SAL Foundation College

Barangay Making, Parang Maguindanao Del Norte

COURSE NO: FORENSIC 5

DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE
INSTRUCTOR: MS. CRISTINE D. TIBAN, RCRIM
PROGRAM: BSCRIM 3

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This subject deals with the specific detection of deception in relation to criminal
investigation. It critically discusses the importance of Polygraph examinations to criminal investigation and
how the knowledge of Polygraph came about. An overview of the physiological as well as the psychological
aspect of the human body will also be presented.

PRELIMINARY MODULE

During this time: the cameras were crude, the lenses could not form a true image, and the sensitive
materials required long exposures and could not reproduce colors in shades of gray.

POLYGRAPHY

What is Polygraphy? It is the scientific method of detecting deception with the use of instrument. This is
the new name of LIE DETECTION

What is a Polygraph? It is a scientific diagnostic instrument used to record physiological changes blood
pressure, pulse rate, respiration and skin resistance of an examinee under controlled condition.

What is Lie Detector? it is the popular but misleading name of the Polygraph. In Greek, Polygraph means
'many writings" and the instrument was so named because it make various ink recordings of a person's
body functions.

What is the other name of the Polygraph? It is also called "Truth Verifier" since statistics show that is the
vast majority of the instances the instrument verifies an innocent person's truthfulness.

What are the Concepts of Polygraph Examination?

1. Used to test an individual for the purpose of detecting deception or verify the truth of statement

2. Records identifiable physiological reactions of the subject, such as; blood pressure, pulse rate respiration
and skin resistance.

3. The effectiveness of the polygraph in recording symptoms of deceptions is based on the theory the
conscious mental effort on the part of a normal person to deceive causes involuntary physiological changes
that are in effect a body's reaction to an imminent danger to its well being.

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What are the objectives of a Polygraph Examination?

1. Obtain additional investigation leads to the facts of the case/offenses.

2. Ascertain if a person is telling the truth

3. Locate the fruits or tools of the crime or whereabouts of wanted persons.

4. Identify other persons involved.

5. Obtain valuable information form reluctant witnesses

6. Eliminate the innocent suspects.

It

What are the Principal uses of the polygraph?

1. Aid in investigation

2. Speeds up processing of investigation

3. Eliminates innocent suspects

4. Pre-employment screening

5. Honesty test (Periodic test)

What is the significance of understanding Lie Detection? In every criminal investigation, the truth must be
established to ensure proper prosecution of offenders. Criminal investigators must exert all effort to
determine lying not only on the part of the suspect but as well as to everyone involved in the criminal act -
witnesses, victim, etc.

In establishing the truth, criminal investigators apply various methods such as: observation; mechanical lie
detection, use of drugs that inhibits the "inhibitor"; hypnosis; and interrogation.

What is Lie? Any untruthful statement, Falsehood, Anything that deceives or creates false impression; to
make untrue statements knowingly, especially with intent to deceive; To give an erroneous or misleading
impression; Le is also synonymous to Deceit, deception; fabrication; falsehood; and untruth.

What is the meaning of Detection? The act of detecting, discovery, perceiving, finding, or uncovering
something obscure.

What are the Kinds of Lie?

1. White Lie or Benign Lie - the kind of lies used to protect or maintain the harmony of friendship or any
relationship.

2. Pathological Lie - this is a lie made by persons who cannot distinguish right from wrong.

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3. Red Lie - this involves political interests and motives because this is a part of communist propaganda
strategy. This is prevalent in communist countries or communist infested [Link] of means of
propaganda-brain-washing and blackmail via espionage and treason.

4. Black Lie- a lie accompanies pretensions and hypocrisies, intriguing to cause dishonor or discredit ones
good image.

5. Malicious or Judicial Lie - this is very pure and unjustifiable kind of lie that is intended purely to mislead
or obstruct justice .

What are the Types of Liars?

1. Panic Liars one who lies in order to avoid the consequences of a confession, He/She is afraid of
embarrassment to love ones and it is a serious blow to his/her ego, He/She believes that confession will
just male the matter worst.

2. Occupational Liars - Is someone laid for spare years, this person is a practical liar and lies when it has a
higher "pay off" than telling the truth.

3. Tournament Liars - Loves to lie and is excited by the challenge of not being detected, this person views
an interview as another contest and wants to win, this person realizes that he or she will probably be
convicted bur will not give anyone the satisfaction of hearing him or her confesses, he wants that people
will believe that the law is punishing an innocent person.

4. Psychopathic Liars - the most difficult type, this person has no conscience. He shows no regret for
dishonestly and no manifestation of guilt,

5. Ethnological Liars - is one who is taught not to be a squealer, "squealer - to cry or to shrill voice, used by
underworld gang in order for their member not to reveal any secret of their organization.

6. Pathological Liars - A person who cannot distinguish right from wrong (his mind is sick.), Is an insane
person.

7. Black Liars - A person who always pretends, (What he thinks of himself, what kind of person he is, and
what he is.)

What is the theory of lie detection?

It must be recognized that there is no such thing as an instrument that will detect lies. The popular name
Lie Detector, given to a collection of certain medical instruments, is somewhat misleading. No collection of
inanimate objects including the very finest and complicated modern computers, can detect lies on the part
of any human being

The students can understandably ask, "Well, what does this do called "lie detector" do?" The answer to
that question is that the lie detector records certain physiological activities of the body. These activities are
constanty in operation as long as the person is alive. The student should be aware that the most common
lie detectors record a breathing pattern of inspiration and expiration, a continuous pattern of relative
blood pressure and pulse rate, and a pattem of electro dermal activity.

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It is well known that the body adapts itself as efficiently as possible to its environment. If the environment
changes, the body will rapidly adjust itself to these changes. This is done by a complicated system of
intemal checks and balance primarily involving the autonomic nervous system. This ability to adjust is
necessary if the organism if the organism or body is to survive in a constantly changing world. Those
organisms that cannot adjust rapidly die out.

Historically, early human beings have their own way of determining lying or guilt on the part of the accused
and accuser. Their common method is thru the application of "ORDEAL."

What is Ordeal?

A severe test of character or endurance; a trying course of experience, A medieval form of judicial trial in
which the accused was subjected to physical tests, as carrying or walking over burning objects or
immersing the hand in scalding water, the result being considered a divine judgment of guilt or innocence.

It is also a term of varying meaning closely related in the Medieval Latin "Dei Indicum" meaning
"Miraculous decision. Ordeal is also an ancient method of tall in which the accused exposed to physical
danger which was supposed to be harmless if he was innocent.

What are the Early Methods of Detecting Lies?

1. Red hot iron ordeal - Practiced on the hill tribe of Rajhmal in the North Bengal, Accused placed his
tongue to a red hot iron nine times (9) unless burned sooner, If burned, he is put to death. Not only that
(licking the iron), he is also made to carry the metal into his hands. It is doubtful whether the ordeal is
meant to determined the physiological changes occurring in description for if this so, many false
observations must have been made.

2. Ordeal by balance - Practiced in the Institute of Vishnu, India, Scale of balanced is used; in one end of
the scale, the accused is placed in the other end, a counter balance, The person will step out of the scale
listened to a judge deliver an extortion is the balance and her back in. If he were found to be lighter than
before then he should be acquitted.

3. Boiling water ordeal - Used in Africa; the method was that the subject will plunged their right arms into
the boiling pot to the elbow and step into the other side of the fire. All are told to undergo the test without
a murmur. And when all are finished, they are told to return at the same tine the next afternoon. The one
who by that time had lost some or showed blisters would prove the thief (Point out who is the one who
steal among his tribe mates).

4. Ordeal by rice chewing Practiced by Indians: It is formed with a kind of rice called sathee, prepared with
veinous incantations; The person on trial eats, with his face to the and then spits upon an eyeful leaf, If the
saliva is mixed with blood or the corner of his mouth swell or he trembles, he is declared then a liar.

5. Ordeal of the red water - Used in a wide region of Eastern Africa; The ordeal of the "sassy bark" or red
water is used; The accused is made to fast for twelve hours; The swallow a small amount of rice, Then he
will be imbibed in dark colored water. This water is actually an emetic and if the suspects eject all the rice,
he is considered innocent of the chare, Otherwise, the accused is guilty.

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6. Combination of Drinks and Food Ordeal -The accused first fasted for 12 hours and the given small
amount of rice to ear followed by large amount of black colored water. If the concoction was vomited, the
accused was pronounced innocent, Otherwise, guilty. And practiced by "West African Regions".

7. Trial by Combat A fight between the accuser and the accused, whoever lost the battle will be the
adjudged guilty. Originated from India and one of the examples of this: a rich man or accuser could hire
somebody or bigger one to fight the accused. After the fight the loser is adjudged guilty of crime.

8. Trial by Torture - The accused was put into a severe physical test.

9. Drinking Ordeal - The accused was given a decoction to drink by a priest if innocent; no harm befalls
him, but if guilty, will die. Practiced in Nigeria and India.

10. Trial of the Eucharist - This trial is reserved for the clergy, and administered with pomp and ceremony.
If the accused was guilty, the Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven and prevent the accused from
swallowing the food given to him. Practiced in the European countries.

11. Ordeal by heat and fire - The accused was compelled to walk bare footed through a fire; if he remains
unhurt then he is innocent. Practiced in East Germany, Early Scandinavian Countries and early England.

12. Ordeal of Boiling Oil or Water - The accused was forced to dip his hands into the boiling water or oil
and ask to pick up stone in it. If he remains unhurt then he is innocent. Practiced in Asian Countries.

13. Ordeal of Red hot Needle - Red hot needle was drawn through the lips of the accused, if innocent; no
blood will be seen flowing out. Practiced in Wanaka, East Africa.

14. Ordeal of the Tiger - Accuser and accused were placed together in the same and a tiger set loose upon
them. If both were spared, further elimination followed. Practical in Siam.

15. Ordeal by Combat - Accuser and accused report to a duel where the winner was adjudged innocent.
Those not proficient in weapons and those who could not afford to do so could hire champions in the field
to do the fighting for them. This type of ordeal is vividly dramatized in the movie "Ivanhoe" based on the
novel of the same title (became the only legal ordeal). Practiced in England, time of "King Henry III".

16. Test of the Cross ordeal - The accuser and accused each were made to stand with arms crossed on
their breasts. The one who endured the longest was deemed to have told the truth, the other, is the liar.
Practiced in Europe.

17. Donkey's Tail Ordeal - Psychological theory, the donkey placed in one room alone and observed it, and
if the donkey cried is a judged of guilty of crimes, because deep inside and conscience he is guilty.

What are the Common Countries that Practiced Ordeal?

1. Burma - The accuser and accused were given each identical candle and both were lightened at the same
time.

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2 Borneo - The accuser and accused were presented by shell fish placed on a plate. An irritating fluid was
then poured on the shell fish and the litigant whose shell fish moved first was adjudged the winner.

3. Greece - A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects. When the axe stopped,
whoever was in line with the blade as supposed to be guilty as pointed out by the Divine Providence.

4. Nigeria - The priest greased a clock's feather and pierced the tongue of the accused. If the feather
passed through the tongue easily, the accused was deemed innocent. If not, the accused is guilty. Another
Method (same country) Pour corrosive liquid into the eyes of the accused who was supposed to remain
unharmed if innocent. Pour boiling oil over the hand of the accused with the usual requisites for guilt or
innocence (if remain unharmed, he is innocent).

5. Europe and Early United States (17th Century) - Trial by water was commonly used on those accused of
witchcraft. The accused was bound (hand and foot) and then cast into the body of water. If the accused
sank, he was hauled to the surface half-drowned and deemed innocent. If the floated, he was deemed
guilty and burned to death.

Detecting Lies through Observation Methods

1. Through Facial Expression

2. Blushing, paling or profuse sweating of forehead.

3. Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of eyeballs and elevation of upper eyelids.

4. Squinting of the eyes (showing envy, distrust, etc.).

5. Twitching of the lips, excessive winking of the eyes.

6. Failure to look the inquirer "straight into the eyes".

[Link] activity of the Adam's apple and the vein at the temple due to dryness of throat and mouth.

8. Quivering of nose or nostrils, a peculiar monotone of the voice , a forced laugh.

9. Rolling of eyeballs from one direction to another

10. Through Postural Reaction

11. Fidgeting, tapping or drumming of fingers on the chairs or the other surfaces.

12. Swinging of legs or one leg over the other.

13. Unnecessary movements of hands and feet (like scratching, nail biting, thumb or finger sucking).

14. Pulsation of the artery in the neck.

15. Incoherence, trembling and sweating of the whole body.

Detection through Regular Police Methods

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Police methods sought to answer the legal investigative process to the following: The "five Wives and One
Husband" (5 W's and 1H) which stand for: WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, and HOW. The "Three Eyes" (3 I's)
which stands for: Information gathering through record Check, Surveillance and Intelligence Check,
Investigation - through Interrogation or Interview for Admission or Confession, Instrumention or
Criminalistics (Police Sciences) with the use of the different Investigative Forensic Sciences such as Medico
Legal or Forensic Medicine, Forensic Chemistry, Police or Investigative photography, Forensic Ballistics
(Firearm Identification), Questioned Documents Examination, Dactyloscopy, Police or Investigative
Communication, Polygraphy/Deceptography.

PSYCHOLOGY OF POLYGRAPΗ ΕΧΑΜΙΝΑΤΙON

Psychology of the Lying Person

The polygraph technique uses the principle that the bodily functions of a person are influenced by his
mental state. The physiological changes accompanying deception are capable of being recorded, measured
and interpreted with reasonable certainty.

Telling a lie is usually an emotional experience. A conscious act of lying causes the mind of the examinee,
which produces an emotion of fear or anxiety, manifested by fluctuations in pulse rate, blood pressure,
breathing and perspiration. The physiologic fluctuations that come with the emotion are in nature
automatic, self-regulating and beyond conscious control because they affect the functioning of the internal
structures that prepare the body for emergency.

The underlying psychology here includes:

1. The lying person fears detection, causing physiological changes to take place in his body.

2. Fear of detection must be experienced by the subject; otherwise no physiological changes will occur.

3. A person "tunes in" that which indicates trouble or danger by having his sense organs and attention for a
particular stimulus, and he "tunes out "that which is of a lesser threat to his self-preservation or general
well- being.

4. In a series of questions containing relevant and control questions, the lying subjects will "tune in" on the
most intense relevant questions and "tune out" the control question and may not be materially affected by
other weak relevant questions.

5. The truthful subject will direct his attention to the control question wherein he consciously knows he is
deceptive and "tune out" the relevant ones.

Theory of Polygraph Examination

A conscious mental effort of a mentally normal person lie causes physiological changes within his body.
The physiological changes could be recorded by the Polygraph Instrument and diagnosed of evaluated by
the polygraph examiner.

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The physiological effector mechanism in polygraph examination is the Autonomic Nervous System. The
autonomic nervous is the one responsible for regulating mechanism that corrects the slightest deviation
from a particular standard within very fine limits. Sleeps, oxygenation of the blood temperature, levels of
potassium, sodium, calcium magnesium and all the essential chemical substances that maintain the activity
of all cell membranes are finely adjusted. This is found at the center of the brain and its central controls is
in the "hypothalamus" - a group of nerve cells of the brain that reflexes - those that we cannot control
consciously such as our heart beat, pulse rate, increase and decrease in blood pressure and the expansion
and constriction of arteries are governed by the autonomic nervous system. When one of our senses
detects a threat to our well-being, it sends a signal to the autonomic nervous system, which activates its
sympathetic division regardless whether threat is physical or psychological.

In polygraph testing, the receptor is the ear of the subject, which receives the threatening question or
stimulus from the polygraphist. The stimulus is transmitted from the ears via sensory neurons into the
brain where the hypothalamus analyzes, evaluates and resolves that particular question. It makes a
decision for the subject as to whether it is threatening situation. If affirmative, the hypothalamus
immediately activates the sympathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system. When the
sympathetic system is activated, it immediately prepares the body for the fight or flight by the situation by
causing the adrenal glands to secret hormones known as epinephrine and norepinephrine, so that the
blood will be distributed to those areas of the body where it is most needed to meet the emergency, such
as the brain and the larger muscle group. The chemical norepinephrine causes the arterioles in certain
parts of the body to constrict. Thereby preventing blood from entering those areas where it is not
immediately needed. Other obvious effect took place when the sympathetic system is activated, the heart
pumps blood harder and faster, increasing blood pressure, pulse rate, and strength, thus furnishing more
oxygenated blood to those areas of the body where it is vitally needed to meet the emergency, such as the
brain when increased mental activity is demanded. The second division of the autonomic nervous system is
the parasympathetic nervous system. It is functionally antagonistic to the sympathetic nervous system. Its
role is to maintain the homeostasis of the body necessary for normal functioning. Therefore, it follows to
re-establish the chemical balance of the body.

What are the Tripod Foundations of Polygraph Technique?

1. The Mechanical Leg Basic Premise - The polygraph machine is mechanically capable of making graphical
records containing reliable information regarding physiological changes

2. The Physiological Leg Basic Premise Among the physiological changes that may be recorded and
identified are those that automatically occur only following the stimulation of specific nervous system
component and from which stimulation of those specific nervous system components can be reliably
diagnosed.

3. Psychological Leg Basic Premise - Under the polygraph leg premise, the specific nervous system
component whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so stimulated by the involuntary mental and
emotional processes of the individual who is consciously attempting concealment of deception specially if
that individual has something at stake and the prevailing circumstances lead him to believe that exposure
to detection is quite possible though undesirable.

What is the ultimate objective of conducting Polygraph examination?

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The ultimate objective of Polygraph Examination is to obtain the Subject's "ADMISSION or CONFESSION of
the offense committed

General Purposes of using Polygraph

Polygraph Examination is generally used an investigative aid/technical aid in the investigative process. It is
used to verify if the statement of the victims/complainant, establish the credibility of the witnesses,
evaluates the truthfulness of the suspects. It is also used for pre-employment screening and loyalty check
of personnel.

MIDTERM MODULE

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF POLYGRAPH

During the 19th century,[Link] Gross ,An Austrian -known as the father of
Criminalistics defined search for truth as the basis goal of all criminal
investigations. He asserted that a large part of the Criminalists work is nothing
more than a battle against [Link] has to discover the truth and must fight the
[Link] meets the opposite of every step .

The Following Scientist who have contributed much in the development of of

the scientific instruments known as the "Polygraph" this ,the Polygraph
technique was used as the scientific means of detecting deception.

[Link] DEFOE (1730) A British novelist who wrote an essay entitled "An
effectual scheme for the Immediate Preventing of street robberies and
Suppressing all Other Disorders of the Night", wherein he recommended that
taking the pulse of a suspicious fellow was a practical, effectivended humane
method for distinguishing truthfulness from lying. It was an early and insightful
suggestion to employ medical science in the fight against crime.

[Link] D'ARSONVAL (1851)- A French scientist who declared that electricity

is generated by the body. This was known as External Friction. He asserted that
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those sweat glands in the body at times store the electricity and at other times
discharged them. His works helped in the development of the galvanometer.

3. CHRISTIAN HANS STOELTING(1886) founded the Stoelting Co. which became

a leading product supplier on physiological, psychological and psycho-
physiological measurement.

[Link] MOSSO (1878) used an instrument called a plethysmograph in his

research on emotion and fear in subjects undergoing questioning and he
studied the effects of these variables on their cardiovascular and respiratory
activity. Mosso studied blood circulation and breathing patterns and how these
changed under certain stimuli. The use of the plethysmograph revealed periodic
undulations or waves in a subject's blood pressure caused by the respiratory
cycle in response to certain stimuli.

Angelo Mosso was the first scientist to report on experiments in which he

observed that a person's breathing pattern changed under certain stimuli, and
that this change, in turn, caused variations in their blood pressure and pulse
rate.

[Link] SAMSON FERE(1888) - A French scientist who discovered that

electro- dermal response is caused by an increase in the action of the heart and
vital energy converted with human emotions. He asserted that human body has
the ability to generate, store, discharged high voltage of static electricity.

[Link] JAMES MACKENZIE - An English heart specialist who constructed the

clinical polygraph an instrument to be used for medical examinations with
capability to simultaneously record undulated line tracings of the the cap pulses
(radial, venous and arterial), by way of a stylus onto a revolving drum of smoked
paper.

[Link] LOMBROSO employed the first scientific instrument to detect

[Link] modified an existing instrument called a hydrosphygmograph and
used this modified device in his experiments to measure the physiological
changes that occurred in a crime suspect's blood pressure and pulse rate during
a police interrogation. Although he did not invent the hydrosphygmograph, he
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was accorded the distinction of being the first person to have used the
instrument successfully as a means for determining truthfulness from deception
in crime suspects.

[Link] STICKER first person to suggest the use of the galvanograph for
detecting deception. He theorized that the galvanic skin phenomenon was
influenced by exciting mental impressions.

[Link] JAMES MACKENZIE - refined his clinical polygraph in his article entitled,
"The Ink Polygraph." This instrument used a clockwork mechanism for the
paper-rolling and time-marker movements and it produced ink recordings of
physiological functions that were easier to acquire and to interpret.
Interestingly, it has been written that the modern polygraph is a modification of
Mackenzie's clinical ink polygraph.

10.)OTTO VERAGUTH was the first to use the term "PSYCHOGALVANIC REFLEX",
an idea that the electrical phenomenon was due to the activity of the sweat
glands.

[Link] MUNSTERBURG proposed and advocated that lie test based on lie
detector should be admissible as evidence in court.

[Link] BENUSSI successfully detected deception with a pneumograph, an

instrument that graphically measures an examinee's inhalation and exhalation
and demonstrated that changes in breathing patterns accompany deception.

[Link] M. MARSTON -contribution to the science of the detection of

deception is more method than instrumentation. He believed that verbal
deception could be detected by changes in the systolic blood pressure. He used
a standard a blood pressure cuff, or sphygmomanometer to take measurements
of systolic blood pressure during interrogation. Later in his work with lie
detection, he used a pneumograph to record respiration cycles. Both the
sphygmomanometer and the pneumograph were separate instruments.

*What is the ultimate objective of conducting Polygraph examination?

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The ultimate objective of Polygraph Examination is to obtain the Subject's
"ADMISSION or CONFESSION of the offense committed.

General Purposes of using Polygraph

Polygraph Examination is generally used an investigative aid/technical aid in the

investigative process used to verify if the statement of the victims/complainant,
establish the credibility of the witnesses, evaluates the truthfulness of the
suspects .It is also used for per-employment screening and loyalty check of
personel.

Generally, it deals with

1. Security risk - Leakage of Information Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence.

2. Criminal Law Infraction - Murder, Robbery, Theft, Rape etc.

3. Personnel Screening

4. Misconduct

5. Medical Measurements

Importance of Polygraph to a Law Enforcer

1. Most effective way of establishing the truth.

2. Guilt is separated from truth (guilty separated from innocent)

3. If scientifically determined (lie) the investigator can evaluate the evidence.

4. Saves time, efforts and money

5. Measures the efficiency and effectiveness of the law enforcer.

What is the Accuracy of the Polygraph Exam Result?

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This has been the unending question among many of us. However partitioners
have agreed that the accuracy of the polygraph results range from 85%to 100%
depending upon the factors that affect it

Factors that Affects the Accuracy of the Polygraph Results

Generally, the following are factors affecting polygraph examination accuracy:

1. The instrument.

2. The condition of the Subject.

3. The condition of the examination room.

4. The qualification and skills of the examiner.

Specifically, the 25% errors of lie detection test come from the following
circumstances:

1. Nervousness or extreme emotional tension experience by a subject

who is telling the truth regarding the offense in question but who is
nevertheless affected by :
a ."Apprehension induced by the mere fact that suspicion or accusation has
been directed against him.
b. Apprehension over the possibility of an inaccurate lie detector test result
[Link]-anxiety to cooperate in order to assure an accurate test result.
d. Apprehension concerning possible physical hurt from the instrument.
e. Anger resentment over having to take a lie detector test.

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f.. Over-anxiety regarding serious personal problems unrelated to the offense
under investigation
g. Previous extensive interrogation, especially when accompanied by physical
abuse.
h. A guilt complex or fear of detection regarding some other offense which he
had committed.

2 .Physiological abnormalities such as:

a. Excessively high or excessive low blood pressure.
b. Diseases of the heart.
c. Respiratory disorder.

3. Mental Abnormalities such as;

a. Feeblemindedness as in idiots, imbeciles and morons.
b. Psychosis or insanities, as in maniac-depressives, paranoids, schizophrenia,
paretics, etc.
C. Pschoneurosis and psychopathia, as among the so-called "peculiar" or
emotionally unstable persons - those who are neither psychotic or normal.

4. Unresponsiveness in a lying or guilty subject because of:

a. No fear of detection.

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b. Apparent inability to consciously control response by means of certain mental
sets of attitudes.
c. A condition of "sub-shock" or "adrenal exhaustion" at the time of test.
d. Raionalization of the crime in advance of the test to such an extent that lying
about the offense arouses little or no emotional disturbance.
e. Extensive interrogation prior to the test.

5. Attempt to "beat the machine" by controlled breathing or by

muscular flexing.
6. Unobserved application of muscular pressure which produces
ambiguities and misleading indications in the blood pressure tracing.

What are the limitations of the Polygraph?

1. It is an invaluable investigative aid, but never a substitute for investigation.
2. It is not a lie detector, it is a scientific diagnostic instrument.
3. It does not determine facts, it record responses to that which the subject
knows to be true.
4. It is as accurate as the examiner is competent.
[Link] is only as anot be given until enough facts have been established to permit
the examiner to prepare a complete set of suitable questions.
6. The test will not be given without the voluntary consent of the subject.
7. No indication will be given to any person or placed in any report that a person
will be considered guilty because he refused to take the test.

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8. A test will not be given until the accusations have been explained with the
subject.
9. No attempt to use Polygraph for mental or physical evaluation of any person.
10. No examination will be conducted on unfit subject.

What are the Barriers to the Polygraph Examination?

There are instances where it is impossible to make an analysis of polygraph tests

because of the following:
1. Pathological liar (a person who cannot determine right and wrong).
2. Mental cases.
3. Persons under the influence of intoxicating liquor.
4. Narcotics related cases.
5. Various heart and other organic troubles.

Problem encountered by Law Enforcement Officer during investigation and

interrogation
1. Determination whether subject is telling the truth regarding the crime index
investigation.
2. Obtaining admission or confession from a suspect after his guilt has been
established.

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3. In cases of witnesses, informer and informant who are in possession of
helpful information who are willing but fearful or reluctant to disclose it to
interrogator.

Qualities of a Good Examiner (Backster)

1. To make himself understand and not resented by subject, by his very

exposure to him.
2. Ability to establish or create a rapport with the subject.
3. Much investigative experience as possible.
4. Interrogation Experience.
5. Must be deeply involved in his work (even beyond the call of duty).

What kind of man should be conducting the Polygraph Test? (Fred Inbau)

1. Good educational background

2. Intelligent and some degree of maturity
3. Possessed with sense of values
[Link] period of training under someone who is experienced a and skilled
in the technique.

THE POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT

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The instrument used in the proper application of the polygraph technique is
essentialy a pneumaticaly operated mechanical recorder of changes in
respiration, blood pressure/pulse heat supplemented with a a unit for recording
Galvanic skin reflex for an additional unit for recording abdominal respiration ,
muscular movement and pressure or a plethysmograph recording changes in
blood oxygenation. Attachment for the human body comprises of a rubber
convoluted tube for the chest area, a blood pressure arm-cuff on the bicep and
in some models and electrode on two fingers or on the palmer side of one
hand. These attachments act as the detector The physiological changes and
transmit the same to the instrument where it is connected into mechanical
impulses and transformed into tracings of the respiration, blood pressure and
skin resistance or the likes.

How Does the Polygraph Instrument Work?

The polygraph simultaneously records various physiological phenomena by
means a horizontal kymograph. The resulting polygram indicates tracing of
external respiration in the thoraxic and abdominal cavities by means of a
pneumograph tambour assembly, systolic and diastolic contraction of the heart,
as well as pulse fluctuations with the resistance of a phygmonometer and
psycho-galvanic skin response by means of instrument connected electronics
sensors fixed to the person. Each phenomenon is recorded by a hallow-tube ink
styles moving across horizontally and vertically ruled being driven by a
synchronous electronic motor.

18
WHAT ARE THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE POLYGRAPH:
[Link]- this occupy the two/upper pens of the instrument which
record the thoratic and abdominal breathing patterns of respiration. This is
accomplished through the use of a pneumograph consisting of two hollow
corrugated tubes about seven inches in length, each attached to a unit by a
rubber hose not longer than six feet and not larger than one quarter inch in
diameter. This breathing or pneumo unit is a low pressure unit. The
inhalation/exhalation of the subject causes the tubes to expand and contract,
thereby reflecting the change through billows to the pen into the chart.

[Link] - this is the longest and the third pen of the instrument.
The electrodes are attached to the index finger and the ring finger of the left
hand, or to the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the left hand. The electrodes used
for obtaining the recording of the GSR or electro-dermal responses, are
fastened to the hand or finger by means of the passage of an imperceptible
amount of electrical current through the hand or finger bearing the attached
electrodes, a galvanometer unit provides recording of the variation in the flow
of the electrical current.
[Link] - this is the fourth and the bottom pen of the
instrument. This cardio unit is a
mechanically operated unit. It is a high pressure system. This system records
changes in mean blood pressure, rate and strength of pulse beat by means of a
medical blood pressure cuff containing a rubber bladder that is wrapped around
the upper arm, in a manner that places the bladder against the brachial artery.

19
The bladder is connected to the rubber hose, past a pressure indicating gauge to
a very sensitive billows and its connected lever system that powers the pen.
The polygraphist inflates the bladder with a hand pump to a constant air
pressure that will provide tracing amplitude of 0.75 to 1inch with a dichotic
notch situated about the middle of the diastolic limb of the tracing.
[Link]-This the chart recording unit of the [Link] is a
synchronize motor that drives the charts at the rate of six inches per minute and
it's speed constant in vital because the vertical lines which are spaced either at
one-half or one inch interval ,represents five or ten seconds interval on the
chart .This provide the polygraphist with a means of determining pulse rather
and question spacing.

What are the Detachable Parts and Accessories?

1. KYMOGRAPH or chart driving mechanism
a) Chart roll arbor- Idler roller- Pen table- Paper guides- Sprocket roller -Cutter
bar - Off and on
power switch-Synchronous motor
2. Pen and Inking System
a) Capillary pen
b) Ink well plates
c) ink dropper
d) Cuct bill
3. Pneumograph section
a) Rubber jellows
20
b) Beaded chain
c) Rubber flexible tubing
d) Pneumograph tube connection
e) Pneumograph connecting tube
f) Pneumograph distributing ink
g) Pneumograph pipe line
h) Vent valve and vent bottom
i) Tambour assembly
j) Sphygmomanometer
k) Resonance control
4. Cardio section:
a) Pump bulb assembly
b) Blood pressure pump connection
c) Blood pressure cuff assembly
d) Connector block
e) Sphygmomanometer pipe line
5. Galvanograph section
a) Hand electrode
b) Electrode jellow
c) Galvanometer

Electrodes and Controls

21
  RESONANCE CONTROL - It allows you to clear up or make a better pattern
when you have to much pulse proof the subject.
 HAND ELECTRODE - This is fastened to the hand by a stretched band.
Function is to make electrical contact with the subject.
 PANEL CONTROL - to allow the operator to control or adjust the
operation of the gaivanograph

There are other five important controls:

[Link] and on power - switch is to energize the galvanograph section.
[Link]'s resistance control -is to balance the galvo section to the skin
resistance of the subject. [Link] control-to adjust of the galvo section.
[Link]-centered normal switch - is to select either mode of operation.
[Link]-centering mode - is when the circuit electronically centers the pen itself
after every excursion

Control of the cardio-sphygmograph section

[Link] centering knob - used to place cardio in its proper place on the chart.
2. Vent Valve - is used to left atmospheric pressure into the system and used to
release pressure all or parts of the pressure.
3. Resonance control - is used to decrease the amplitude of the cardio tracing
and used to sharpen the diacrotic notch.

How to obtain blood pressure pattern or tracing (cardio)

22
Pen balance is critical. Pen is to be held on paper by friction of the. Inflate
pressure until you reach subject's mean pressure. The mean pressure is the
midway between the systolic and the diastolic is the lowest pressure. In order to
get the arithmetic mean pressure, add the diastolic and systolic and the sum
divided it by two. To get the geometric mean pressure, plus diastolic, watch
your sphyg-dial wheninflating the pressure, for maximum deflection
Controls of the pneumograph section
1. Manual centering knob -used to position base line of the pneumo tracing on
the upper heavy horizontal line.
2. Vent-with the vent down, the system is closed and unoperative. With the
vent up, the system is open and ready for use.
3. Uses of the vent:
a) To stop the pen between the tests and to prevent possible tambour
assembly.
b) To prevent pen from possible jam by moving up or down in one place of
the chart paper
c) To stop pen during the tube adjustment
d) To assists in gaining amplitude.
e) To let atmospheric into the system

How to obtain proper tracings of the pneumo

First observe subject for point of maximum chest motion. Placed tube at
point where maximum motion is observed. The tube must be smug. A tube that
is too loose will result in a distorted pattern. A tube is too tight will be
23
uncomfortable and distort the pattern. With female subjects the tube is almost,
always placed above the breast. Some females are abdominal breathers and
tubes will have to be lowered.

Causes of reaction on exursion of the pen

1. Sudden noise
2 .Interruption
3 Extraneous thoughts
4. Sudden movements
How to obtain proper tracing in model 63 keeler machine: (galvo)
Tum power switch from off and on position. Then the galvo pen fails to the
bottom of the chart and galvo section is then ready for operation from 15 to 18
seconds after you have turned the switch to an on position.

Application of the electrodes to the subject

Position of hands or tip of fingers for convenience, adjust the sensitivity-
Sensitivity test-Have subject take deep breath, Touch subject ear or neck, Quick
motion within subject's line of vision.

Technical production of the cardio tracing

1. The ascending limb - pulse wave causes an expansion of the arterial wall and
an increases surface pressure against the cuff bladder thus forcing air from the

24
bladder through the tubing into the [Link] increasing air volume in the
tambour increases pressure against the bellows and forces the bellows forward.

This forward movement provides power to move the pen-fork in the attached
pen in a lateral clockwise or upward direction pen in a lateral clockwise or
upward direction of the chart surface.
2. Descending limb-when a pulsed wave passes beyond cuff bladder attendant
drop in a surface pressure against bladder reverses this processes permitting the
below to return to or toward its original position. The return of the bellows to
its original position is transmitted to the penforks and attached pen as a lara
counter clockwise or downward stoke on chart surface.
3. Diacrotic notch- is cause by the minor secondary pulse wave passing under
and beyond the bond pressure cuff. In the wake of subsiding primary wave
which momentarily halts or slow down the decrease in the surface pressure
against the bladder in tum causing a hesitation in the bellow movement back to
towards its original position.

Technical production of the pneumograph tracing

1. Ascending limb - with the expansion of the chest during the inhalating, the air
capacity in the pneumograph tube is increased creating a vacuum within the
system, which reduces the internal surface pressure against the bellow. Thus
moving the bellows backward causing a lateral clockwise or upward stroke of
the pen.

25
2. Descending limb- cause by the exhalation thus reversing this process causing
an increase in internal surface pressure against the bellows, thus moving the
bellow to or toward its original position and producing a lateral counter-
clockwise or a downward movement of the pen.

Technical production of the galvo tracing

1. The ascending limb - it is caused by the decrease of the subject's resistance

which throws the established roul out of balanceading pelifies the electric
current flow through the magnetic field me the established movement of the
recording pen.

2. Descending limb:
a) Physical cause - is caused by a reverse in the subject resistance toward the
original position thus bringing the circuit back to or toward balance again
producing a lateral clockwise or downwand movement of the pen.
b) Mechanical cause - the fine coil springs attached to the pivot mountain pen
cradle serve as counter balance for pen movement either above or below the
established base line and assists in returning the pen cradle to or towards the
original position.

Computing rate

26
Graph paper is lined and spaced in seconds. It is moving under pens at a uniform
rate of six inches per minute. Rate is kept uniform through medium of
synchronized motor. From one heavy vertical line constitute a five second
period. It is also one half inch. Cont the beats inside any five seconds scale
multiply by twelve. This gave you number of heartbeats at any point in the test.
For greater accuracy you count the beats in two five seconds area multiply by
six.

THE EXAMINER
Basis to all that has been said with regards to the utilization and accuracy of the
polygraph technique is the matter of the examiner qualifications and skills.
An Examiner must be an intelligent person, with reasonably good educational
background - preferably college degree. He should have an intense interest in
the work itself, a good practical understanding of human nature, and suitable
personality traits which may be evident from his otherwise general ability to
"get along with people and to be well liked by his friends and associates. No
amount of training or experience will overcome lack of these necessary
qualifications.

THE SUBJECT
Types or kinds of Subjects for Polygraph Test are:
1. Subject whose guilt is definite or reasonably certain.
2. Emotional offender

27
3. Person who commit crimes in the heat of passion
4. Person whose offenses are for accidental in nature
5. Non-Emotional offender
6. Person who commit crimes for financial gain
7. Subject whose guilt is doubtful or uncertain
Three (3) General Types of Subjects
1. Victim or Complainant
2. Witness
3. Suspects

Take Note: All Subjects must be in good physical and mental condition before
he/she may be submitted for polygraph examination. The following may not be
submitted for Polygraph Test:

1. Person who has extreme nervousness

2. Person who has physiological abnormalities such as high blood
pressure/hypertension, heart severe headaches and practically and
3. Person with mental abnormalities
4. Unresponsive persons, such as person who suffer mental fatigue or under
the influence of drugs or alcohol.
5. Pregnant woman
6. Person below 18 years of age.

28
THE EXAMINATION ROOM

1.. Lie-detector test should be conducted in a quiet private room.

2 Select a room with none of the usual police surroundings and with no
distraction within the subjects view. 3. Select a room without any windows at
all.
[Link] interrogation room should contain no ornaments, pictures or other
objects which would distract the attention of the person being tested or
interviewed.
5. This suggestion refers to the presence within the subject's reach of small
loose objects such as papers, clips or pencils that he may be inclined to peck up
and further distract during the course of the interrogation
(EFFECT) - Tension relieving activities of this sort detract from the effectiveness
of this interrogation, especially during the critical phase when a guilty subject
may be trying desperately to suppress an urge to confess
6. Estrange noise such as the ringing of a telephone or the conversation of
persons outside the examination room, of the presence of the arresting officers
or other spectators in the room itself, may produce disturbances and
distractions which will interfere with a satisfactory diagnosis of deception.

General Considerations
When conducting the polygraph examination:

29
1. In order to conduct a satisfactory lie-detector test, kit is advisable for the
examiner to obtain from the Investigators interested in the case, all the
available facts and circumstances forming the basis of the accusation or
suspicion directed against the person to be examined.
2. In all include, of course, the details of the case itself. Such information is
essential to the examiner that he will be in a position to know questions should
be asked of the subject during the test.
3. The subject who is about to be tested should be informed of the nature of the
test and purpose of it. The instrument should be pointed out to him as one
which is capable of determining whether or not a person is telling the truth
about a given matter. He should be informed that it records certain bodily
changes and that the instrument will not cause any physical pain except for a
slight temporary discomfort occasioned by the
blood pressure cuff.
4. The writer made it a practice, at this point in the proceeding to tell to the
subject somewhat as follows: "If you are telling the truth you have nothing to
worry about, this instrument will indicate you are telling the truth, and I'll report
the fact to the officers who requested me to make the test. The machine itself
will show it, and
Titel you so, and then I ask you to let me hear the truth. That is fair enough, isn't
it? And you don't mind taking the test, do you?"
[Link] has and at the same time they offer to delito relieve the emotional
tensions in a who is Exing the truth, and at the same dite they offer no relief to
the liar. Moreover, the asking of a person who is linda's consent has proved

30
worthwhile in those cases where the criminal confessions are standing the
result of the test.

Important Reminders
1. Do not wait until the last minute to ask a person to take the test.
2. Do not tell the subject everything that you know about the offense or about
him. 3. Do not fail to investigate the case before you ask a person to take the
test.
4. If for some reasons, it must be temporarily taken, the investigator must
continue investigating the case.
[Link] not depend on mass screening of possible suspects to produce a real or
the guilty one.
6. Do not tell anyone that the lie detector will decide whether one is innocent or
guilty. The court will make the decision.
7. If the test indicates that the person did not tell the truth or if the person
confesses after the test, do not think that the investigation is over.

SEMI FINAL

FOUR (4) PHASES OF POLYGRAPΗ ΕΧΑΜΙΝΑΤΙON

31
[Link] (PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS)
Initial Interview with the investigator handling the case or person requesting it.
The group involve in this stage are the Victim / Complaint, Suspects, Witnesses.
This stage includes obtaining and evaluation of facts, determining the areas the
subjecis needs to be asked and the investigator must furnish the examiner of
the following:
a. Swom statement of the suspect / witnesses/ victim/ complainant, Incident or
spot report, B.I. of the suspect, witnesses, and victim / complainants, rough
sketch or pictures of the crime scene and other facts such as Specific article and
exact amount of money stolen
b. Peculiar aspect of the offense or any strange set.
[Link] time the offense was committed.
d. Known facts about the suspect's action or movement.
e .Facts indicating any connection between the suspects, victim and witnesses.
[Link] type of weapon, tool or firearms used.
g. Result of laboratory test.
h. Unpublished facts of the offense known only by the victim, suspects and the
investigator.

2 .PHASE II-PRE-TEST INTERVIEW with the subject - The primary purpose of the
pre-test interview of to prepare or condition the subject for the test.
ential to the examiner so the test.

a. The appraisal of subject's constitutional right.

32
b. Obtain subject's consent to undergo polygraph test by signing a statement of
consent.
c. The taking of personal data of the subject.
d. Determining his/her suitability as a subject.
e. Evaluating the psychological preparation of the subject.
f. Informing the subject of his involvement with the case.

The following rights of the subject must be informed clearly to him/her.

a. The right to remain silent
b. Anything he/she say may be used in favor or against him/her
[Link] right to have a lawyer of his/her own choice
d. Right to refuse

As earlier noted, subjects will not be scheduled for examination when they
a. are obviously fatigued or in ill health
[Link] physically injured or in pain
c. their judgment is obviously influenced by or impaired by drugs or alcohol.
d. have just suffered emotional trauma

The examiner's interview with the subject prior to the test is of considerable
importance, both for the purpose of conditioning the subiect for the
examination and also in order to provoke and observe the helpful indications of
guilt and innocence which are often forthcoming at this time.
33
The following is the detailed outline of the pre-test interview which has been
found to be effective. (We are assuming in the case illustrated that the subiect
has already been advised of the fact that he is to be given a lis detector test.)

a. As the examiner enters the waiting room to request the subject to

accompany him into the examination room, the greeting which the examiner
extends should be cordial, but firm.
b. Upon entering the examination room the subject should be requested to sit
down in a chair alongside the instrument, and immediately thereafter the
examiner should proceed to the taking of the consent of the subject.
c. Then fill up the necessary data asked in the interrogation log.
d. Afterwards inquire from the subject whether he has been on a lie detector
test before. No further comment should be made by the examiner but he
should listen carefully to whatever the subject himself may say

e. If the subject has not told of the purpose of his appearance in the testing
laboratories, the examiner should explain that a lie detector test is desired of
him as part of the investigation regarding the case. Much time should be spent
in the preliminary interview as the circumstances reasonably warrants.

3. PHASE III (THE EXAMINATION/INSTRUMENTAL TEST) -

After the pre-test interview, the examiner should proceed to place the
attachment on the subject. The first to be attached is Pneumograph, then the

34
Cardiosphymograph and the Galvanograph. Review all the questions with the
subject before the actual examination is made. The examiner should discourage
any comments or statement by the subjects. Test instrument must be given to
the subject.

a. Upon completion of the necessary preliminary preparation the instruments is

attached to the subject.
b. The blood pressure pulse cuff is wrapped around snugly around the subject's
upper arm and the pneumograph tube adjusted around the chest.
c. If female subjects or around the body, if male subjects or around the torso of
male subjects.
d. The cuff is then inflated to a point approximate midway between the systolic
and diastolic blood pressure. That is midway between the pressure produced by
the output action of the heart and that maintained at the time of the hearts
intake action.
e. The synchronous motor carrying the paper upon which blood pressure pulse
respirations recording are made is then set in motion, the motor being so timid
that the paper moves along at the rate of a out six inches per minute, then ten
to fifteen seconds after the instrument has been set in motion, the inked.
filled pens of the instruments are permitted to make their blood pressure pulse
respiration tracings before the question are asked of the subject

During the test period the subject is informed that he will be asked several
questions which should be answered by either ves or no answers, and that they

35
are so brief and to the point

Approximately five to ten seconds after this instruction first question is asked
and then the other questions follows after or at the interval of fifteen or twenty
seconds.

Take Note: The questions may be written in advance of the test or in the course
of the test during the etenals between the asking of each question. The
phraseology of the test question is an extremely important aspect d the
examination. The questions, and every word used in the questions must be
unambiguous, unequivocal, and horoughly understandable by the subject. The
questions must be states as simply as possible, and with a complete avoidance
of such double inquires as "Did you shoot him and then run into the house"? All
questions must have only single, unambiguous meaning. Avoid lengthy
questions and avoid legal terms such as rape, murder. enbezzlement, etc

Limiting Scope of Questions - The relevant test questions used in any

examination should be confined to single case investigation. The Polygraph
technique is not effective for stimulation testing regarding two or more
unrelated occurrences. With all the gadgets attached to the body of the subject,
the instrument will start running by applying pressure on a button. The subject
then will be asked to answer the following standard test questions

36
a. Irrelevant questions (unleaded/immaterial questions) - these are questions
which have no bearing to the case under investigation.

b. Relevant questions (leaded/material questions) - these are questions

pertaining to the issue under investigation. It is equally important to limit the
number of relevant questions to avoid discomfort to the subject. Relevant
questions must be very specific to obtain an accurate result.

c. Control questions - These are questions unrelated to the matter under

investigation but are of similar nature although less serious as compared to
those relevant questions under investigation. The use of control question is
considered by many polygraphists to be the most reliable and effective
questioning technique. These are usually asked if there is doubt in the
interpretation of the subject's response to relevant and irrelevant questions.

4. PHASE IV-POST-TEST INTERVIEW/ INTERROGATION - This includes all

consideration that bears on the examination. This is done just after the
instrument is turned off. If the Polygraph test result indicates deception, the
examiner will then proceed to conduct short interrogation. The purpose of
which is to obtain confession. However, if the Polygraph indicates that the
subject is innocent, the examiner will just release the subject cordially and
thanks him/her for his/her cooperation.

The purposes of further questioning after the test are:

37
a. to clarify the findings;
b. to learn if there are any other reasons for the subject's responding to a
relevant question, other than the knowledge of the crime, and
c. to obtain additional information and an admission for law enforcement
purposes, if the results suggest deception.
THE TEST CONSTRUCTION AND PROCEDURES
The polygraph test consists of asking the subject person though the transducer
of the instrument a list of prepared questions in a planned sequence,
composing of not more than twelve At least 3 test charts are taken each lasting
not more than four (4) minutes with a rest interval of five (5) to ten (10) minutes
between charts

There are two general types of questions to be constructed and maybe

supplemented by other types of questions.

1. General Question Test-most commonly applied.

2. Peak-of-Tension Test- usually used as supplementary test

There are five set of tests that maybe applied

Test I - General Question Test Purposes. To get the standard tracing of the
subject and to establish a true telling pattern for the initial part of the record.
Test II-Number Test (Psychological Test) To check the possible deliberate
distortion when the chosen number is asked and to obtain a chart wherein the
38
subject is not under stress
Test III - Spot Responder - To determine the responsiveness of the subject to
crucial question on spor responses.
Test IV-Mix Question - To compare the degree of reaction between control and
relevant question Test V-Silence Answer Test (SAT) - It is a confirmatory test
with the silence answer test

The General Question Test (GQT)

This consists of a series of Relevant & Irrelevant Questions asked in a planned
order. Questions are so arranged as to make possible a comparison of responses
to relevant questions with a subject's norm made during the answering of
irrelevant questions There are other types of questions asked in the GQT

a. Weak Relevant Question concern some secondary element of the crime or

problem and deals with mostly in guilty knowledge and partial involvement

b. Strong Relevant Question - it is defined as verbal stimulus of primary

important projected in the form of a question which overcome a psychological
excitement level and causes pneumograph, cardiosphygmograph and
galvanograph tracings changes from the subject's physiological norms

c. Evidence Connecting Question - it is designed to stimulate the guilty subject

and focus his attention on the probability of incriminating proof that would tend
to establish his guilt

39
d. Knowledge Question this question is designed or begun to probe whether the
subject possess Information regarding the identity of the offender, the location
of evidences or items of secondary element of the case

There are rules to be followed in the formulation of questions such as the

following:

1 .Questions must be simple and direct

2. They must not involved legal terminology such as rape, murder, etc
3 .They must be answerable by yes or no and should short as possible.
4. Must be short as possible
5. Their meaning must be clear and unmistakable phrase in a language that the
subject can easily understand.
[Link] must not be in the form of accusation
7. Question must never contain an inference which presupposes knowledge on
the part of the subject
[Link] questions must refer to one offense only
[Link] questions must refer to only one element of an one offense only
[Link] must not contain interferences to ones religion races or belief All
offense.

General Question Test (GQT) Sample

[Link] you ever been called by the name Allan? (irrelevant)
40
[Link] today Monday? (Irrelevant)
3. Do you have anything to do with the robbery at SM/ Shoemart last night?
(Weak Relevant)
4. Are you over 20 years of age? (Irrelevant)

5. Were you one of those who robbed the SM/ Shoemart last night? (Strong
Relevant)
[Link] you been involved in a robbery case this year? (Control Question-
Relevant)
[Link] you drink water? (Irrelevant)
[Link] the pair of gloves found at SM yours? (Evidence Connecting-Relevant)
9..Do you know of anyone involved in the robbery at SM/ Shoemart last night?
(Knowledge Question-Relevant)
[Link] you ever been involved in any robbery in your entire life? (Secondary
Control-Relevant)
11. Have you deliberately lied to any question I have asked you? (Relevant-
Check Question (optional))

Other Questions
Check Question- last question asked in the lie test. It is direct question that
relates to the fact that the subject has told the truth to all questions asked in
the lie test.
Fishing Expedition Test Question - Used to vagrants or loiters for routine
interrogation. No idea about what offense has been committed Examples
41
a. Have you ever been arrested before?
b. Are you wanted anywhere now by the police?
c. Have you stolen anything since you have been in tour?

SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS
Aside from the standard tests described above, the following special tests may
be performed and ncorporated as part of the procedure or may be used as
supplementary tests depending upon the result of the standard test in order to
draw a better conclusion.

Peak-of-tension test (PTT)

The subject may be given this test if he is not yet informed of the details of the
offense for which he is being rerogated by the investigation, or by other persons
or from other sources like the print media. This valid test is only made possibly
when there is no widespread publicity about a crime where intimate details as
to the methods of commission or certain facts of the case is known from the
victim and investigator
The questions formulated are similar in nature and construction, only one of
which is true and the perpetrator who would naturally be in possession of such
unpublicized knowledge will usually exhibit a rise in the taong up to that
particular question followed by a decline thereafter, caused by the relief of
knowing that a dreaded question dangerous to his well-being, is past.
Examples of Peak-of-Tension Test:

42
a. Do you know whether the stolen watch from Allan is a Seiko? (This is an
introductory phrase plus sing question)
b. Is it an Omega? (Padding)
[Link] it a Rolex? (Padding)
d. Is it Timex? (Relevant question)
e. is it Alba quartz? (Padding)
[Link] it a Citizen? (Padding)

Guilt Complex Test (GCT)

This test is applied when the response to relevant and control questions are
similar in degree and consistency and in a way that the examiner cannot
determine whether the subiect is telling the truth or not. The subiect is asked
questions aside from the irrelevant relevant and control questions, a new series
of neg questions dealing with a real incident and that which the subject could
not have committed
If the subject does not respond to the added relevant questions, it indicates that
the subiect was beng deceptive as to the primary issue under investigation.
However, no conclusion can be drawn if the response to ad guilt complex is
similar to the real issue questions

Silent Answer Test (SAT)

This test is conducted in the same manner as when relevant and control
questions are asked but the subed is instructed to answer the questions silently,

43
to himself, without making any verbal response causes distortion in the tracing
such as sniff or clearing the throat

Kinds of Specific Testing

a .Known Solution Peak of Tension - This is administered when a fact relating to

the event is known only to the perpetrator of the offense and the victim, police
and client. This material fact, whether it be particuar sum of money a particular
make of weapon, etc is inserted into test comprising a list of similar tens, the
examinee is tested to determine his guilt knowledge

b. Proving Peak of Tension This is administered to obtain information that might

prove valuable to an investigation. It is designed to determine the location,
disposition, modus operandi and amounts on the list of possibilities
c. Pre-employment Test. This test seeks to verify information contained in a job
application and develop relevant information deliberately committed by the
subject.
d. Periodic Testing - This is conducted for the purpose of determining the
honesty of employees assigned to sensitive position. It also acts as a constant
deterrent to employee's dishonesty

SIX (6) STEPS OF CHAIN REACTION THAT PRODUCE VISUAL RESPONSE

a. Step [Link] stimuli

44
b. Step 2 - The absorption of the stimuli by the body senses which consist of
hearing, seeing, smiling feeling, testing and extra-sensory faculties. (Body
senses)
[Link] 3-The complicated process that takes place in human being manifested
itself in what is called anoton
[Link] 4- The action of the automatic nervous system
[Link] 5-The actual physiological changes that takes place within the body as a
result of the autonomic nervous system and the well of the subiect
f. Sep 6 - The final occurrence in the reaction chain Electrodermal Response)

Deception detection traced on body response

a .Voluntary Response -Include those over which the subject has definite control
and include breathing rate and amplitude Eve movements facial expressions
muscular movements-contraction and relaxation oral or implied answers, and
the expressions of stipulated emotions.
[Link]-Voluntary Response - Include metabolism changes emotional
expressions reaction time in replies and eye-movements. The average subject
has some control over these
[Link] Response Include electro dermal response, perspiration rates,
adrenaline flow rates. blood pressure and pulse rate chemical changes of the
body fluids psychological reactions, bran electrical currents, saliva flow rates
body temperature changes genuine emotion, face color changes, tremor and

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polarization of body currents. The average subject has no control over these
phenomena.

What are the Physiological Phenomena as basis of Detecting Deception?

Increase of blood pressure and heartbeat frequency following relevant
questions and the suppression in bisahing are the criteria for detecting
deception.
Ink curves as shown on the heartbeat recorded on a moving graph paper of a
polygraph represent the beat frequency (pulse) and the two pressures (blood
pressures).
• Systolic or high pressure - They exist when the heart is contracted and the
values are open with the blood rushing into the arteries.
Diastolic or Low pressure - This exists when the values are closed and the heart
relaxed .

Take note: Normal blood pressure is 120/80

The Heart is an automatic organ that continues to bat even when removed from
the body of provided with proper blood. The rate and force of the heart beat as
regulated by two sets of nerves
a. the sympathetic set -which accelerate the beat and
b. the cranial Autonomic system - which retard the beat

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It is also known that adrenaline - a certain hormone increases the heartbeat
frequency
8. Breathing as a means of detecting deception.

Breathing consists of two steps.

Inspiration - caused by the contraction of the diaphragm and expansion of the
chest cavity those results in the ar rushing into the lungs.
Expiration - caused by a relaxation of the diaphragm and contraction of the
chest cavity resulting in the air rushing out of the lungs.

Take Note: The following affects the breathing rates

1. muscular exercise (muscle movement/jogging)
[Link] of muscular exercise (thinking to perform heavy work)
[Link] mentally emotional experience
4 .mental activity
5. anxious expectancy
6. shock
7. surprise
C. Electrodermal Response
This is the most current popular name for the human body phenomenon in
which the body, mainly the changes resistance electrically upon the application
of certain external stimuli It consists of two categories Response and the
Abnormal Response

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Examples of Abnormal Responses
1. Machine Fright Response Interference abnormal response that originates in
Step 2 (fight to the machine) of the reaction chain or situational fright. It
appears on the first question or so and no onge appears throughout the test.
2. Physical Movement Response Interfering response caused by voluntary
physical movement by the subiect during the lie test and is found between steps
4 and 5 of the reaction chain. The result of sup physical movement causes
physiological (muscle) changes to take place within the body that shows us
electrodermal response.
3. Outside Interference Response - Interfering response originating in step 1 of
the reaction chain in the fom of unwanted auditory or stimuli. The slamming of
the door or the ringing of telephone, a cough or sneeze by spectators in the
room or any unusual noise to which the subject is not accustomed at the
location, wi usually produce outside interference response.

4. Mental Tie-up Response - Interfering response which originates between step

2 (machine fright) and step 3 (emotion) in the reaction chain. Other name is
guilt complex.

5. Deception Response Abnormalities as a result of telling a lie (more on

psychological and such also is accompanied by physical changes).

FINAL

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