​Unit 8: Rights​

​Why are these Rights? Why need them?​

​●​ ​The​ ​Constitution​ ​governs​ ​while​ ​safeguarding​ ​and​ ​upholding​ ​citizens'​
​ undamental rights.​
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​ ​ ​Rights limit the​​powers

● of government​​and ensure a​​democratic setup.​

​●​ ​Part III​​of our constitution enshrines these rights.​

​●​ ​These rights have evolved over the past​​seventy years.​

​Life Without Rights:​

​●​ ​Life​ ​without​ ​rights​ ​lacks​ ​dignity,​ ​security,​ ​freedom,​ ​and​ ​basic​
​protections.​
​●​ ​Without​ ​rights,​ ​oppression​ ​prevails;​ ​rights​ ​empower​ ​people​ ​to​ ​live​
​freely and equally.​

​Expanding Scope of Rights:​

​●​ ​Emerging​ ​needs​ ​introduce​ ​new​ ​rights​ ​like​ ​education,​ ​healthcare,​
​environment.​
​●​ ​The digital era advances rights such as privacy and data protection.​
​●​ ​Marginalized​ ​groups,​ ​e.g.,​ ​LGBTQ+,​ ​disabled,​ ​and​ ​indigenous,​ ​gain​
​recognition and inclusion.​
​●​ ​Global​ ​impact:​ ​Rights​ ​now​ ​encompass​ ​climate​ ​action,​ ​migration,​ ​and​
​related concerns.​
​●​ ​In​​essence,​​rights​​have​​evolved​​over​​time​​in​​terms​​of​​society,​​technology,​
​and global values.​

​Rights in a Democracy:​
​●​ ​Rights​ ​are​ ​inherent​ ​entitlements​ ​of​ ​citizens,​ ​safeguarded​ ​simply​
​because we are human.​
​●​ ​Rights​ ​allow​ ​us​ ​live​ ​freely​ ​with​ ​dignity,​ ​express​ ​ourselves,​ ​and​
​ articipate in democracy.​
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​●​ ​Rights​ ​can​ i​nclude​ ​civil,​ ​political,​ ​social,​ ​cultural,​ ​and​ ​economic​
​ imensions.​
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​●​ ​Rights​ ​are​ ​an​ i​ndividual’s​ ​claims​ ​over​ ​others,​ ​the​ ​government,​ ​and​
​society.​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​

 ​●​ ​Rights​ ​must​ ​possess​ ​three​ ​qualities:​ ​reasonable​ ​claims,​ ​social​
​recognition, and legal sanction.​

​Rights: Essence of Democracy:​

​●​ ​Rights​ ​form​ ​democracy’s​ ​foundation,​ ​preventing​ ​injustice​ ​and​
​exploitation​ ​of​ ​vulnerable​ ​groups.​ ​Their​ ​absence​ ​fuels​ ​oppression​ ​and​
​conflicts, e.g.,​​Saudi Arabia, the Kosovo massacre.​

​●​ ​So, rights are vital to sustain democracy, allowing citizens to:​

​ ​ ​Vote and form political parties.​

○
​○​ ​Criticize and hold governments accountable.​
​ ​ ​Without​​rights,​​minorities​​risk​​oppression​​under​​majority​​rule,​​leading​
●
​to tyranny.​
​●​ ​Certain​ ​rights​ ​surpass​ ​government​ ​authority,​ ​shielding​ ​individuals.​ ​If​
​violated:​
​○​ ​Citizens can approach the court for protection.​
​○​ ​The judiciary can nullify any unjust law.​

​Rights Prevent Exploitation:​

​●​ ​The​ ​constitutional​ ​guarantee​ ​of​ ​written​ ​rights​ ​empowers​ ​the​ ​poor.​
​Example:​ ​Asian​​Games​​construction​​workers​​received​​minimum​​wages​
​through judicial intervention.​
​●​ ​Courts play a crucial role in enforcing and protecting rights.​

​Constitutional Rights vs Practical Rights:​

​●​ R ​ ights​ ​may​ ​exist​ ​on​ ​paper,​ ​but​ ​are​ ​they​ ​truly​ ​effective?​ ​Example:​
​ achal Lalung case.​
M
​●​ ​It raises critical questions:​
​○​ ​Does one’s economic status determine access to rights?​
​○​ ​Do the poor receive rights only when others fight for them?​

​What is a Bill of Rights?​

​●​ ​A​ ​Bill​ ​of​ ​Rights​ ​is​ ​a​ ​list​ ​of​ ​guaranteed​ ​rights​ ​allowing​ ​citizens​ ​to​ ​live​
​ reely in a democracy.​
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​●​ ​It​ ​safeguards​ ​against​ p

​ rivate​ ​discrimination​ ​and​ ​wrongful​ ​state​
​actions, providing legal​​means to challenge violations.​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​

​Why does Democracy need a Bill of Rights?​
​●​ ​Governments​ ​can​ ​violate​ ​rights,​ ​requiring​ ​clear​​limitations.​​Legislation​
​ ay​ ​pass​ ​unjust​ ​laws,​ ​the​ ​executive​ ​may​ ​misuse​ ​power,​ ​judiciary​​may​
m

​ ive biased rulings.​

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​ ​ ​A Bill of Rights restricts​​all organs’ authority.​

●
​●​ ​A​ ​Bill​ ​of​ ​Rights​ ​balances​ ​power,​ ​preventing​ ​rights​ ​violations​ ​by​
​government or individuals. It ensures:​
​○​ ​Rule of law.​
​○​ ​Accountability.​
​○​ ​True functioning of democracy.​

​Bill of Rights equals Fundamental Rights:​

​●​ ​Fundamental​ ​Rights​ ​in​ ​Part​ ​III​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Constitution​ ​serve​ ​as​ ​our​ ​Bill​ ​of​
​ ights.​
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​ ​ ​They​​are​​constitutionally​​protected,​​and​​the​​judiciary​​can​​nullify​​any​​law​
●
​violating them.​

​How did Fundamental Rights emerge in India?​

​●​ ​During freedom of struggle, the idea of rights emerged.​
​●​ ​In 1928, Motilal Nehru drafted a report that:​

​○​ ​Proposed Dominion Status for India.​

​○​ ​Introduced Fundamental Rights for citizens.​
​○​ ​Suggested Bicameral Legislature at the Centre.​
​○​ ​Recommended Division of Power between Centre and States.​
​○​ ​Opposed Separate Electorates.​
​●​ ​Leaders​ ​sought​ ​a​ ​British​ ​government​ ​guarantee​ ​to​ ​ensure​
​Fundamental Rights.​

​Why are they called Fundamental?​

​●​ ​These​ ​rights​ ​are​ ​essential​ ​to​ ​protect​ ​and​ ​uphold​ ​every​ ​individual's​
​human dignity.​
​●​ ​They​ ​are​ ​crucial​ ​for​ ​ensuring​ ​democratic​ ​governance​ ​and​ ​preserving​
​citizens' freedoms.​
​●​ ​Listed​ ​separately​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Constitution,​ ​highlighting​ ​their​ ​unique​
​importance and status.​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​

 ​●​ ​It​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​easily​ ​revoked,​ ​only​ ​altered​ ​through​ ​a​ ​constitutional​
​amendment process.​

​Role of the Judiciary:​

​●​ ​Courts​ ​safeguard​ ​Fundamental​ ​Rights​ ​by​ ​striking​ ​down​ ​any​ ​law​ ​that​
​ iolates them.​
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​●​ ​Judiciary​ ​prevents​ e​ xecutive​ ​overreach;​ ​citizens​ ​can​ ​approach​ ​the​

​Supreme Court (Article 32) and the High Court (Article 226).​

​Limitations of Fundamental Rights:​

​●​ ​Fundamental Rights are not absolute and​​may face certain​​restrictions.​

​○​ ​The​ ​government​ ​can​ ​limit​ ​rights​ ​for​ ​public​ ​order,​ ​morality,​ ​or​
​ ational security.​
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​​ A
● ​ balance between personal liberty and societal welfare is essential.​

​Types of Rights​

​Type of Right​ ​Source​ ​Legal Status​ ​Examples​

​ undamental​
F ​Part​ ​III​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Strongest​ ​–​ ​directly​ ​Right​ ​to​ ​Equality,​
​ ights​
R
​Constitution​ ​enforceable by courts​ ​Freedom,​
​Protection​ ​from​
​Exploitation​

​ onstitutional​ C
C ​ onstitution​ ​Can​ ​be​ ​modified​ ​by​ ​a​ ​Right​ ​to​ ​Property​
​ ights​
R
​(outside Part III)​ ​constitutional​ ​(Article 300A)​
​amendment​

​Legal Rights​ ​Ordinary​ ​laws​ ​Can​ ​be​ ​Right​ ​to​

​passed​ ​by​ ​changed/removed​ ​by​ ​Education,​ ​Right​
​Parliament​ ​ordinary legislation​ ​to​ ​Information​
​(RTI)​

​ uman​
H ​Global​ ​norms​ ​Some​​legally​​protected,​ ​Right​ ​to​ ​Life,​
​ ights​
R
​(e.g.,​ ​UN​ ​others moral​ ​Right​ ​to​ ​Dignity,​
​declarations)​ ​Right​ ​against​
​Torture​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​

​Understanding Fundamental Rights​
​●​ ​These rights are at the core of the Constitution.​
​●​ ​Fundamental​ ​Rights​ ​are​ ​written​ ​directly​ ​at​ ​the​ ​initial​ ​stage​ ​of​ ​the​
​Constitution and are therefore guaranteed by the Constitution itself.​
​●​ ​They are not easily abridged or taken away by Parliament.​
​●​ ​Courts​ ​protect​ ​Fundamental​ ​Rights​ ​very​ ​strongly​ ​when​ ​they​ ​are​
​violated.​ ​For​ ​example,​ ​courts​ ​protect​ ​the​ ​right​ ​to​ ​equality​ ​and​ ​various​
​freedoms.​

​Understanding Constitutional Rights​

​●​ ​Mentioned in the Constitution but not counted as Fundamental Rights.​
​●​ ​These rights are strong, but not as strong as Fundamental Rights.​
​●​ ​Parliament can change or remove these rights through a law.​
​○​ ​Example: Right to Property (Article 300A).​

​Understanding Legal Rights​

​●​ ​Legal rights originate through a law made by Parliament.​
​●​ ​Parliament​ ​can​ ​create,​ ​change,​ ​or​ ​remove​ ​legal​ ​rights​ ​easily,​ ​just​ ​like​
​any legislative process.​
​○​ ​Examples:​ ​Right​ ​to​ ​Education​ ​Act,​ ​Right​ ​to​ ​Information​ ​Act,​
​MGNREGA Act.​

​Understanding Human Rights​

​●​ ​These are universal rights given to everyone simply for being human.​
​●​ ​They are defined globally by bodies like the United Nations (UN).​
​●​ ​Some human rights are protected by law; others are moral guidelines.​
​○​ ​Examples:​ ​Right​ ​to​ ​dignity,​ ​right​ ​against​ ​torture,​ ​right​ ​to​ ​live​
​peacefully.​

​Why Aren’t All Rights Fundamental?​

​●​ ​Fundamental​ ​Rights​ ​(FRs)​ ​are​ ​like​ ​a​ ​VIP​ ​lounge—only​ ​the​ ​most​
​important rights are designated as Fundamental.​
​●​ ​If everything were a Fundamental Right:​
​○​ ​It would be hard to govern.​
​○​ ​Courts would be overburdened.​
​●​ ​Other rights are still important but can be managed or updated by law.​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​

​What are Fundamental Rights?​

​●​ ​They are rights guaranteed by the Constitution to every citizen.​

​●​ ​Their purpose is to ensure people live freely with dignity and equality.​
​●​ ​Location in Constitution: Part III, Articles 12 to 35.​

​List of Fundamental Rights​

​●​ ​Equality (Articles 14–18)​
​●​ ​Freedom (Articles 19–22)​
​●​ ​Protection from Exploitation (Articles 23, 24)​
​●​ ​Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)​
​●​ ​Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29, 30)​
​●​ ​Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)​
​○​ ​(Articles​​12,​​13,​​31,​​33,​​34,​​35​​are​​also​​Fundamental​​Rights​​but​​are​
​structured differently.)​

​Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)​

​●​ ​Everyone is equal in the eyes of the law.​
​●​ ​No​ ​special​ ​treatment​ ​is​ ​given​ ​to​ ​anyone​ ​based​ ​on​ ​wealth,​ ​power,​ ​or​
​political influence.​
​●​ ​No​ ​discrimination​ ​on​ ​the​ ​basis​ ​of​ ​gender,​ ​religion,​ ​caste,​ ​race,​​place​​of​
​birth, or any of them.​
​●​ ​Equal opportunity in government employment.​
​●​ ​Abolition of untouchability.​
​●​ ​Abolition of titles (except military/academic titles).​
​●​ ​Example:​ ​A​ ​former​ ​Prime​ ​Minister​ ​appears​ ​in​ ​court​ ​just​ ​like​ ​any​
​ordinary citizen.​

​Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)​

​●​ ​You can speak, move, work, and live freely but responsibly.​
​●​ ​Includes:​
​○​ ​Freedom of speech and expression​
​○​ ​Right to peaceful assembly​
​○​ ​Right to form associations​
​○​ ​Move freely across India​
​○​ ​Settle anywhere in India​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​

 ​○​ ​Choose any job or business​
​●​ ​Limitations:​
​○​ ​Cannot insult, spread hate, or disturb peace.​

​Accused and Arrests​

​Protection ​
for Accused​(Article 20)​

​●​ ​No double punishment for the same crime.​

​●​ ​No​​retrospective​​law​​(cannot​​be​​punished​​under​​a​​law​​that​​did​​not​​exist​
​when the act was committed).​
​●​ ​No self-incrimination (police cannot force you to confess).​
​Protection from Arrest (Article 22)​

​●​ ​You must be told the reasons for your arrest.​

​●​ ​You must be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours.​
​●​ ​You have the right to legal defense.​
​Preventive Detention (Article 22)​

​●​ ​You can be arrested on grounds of suspicion.​

​●​ ​Preventive​​detention​​can​​last​​a​​maximum​​of​​3​​months​​without​​review​
​by an Advisory Board.​

​Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23-24):​

​●​ ​Prohibits forced labour (Begar) and bonded labour practices.​
​●​ ​Forbids human trafficking, including buying and selling of humans.​
​●​ ​Bans child labour in hazardous industries for children below 14 years.​

​Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28):​

​●​ ​Freedom​ ​of​ ​Religion:​ ​Every​ ​person​ ​has​ ​the​​liberty​​to​​follow,​​change,​​or​
​reject any religion.​
​●​ ​Profess,​ ​Practice,​ ​Propagate:​ ​Individuals​ ​can​ ​openly​ ​express,​ ​perform​
​rituals, and spread their religious beliefs peacefully.​
​●​ ​Manage​ ​Religious​ ​Affairs:​ ​Religious​ ​groups​ ​independently​ ​handle​
​internal matters like worship, rituals, and administration.​
​●​ ​Reasonable​ ​Restrictions:​ ​No​ ​forced​ ​conversions,​ ​harmful​ ​rituals,​ ​or​
​actions disturbing public order and morality allowed.​
​●​ ​There​​is​​alo​​not​​to​​be​​forced​​to​​attend​​religious​​classes​​in​​government​
​schools.​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​

​Cultural, and Educational Rights (Article 29-30):​
​●​ ​India protects minority rights in its diverse society.​
​●​ ​Minorities, based on religion or language, can:​
​○​ ​Preserve their distinct culture and language freely.​
​○​ ​Establish their own schools and educational institutions.​
​○​ ​Receive government aid without any discrimination.​
​○​ ​Example:​ ​Christian​ ​and​ ​Urdu-medium​ ​schools​ ​enjoy​
​constitutional protection.​

​Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32):​

​●​ ​Called the​​"Heart and Soul of the Constitution"​​by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.​
​●​ ​Rights​ ​Violation:​ ​Citizens​ ​can​ ​approach​ ​Supreme​ ​Court​ ​or​ ​High​​Courts​
​for justice.​
​●​ ​Court's​ ​Power:​ ​Courts​ ​issue​ ​writs​ ​and​ ​orders​ ​to​ ​protect​ ​Fundamental​
​Rights.​
​●​ ​Includes​ ​writs​ ​like​ ​Habeas​ ​Corpus,​ ​Mandamus,​ ​Prohibition,​ ​Certiorari,​
​Quo-Warranto.​
​○​ ​Habeas​ ​Corpus:​ ​Directs​ ​authorities​ ​to​ ​present​ ​detained​ ​person​
​before the court.​
​○​ ​Mandamus:​ ​Commands​ ​a​ ​public​ ​authority​ ​to​ ​perform​ ​its​ ​legal​
​duties.​
​○​ ​Prohibition:​ ​Stops​ ​lower​ ​courts​ ​from​ ​acting​ ​beyond​ ​their​ ​legal​
​jurisdiction.​
​○​ ​Certiorari:​ ​Transfers​ ​a​ ​case​ ​from​ ​lower​ ​court​​to​​a​​higher​​court​
​for review.​
​○​ ​Quo-Warranto:​ ​Questions​​legality​​of​​a​​person​​occupying​​a​​public​
​office.​

​Right to Property:​
​●​ ​Article​ ​31​​,​​which​​guaranteed​​the​​right​​to​​property,​​was​​repealed​​by​​the​
​44th​ ​Constitutional​ ​Amendment​ ​Act​ ​(1978)​ ​and​ ​replaced​ ​with​ ​Article​
​ 00A.​
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​ ​ ​It​ ​is​ ​no​ ​longer​ ​a​ ​Fundamental​ ​Right​ ​to​ ​enable​ ​land​ ​reforms,​ ​abolish​
●
​zamindari, and promote public welfare.​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​

 ​●​ ​Now​ ​a​ ​constitutional​ ​right​ ​under​ ​Article​ ​300A,​ ​which​ ​Parliament​ ​can​
​restrict through law.​

​ irective​ ​Principles​ ​of​ ​State​ ​Policy​ ​(DPSP)​ ​(Part​ ​IV,​

D

​ rticles 36-51):​
A
​●​ ​Guidelines​ ​for​ ​Government:​ ​DPSPs​ ​provide​ ​fundamental​ ​principles​ ​for​
​governance,​​ensuring​​laws​​promote​​social,​​economic,​​and​​political​​justice,​
​fostering welfare-oriented policies benefitting all citizens equally.​
​●​ ​Examples:​
​○​ ​Free​ ​Education​ ​(RTE):​ ​DPSPs​ ​inspired​ ​Right​ ​to​ ​Education​ ​Act,​
​mandating​ ​free,​ ​compulsory​ ​education​ ​for​ ​children​ ​aged​ ​6–14,​
​reducing illiteracy and ensuring equal learning opportunities.​
​○​ ​Midday​ ​Meal​ ​Schemes:​ ​Promotes​ ​nutrition​ ​among​ ​school​
​children,​​increases​​attendance,​​fights​​classroom​​hunger,​​aligning​
​with​ ​DPSPs’​ ​directive​ ​to​ ​improve​ ​public​ ​health​ ​and​ ​ensure​
​equitable welfare measures.​
​○​ ​Panchayati​ ​Raj​ ​System:​ ​Strengthens​ ​grassroots​ ​democracy,​
​ensures​​people’s​​participation​​in​​governance,​​decentralizes​​power,​
​fulfilling​ ​DPSPs’​ ​aim​ ​of​ ​establishing​ ​self-governing​ ​village​
​communities for holistic rural development.​

​○​ ​Cottage​ ​Industries:​ ​Encourages​​local​​handicrafts​​and​​small-scale​

​industries,​ ​generating​ ​rural​ ​employment,​ ​reducing​ ​migration,​
​and​ ​achieving​ ​self-reliant​ ​villages​ ​as​ ​directed​ ​by​ ​DPSPs​ ​for​
​economic balance.​
​●​ ​Not​​legally​​enforceable​​in​​courts,​​yet​​governments​​remain​​morally​​and​
​politically bound to implement them for citizens’ welfare.​

​ undamental​ ​Rights​ ​(FR)​ ​vs​ ​Directive​ ​Principles​ ​of​

F

​ tate Policy (DPSP):​

S

​Basis​ ​Fundamental Rights (FR)​ ​Directive Principles of​

​State Policy (DPSP)​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​

 ​Nature​ ​Legally​ ​enforceable​ ​rights​ ​Non-justiciable​ ​principles​
​ensuring​ ​individual​ ​freedom,​ ​guiding​ ​state​ ​policies​ ​to​
​equality,​ ​and​ ​protection​ ​against​ ​establish​ ​social,​
​state​ ​actions​ ​violating​ ​economic,​ ​and​ ​political​
​constitutional guarantees.​ ​justice​ ​for​ ​overall​
​welfare.​

​Enforceability​ ​Can​ ​be​​enforced​​in​​courts;​​citizens​ ​Cannot​ ​be​ ​enforced​ ​by​

​can​ ​seek​ ​remedy​ ​against​ ​courts;​ ​implementation​
​violations​ ​through​ ​writ​ ​petitions​ ​depends​ ​on​
​under Articles 32 and 226.​ ​government's​ ​discretion​
​and political will.​

​Purpose​ ​Protects​ ​individual​ ​liberties​ ​from​ ​Directs​ ​state​ ​to​ ​make​

​arbitrary​ ​state​ ​action,​ ​ensuring​ ​laws​ ​promoting​ ​welfare,​
​fundamental​ ​human​ ​rights​ ​and​ ​reducing​ ​inequality,​
​democratic principles.​ ​ensuring​ ​social​ ​and​
​economic justice.​

​●​ ​Sometimes​ ​FR​ ​and​ ​DPSPs​ ​conflict​ ​like​ ​land​ ​reforms​ ​vs.​ ​right​ ​to​
​property.​ ​Constitution​ ​was​ ​amended​ ​favoring​ ​DPSPs,​ ​yet​ ​courts​
​continue to uphold Fundamental Rights firmly and cautiously.​

​Fundamental Duties (Part IVA, Article 51A):​

​●​ ​Added​ ​by​ ​the​ ​42nd​ ​Amendment​ ​(1976)​ ​on​ ​Swaran​ ​Singh​ ​Committee’s​
​ ecommendation.​
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​●​ ​What citizens must do:​
​○​ ​Abide by Constitution and respect national symbols.​
​○​ ​Safeguard natural environment and resources.​
​○​ ​Promote social harmony and unity.​
​○​ ​Defend nation and uphold its integrity.​
​○​ ​Develop scientific temper and humanism.​
​○​ ​Educate children (added by 86th Amendment, 2002).​
​○​ ​Duties are non-justiciable, not legally enforceable.​

​Public Facilities and Fundamental Rights:​

​●​ ​Basic​ ​services​ ​that​ ​essential​ ​services​ ​required​ ​for​ ​dignified,​ ​healthy​
​living.​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​

 ​●​ ​Examples:​ ​clean​ ​drinking​ ​water,​ ​proper​​roads,​​electricity​​supply,​​quality​
​healthcare, sanitation facilities, schools, and colleges.​
​●​ ​Importance of Public Facilities:​
​○​ ​Provide​ ​basic​ ​amenities​ ​ensuring​ ​dignity​ ​and​ ​well-being​ ​for​
​every citizen equally.​
​○​ ​Reduce​ ​social,​ ​economic,​ ​and​ ​regional​ ​inequalities​ ​by​ ​offering​
​equal access to essential services.​
​○​ ​Improve​ ​public​ ​health,​ ​enhance​ ​education,​ ​and​ ​create​ ​better​
​employment opportunities for all.​
​○​ ​Strongly​ ​connected​ ​to​ ​Article​ ​21,​ ​ensuring​ ​right​ ​to​ ​life​ ​and​
​personal liberty.​
​●​ ​Role of Government in Public Facilities:​
​○​ ​Government must do:​
​➢​ ​Plan,​ ​design,​ ​and​ ​construct​ ​essential​ ​public​ ​facilities​
​ensuring universal availability and accessibility.​
​➢​ ​Guarantee​ ​fair,​ ​equal,​ ​and​ ​non-discriminatory​ ​access​ ​to​
​all citizens for basic public services.​
​➢​ ​Allocate​ ​sufficient​ ​budget,​ ​manpower,​ ​and​ ​resources​ ​to​
​develop and maintain necessary public facilities.​
​➢​ ​Collaborate​​with​​private​​organizations​​when​​required​​for​
​expanding and improving public service delivery.​
​➢​ ​Regularly​ ​maintain,​ ​upgrade,​ ​and​ ​modernize​ ​public​
​facilities for efficient and long-term usage.​
​○​ ​Without​ ​government​ ​support,​ ​marginalized​ ​and​ ​poor​ ​sections​
​suffer maximum deprivation of essential services.​
​●​ ​Sources of Government Funds for Public Facilities:​
​○​ ​The​ ​government​ ​arranges​ ​money​ ​for​ ​public​ ​facilities​ ​through​
​taxes​ ​like​ ​income​ ​tax,​ ​property​​tax,​​and​​GST.​​Additional​​sources​
​include​ ​fines,​ ​service​ ​fees,​ ​and​ ​loans​ ​from​ ​domestic​ ​banks​ ​or​
​international​ ​agencies.​ ​Public-private​ ​partnerships​ ​also​ ​help​ ​in​
​funding,​ ​ensuring​ ​development​ ​and​ ​maintenance​ ​of​ ​essential​
​services for all citizens.​

​PW OnlyIAS​ ​Daily Class Notes​