1.0 cm 3 2- 4.0 cm 3 ✔ 3- 8.0 cm 3 5- 4.0 cm 3 ✔

Award [1] for 2 correct answers

(i)
1- 1.0 cm 3 2- 4.0 cm 3 ✔ 3- 8.0 cm 3 5- 4.0 cm 3 ✔

Award [1] for 2 correct answers

(ii)
0.050−1.000 ✔

(iii)
water AND all samples dissolved «in water» ✔

(iv)
 ensures the line is best-fit ✔ line/equation of the line will be used for quantitation ✔

Accept any other explanations referring to accuracy.

(b)
Interpolation: 9.8 μg cm −3 ✔ using equation: 0.600/0.06283 = 9.55 « μg cm −3 » ✔

(c)
«ascorbic acid» has multiple −OH/hydroxyl groups ✔ can H-bond with water ✔

Do not accept OH−/hydroxide for M1

(i)
Δ % = «95.5 - 50.0/95.5 × 100»= 47.6 % ✔ Accept calculations using line equation

(ii)
assumption: linear decrease ✔

rate «mg 100 g −1 day −1 = 95.5 − 50.0 / 3 » = 15 «mg 100 g −1 day −1 » ✔

«95.5 − 15 × 6 = 5.5 «mg 100 g −1 day −1 » ✔