Chapter One: Introduction to Computers
1. Introduction
Computer Science is the study of information — how it is represented, stored, processed,
and presented. Like other sciences that use tools and instruments, computer science uses a
special device called the computer.
2. Data vs Information
• Data: Raw facts about people, events, or things. Data alone has no meaning until
processed.
• Information: Data that has been processed into a meaningful form, suitable for
interpretation or decision-making.
Example: Data – 51011, Information – 5/10/11 (a date).
Quality information must be timely, accurate, and reliable. Data is converted into
information by programs, queries, and processing.
3. Information Technology (IT)
IT is the use of modern technology to capture, process, store, retrieve, and communicate
information in the form of numbers, text, sound, or images.
The three primary components of IT are:
1. Computer – An electronic, programmable machine that accepts, processes, stores, and
outputs data and information.
2. Communications Network – Connections that enable data exchange, e.g., telephone lines,
cables, or satellites.
3. Know-how – The skill and understanding required to effectively use IT tools and apply
them to solve problems.
4. Characteristics of Computers
• Operates in binary (0s and 1s) – The basic unit of data is a bit; 8 bits make a byte. The
word length determines computing power.
• Speed – Computers perform operations in microseconds or nanoseconds.
• Storage – Can store large amounts of data and retrieve it quickly.
• Accuracy – Produces correct results unless given wrong input (GIGO: Garbage In, Garbage
Out).
• Automatic – Executes instructions without human intervention.
• Versatility – Performs many tasks (e.g., calculations, simulations, design).
• Diligence – Does not tire, lose concentration, or get bored.
• No IQ or emotion – Computers have no intelligence or feelings; they act on given
instructions.
5. Types of Computers
Computers can be classified by method of operation, purpose, and physical
size/performance.
A. By Method of Operation:
• Analog Computers – Measure continuous variables like temperature or pressure. Used in
special applications (e.g., speedometers, thermometers).
• Digital Computers – Work with discrete numbers or symbols. Used for general-purpose
tasks with high speed and accuracy.
• Hybrid Computers – Combine analog and digital features. Used in hospitals to monitor
vital signs and alert nurses to abnormalities.
B. By Purpose:
• Special Purpose Computers – Designed for a specific task, such as ATMs, ticket machines,
or calculators.
• General Purpose Computers – Can perform multiple tasks by running different programs
(e.g., personal computers).
C. By Size, Price, and Performance:
• Supercomputers – Fastest and most powerful; used in scientific research and space
technology.
• Mainframe Computers – Large, multi-user systems used by banks and airlines for handling
large data.
• Minicomputers – Mid-sized, used in distributed data processing and manufacturing.
• Microcomputers – Smallest and most common; includes personal computers and
workstations.
- Workstations: Powerful single-user systems for engineers or designers.
- Personal Computers (PCs): For general personal or business use.
- Laptops/Subnotebooks: Portable versions of microcomputers.
- PDAs: Small, handheld computers for simple tasks like calendars and notes.
6. Applications of Computers
Computers are used in various fields due to their ability to store, process, and transmit large
amounts of data quickly and accurately.
A. Business Applications – Text processing, accounting, finance, inventory management,
database systems.
B. Scientific, Engineering, and Research Applications – Simulations, design, analysis, and
control systems.
C. Communication Applications – Airline and hotel reservation systems using networks and
modems.
D. Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Modeling human thinking, understanding language,
interpreting data, and using expert systems like Mycin or Prospector.
7. Summary
A computer is a programmable electronic device capable of processing data into
information. IT integrates computers, communication systems, and user know-how to
manage information efficiently. Computers vary in type, purpose, and size, but all share
characteristics of speed, accuracy, and versatility.