Chapter 1

Development

Development goals can vary widely among individuals. What one person
views as progress may not be seen the same way by another and could even
be detrimental to someone else.

• Developmental goals of any particular idea vary from person to person.

• Apart from personal development, we should definitely think of a

country's development.

• Development is defined as the people’s economic growth, along with

the growth of their basic needs like education, health, lifestyle, etc.

• The main aim of development is to update as per the demand of time.

• For example: to generate electricity, a dam is constructed over a river

where nearby mass is considered for construction resulting in the
development of society and country.
• It causes destruction for farmers and the lives of people living nearby.

What Development Promises – Different People’s, Different Goals:

Developmental goals vary from person to person.

It's not just about personal growth but also about a country's progress.

Development includes economic growth and meeting basic needs like

education and healthcare.

The aim is to adapt to the changing times.

For instance, building a dam for electricity generation may benefit society
but harm farmers and local residents.

2. Income and other goals

• Money is considered to be the basic need of people and to fulfil their

daily requirements making money or income is very important.

• Money is required to buy materialistic things as well as freedom,

security, treatment, respect to maintain a quality lifestyle.

• Hence, developmental goals are necessary to get a better income and

other things in life.

3. National Development

• It is defined as a country’s ability to enhance the living standards of its

residents.

• For people, belief in nations' development is different.

• Improvement in people’s living standards, providing basic things to

citizens like food, education, social service, medical aid, etc, and
increase in per capita income, is referred to as National development.

Key aspects of national development:

Economic Growth : National development involves sustained economic

growth, which leads to increased production, income generation, and
employment opportunities. It aims to achieve a stable and prosperous
economy that benefits all citizens.
Social Welfare : National development prioritizes the well-being of citizens
by ensuring access to essential services such as education, healthcare,
housing, and social security. It aims to reduce poverty, inequality, and social
exclusion.

Infrastructure Development : Adequate infrastructure, including

transportation, communication, energy, and water supply, is vital for national
development. Improved infrastructure facilitates economic activities,
enhances productivity, and improves the quality of life.

Human Capital Development : National development focuses on investing

in human capital through education, skill development, and healthcare. A
well-educated and healthy workforce is essential for sustainable
development and economic competitiveness.

Environmental Sustainability : Sustainable development emphasizes the

responsible use of natural resources and environmental conservation.
National development strategies should incorporate measures to mitigate
environmental degradation, promote renewable energy, and address climate
change challenges.

Political Stability and Good Governance: Political stability, rule of law,

and effective governance are essential for national development.
Transparent and accountable institutions, as well as participatory decision-
making processes, contribute to fostering trust, stability, and sustainable
development.

International Cooperation: National development often involves

collaboration with international partners, organizations, and donors.
International cooperation can provide financial assistance, technical
expertise, and knowledge sharing to support national development efforts.

4. How can you differentiate different countries or states?

• Income is a key feature to compare countries.

• Countries that have higher income are called developed countries and
vice versa.

• The income of a country is about the income of the citizens of that

country.

• National income: it is the sum of the total value of the country’s goods
and services produced in a year. As every country has a different
 population rate, so National income cannot be considered to compare
between different countries.

• Per capita income: it is also called average income, defined as a

country's total earnings divided by the whole population. It shows the
living standard of the citizens of the country.

• The average income of the country is the ratio of the overall income of
the country to the overall population of the country.

Average Income is calculated by dividing a country’s total income by

its total population. It’s also known as per capita income.

Average Income = Country’s total income/total population

World Development Reports use per capita income to classify countries.

In 2017, countries with a per capita income of US$ 12,056 or more were
classified as rich countries. Conversely, countries with a per capita income of
US$ 955 or less were considered low-income countries, such as India.

5. Income and other criteria

• To achieve a goal, people earn more and want respect from others, the
security of their lives, and freedom.

• If we consider per capita in the country’s development, then Goa is the

most developed and Bihar is the least developed state in India.

• Net attendance ratio: defined as the total number of children, the age
group from 14 years attending the school from the total percentage of
children in the same age group.

• Literacy rate: it is the total number of people above 7 years who can
write, read and understand. If the literacy rate is high, then the state is
considered to be developed. Kerala has the highest literacy rate of 96.2%
and Andhra Pradesh has the lowest literacy rate of 66.4%.

• Infant mortality rate: it is the total number of children that die in one
year of age as a proportion of 1000 births in a year. It shows how efficient
health facilities are in any country. Kerala has the lowest infant mortality
rate, that is deaths per 1000 live births and Madhya Pradesh has the highest
mortality rate that is 48 per 1000 live births in India.

6. Human Development Index

• The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) prepares this
index, in which an annual report of human development is published every
year.

• The major parameters include per capita income, literacy rate, and
durability of a person’s life, which measure the countries’
development.

• Countries are marked as very high, high, medium, and low developed
countries respectively.

• Apart from infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio; the
BMI index also plays an important role.

• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has used the

criterion of Human Development Index to measure the
development of countries.

• HDI is calculated on the basis of:

1. Per capita income :

2. Life expectancy:

3. Health Status Literacy rate:

4. For World Bank comparing countries, their income is considered to be

one of the most important attributes. Countries with higher income are
more developed than others with less income.

7. Body mass index (BMI) is measured to measure the adults who

are undernourished by calculating the weight of the person (kg)
divided by the square of the height. If the value is less than 18.5,
the person is undernourished and if it is more than 25, then the
person is highly obese.

8. Public Facilities

• Public facilities play a major role in the development of the country.

• These are the facilities provided by the government like schools,

transportation, electricity, hospitals, residences, community halls, etc.

• These facilities are important as we cannot purchase every major

facility.
9. Sustainable Development

• It is the development that meets all needs of today’s generation.

• It is the development of a nation without affecting the environment.

• To achieve sustainable development, we should use non-renewable

resources such as carbon-based fuel wisely.

Key aspects of sustainable development:

1. Environmental Conservation
2. Economic Stability
3. Social Equity
4. Cultural Preservation
5. Community Participation
6. Responsible Consumption and Production
7. Climate Action
8. Global Partnerships