ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY, SAWLA CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINUSS ADMINISTRATION AND INFORMATION SYSTEM

“ Introduction to Artificial Intelligence ”

Instructor: Kutale T.
Target Group: BAIS 2nd Section A&B 1
 Chapter 1
“Introduction to Artificial
Intelligence”

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 What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial & Intelligence.

Artificial: "man-made," or something produced by human art or effort,

rather than originating naturally.

 Intelligence: "thinking power", or “the ability to learn, understand,

comprehend, and solve problem (acquire kg. and apply it to practice)”.

 Hence, Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power."

 So, we can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as creating of intelligent

machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to
make decisions.
 Cont.…

Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science which is

dedicated to the development of computer systems or machines that are
able to perform tasks that would require human intelligence.
Examples of these tasks are:-
 Speech recognition, language translation
 Performing surgical operation
 Driving a car in traffic
 Playing chess
 Proving a mathematical theorem
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 1.1. Objectives of AI
The primary objectives of AI include:
Automation of Repetitive Tasks: AI enables the automation of routine and repetitive
tasks, improving efficiency and accuracy.

Enhancing Human Capabilities: AI-powered tools assist in decision-making, pattern

recognition, and data analysis.

Problem-Solving and Decision-Making: AI models help in diagnosing medical

conditions, predicting market trends, and optimizing logistics.

Natural Language Understanding and Interaction: AI enhances communication

between humans and machines through chatbots, voice assistants, and translation
systems.

Adaptive Learning and Self-Improvement: Machine learning and deep learning models
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enable AI systems to learn from past data and improve over time.
 1.2. Types of AI
There are mainly two types of the main categorization which are based on
capabilities and based on functionally of AI.

Capabilities Functionally

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 Based on Capabilities
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI
AI systems designed for specific tasks efficiently.
These AI models operate under a limited set of predefined rules and cannot generalize their
learning beyond their designated function.
The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI.
They can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
Example:
 Facial Recognition Systems: used in security and social media.
 Recommendation Engines: AI algorithms in platforms like Netflix, YouTube, and Amazon.
 Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant that assist users in daily tasks.
 Self-Driving Cars: AI-based automation used in autonomous vehicle navigation.
 Spam Filters: automatically detect and block unwanted emails based on content analysis and
sender reputation. 7
 Continued..
2. General AI
General AI refers to a type of artificial intelligence that possesses human-like
cognitive abilities and can perform any intellectual task that a human can do
The idea behind the general AI to make such a system that could be smarter and
think like a human on its own.
Currently, General AI remains theoretical and Hypothetical, as no AI system has
fully replicated human intelligence.
The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with
General AI.
As systems with general AI are still under research.
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 Continued..
3. Strong or Super AI

A futuristic AI concept where machines surpass human intelligence, capable

of self-awareness and autonomous decision-making.

They can perform any task better than a human with cognitive properties.

This refers to aspects like general wisdom, problem solving and creativity.

It is an outcome of general AI.

Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence.

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 Based on the functionality
1. Reactive Machines

AI that operates based on predefined rules without learning from past
experiences. i.e. do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.

Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of AI.

These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible
best action.

Example: IBM‟s Deep Blue chess program, which analyses possible moves
but lacks memory or learning ability.

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 Continued..
2. Limited Memory

AI systems that retain and learn from previous interactions to improve decision-
making. These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
Example: Self-driving cars can store the recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other
cars, speed limits, and other information to navigate the road.

[Link] of Mind
AI that understands human emotions and social behaviours (able to interact socially
like humans).
This type of AI is still under research and aims to enhance human-computer
interactions.

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 Continued..
[Link]-Awareness

AI with self-consciousness and independent thinking, currently a theoretical

concept explored in advanced AI research.

Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence.

These machines will be super intelligent and will have their own
consciousness, sentiments, and self- awareness.

These machines will be smarter than the human mind.

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 1.3. Approaches to AI
AI development follows four major approaches, each focusing on different
aspects of intelligence and problem-solving.

These approaches are:

Thinking Humanly: Simulating human thought processes.

Acting Humanly: Creating machines capable of human-like interactions.

Thinking Rationally: Using logic and reasoning to emulate human cognition.

Acting Rationally: Designing systems that make optimal decisions to achieve goals.

These approaches help in designing AI systems that mimic human thought

processes, behave like humans, think logically, or act rationally.

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 Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modeling
This approach aims to create AI systems that simulate human thought
processes.

It is based on cognitive science, psychology, and neuroscience.

Key Focus: Understanding how humans think and designing AI that

replicates those processes. We need to get inside the actual workings of human
minds.

Example: Neural networks that mimic the functioning of the human brain.

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 Acting Humanly: The Turing Test
This approach focuses on creating AI that behaves like a human.

Alan Turing proposed this method in the 1950s, where an AI passes the
Turing Test if it can engage in human-like conversation without being
distinguished from a human.
Key Focus: Developing AI systems
that can interact naturally with
humans.

Example: humanoid robots, Chatbots

(Siri, Alexa, and customer service AI).
 Thinking rationally: "laws of thought"
 This approach is based on formal logic and mathematical reasoning, aiming
to create AI that makes rational decisions.
Key Focus: Logical reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making based
on rules and formal logic.
Example: Expert systems used in medical diagnosis and financial predictions.
If the system is rational, it thinks the right thing through correct reasoning.
 Aristotle: provided the correct arguments/thought structures that always gave
correct conclusions given correct premises.
 For example, “Abebe is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal.„‟
 These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of the mind, and initiated
the field of logic.
 Acting Rationally: Rational Agent
This approach focuses on designing AI that acts rationally to maximize the
chances of achieving its goals.
Key Focus: AI should make optimal decisions based on available data.
Example: autonomous systems (e.g. self-driving cars that navigate traffic
based on real-time data.
Rational behavior: Doing the right thing.
AI is about designing and construction of rational agents.
 An agent is any entity that perceives and acts.
For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of
agents) with the best performance. 17
 Suggested Major Components of AI
 Intelligent systems may be expected to involve the following components to
interact with its environment.
1. Natural Language processing: Enable computers to communicate in human
language e.g., English, Amharic, ..)
• Speech recognition, understanding and synthesis
2. Knowledge representation: Schemes to store information effectively & efficiently,
both facts and inferences
3. Automated reasoning: To use stored information to answer questions and to draw
new conclusions
4. Machine learning: To adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate
patterns
5. Computer vision: To perceive and recognize objects based on patterns in the same
way as the human visual system does
6. Robotics: Enable computers to see, hear, move & take actions i.e., modify the environment
 1.4. Goals of AI
To replicate human intelligence( implement human intelligence in machine): through
creating machines/systems that can understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

To solve knowledge intensive task

To build a machine which can perform a task that require human intelligence
Example: playing chess games, Driving a car in traffic, proving a theorem, surgical
operation

To Create Expert Systems: The systems which exhibit intelligent behaviour,
learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

To make computers more useful by letting them take over dangerous or tedious
tasks from human
 1.5. Foundation of AI
Artificial Intelligence has identifiable roots in a number of disciplines. Each discipline
contributes essential knowledge and methodologies that drive AI advancements.
Philosophy
• Understanding the connection between how peoples think and explicate that
connection in reasoned and logic way.
Mathematics
• Formal knowledge representation (for instance FOL) and proof algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability.
• Provided the tools to manipulate statements of logical certainty as well as uncertain,
probabilistic statements.
Neuroscience (Brain science)
• Study how brains process information.
• Brain modelling, understand the basic and emergent properties of neurons.
• It enables to build powerful AI systems by simulating biological neural networks.
 Continued..
Psychology /Cognitive science
• Studies how do people operates/think,
behave, perceive, represent knowledge.
• How human (and other animal) brains lead
to intelligent behavior.
Computer science and Engineering
• Building fast and efficient computers.
• Provides the artifact that makes AI
application possible.
• Design efficient algorithms and graphics
Linguistics
• Natural languages processing
• knowledge representation, grammar
 1.6. History of AI
The following are some of milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey from
the AI generation to till date development. How AI is progressed /evolved at different year?

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 Cont.…

A. Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952) B. The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

 Warren McCulloch & Walter Pitts (1943)  Allen Newell and Herbert A.
: proposed a model of artificial neurons. Simon(1955) : created first AI program,

 Donald Hebb (1949) : demonstrated an named Logic Theorist. This program

updating rule for modifying the connection proved 38 of 52 mathematics theorems.

strength between neurons. His rule is called  John McCarthy(1956) : The word
Hebbian learning. "Artificial Intelligence" first time

 Alan Turing (1950) : He pioneered adopted and called as academic field.

Machine learning & published “computing Also, high-level computer languages

machinery & intelligence” in which he such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL

proposed test (i.e. can machines think?). were invented at that time.

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 Cont.…
C. Golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974) E. A boom of AI (1980-1987)
 Joseph Weizenbaum(1966): created the After AI winter duration AI came back with
first chatbot which is called ELIZA. "Expert System".

 In the year 1972 : The first intelligent F. The Second AI winter (1987-1993)

humanoid robot was built in Japan which  Again, investors and government stopped in

was named WABOT-1. funding for AI research due to high cost but
not efficient results.
D. The first AI winter (1974-1980)
G. The Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993-2011)
 Because, computer scientists dealt with a
In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats
severe shortage of funding from the
world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and
government for AI researches.
became the first computer to beat a world chess
 Publicity interest on AI was decreased.
champion.
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 Cont.…
 In the year 2002, AI entered the home in  In the year (2012) : Google has launched an
the form of Roomba, a vacuum cleaner. Android app feature "Google now“. It is one
 In the year 2006 : AI came into the of voice activated google predictive search
Business world. Companies like app.
Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also  In the year (2014): Chatbot "Eugene
started using AI. . Goostman" won a competition in the

H. Deep Learning, Big data and Artificial infamous "Turing test."

General Intelligence (2011-present)  In the year (2018): The "Project Debater"

 In the year 2006: IBM's Watson won from IBM debated on complex topics with

Jeopardy, a quiz show. Watson had two master debaters and also performed

proved that it could understand natural extremely well.

language and can solve tricky questions

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quickly.
 Real Life A.I. Application
Intelligent Systems in Your
Everyday Life:
 Self Driving Cars
 Drones
 Navigation Systems
 Email: Spam filtering
 Chatbots
 Medical Diagnosis
 Human vs Computer Games
 Image recognition
 Creating art (such as poetry)
 Online Assistances
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 Real Life A.I. Application
Banks: automatic check readers, signature
verification systems, automated loan application
classification, detect fraudulent credit card
transactions
Netflix: movie recommendation
 Google: Search Technology
Pattern recognition: handwritten character or
face identification
Natural Language Processing tasks (NLP):
 Machine Translation
 Spell Checking
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