1.
Speed control separately excited DC Motor by using field control and armature
voltage control
Separately excited DC motor has its field winding and armature winding
supplied by independent sources. Let's break this down into its
components and how the control strategies work.
Basic Model of a Separately Excited DC Motor
A separately excited DC motor consists of two main components:
Armature Circuit: This is where the armature current flows, and the
armature voltage controls the torque and speed.
Field Circuit: The field winding generates the magnetic flux, and the field
current controls the flux in the motor.
The electrical and mechanical equations governing the operation of the motor are:
where:
Va = Armature voltage
Ia = Armature current
Ra = Armature resistance
Eb = Back EMF (Electromotive Force)
Back EMF Equation:
Eb= Ke∅ ω
where:
o Eb = Back EMF
o ke = Motor constant
o ϕ = Flux (related to the field current If)
o ω = Angular speed of the motor
Mechanical Equation:
Torque Equation:
The torque produced by the motor is proportional to the armature current:
where:
T = Torque
kt = Torque constant
Ia = Armature current
Speed Equation:
The speed is related to the back Eb:
A. Field Control
In field control, the speed of the motor is controlled by varying the field current If, which
changes the flux ϕ. Since the back EMF is inversely proportional to the field flux ϕ
decreasing the field current (and thus the field flux) will cause the motor to speed up, and
increasing the field current will slow it down.
Field Control Dynamics:
The relationship between flux and speed is given by:
By reducing the field current If, you reduce the flux ϕ which increases the speed for a
constant armature voltage.
The transfer function for field control is typically a second-order system, as it requires more
careful dynamics to adjust both the flux and the voltage
Out Put Result
B. Armature Voltage Control
In armature voltage control, the speed of the DC motor is controlled by adjusting the
armature voltage Va, while the field current If is kept constant. The speed can be controlled
by changing the armature voltage, which in turn adjusts the back EMF Eb and the motor
speed ω
Armature Voltage Control Dynamics:
Since Eb is proportional to the speed ω adjusting the armature voltage will affect the
back EMF and consequently the speed.
The torque-speed characteristic is essentially linear in armature voltage control,
meaning the motor's speed increases with higher armature voltage.
The transfer function for armature voltage control can be derived from the system dynamics.
Typically, this results in a first-order transfer function, where the control input is the armature
voltage, and the output is the motor speed.
Out Put Result
Conclusion:
In conclusion, armature voltage control and field control are two powerful methods
for controlling the speed of a separately excited DC motor. Armature voltage control
offers a wide range of speed control, while field control provides finer adjustments. In
combination, these two methods can provide very effective and precise motor speed
regulation, making them highly useful in many industrial applications.
2. Single Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier Fed Motor Drive
A Single-Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier Fed Motor Drive is commonly used in
the control of DC motors, where a fully controlled rectifier converts AC voltage to a
controlled DC voltage, which is then used to power the motor. The main purpose of
the rectifier is to provide variable DC voltage, which, in turn, allows the control of
motor speed and torque.
Working Principle:
In the positive half-cycle of the AC input, SCR1 and SCR2 are triggered
(conducting), and SCR3 and SCR4 are off, allowing current to flow through the
motor.
In the negative half-cycle of the AC input, SCR3 and SCR4 are triggered
(conducting), and SCR1 and SCR2 are off, allowing current to flow in the opposite
direction through the motor.
The timing of SCR firing (controlled by a control circuit) determines how much of
the AC waveform is allowed to pass through the rectifier, which adjusts the average
DC voltage supplied to the motor.
Controlled Output Voltage:
The average DC output voltage from a fully controlled rectifier is given by:
where:
Vm = Peak of the AC supply voltage
α = Firing angle of the SCRs (control angle)
The firing angle α\alphaα is controlled to vary the average DC output voltage, thus
controlling the speed of the DC motor.
Speed Control:
In the case of a DC motor, the speed is proportional to the average DC voltage provided to
the motor. By controlling the firing angle, you adjust the DC voltage and thus control the
motor speed.
3. Mathematical Modeling of the System
To model the system, we consider both the electrical and mechanical dynamics of the motor.
Electrical Dynamics:
For a separately excited DC motor, the armature voltage is related to the output of the
rectifier.
The motor's armature voltage Va and armature current Ia are governed by the following
equation:
Where:
Va = Armature voltage
Ia = Armature current
Ra = Armature resistance
Eb=keϕω = Back EMF, where ke is a constant, ϕ is the magnetic flux, and ω the
motor speed.
The average DC voltage from the rectifier is the input to the armature of the motor, so:
Mechanical Dynamics:
The mechanical torque generated by the motor is given by:
where kt is the torque constant, and Ia is the armature current.
The mechanical equation of motion is:
Where:
J = Moment of inertia of the motor
B = Viscous friction coefficient
ω = Angular speed of the motor
This equation relates the motor speed ω to the applied torque T
Circuit Diagram
Conclusion:
The Single-Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier Fed Motor Drive is a versatile and effective
method for controlling the speed of a separately excited DC motor. The control is achieved
by adjusting the firing angle of the SCRs in the rectifier, which in turn regulates the average
DC voltage supplied to the motor. This method is widely used in industrial and commercial
applications where precise speed control is needed.