NEET

MODULE - C
[Link]. Chapter Name Page No.

1. Thermal Physics 01 – 132

2. Oscillations 133 – 179

3. Wave Motion 181 – 246

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Thermal Physics ALLEN
Chapter No. 01
THERMAL PHYSICS
Contents Page No.
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ† Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ͵
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒŽ‡ Ͷ
Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ͸
‡ƒ– ȋȌ ͳͷ
’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ƒ–ȋ‘”Ȍ ͳͷ
ƒ–‡– ‡ƒ–Ȁ ‹††‡ ‡ƒ– ͳ͹
‡ƒ–‹‰—”˜‡ ͳͺ
ƒŽ‘”‹‡–”› ʹͲ
ƒ™‘ˆ‹š–—”‡• ʹͲ
Šƒ•‡‘ˆƒ—„•–ƒ ‡ƒ†Šƒ•‡‹ƒ‰”ƒ ʹͶ
”‹’Ž‡‘‹–‘ˆƒ–‡”ƒ† ‡‰‡Žƒ–‹‘ ʹͷ
‘†‡•‘ˆ ‡ƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‡” ʹ͹
‘†— –‹‘ ʹ͹
‘˜‡ –‹‘ ͵ͷ
ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡˜‘•–̵•Š‡‘”› ͵ͺ
†‡ƒŽŽƒ ‘†›ƒ†‹” ŠŠ‘ˆˆ̵•ƒ™ ͶͲ
–‡ˆƒ̵•ƒ™ Ͷʹ
‡™–‘̵•ƒ™‘ˆ‘‘Ž‹‰ Ͷͷ
’‡ –”ƒŽ‹••‹˜‡‘™‡”ƒ†‹‡̵•‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ™ Ͷ͸
‘Žƒ”‘•–ƒ– Ͷͻ
–”‘†— –‹‘ǡ‘–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† †‡ƒŽ ƒ•‘ ‡’– ͷʹ
ƒ•ƒ™• ͷͶ
‹ˆˆ‡”‡–›’‡• ‘ˆ’‡‡†•‘ˆ ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ͷ͸
š’”‡••‹‘ˆ‘””‡••—”‡‘ˆ †‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• ͷͺ
‡‰”‡‡• ‘ˆ ”‡‡†‘ ȋˆȌ ͸ͳ
ƒš™‡ŽŽ̵•ƒ™‘ˆ“—‹’ƒ”–‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡”‰› ͸ʹ
’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ƒ–‘ˆ ƒ•ƒ†ƒ›‡”̵•ƒ™ ͸͵
‡ƒ ”‡‡ƒ–Šƒ†‡ƒŽ ƒ•‡• ͸͸
–”‘†— –‹‘ ͹Ͳ
Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ƒŽ ›•–‡Ƭ ’‘”–ƒ–‡”• ͹Ͳ
‡ƒ–ƒ†‘”†‘‡‹Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡•• ͹ʹ
–‡”ƒŽ‡”‰› ͹͵
‘”‘‡„›Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ›•–‡ ͹͵
‡”‘–Šƒ† ‹”•–ƒ™‘ˆŠ‡”‘†›ƒ‹ • ͹Ͷ
‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •”‘ ‡•• ͺͲ
‡ ‘†ƒ™‘ˆŠ‡”‘†›ƒ‹ • ͺͺ
‡ƒ–‰‹‡ǡƒ”‘–› Ž‡ǡ‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”• ͺͻ
š‡” ‹•‡Ǧ ȋ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ—‡•–‹‘•Ȍ ͻͷ
š‡” ‹•‡Ǧ ȋ”‡˜‹‘—•‡ƒ”•—‡•–‹‘•Ȍ ͳͳͻ
š‡” ‹•‡Ǧ ȋƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ—‡•–‹‘•Ȍ ͳʹ͹

NEET SYLLABUS
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, temperature, thermal
expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Anomalous expansion. Specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv-
calorimetry; change of state - latent heat. Heat transfer- conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation.
Qualitative ideas of Black Body Radiation, Wein's displacement law Newton's law of cooling and Stefan's law. Kinetic
theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; degrees of freedom, law of
equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path.
Heat, work and internal energy. First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes. Second law of the
thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators. Equation of state of a perfect
gas, work done on compressing a gas.

[Link] [1]
ALLEN NEET : Physics

RUDOLF CLAUSIUS (1822-1888)

—†‘ŽˆŽƒ—•‹—•ǡ„‘”‹‘Žƒ†ǡ‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•–Š‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
‡ ‘†ƒ™‘ˆŠ‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •Ǥƒ•‡†‘–Š‡™‘”‘ˆƒ”‘–ƒ†Š‘•‘ǡ
Žƒ—•‹—• ƒ””‹˜‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡–”‘’› –Šƒ– Ž‡† Š‹ –‘ ƒ
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘†ƒ™‘ˆŠ‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •–Šƒ–•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–
–Š‡‡–”‘’›‘ˆƒ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†•›•–‡ ƒ‡˜‡”†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ǤŽƒ—•‹—•ƒŽ•‘™‘”‡†‘
–Š‡ ‹‡–‹  –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‰ƒ•‡• ƒ† ‘„–ƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ
‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”•‹œ‡ǡ•’‡‡†ǡ‡ƒˆ”‡‡’ƒ–Šǡ‡– Ǥ

LUDWIG BOLTZMANN (1844 – 1906)

—†™‹‰‘Ž–œƒǡ„‘”‹‹‡ƒǡ—•–”‹ƒǡ™‘”‡†‘–Š‡‹‡–‹ –Š‡‘”›‘ˆ
‰ƒ•‡•‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›‘ˆƒš™‡ŽŽǤˆ‹”ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ–‘‹•ǡ–Šƒ–‹•„ƒ•‹ –‘
‹‡–‹ –Š‡‘”›ǡ‘Ž–œƒ’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘†
ƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •ƒ†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ‡–”‘’›Ǥ ‡‹•”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡”• ‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ‡ Šƒ‹ •Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‘•–ƒ–
‘‡ –‹‰‡‡”‰›ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹‹‡–‹ –Š‡‘”›‹•‘™ƒ•‘Ž–œƒǯ•
‘•–ƒ–‹Š‹•Š‘‘—”Ǥ

[2] [Link]
 01 Thermal Physics

Thermal Properties of Matter

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
 „”ƒ Š ‘ˆ • ‹‡ ‡ ™Š‹ Š †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •—„•–ƒ ‡ ‹• ‘™ ƒ•
–Š‡”‘‡–”›Ǥ
Temperature
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡‘”‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆdegree of hotness ‘”coldness ‘ˆƒ„‘†›Ǥ
–‹•ƒ• ƒŽƒ”’Š›•‹ ƒŽ“—ƒ–‹–›™‹–ŠǤ Ǥ—‹–‡Ž˜‹ȋȌǤ
Example: ‘”ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ„‘†›‹•͵ͳͲǤͳͷα͵͹ιαͻͺǤ͸ι
‘”‹’Ž‹‡•ʹ͹͵ǤͳͷαͲια͵ʹι
Heat : Š‡–™‘„‘†‹‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ†‡‹ ‘–ƒ –ǡ–Š‡‡‡”‰›™‹ŽŽˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘Š‹‰Š‡”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‘†›–‘Ž‘™‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‘†›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‘™ƒ•Š‡ƒ–Ǥ
Note : ȋ‹Ȍ ‘”Š‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡—•–„‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡„‘†‹‡•‹ ‘–ƒ –Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‡ƒ–‹•ƒ‡‡”‰›‹–”ƒ•‹–Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ‹–ǣ —‹–ǣŒ‘—Ž‡ȋ Ȍ Ǣ  ǣǦ ‡”‰ Ǣ ”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ—‹–ǣǦ ƒŽ‘”‹‡
ȋ‹˜Ȍ ‹–‘˜‡”•‹‘ǣͳ ‘—Ž‡αͳͲ͹ ‡”‰
 ͳ ƒŽ‘”‹‡αͶǤͳͺ͸ ‘—Ž‡ ൎ ͶǤʹ ‘—Ž‡
Thermal equilibrium
™‘„‘†‹‡•ƒ”‡•ƒ‹†–‘„‡‹–Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—ǡ™Š‡‘ȋ‡–ȌŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘‘‡„‘†›–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”‹Ǥ‡Ǥ
™Š‡„‘–Š–Š‡„‘†‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
ˆ αǡ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹•œ‡”‘Ǥ
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
ˆ ‘„Œ‡ –•  ƒ†  ƒ”‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ™‹–Š ƒ –Š‹”† ‘„Œ‡ –  ȋ•ƒ› –Š‡”‘‡–‡”Ȍǡ –Š‡
‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ†ƒ”‡‹–Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ‡”‘–ŠŽƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •‹–”‘†— ‡•–Š‡
‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ™‘ ‘„Œ‡ –• ȋ‘” •›•–‡•Ȍ ƒ”‡ •ƒ‹† –‘ „‡ ‹ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ‹ˆ –Š‡‹”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡•ƒ‡Ǥ

 

 ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ „‘†›ǡ ‹– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –Šƒ– –Š‡ –Š‡”‘‡–‡” •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‹ –Š‡”ƒŽ
‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—™‹–Š–Š‡„‘†›™Š‘•‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•–‘„‡‡ƒ•—”‡†Ǥ
Illustration 1
ˆ–™‘„‘†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„—––Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›‹„‘–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ‹ŽŽ–Š‡”‡
„‡ƒˆŽ‘™‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹ˆ„‘–Š„‘†‹‡•ƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡†‹ ‘–ƒ –ǫ
Solution:
•–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘„‘†‹‡•ƒ”‡•ƒ‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹–Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—™Š‹ Š‡ƒ•–Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†
„‡‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ǥ Ž‘™‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡™Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„‘†‹‡•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‹ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ

[Link] [3]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Temperature Scale
–Š‡”‘‡–‡”‹•ƒ†‡˜‹ ‡—•‡†–‘‡ƒ•—”‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ„‘†›Ǥ
”‘’‡”–›‘ˆƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™Š‹ Š Šƒ‰‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Thermometric
Property Ž‹‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†‘”‰ƒ•Ǥ
Different Scales of temperature
–Š‡”‘‡–‡” ƒ„‡‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡†‹–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰• ƒŽ‡•ǣ
ȋƒȌ Š‡‡–‹‰”ƒ†‡‘”‡Ž•‹—•• ƒŽ‡ȋιȌ
ȋ„Ȍ Š‡ ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–• ƒŽ‡ȋι Ȍ
ȋ Ȍ ‡Ž˜‹• ƒŽ‡ȋȌ
Scale Symbol Lower fixed point Upper fixed point Number of divisions
(LFP) (UFP) on the scale
‡Ž•‹—• ι Ͳι ͳͲͲι ͳͲͲ
ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹– ι ͵ʹι ʹͳʹι ͳͺͲ
‡Ž˜‹  ʹ͹͵Ǥͳͷ ͵͹͵Ǥͳͷ ͳͲͲ
ι ι 

U.F.P.

100 180 100

divisions divisions divisions

L.F.P.

Celsius Scale Fahrenheit Scale Kelvin Scale

Relation between different scale :
x ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘‘‡• ƒŽ‡ ƒ„‡ ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘‘–Š‡”• ƒŽ‡„›—•‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ
‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘ ƒ› • ƒŽ‡   
ᑐ•–ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ• ƒŽ‡•
  
x ŽŽ–Š‡•‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’
 Ͳ  ͵ʹ   ʹ͹͵   
ͳͲͲ ʹͳʹ  ͵ʹ ͵͹͵  ʹ͹͵     
  ͵ʹ   ʹ͹͵
ͷ ͻ ͷ
Note: ȋ‹Ȍ ‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹• ƒŽ‡
'q ' ' '
‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣ
ǤǤ  ǤǤ ͳͲͲ ͳͺͲ ͳͲͲ
' ' '
ͷ ͻ ͷ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡‡Ž•‹—•ƒ†‡Ž˜‹• ƒŽ‡•Šƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–œ‡”‘’‘‹–•„—––Š‡•ƒ‡•‹œ‡†‡‰”‡‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ
ƒ›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡‘–Š‡‡Ž•‹—•ƒ†‡Ž˜‹• ƒŽ‡•Ǥ
ȋʹ Ȃ ͳȌιαȋʹ Ȃ ͳȌ'ια'
ͳ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‘‡†‹˜‹•‹‘v
‘–ƒŽ —„‡” ‘ˆ †‹˜‹•‹‘•
ˆ—„‡”‘ˆ†‹˜‹•‹‘•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ԝo ‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‘‡†‹˜‹•‹‘†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•
”†‡”‘ˆ‘‡†‹˜‹•‹‘”‡ƒ†‹‰
ͳι δͳιαͳι

[4] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
ȋ‹˜Ȍ ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹‡Ž•‹—•ƒ† ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–• ƒŽ‡ƒ›„‡•ƒ‡Ǥ
ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹ ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹– ƒ† ‡Ž˜‹ ƒ› „‡ •ƒ‡Ǥ —– ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹
‡Ž•‹—•• ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡Ž˜‹• ƒŽ‡ ƒ‡˜‡”„‡•ƒ‡Ǥ
   ʹ͹͵
ŸαιΪʹ͹͵
ͷ ͷ
Scale of Temperature
”ƒ’Š„‡–™‡‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ„‘†›‹†‡‰”‡‡‡Ž•‹—•ƒ††‡‰”‡‡ ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–
  ͵ʹ ȋιȌ
ͷ ͻ
ͷ ͳ͸Ͳ
  ǥȋ‹Ȍ
ͻ ͻ ͳͲͲι
›αšΪ ǥȋ‹‹Ȍ
”‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ȋ‹Ȍƒ†ȋ‹‹Ȍ
ͷ
Ž‘’‡αα–ƒ T α
ͻ
ȋι Ȍ
ͳ͸Ͳ ͵ʹι ʹͳʹι
›‹–‡” ‡’–α α ͳ͸Ͳ
ͻ
ͻ
Absolute Zero
“—ƒŽ•–‘–273.15°C or 0 Kelvin
––Š‹•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•„‡ ‘‡•œ‡”‘Ǥ
‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡‹‡Ž˜‹• ƒŽ‡Ǥ
Illustration 2
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ–‹‡–‹•ͶͲιǤ ‹†–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–• ƒŽ‡ǫ
Solution:
 ͵ʹ ͶͲ  Ͳ
Ÿ ͳͲͶ
ͳͺͲ ͳͲͲ
Illustration 3
–™Šƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•–Š‡ ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–• ƒŽ‡”‡ƒ†‹‰‡“—ƒŽ–‘–™‹ ‡‘ˆ‡Ž•‹—•ǫ
Solution:
 ͵ʹ   Ͳ ʹš  ͵ʹ š  Ͳ
Ÿ Ÿ š ͳ͸Ͳ
ͳͺͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͺͲ ͳͲͲ
Illustration 4
Š‡Ž‘™‡”ƒ†—’’‡”ˆ‹š‡†’‘‹–•‘ˆƒˆƒ—Ž–›–Š‡”‘‡–‡”ƒ”‡ͷƒ†ͳͲͷǤ ˆ–Š‡–Š‡”‘‡–‡””‡ƒ†•
ʹͷǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹‡Ž•‹—•• ƒŽ‡ǫ
Solution:
ʹͷ  ͷ  ȂͲ
Ÿ  ʹͲq
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ
Illustration 5
–Š‡”‘‡–‡”™‹–Šƒƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›• ƒŽ‡Šƒ•–Š‡‹ ‡’‘‹–ƒ–ȂʹͲ郐†–Š‡•–‡ƒ’‘‹–ƒ–ͳͺͲιǤŠ‡–Š‡
–Š‡”‘‡–‡””‡ƒ†•ͷιǡƒ‡–‹‰”ƒ†‡–Š‡”‘‡–‡”™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ†
Solution:
 Ͳ –  ȋ ʹͲȌ ȋ ‡”‡–αͷιȌ Ÿ  ͷ  ʹͲ
Ÿ  ͳʹǤͷ
ͳͲͲ  Ͳ ͳͺͲ  ȋ ʹͲȌ ͳͲͲ ʹͲͲ
Illustration 6
Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ‹”‘’‹‡ ‡‹•”ƒ‹•‡†ˆ”‘͵Ͳι–‘ͻͲιǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘–Š‡
ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–• ƒŽ‡ƒ†‘–Š‡‡Ž˜‹• ƒŽ‡ǫ
[Link] [5]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Solution:
' α ͻͲι Ȃ ͵Ͳια͸Ͳι
ͻ ͻ
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹– ƒŽ‡ ' ' ͸Ͳq ͳͲͺq
ͷ ͷ
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘‡Ž˜‹ ƒŽ‡ ' ' ͸Ͳ
Thermal Expansion
Š‡ƒ––‡”‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘—–ƒ› Šƒ‰‡‹ ‹–••–ƒ–‡ǡ‹–—•—ƒŽŽ›‡š’ƒ†•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ–‘‹ –Š‡‘”›‘ˆ
ƒ––‡”ǡ ƒ•›‡–”› ‹ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› —”˜‡ ‹• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡”ƒŽ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ • ™‹–Š ”‹•‡ ‹
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†Š‡ ‡‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ–‘•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǡŠ‡ ‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡
†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ‘ǡ –Š‡ƒ––‡”ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡‡š’ƒ†•Ǥ
 ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ–‘‹  –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ƒ––‡”ǡ ƒ•›‡–”› ‹ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› —”˜‡ ‹• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡”ƒŽ
‡š’ƒ•‹‘ƒ•™‹–Š”‹•‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ›ˆ”‘ͳ –‘ʹ –Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‡ ‡‡‡”‰›‘ˆ
ƒ–‘•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘ͳ –‘ʹ ƒ†Š‡ ‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆ”‘”ͳ –‘”ʹǤ—‡–‘–Š‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
‹†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ–‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ––‡”ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡‡š’ƒ†•™Š‹ Š‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ ƒ†–Š‡
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰› —”˜‡„‡‡•›‡–”‹ ƒŽǡ‘–Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡‹•’‹–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹‰

”ͳ ƒšǤ
”ʹ ‹Ǥ

”ʹ ƒšǤ
”ͳ ‹Ǥ

ʹ

ͳ

x Š‡”ƒŽ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‹• ‹‹— ‹ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ •‘Ž‹†• „—– ƒš‹— ‹ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ‰ƒ•‡• „‡ ƒ—•‡
‹–‡”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ˆ‘” ‡‹•ƒš‹—‹•‘Ž‹†•„—–‹‹—‹‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ
x ‘Ž‹†• ƒ‡š’ƒ†‹‘‡†‹‡•‹‘ȋŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ȍǡ–™‘†‹‡•‹‘ȋ•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ȍƒ†
–Š”‡‡ †‹‡•‹‘• ȋ˜‘Ž—‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ȍ ™Š‹Ž‡ Ž‹“—‹†• ƒ†‰ƒ•‡•—•—ƒŽŽ›•—ˆˆ‡”• Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ˜‘Ž—‡
‘Ž›
1. Linear Expansion:
Š‡ƒ•‘Ž‹†‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†ƒ†‹–•Ž‡‰–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Ž‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
†A v † ƒ††A v AͲ
†A αDAͲ† κ଴
Š‡ƒ–‹‰ κ ൌ κ଴ ൅ ߂κ
³†A α³DAͲ† ሺ‫ ܂‬൅ ઢ‫܂‬ሻι۱
ˆD ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
x Šƒ‰‡‹Ž‡‰–Š'A αDAͲ'
ȋAͲ α”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ‡‰–Šǡ ' ᇏ’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Šƒ‰‡Ȍ
x ‘Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ D '
Ͳ '

ˆAͲ αͳƒ†'αͳι Ǣ Š‡ǡD α 'A

x A Ȃ AͲ αDAͲ'
‹ƒŽŽ‡‰–ŠA αAͲ ΪDAͲ'
x ‹–‘ˆD ‹•ιȂͳ ‘”ȂͳǤ –ǯ•†‹‡•‹‘‹•ȏ  ͳ Ȑ

[6] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
2. Superficial (areal) expansion:
Š‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒʹ‘„Œ‡ –‹• Šƒ‰‡†ǡ‹–ǯ•ƒ”‡ƒ Šƒ‰‡•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ
‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ

κԢଶ ൌ र૛ ሺ૚ ൅ હ ઢ‫܂‬ሻ
κଶ ‫۽ۯ‬ ‫ۯ‬

κଵ
୓ ൌ κଵ κଶ κԢଵ ൌ κଵ ሺͳ ൅ Ƚ ȟሻ
 ൌ κԢଵ κԢଶ
 ͳ ȋͳ  D'
Ȍu ʹ ͳ  D'Ȍ
ȋͳ
 ͳ ʹ ȋͳ  D'Ȍʹ

 Ͳ ȋͳ  ʹD'Ȍ
 Ͳ  ͲE' E ʹD
x Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ”‡ƒ‹• ' ͲE'
ȋͲ α”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǡ' ᇏ’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Šƒ‰‡Ȍ
'
x ‘Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ E
 Ͳ '
x ‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ  Ͳ ȋͳ  E'Ȍ x ‹–‘ˆE ‹•ιȂͳ ‘”ȂͳǤ
3. Volume or cubical expansion:
Š‡ ƒ•‘Ž‹† ‹• Š‡ƒ–‡† ƒ† ‹–ǯ• ˜‘Ž—‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡
–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†˜‘Ž—‡‘” —„‹ ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
Ͳ ͳu ʹu ͵ κଶ κᇱଶ
 ȋͳ  D'Ȍ͵ ‫ܗ܄‬ ‫܄‬
ͳ ʹ ͵

 Ͳ ȋͳ  ͵D'Ȍ J ͵D κଵ κଷ κଵᇱ κᇱଷ

 Ͳ ȋͳ  J'Ȍ
' Ͳ J'
x Šƒ‰‡‹˜‘Ž—‡‹• ' Ͳ J'
ȋͲ α”‹‰‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡ǡ ' α Šƒ‰‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ȍ
x ‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡  Ͳ ȋͳ  J'Ȍ
'
x ‘Ž—‡ ‘Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ J
Ͳ '
x ‹–‘ˆ J ‹•ιȂͳ ‘”ȂͳǤ
Note : Š‡ ‘Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–DǡE ƒ†J ˆ‘”ƒ•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•
‘”‹•‘–”‘’‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ Dš D› Dœ D
o ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ˆ‘”‹•‘–”‘’‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
E ʹD J ͵D Ƚ୷
 D ǣ E ǣ J ͳǣʹǣ͵
o ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ‹•‘–”‘’‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Ƚ୶
J Dš  D›  Dœ E Dš  D› Ƚ୸
Dš o ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘
D› o ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ Dœ o ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ —„‹ ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘

[Link] [7]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 7
”‘”‘†‘ˆͷͲ ‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ʹͲι–‘ͳͲͲιǤ ‹†Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ”‘†ƒ–ͳͲͲι‹ˆ D‹”‘ ͳʹuͳͲ͸ qͳ
Solution:
ʹ ͳȏͳ  Dȋʹ  ͳ ȌȐ Ÿ ʹ ͷͲ ȏͳ  ͳʹ u ͳͲ͸ u ͺͲȐ
ʹ ͷͲȏͳ  ͻ͸ u ͳͲͷ Ȑ ͷͲ  Ͷͺ u ͳͲ͵ Ÿ ʹ ͷͲǤͲͶ
ͷͲǤͲͶͺ 
Illustration 8
‘‡‡–‡” ”‘†‘ˆ•‹Ž˜‡”ƒ–Ͳι‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†–‘ͳͲͲιǤ –ǯ•Ž‡‰–Š‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ͲǤͳͻ Ǥ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ —„‹ ƒŽ
‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‹Ž˜‡””‘†‹•
Solution:
' ͲǤͳͻ
D ͳǤͻ u ͳͲͷ Ȁ q Ÿ J ͵D ͵u ͳǤͻ u ͳͲͷ Ȁ q ͷǤ͹ u ͳͲͷ Ȁ q
Ͳ ȋ 'TȌ ͳͲͲȋͳͲͲ  ͲȌ
Illustration 9
ˆ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ‡–ƒŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•„›ͲǤͳʹΨ‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„›ʹͲιǤ ‹†Dǫ
Solution:
' ' ͲǤͳʹ
J ǡ• ͳʹ u ͳͲͶ
'  ͳͲͲ
ͳʹ u ͳͲͶ ͳ
? J ͵D ŸD u ͳͲͶ Ÿ D ͲǤʹu ͳͲͶ
ʹͲ ͷ
Illustration 10
Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡Ž‡‰–Š•‘ˆƒ ‡”–ƒ‹„”ƒ••”‘†ƒ†‘ˆƒ•–‡‡Ž”‘†‹• Žƒ‹‡†–‘„‡ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ–ƒŽŽ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ •–Š‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǫ
Solution:
ˆ ƒ† ƒ”‡–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š•‘ˆ„”ƒ••ƒ†•–‡‡Ž”‘†•”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ–ƒ‰‹˜‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š•‘ˆ
–Š‡”‘†•™Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• Šƒ‰‡†„› T ιǤ
̵ ȋͳ  D 'TȌ ƒ† ̵  ȋͳ  D 'TȌ
‘–Šƒ–ǡ ̵  ̵ ȋ   Ȍ  ȋD   D Ȍ'T
‘ǡ ȋ ̵  ̵ Ȍ™‹ŽŽ„‡‡“—ƒŽ–‘ȋ Ȃ Ȍƒ–ƒŽŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹ˆǡ D   D Ͳ ȏƒ•'T z ͲȐ
 D
‘”
 D
‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘”‘†•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š•ƒ”‡‹
–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
Illustration 11
 ‘’‘•‹–‡„ƒ”‘ˆŽ‡‰–Šαͳ Ϊʹ ‹•ƒ†‡—’ˆ”‘ƒ”‘†‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽͳƒ†‘ˆŽ‡‰–Šͳ ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘ƒ”‘†
‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽʹƒ†‘ˆŽ‡‰–Šʹ ƒ••Š‘™Ǥ ˆƒͳ ƒ†ƒʹ ƒ”‡–Š‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ
–Š‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘’‘•‹–‡”‘†‹•ǣ
ͳ ʹ
Solution:
Š‡‹–Šƒ•„‡‡‰‹˜‡ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Šƒ‰‡ ' ǡ–Š‡‡™Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’‘•‹–‡„ƒ”‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽˆ‹ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š•ȋ‡–̵D̵„‡”‡“—‹”‡† ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ȍ
̵ ̵ͳ  ̵ʹ
ȋͳ  D'Ȍ ͳ ȋͳ  Dͳ 'Ȍ  ʹ ȋͳ  Dʹ'Ȍ
Ÿ   D' ͳ  Dͳ '  ʹ  ʹDʹ'
Ÿ   D'   ͳDͳ '  ʹDʹ' ȋ ͳ  ʹ Ȍ
ͳ Dͳ  ʹDʹ
Ÿ D' ͳDͳ '  ʹDʹ' Ÿ D

[8] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 12
ˆ ‹•–Š‡‘‡–‘ˆ‹‡”–‹ƒ‘ˆƒ•‘Ž‹†„‘†›Šƒ˜‹‰Ƚ Ǧ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘–Š‡–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹
‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘ƒ•ƒŽŽ Šƒ‰‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡' ‹•Ǧ
Solution:
‘‡–‘ˆ‹‡”–‹ƒ αʹ
†
Ÿ ʹ ‘” ' ʹǤ' ǥȋ‹Ȍ
†
›–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ” ‘Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘
   Ͳ '
D
Ǥ' '
”‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹Ȍ
' ʹǤD' ‘”' ʹ D'
Applications of Thermal Expansion
1. Change in time period of simple pendulum
’‡†—Ž— Ž‘ ‡‡’•’”‘’‡”–‹‡ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡TǤ ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ T ̵ȋ ! TȌ –Š‡†—‡–‘
Ž‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆ’‡†—Ž—‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†Š‡ ‡‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡Ǥ
' ͳ'
 ʹS Ÿ
‰  ʹ
' ͳ
”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡‹–‹‡’‡”‹‘†α D'T
 ʹ
ͳ
Šƒ‰‡‹–‹‡ α ' D'T ȋ'T o Šƒ‰‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ȍ
ʹ
x Š‡ Ž‘ ™‹ŽŽŽ‘•‡–‹‡‹Ǥ‡Ǥ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡•Ž‘™‹•—‡”ƒ†™‹ŽŽ‰ƒ‹–‹‡‹Ǥ‡Ǥ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡ˆƒ•–‹
™‹–‡”
•—‡” ™‹–‡”

‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȟɅ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȟɅ

ȟ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•

‡‰–Š‘ˆ’‡†—Ž—‹
† Ž ”‡ƒ•‡• ‡‰–Š‘ˆ’‡†—Ž—†‡
†—Ž— ”‡ƒ•‡•

‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ‹
† ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ†‡
† ”‡ƒ•‡

Ž‘ ™‹ŽŽ„‡
„ ‘‡•Ž‘™ Ž‘ ™‹ŽŽ„‡
Ž „ ‘‡ˆƒ•–

ͳ ͳ
‘••‘ˆ–‹‡ ' D'T ƒ‹ ‘ˆ–‹‡ ' D'T
ʹ ʹ
x ‹ ‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘ȋDȌ‹•˜‡”›•ƒŽŽˆ‘”‹˜ƒ”ǡŠ‡ ‡’‡†—Ž—•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡‘ˆ‹˜ƒ”
–‘•Š‘™–Š‡ ‘””‡ ––‹‡‹ƒŽŽ•‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
ͳ
Note : ‹‡Ž‘••Ȁ ƒ‹‹ƒ†ƒ›ǡ ' D'Tu ȋͺ͸ͶͲͲ•‡ ‘†Ȍ
ʹ
Illustration 13
’‡†—Ž— Ž‘  ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒ‹”‘”‘† ‘‡ –‡†–‘ƒ•ƒŽŽŠ‡ƒ˜›„‘„Ǥ ˆ‹–‹•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘‡‡’–Š‡ ‘””‡ –
–‹‡ƒ–ʹͲιǡŠ‘™ˆƒ•–‘”•Ž‘™™‹ŽŽ‹–‰‘‹ʹͶŠ‘—”•ƒ–ͶͲιǫȋD‹”‘ αͳǤʹέͳͲΫ͸ ιΫͳȌ

[Link] [9]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Solution:
‹˜‡ǡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ™‹ŽŽ ƒŽ•‘
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡Ǥ
ͳ
ƒ‹‹–‹‡’‡”‹‘† ’‡”•‡ ‘† D'T
ʹ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ‘—–„›™Š‹ Š–Š‡–‹‡‰‡–••Ž‘™‡†‹ʹͶŠ‘—”•‹•ǡ
ͳ
' D'Tu ʹͶ u ͸Ͳ u ͸Ͳ
ʹ
ͳ
‘” ' u ͳǤʹ u ͳͲ͸ u ʹͲ u ʹͶ u ͸Ͳ u ͸Ͳ Ÿ ' αͳǤͲ͵͸ͺ•
ʹ
‡ ‡ǡ†—‡–‘ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡’‡†—Ž—ǡ–‹‡‰‡–••Ž‘™‡††‘™„›ͳǤͲ͵͸ͺ•‹ƒ†ƒ›Ǥ
2. Expansion of Isotropic material:
Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆƒ‹•‘–”‘’‹ ‘„Œ‡ –ƒ›„‡‹ƒ‰‹‡†ƒ•ƒ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ‡Žƒ”‰‡‡–Ǥ‘ǡ ‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ
Š‘Ž‡‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡ȋ‘” ƒ˜‹–›‹•‹†‡ƒ„‘†›Ȍǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡ȋ‘”˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ ƒ˜‹–›Ȍ™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡™Š‡
„‘†›‡š’ƒ†•‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰ǡŒ—•–ƒ•‹ˆ–Š‡Š‘Ž‡ȋ‘” ƒ˜‹–›Ȍ™‡”‡•‘Ž‹†‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤŽ•‘ǡ –Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘
‘ˆƒ”‡ƒȋ‘”˜‘Ž—‡Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›™‹ŽŽ„‡‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ•Šƒ’‡ƒ†•‹œ‡‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡ȋ‘” ƒ˜‹–›Ȍǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡‡“—ƒŽ
–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆǤ

 ” ”
ƒ  ƒ 


„ „
Illustration 14
”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ”’Žƒ–‡Šƒ•ƒ ‹” —Žƒ” ƒ˜‹–›ƒ••Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ ˆ™‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–Š‡™Š‹ Š
†‹‡•‹‘™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ

ƒ
Solution:
‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ›–™‘’‘‹–‘ƒ‘„Œ‡ –‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‘ǡƒŽŽ†‹‡•‹‘ƒǡ
„ǡ ƒ††™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
3. Thermal stress in a rigidly fixed rod
Š‡ƒ”‘†™Š‘•‡‡†•ƒ”‡”‹‰‹†Ž›fixed •— Šƒ•–‘’”‡˜‡–‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘” ‘–”ƒ –‹‘ǡ—†‡”‰‘‡•ƒ Šƒ‰‡
‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ†—‡–‘–Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘” ‘–”ƒ –‹‘ǡƒ ‘’”‡••‹˜‡‘”–‡•‹Ž‡•–”‡••‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹‹–Ǥ
—‡–‘–Š‹•–Š‡”ƒŽ•–”‡••–Š‡”‘†™‹ŽŽ‡š‡”–ƒŽƒ”‰‡ˆ‘” ‡‘–Š‡•—’’‘”–•Ǥ
 


' D'
 


[ 10 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
' ª ' ͳ º
Š‡”ƒŽ•–”ƒ‹ D' « •Dα  u ' »
 ¬ ¼
ª –”‡•• º
‘Š‡”ƒŽ•–”‡••α D' « •  •–”ƒ‹ » ‡”‡‹•‘—‰̵•‘†—Ž—•
¬ ¼
‘” ‘” ‡‘–Š‡•—’’‘”–• D'
Free Expansion

'

ˆ”‘†‹•‘–ˆ‹š‡†ƒ–‡†‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ˆ”‡‡–‘‡š’ƒ†–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡œ‡”‘•–”‡••Ǥ
Illustration 15
•–‡‡Ž™‹”‡‘ˆ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒͲǤͷʹ ‹•Š‡Ž†„‡–™‡‡–™‘ˆ‹š‡†•—’’‘”–•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡™‹”‡‹•Œ—•––ƒ—–ƒ–
ʹͲιǡ†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡–‡•‹‘™Š‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆƒŽŽ•–‘ͲιǤ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ•–‡‡Ž‹•
ͳǤʹέͳͲȂͷȀ郐†‹–•‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•‹•ʹǤͲέͳͲͳͳ ȀʹǤ
Solution:
‡”‡ˆ‹ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š‹•Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š•‘–Šƒ–•–”ƒ‹‹•–‡•‹Ž‡ƒ†–‡•‹Ž‡ˆ‘” ‡‹•‰‹˜‡„›
α D'T αͲǤͷέͳͲȂ͸ έʹέͳͲͳͳ έͳǤʹέͳͲȂͷ έʹͲαʹͶ
4. Bimetallic Strip
Š‡–™‘•–”‹’•‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š„—–‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȋ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ȍƒ”‡
Œ‘‹‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ‹–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†̶‹Ȃ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ •–”‹’̶ƒ† ƒ„‡—•‡†‹–Š‡”‘•–ƒ––‘„”‡ƒ‘”ƒ‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ
‘–ƒ –ǤŠ‹••–”‹’Šƒ•–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆ„‡†‹‰‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰†—‡–‘—‡“—ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘‡–ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡•–”‹’™‹ŽŽ„‡†™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‡”D ‘‘—–‡”•‹†‡Ǥ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹•‘”‡
ˆ‘”„”ƒ••–Šƒ•–‡‡Ž
™‘•–”‹’•‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š•„—–‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
ˆ Dʹ ! Dͳ
Š‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡•–”‹’™‹ŽŽ„‡†™‹–Š‡–ƒŽ‘ˆ‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ‘‘—–‡”•‹†‡‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‘˜‡š•‹†‡Ǥ

Š‡ƒ–‹‰
‰
Dʹ
 ‘‘Ž‹‰

Dͳ

5. Thermal Expansion in Liquids

x ‹“—‹†•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡Ž‹‡ƒ”ƒ†•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘„—––Š‡•‡‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡˜‘Ž—‡–”‹ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘
x ‹ ‡Ž‹“—‹†•ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•–‘„‡Š‡ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šƒ˜‡••‡Ž™Š‹ Š ‘–ƒ‹•–Š‡•‘‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰
–Š‡ •›•–‡ ȋŽ‹“—‹† Ϊ ˜‡••‡ŽȌǡ –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ Ž‹“—‹† ‹ ˜‡••‡Ž ˆƒŽŽ• ȋƒ• ˜‡••‡Ž ‡š’ƒ†• ‘”‡ •‹ ‡ ‹–
ƒ„•‘”„•Š‡ƒ–ƒ†Ž‹“—‹†‡š’ƒ†•Ž‡••Ȍ„—–Žƒ–‡”‘ǡ‹–•–ƒ”–•”‹•‹‰†—‡–‘ˆƒ•–‡”‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
Ž‹“—‹†Ǥ
o ”‡’”‡•‡–•‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ˜‡••‡ŽǤ
o ”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†Ǥ

[Link] [ 11 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
x Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†αŠ‡ƒ’’ƒ”‡–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†Ϊ
–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡••‡ŽǤ

ሺઢ‫܄‬
‫܄‬ሻ‫ܚ‬
‫܄‬ሻ ሺઢ‫܄‬
‫܄‬ሻ‫܉‬
‫܄‬ሻ

Liquids have two coefficients of volume expansion

1. Co-efficient of apparent expansion (ɀୟ ) :
–‹•†—‡–‘ƒ’’ƒ”‡–ȋ–Šƒ–ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡ǡ„—–‹•‘–Ȍ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†‹ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ
˜‡••‡Ž ‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†‹•‘––ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ ‘—–Ǥ
’’ƒ”‡–‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹˜‘Ž—‡ ȋ'Ȍƒ
Jƒ
‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡έ'  u '
2. Co-efficient of real expansion (ࢽ࢘ ) :
–‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆŽ‹“—‹††—‡–‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰Ǥ
‡ƒŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹˜‘Ž—‡ ȋ 'Ȍ”
J”
‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡έ'  u '
'
x Ž•‘ǡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆˆŽƒ• J ˜‡••‡Ž ‡••‡Ž

 u '
x ‹“—‹†•†‘‘–Šƒ˜‡Ž‹‡ƒ”ƒ†•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘„—––Š‡•‡‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡˜‘Ž—‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ ƒ’’ƒ”‡– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹“—‹† α Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
Ž‹“—‹†Ȃ Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡••‡Ž
'ƒ’’ƒ”‡– '”‡ƒŽ  '˜‡••‡Ž

Jƒ’’ J”‡ƒŽ  J ˜‡••‡Ž

J”‡ƒŽ Jƒ’’  J ˜‡••‡Ž

x Šƒ‰‡ȋƒ’’ƒ”‡– Šƒ‰‡Ȍ‹˜‘Ž—‡‹Ž‹“—‹†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘˜‡••‡Ž‹•
'ƒ’’ Jƒ’’ ' ȋ J ‡ ƒŽ  J ‡••‡Ž Ȍ'  J ƒ’’ J ”‡ƒŽ  ͵D

'ƒ’’ ȋJ ”‡ƒŽ  ͵DȌ'

D ᑇˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡••‡ŽǤ
Different level of liquid in vessel
J ' Level
J ‡ƒŽǤ ! J ‡••‡Ž ȋ ͵D Ȍ Ÿ Jƒ’’ ! Ͳ 'ƒ’’Ǥ ‹•’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†‹˜‡••‡Ž™‹ŽŽ”‹•‡‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰Ǥ

J ‡ƒŽǤ  J ‡••‡Ž ȋ ͵D Ȍ Ÿ Jƒ’’  Ͳ 'ƒ’’Ǥ ‹•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†‹˜‡••‡Ž™‹ŽŽˆƒŽŽ‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰Ǥ

J ‡ƒŽǤ J ‡••‡Ž ȋ ͵D Ȍ Ÿ Jƒ’’ Ͳ 'ƒ’’Ǥ ‹•œ‡”‘ ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†‹˜‡••‡Ž™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ‡Ǥ

[ 12 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
6. Change in Density

UͲ
˜Ͳ
 
UͲ
˜ ˜ Ͳ ȋͳ  J'Ȍ
U UͲ ȋͳ  J'Ȍͳ
U UͲ ȋͳ  J'Ȍ ȋ›„‹‘‹ƒŽ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ȍ
'U
J' ȋȂ˜‡•‹‰ƒ•‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰†‡•‹–›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ȍ
U
Anomalous behaviour of water
‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ––‡”‡š’ƒ†•‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ† ‘–”ƒ –•‘ ‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ  ƒ•‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǡ‹–‡š’ƒ†•‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰‹ˆ‹–•
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͶιǤ –Š‡”ƒ‰‡Ͳι–‘Ͷιǡ™ƒ–‡” ‘–”ƒ –•‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ†‡š’ƒ†•‘ ‘‘Ž‹‰ǡ
‹Ǥ‡ǤJ ‹•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ǤŠ‹•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘Ͳι–‘Ͷι‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‘ƒŽ‘—•‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
Š‹•ƒ‘ƒŽ‘—•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” ƒ—•‡•‹ ‡–‘ˆ‘”ˆ‹”•–ƒ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒŽƒ‡‹ ‘Ž†™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǥ•
™‹–‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”–Š‡”‡•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡
‘ˆ‹–•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡††‡•‹–›Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡”‡ƒ Š‡•Ͳιˆ‹”•–ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ‡„‡ ‘‡• ‘˜‡”‡†™‹–Š‹ ‡Ǥ
“—ƒ–‹ Ž‹ˆ‡‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘•—”˜‹˜‡–Š‡ ‘Ž†™‹–‡”ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ‡„‘––‘”‡ƒ‹•—ˆ”‘œ‡ƒ–ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ
ƒ„‘—–ͶιǤ

max

min
Anomalous
Anomalous

Density

behaviour
behaviour
Volume

0°C 4°C Temperature 0°C 4°C Temperature

x –Ͷιǡ†‡•‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹•ƒš‹—™Š‹Ž‡‹–••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ˜‘Ž—‡‹•‹‹—

7. Some other application
x Š‡”ƒ‹Ž•ƒ”‡Žƒ‹††‘™‘–Š‡‰”‘—†ǡ•’ƒ ‡‹•Ž‡ˆ–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡†•‘ˆ–™‘”ƒ‹Ž•Ǥ
x Š‡–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ ƒ„Ž‡‹•‘––‹‰Š–Ž›ˆ‹š‡†–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‡•Ǥ
x ‡•––—„‡•ǡ„‡ƒ‡”•ƒ† ”— ‹„Ž‡•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡‘ˆ›”‡šǦ‰Žƒ••‘”•‹Ž‹ ƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡˜‡”›Ž‘™˜ƒŽ—‡
‘ˆ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
x Š‡‹”‘”‹–‘„‡’—–‘ƒ ƒ”–™Š‡‡Ž‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘ˆ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›•ƒŽŽ‡”†‹ƒ‡–‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ™Š‡‡ŽǤ
x ‰Žƒ•••–‘’’‡”Œƒ‡†‹–Š‡‡ ‘ˆƒ‰Žƒ••„‘––Ž‡ ƒ„‡–ƒ‡‘—–„›™ƒ”‹‰–Š‡‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡
„‘––Ž‡
Illustration 16
‰Žƒ••˜‡••‡Ž‘ˆ˜‘Ž—‡ͳͲͲ ͵ ‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š‡” —”›ƒ†‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ʹͷι–‘͹ͷιǤŠƒ–˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ
‡” —”›™‹ŽŽ‘˜‡”ˆŽ‘™ǫ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ‰Žƒ••αͳǤͺέͳͲȂ͸Ȁ郐† ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ˜‘Ž—‡
‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ‡” —”›‹•ͳǤͺέͳͲȂͶȀιǤ
Solution:
' Ͳ J   J ' ͳͲͲ ͳǤͺ u ͳͲͶ  ͵u ͳǤͺ u ͳͲ͸ u ͷͲ Ÿ ' ͲǤͺ͹ ͵

[Link] [ 13 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 17
‰Žƒ••ˆŽƒ•‘ˆ˜‘Ž—‡ͶŽ‹–”‡‹•ˆ—ŽŽ›ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š‡” —”›ƒ–ͲιǤ‘–Š–Š‡ˆŽƒ•ƒ†‡” —”›ƒ”‡‘™Š‡ƒ–‡†
–‘ ʹͷιǤ ˆ –Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡” —”› ‹• ͳǤͺʹ έ ͳͲȂͶ ιȂͳ ƒ† ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ Ž‹‡ƒ”
‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ‰Žƒ••‹•ͳέͳͲȂͷ ιȂͳǡ–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡” —”›™Š‹ Š‹••’‹ŽŽ‡†‘—–‹•Ȃ
Solution:
'αJƒ'– αȋJ” Ȃ ͵D‰Ȍ'– αͶέͳͲͲͲȋͳǤͺʹέͳͲȂͶ Ȃ ͵έͳέͳͲȂͷȌέʹͷ αͳͷǤʹŽǤ
Illustration 18
Ž‹“—‹†™‹–Š ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ˜‘Ž—‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘J ‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†‹ƒ ‘–ƒ‹‡”‘ˆƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŠƒ˜‹‰–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ
Ž‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘DǤ ˆ–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†‘˜‡”ˆŽ‘™•‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ–Š‡Ȃ
Solution:
‘Ž—‡–”‹  ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•͵DǤ
•–Š‡•›•–‡‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†Ž‹“—‹†•–ƒ”–‡†ˆŽ‘™‹‰‘—–‘ˆ„‘šǡ‹–‡ƒ•˜‘Ž—‡–”‹  ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ
Ž‹“—‹†‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡”Ǥ
‘ J ! ͵D

BEGINNER’S BOX-1
1. ”‹–‡†‘™–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‘”†‡”ͷͲι ǡͷͲ郐†ͷͲǤ
PTM392
2. Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡ •Š‘™• –Š”‡‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ • ƒŽ‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ ƒ† „‘‹Ž‹‰ ’‘‹–• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”
‹†‹ ƒ–‡†Ǥ
͹Ͳº ͳʹͲº ͻͲº ‘‹Ž‹‰‘‹–

ȂʹͲº ͵Ͳº Ͳº ”‡‡œ‹‰‘‹–

ȋƒȌƒ–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆƒ†‡‰”‡‡‘–Š‡•‡• ƒŽ‡•ǡ‰”‡ƒ–‡•–ˆ‹”•–Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍƒ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡŠ‹‰Š‡•–ˆ‹”•–ǣͷͲιǡͷͲ郐†ͷͲιǤ
PTM393
3. Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ– ™Š‹ Š ™‡ ‰‡– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘ „‘–Š –Š‡ ‡–‹‰”ƒ†‡ ƒ†
ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–• ƒŽ‡•ǫ
PTM394
4. –Š‹ ‘’’‡”™‹”‡‘ˆŽ‡‰–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹Ž‡‰–Š„›ͳΨ™Š‡Š‡ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ͳ –‘
ʹǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡ Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ”‡ƒ™Š‡ƒ–Š‹ ‘’’‡”’Žƒ–‡Šƒ˜‹‰†‹‡•‹‘•ʹέ‹•
Š‡ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘ͳ –‘ʹǫ
ȋȌͳΨ ȋȌʹΨ ȋȌ͵Ψ ȋȌͶΨ
PTM395
5. Š‘Ž‡‹•†”‹ŽŽ‡†‹ƒ ‘’’‡”•Š‡‡–ǤŠ‡†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘Ž‡‹•ͶǤʹͶ ƒ–ʹ͹ǤͲιǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡
Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘Ž‡™Š‡–Š‡•Š‡‡–‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†–‘ʹʹ͹ιǫ
‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ ‘’’‡”αͳǤ͹ͲέͳͲȂͷιȂͳǡ
PTM396
6. ,ˆƒ„‹‡–ƒŽŽ‹ •–”‹’‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ
ȋȌ„‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡–ƒŽ™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡”–Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ
ȋȌ„‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡–ƒŽ™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”–Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ
ȋȌ–™‹•–‹–•‡Žˆ‹–‘Š‡Ž‹šǤ
ȋȌŠƒ˜‡‘„‡†‹‰Ǥ
PTM397

[ 14 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Heat (Q)
Š‡™‘ „‘†‹‡• ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ”‡ƒ†‡ ‹ ‘–ƒ –ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‡‡”‰› ™‹ŽŽˆŽ‘™ ˆ”‘ Š‹‰Š‡”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‘†›–‘Ž‘™‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‘†›ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‘™ƒ•'Heat'.
Calorie
Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‡†‡†–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͳ‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”ͳͶǤͷι–‘ͳͷǤͷιƒ–ƒ’”‡••—”‡
‘ˆͳƒ–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ͳ ƒŽ‘”‹‡Ǥ
ͳ ƒŽ‘”‹‡αͶǤͳͺ͸ ‘—Ž‡ | ͶǤʹ ‘—Ž‡
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
 ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‘—Ž‡ǡ™‘”ƒ›„‡ ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘Š‡ƒ–ƒ†˜‹ ‡Ǧ˜‡”•ƒǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‘”†‘‡–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ–
’”‘†— ‡†‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ

α ‘•–ƒ–α Ÿ α 

—•–„‡‹Œ‘—Ž‡ƒ†—•–„‡‹ ƒŽ‘”‹‡Ǥ
‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ǥ –‹•‘–ƒ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ“—ƒ–‹–›„—–•‹’Ž›ƒ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ˆƒ –‘”Ǥ
αͶǤͳͺ؄ ͶǤʹŒ‘—Ž‡ȀƒŽαͶǤͳͺ͸έͳͲͿŒ‘—Ž‡Ȁ ƒŽȋ ‹•†‹‡•‹‘Ž‡••Ȍ
‘””‘—‰Š ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘•™‡–ƒ‡ αͶǤʹŒ‘—Ž‡Ȁ ƒŽ
 v ' Ÿ  '
Specific Heat (S or C)
‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ—‹–ƒ••‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ ‡„›ͳι‘”ͳ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ 
Š‡ƒ–Ǥ
‘‡•‘–†‡’‡†‘•Šƒ’‡ƒ†ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›

?
 ' ‹• ‘•–ƒ–
S
Š‡”‡ǡα ‡ƒ–
α’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
αƒ••‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ ‡ †‡’‡†•‘’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ

' αŠƒ‰‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡’”‡••—”‡ǡ˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
‘”Ž‹“—‹†•ƒ†•‘Ž‹†•ǡ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒ”‡‘•–‘ˆ–‡ƒ†‡ƒ–ƒ ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡ƒ•ˆ— –‹‘•
‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡‹•“—‹–‡‡ƒ•›–‘’”‘†— ‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
x ‹–ǣ ǣǦŒ‘—Ž‡Ȁ‰Ȃ Ǣ ǣǦ ƒŽȀ‰Ȃι
x ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǣ™ƒ–‡” αͳ ƒŽȀ‰Ȃιαͳ ƒŽȀ‰Ȃαͳ ƒŽȀ‰ȂαͶʹͲͲŒ‘—Ž‡Ȁ‰Ȃ
ͳ ƒŽ ͶǤʹ
x ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ ‡Ȁ•–‡ƒǣ‹ ‡Ȁ•–‡ƒ = αʹͳͲͲ Ȁ‰Ǥ
ʹ ‰q ʹ u ͳͲ͵ ‰q
x Š‡ƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡†‘‡•‘–—†‡”‰‘ƒ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡŽ‹“—‹†”‡ƒ‹•Ž‹“—‹†‘”•‘Ž‹†”‡ƒ‹•
•‘Ž‹†Ȍǡ–Š‡–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡„›ƒ
ƒ‘—–' ‹•ǡ
 '7
x Š‡•‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–• ƒ„‡‘Žƒ”‘”‰”ƒǤ

[Link] [ 15 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
1. Molar Specific Heat (‫)ܔܗܕ܁‬
Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› ‡‡†‡† –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‘‡ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •—„•–ƒ ‡ „› ͳι
ȋ‘” ͳȌ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ‘Žƒ” Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‘Žƒ” Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‹• –Š‡ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ™‡‹‰Š– ƒ†
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ
ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡‹•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡‹•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
•—„•–ƒ ‡
™ §  · ª º
‘Ž ¨ ¸ « P »
 © ' ¹ ¬ ™ ¼

‘Ž
P'
‹ˆ P ͳ ‘Ž‡ƒ†' ͳ Ÿ ‘Ž α
ƒŽ
x ‹–ǣ  o ‘” Ǣ  o
‘Ž  ‘Ž q ‘Ž q
2. Gram Specific Heat (Sgram)
Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡‡”‰›‡‡†‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‘‡‰”ƒ‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡„›ͳι
ȋ‘”ͳȌ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‰”ƒŠ‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ

‰”ƒ
'
‹ˆ  ͳ‰”ƒƒ†' ͳ 
‰”ƒ α
ƒŽ
x ‹–ǣ  o ‘” ǡ   o
‰”ƒ ‰”ƒq ‰”ƒq
Relation between Gram and Molar Specific heat
 ‰”ƒ ' P‘Ž '
‰”ƒ P‘Ž

‰”ƒ ‘Ž
™
‘Ž ™ ‰”ƒ
Note : ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†ƒ†Ž‹“—‹†•ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡ ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
ƒŽŽǦƒ–—”ƒŽ•—„•–ƒ ‡••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ ଶ ‰ƒ•‹•ƒš‹—Ǥ
”‡ƒ‹‹‰•‘Ž‹†ƒ†Ž‹“—‹†ǡ‹–‹•ƒš‹—ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
—‡–‘Š‹‰Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–™ƒ–‡” ƒ„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‰‘‘† ‘‘Žƒ–„—–‹–•„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–‹•Ž‘™Ǥ
Heat Capacity
‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆƒ„‘†›‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒgiven mass
‘ˆƒ„‘†›„›ͳι‘”ͳǤ –‹•ƒŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ

‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›α
'
‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ααƒ••έ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–

x ‹–ǣ  o
‘” Ȃͳ ‘” ιǦͳ Ǣ‹‡•‹‘ǣʹ ȂʹȂͳ

Note: Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ „‘†› †‡’‡†• —’‘ ƒ•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„•–ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ–—”‡ Ƭ ‰‡‘‡–”› ‘ˆ –Š‡
•—„•–ƒ ‡Ǥ

[ 16 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Latent Heat / Hidden Heat
‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ—‹–ƒ••†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ ‡ƒ†‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–
‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ ‡Ǥ

 Ÿ α

Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ „‘†› Šƒ‰‡•ǡ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ ’Šƒ•‡ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȏ‡Ž–‹‰ ’‘‹– ‘”
„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–Ȑƒ†Š‡ƒ–”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‘”ƒ„•‘”„‡†‹•α™Š‡”‡‹•Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–Ǥ ‡ƒ–‹•ƒ„•‘”„‡†‹ˆ•‘Ž‹†
‘˜‡”–•‹–‘Ž‹“—‹†ȋƒ–‡Ž–‹‰’‘‹–Ȍ‘”Ž‹“—‹† ‘˜‡”–‹–‘˜ƒ’‘—”•ȋƒ–„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–Ȍƒ†Š‡ƒ–‹•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†
‹ˆŽ‹“—‹† ‘˜‡”–•‹–‘•‘Ž‹†‘”˜ƒ’‘—”• ‘˜‡”–‹–‘Ž‹“—‹†Ǥ
x Šƒ•‡‘˜‡”•‹‘ǣ —”‹‰–Š‡’Šƒ•‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‘ Šƒ‰‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Šƒ–‡˜‡”Š‡ƒ–›‘—’”‘˜‹†‡ǡ™‹ŽŽ‰‘‹ Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
‡Ž–‹‰ ƒ’‘”‹œƒ–‹‘
‘Ž‹† ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰
Ž‹“—‹†
Ž‹“—‹ ‹“—‹† ‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘
ĥ

‹–ǣ  o Ȁ ‰ Ǣ   o ƒŽ Ȁ ‰
1. Latent heat of fusion
–‹•–Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ȋ‹‹Ž‘ ƒŽ‘”‹‡•Ȍ”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡ͳ‰ƒ••‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘•‘Ž‹†–‘Ž‹“—‹†
•–ƒ–‡ƒ–‹–•‡Ž–‹‰’‘‹–Ǥ
ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆˆ—•‹‘ˆ‘”‹ ‡ǣȋˆȌ‹ ‡αͺͲ ƒŽȀ‰αͺͲ ƒŽȀ‰
ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆˆ—•‹‘ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡”ǣȋˆȌ™ƒ–‡”αͺͲ ƒŽȀ‰αͺͲ ƒŽȀ‰
ȏαˆȐ
2. Latent heat of vaporization
Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡‹–•ͳ‰ƒ••ˆ”‘Ž‹“—‹†–‘˜ƒ’‘—”•–ƒ–‡ƒ–‹–•„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–Ǥ
ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ˜ƒ’‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡”ǣͷ͵͸ ƒŽȀ‰αͷ͵͸ ƒŽȀ‰Ǣ؄ ͷͶͲ ƒŽȀ‰
§ ·
ᏠŸ ¨ 
©  ¸¹
Note :
Temperature change

Heat

Phase change
α
Illustration 19
‹†ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ ‘˜‡”–ͷ‰”ƒ‘ˆ‹ ‡ˆ”‘ΫͳͲι–‘•–‡ƒƒ–ͳ͵ͲιǤ
Solution:
ିଵ଴ιେ ଴ιେ ଴ιେ ଵ଴଴ιେ ଵ଴଴ιେ ଵଷ଴ιେ
‡ ՜ ‡ ՜ ƒ–‡” ՜ ƒ–‡” ՜ –‡ƒ ՜ –‡ƒ

ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
Ꮥ‹'ͳ ڏˆ ڏ•™'ʹ ڏ˜ ڏ••'ʹ
αȋ•‹'Ϊˆ Ϊ•™'ʹ Ϊ˜ Ϊ••'ʹȌ
§ͳ ͳ ·
αͷ ¨ ȋͳͲȌ  ͺͲ  ͳȋͳͲͲȌ  ͷͶͲ  ȋ͵ͲȌ ¸ α͵͹ͲͲ ƒŽ
©ʹ ʹ ¹

[Link] [ 17 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Heating Curve
Heating of Solid
ˆ –‘ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ•• ȋȌ ‘ˆ ƒ •‘Ž‹†ǡ Š‡ƒ– ‹• •—’’Ž‹‡† ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– ”ƒ–‡ ƒ† ƒ ‰”ƒ’Š ‹• ’Ž‘––‡† „‡–™‡‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š‡ƒ–ǡƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ‹–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Š‡ƒ–‹‰ —”˜‡Ǥ
Assumptions for heating curve
ͳǤ ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›‘„Œ‡ –‹•‹•‘Ž‹†•–ƒ–‡ƒ†‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•Ž‡••–Š‡‡Ž–‹‰’‘‹–
ʹǤ ‡ƒ–‹•‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡•›•–‡„›ƒ ‘•–ƒ–’‘™‡”•‘—” ‡Ǥ
ι

 ƒ’‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ J



 ‡Ž–‹‰ E


ˆ ˜
ȋȂȌ ȋȂȌ
D ȋŒ‘—Ž‡Ȍ
    


 α ‘•–ƒ–
–
†› †
Ž‘’‡
†š †
† ͳ ͳ
† •† ǡ •Ž‘’‡ Ÿ?•
† • •Ž‘’‡
Š‡ƒ–‹‰ —”˜‡‹˜‡”•‡‘ˆ•Ž‘’‡‰‹˜‡Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ȋ•ȌǤ
x –Š‡”‡‰‹‘ǡǡǡ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡••‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–ȋ‘”–Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ȍ‘ˆ
Ž‹“—‹†™‹ŽŽ„‡‹˜‡”•‡Ž›’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡•Ž‘’‡‘ˆŽ‹‡Ǥ
x ȋ ‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ȍ˜ƒ’‘—” εȋ ‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ȌŽ‹“—‹†εȋ ‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ȍ•‘Ž‹†
x ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‫š‘–Ž‡ŽŽƒ”ƒ’Š’ƒ”‰ˆ‘Š–‰‡ ן‬Ǧƒš‹•
 v ‡‰–Š‘ˆŽ‹‡ Ǣv ‡‰–Š‘ˆŽ‹‡
x ƒ–‡– Š‡ƒ– ‘ˆ ˆ—•‹‘‹• ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ Ž‹‡ ȋȌ ‘ˆ œ‡”‘•Ž‘’‡Ǥ ȏ  –Š‹• ”‡‰‹‘Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–
ͳ
v fȐ
–ƒͲq
ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ˜ƒ’‘”‹•ƒ–‹‘‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆŽ‹‡ȋȌ‘ˆœ‡”‘•Ž‘’‡Ǥȏ –Š‹•”‡‰‹‘Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–
ͳ
v fȐ
–ƒͲq
x ˆ–‘ƒ‰‹˜‡ƒ••ȋȌ‘ˆƒ•‘Ž‹†ǡŠ‡ƒ–‹••—’’Ž‹‡†ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–”ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ‰”ƒ’Š‹•’Ž‘––‡†„‡–™‡‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†–‹‡Ǥ
 •' Ÿ '– •' ȏ  '––Ȑ
' ͳ
–Š‡•Ž‘’‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ȃ –‹‡ —”˜‡α
'– •

[ 18 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 20
ˆ•—„•–ƒ ‡ƒ†Šƒ˜‡•ƒ‡ƒ••–Š‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‰”ƒ’Šǡˆ‹†™Š‘•‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”ǫ
 


Solution:
D  ! DE  

–ƒȋD Ȍ ! –ƒȋD Ȍ
ȋ•Ž‘’‡Ȍ ! ȋ•Ž‘’‡Ȍ 
 D
ͳ
•v  D
•Ž‘’‡
ͳ 
ȋ• Ȍ  ȋ• Ȍ
Illustration 21
•—„•–ƒ ‡‹•‹–Š‡•‘Ž‹†ˆ‘”ƒ–ͲιǤŠ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– ͳʹͲ 
ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‹••—„•–ƒ ‡ƒ†‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ”‡’Ž‘––‡†‹ ͳͲͲ
–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰”ƒ’ŠǤ ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ  
–‡’ȋιȌ

ͺͲ
–Š‡•‘Ž‹†•—„•–ƒ ‡‹•ͲǤͷǡˆ‹†ˆ”‘–Š‡‰”ƒ’Š ͸Ͳ
ȋ‹Ȍ–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡Ǣ  ͶͲ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž–‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǡƒ† ʹͲ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡‹–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†•–ƒ–‡Ǥ  ͺͲͲ ͳͲͲͲ ͳ͸ͲͲ ʹͲͲͲ ʹʹͲͲ
Solution:  ȋ ƒŽ‘”‹‡•Ȍ
ȋ‹Ȍ Ͳ–‘ȋ ‡ƒ–‹‰–‘•‘Ž‹†Ȍ
™‡‘™ǡ † •†
† ͳ ͳʹͲ 
Ÿ •Ž‘’‡‘ˆȂ ‰”ƒ’Šα
† • ͳͲͲ
  E
–‡’ȋιȌ

? ‘”Ž‹‡ ͺͲ ‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†
ͺͲ ͳ ͸Ͳ
Ž‘’‡ –ƒ D ͶͲ
ͺͲͲ • ȋ•‘Ž‹†Ȍ D
ʹͲ
•ȋ•‘Ž‹†Ȍ ͳͲ  ͺͲͲ ͳͲͲͲ ͳ͸ͲͲ ʹͲͲͲ ʹʹͲͲ
έͲǤͷαͳͲ  ȋ ƒŽ‘”‹‡•Ȍ
αʹͲ‰αͲǤͲʹ‰
ȋ‹‹Ȍ –‘ȋ‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†Ȍ
‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡†—”‹‰’”‘ ‡••–‘
'αͳ͸ͲͲȂ ͺͲͲαͺͲͲ ƒŽ
'αͺͲͲαˆ Ÿ ͺͲͲ ƒŽ αȋͲǤͲʹ‰ȌˆŸ ˆ αͶͲǡͲͲͲ ƒŽȀ‰
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ȋ ‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†Ȍ
† ͳ
–ƒ E
† •ȋŽ‹“Ȍ
ͶͲ ͳ
Ÿ ȋ•ȌŽ‹“ ͳͷ
͸ͲͲ ȋ•ȌŽ‹“
ƒ••”‡ƒ‹• •ƒ‡
ȋͲǤͲʹ‰Ȍȋ•Ȍαͳͷ Ÿ • α͹ͷͲ ƒŽȀ‰

[Link] [ 19 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 22
Š‡‰”ƒ’Š•Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡”‡’”‡•‡– Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͷ‰ ʹʹͷ
ʹͲͲ
‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡ƒ•‹–ƒ„•‘”„•Š‡ƒ–ƒ–ƒ ‘•–ƒ–”ƒ–‡‘ˆͶʹ ‹ȂͳǤŠ‡Žƒ–‡– ͳ͹ͷ

‡’ȋιȌ
Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ˜ƒ’‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡‹•ǣ ͳͷͲ
ͳʹͷ
Solution: ͳͲͲ
͹ͷ
‹“—‹†–‘‰ƒ• ‘˜‡”•‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡‹„‡–™‡‡ȏʹͲ‹–‘͵Ͳ‹Ȑ ͷͲ
‘–ƒŽ–‹‡αͳͲ‹ ʹͷ
Ͳ ͷ ͳͲ ͳͷ ʹͲ ʹͷ ͵Ͳ ͵ͷ ͶͲ Ͷͷ ͷͲ
‘ –Šƒ–‰‹˜‡Ǣ ' Ͷʹu ͳͲ͵ ȋͳͲȌ Ͷʹu ͳͲͶ ‹‡ȋ‹Ȍ
' 
Ͷʹ u ͳͲͶ
ˆ ͺͶ Ȁ ‰
ͷ‰
Calorimetry
Principle of calorimetry
Š‡ –™‘ „‘†‹‡• ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ”‡ ‹š‡†ǡ Š‡ƒ– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡† ˆ”‘ „‘†› ƒ– Š‹‰Š‡”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –‘ ƒ „‘†› ƒ– Ž‘™‡” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –‹ŽŽ „‘–Š ƒ “—‹”‡ •ƒ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ „‘†› ƒ– Š‹‰Š‡”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•Š‡ƒ–™Š‹Ž‡„‘†›ƒ–Ž‘™‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ„•‘”„•‹–ǡ•‘–Šƒ–
‡ƒ–‘•–α ‡ƒ– ƒ‹‡†ȋ”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–”›Ȍ
”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–”›”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡Žƒ™‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›Ǥ
Law of Mixtures
‡ƒ–Ž‘•• „›Š‘–„‘†› α ‡ƒ–‰ƒ‹ „› ‘Ž†„‘†›
ˆ–™‘ •—„•–ƒ ‡• ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ”‡‹š‡†‹ƒ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡„›•—„•–ƒ ‡ƒ–Š‹‰Š
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡—•–„‡‡“—ƒŽ–‘Š‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›•—„•–ƒ ‡ƒ–Ž‘™‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡αŠ‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”„‡† ͳ ε ʹ
ͳ•ͳͳ Ϊ ʹ•ʹʹ
ͳ•ͳ'ͳ ʹ•ʹ'ʹ
ͳ•ͳ ȋͳȂ ‹šȌαʹ•ʹ ȋ‹š ȂʹȌ
ȋ•α•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–Ȍ ‹š
ȋͳ ! ‹š ! ʹ Ȍ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”

Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹š–—”‡ ƒ‡˜‡”„‡Ž‡••‡”–ŠƒŽ‘™‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋƒ•ƒ„‘†› ƒ‘–„‡ ‘‘Ž‡†„‡Ž‘™

–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰„‘†›Ȍƒ†‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒŠ‹‰Š‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋƒ•ƒ„‘†› ƒ‘–„‡Š‡ƒ–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡
–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹‰„‘†›ȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ›ǡ”‹•‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‘‡„‘†›ƒ›‘–„‡‡“—ƒŽ
–‘–Š‡ˆƒŽŽ‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”„‘†›–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡ƒ–‰ƒ‹‡†„›‘‡„‘†›‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ–Ž‘•–„›–Š‡
‘–Š‡”Ǥ
Water Equivalent
Š‡™ƒ–‡”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘ˆƒ„‘†›‹•–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ȋ‹‰”ƒȌ–Šƒ–ƒ„•‘”„•‘”‰‹˜‡•‘—––Š‡•ƒ‡
ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ƒ•‹•†‘‡„›–Š‡„‘†›™Š‡Š‡ƒ–‡†‘” ‘‘Ž‡†–Š”‘—‰Š•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ȋ Ȍ•—„•–ƒ ‡ αȋ Ȍ™ƒ–‡”
•••α™•™
••• αέͳ ƒŽȀ‰ι
ƒ–‡”“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ዐ‰”ƒ

[ 20 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
x —‡”‹ ƒŽŽ›™ƒ–‡”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ƒ†Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ”‡•ƒ‡„—––Š‡”‡‹–‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ

X cal/°C Xg

Y J/°C or cal/°C g

Z kcal/ °C Z kg

Note : ™Š‡‡˜‡”™ƒ–‡”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘”Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ ‘–ƒ‹‡”‹•‰‹˜‡‹–Šƒ– ƒ•‡Š‡ƒ– ‘•—‡†„›

‘–ƒ‹‡”™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘„‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†Ǥ
Illustration 23
‹“—‹†ȋͳǡ•ͳǡͳȌ‹•‹š‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹“—‹†ȋʹǡ•ʹǡʹȌǤ ‹†–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹š–—”‡Ǥ
Solution:
‡–ǡͳ εʹ
ͳ•ͳ ȋͳȂ‹šȌαʹ•ʹ ȋ‹š Ȃ ʹȌ
ͳ•ͳͳ Ȃ ͳ•ͳ‹š αʹ•ʹ‹š Ȃ ʹ•ʹʹ
ͳ•ͳͳ ڏʹ•ʹʹ αͳ•ͳ‹š ڏʹ•ʹ‹š
ͳ•ͳ ͳ  ʹ•ʹʹ
‹š
ͳ•ͳ  ʹ•ʹ
ͳ ͳ  ʹʹ
ˆ•ͳ α•ʹǡ–Š‡ ‹š
ͳ   ʹ
Illustration 24
 ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ͳͲͲ Ȁ‹•ƒ–”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ͵ͲιǤͳͲͲ‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ–ͶͲι‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ 
Š‡ƒ–ͶʹͲͲ Ȁ‰Ȃ‹•’‘—”‡†‹–‘–Š‡ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”ǫ
Solution:
‡––Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”‹•–ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ–Ž‘•–„›™ƒ–‡”αŠ‡ƒ–‰ƒ‹‡†„› ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”
ȋͲǤͳȌέͶʹͲͲέȋͶͲȂ ȌαͳͲͲȋ Ȃ ͵ͲȌ Ÿ ͶʹͲέͶͲȂ ͶʹͲ αͳͲͲ Ȃ ͵ͲͲͲ Ÿ  α͵ͺǤͲ͹ι
Illustration 25
ͷ‰‘ˆ‹ ‡ƒ–Ͳι‹•‡’–‹ƒ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ʹͲ‰Ǥ ‘™— ŠŠ‡ƒ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡•—’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡
ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•–‘‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”–Š—•ˆ‘”‡†ǫȋ‡‰Ž‡ –Ž‘••‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ȍ
Solution:
ͷ‰‘ˆ‹ ‡ƒ–Ͳι‹•‡’–‹ƒ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ʹͲ‰
Ͳ୭      ͳͲͲ୭ 
•'

Ͳ୭  Ͳ୭  ͳͲͲ୭  ͳͲͲ୭ 
   
ଶ ଷ ସ

୤ •୵ οଶ ୴

 ˆ  •™ 'ʹ  ˜  •' Ÿ  ȋˆ  •™ 'ʹ  ˜ Ȍ  '
αͷȋͺͲΪͳȋͳͲͲȌΪͷͶͲȌΪʹͲȋͳͲͲȂ ͲȌ Ÿ α͵͸ͲͲΪʹͲͲͲαͷ͸ͲͲ ƒŽ

[Link] [ 21 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Mixing of phases (Phase heating)
Š‡‘„Œ‡ –•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’Šƒ•‡•ƒ”‡‹š‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ
–Š‹• ƒ•‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•’Šƒ•‡ ƒ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
Steps to solve numerical
Step - 1
‹”•–‘ˆƒŽŽƒ••—‡ƒ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
‹ ‡Ϊ™ƒ–‡” o ”‡ˆ αͲι ™ƒ–‡”
‹ ‡Ϊ•–‡ƒ o ”‡ˆ α ͳͲͲι ™ƒ–‡” ȋ‘”ȌͲ陃–‡”
™ƒ–‡”Ϊ•–‡ƒ o ”‡ˆ αͳͲͲι ™ƒ–‡”
Step - 2
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡”‡“—‹”‡†Ƭ•—’’Ž‹‡†Š‡ƒ– ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ ˆ
 α o ‹š ᔇˆ‡”‡ ‡
 ε o ‹š ζ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡
 δ  o ‹š η ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡
Geyser Problem
‘”
‘™‡”
‹‡
‡ƒ–
‘™‡”ȋȌ ‡ƒ–ȋȌ ȋ•'Ȍ
‹‡
 •'
 ‘”™ƒ––α
ͶǤʹ – •‡ •‡ ȋͶǤʹȌ

 §·
• '
ͶǤʹ ¨© – ¸¹
Hot water OUT Cold water IN
§·
¨ – ¸ ᔃ–‡‘ˆˆŽ‘™‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹‰Ȁ•
© ¹
•™ƒ–‡” αͳ ƒŽȀ‰ι
Illustration 26
ͳͲ‰ ‡ƒ–Ͳι‹•‹š‡†™‹–ŠͳͲ‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ–͸ͲιǤ ‹†–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹š–—”‡Ǥ
Solution:
ͳͲ‰‹ ‡ƒ–Ͳι ͳͲ‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ–͸Ͳι

 ααͺͲͲƒŽǤ  Ꮥ' αͳͲέ͸Ͳέͳα͸ͲͲ ƒŽǤ

ͳͲ‰™ƒ–‡”ǡͲι ͳͲ‰™ƒ–‡”ǡͲι

‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡͸ͲͲ ƒŽˆ”‘™ƒ–‡”™Š‹Ž‡‹–”‡“—‹”‡• ͺͲͲ ƒŽǤ

•‘ǡ ‹ ‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰‹• ƒ†™ƒ–‡”‹•
ʹͲͲᏠαͳͲΪȋͳͲȂ ʹǤͷȌ
ʹͲͲ
Ÿ ʹǤͷ‰ αͳ͹Ǥͷ‰
ͺͲ
‹ƒŽ–‡’αͲι
™ƒ–‡”αͳ͹Ǥͷ‰ǡ ‡αʹǤͷ‰

[ 22 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 27
–‡ƒƒ–ͳͲͲι‹•’ƒ••‡†‹–‘ͳǤͳ‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” ‘–ƒ‹‡†‹ƒ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ͲǤͲʹ‰ƒ–ͳͷι
–‹ŽŽ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”ƒ†‹–• ‘–‡–•”‹•‡•–‘ͺͲιǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ•–‡ƒ ‘†‡•‡†ǫ
ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ•–‡ƒαͷ͵͸ ƒŽȀ‰Ǥ
Solution:
‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†„›ȋ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”Ϊ™ƒ–‡”Ȍ
αȋͳ ͳ ڏʹ ʹȌ' αȋͲǤͲʹΪͳǤͳέͳȌȋͺͲȂ ͳͷȌα͹ʹǤͺ ƒŽ
ˆ‹•ƒ••‘ˆ•–‡ƒ ‘†‡•‡†ǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡„›•–‡ƒ
α˜ ڏ™ ' αέͷ͵͸ڏέͳέȋͳͲͲȂ ͺͲȌαͷͷ͸‫ ׵‬ͷͷ͸α͹ʹǤͺ
͹ʹǤͺ
‫†‡•‡†‘ ƒ‡–•ˆ‘••ƒ ׵‬α ͲǤͳ͵Ͳ‰
ͷͷ͸
Illustration 28
‹”‘„Ž‘ ‘ˆƒ••ʹ‰ǡˆƒŽŽˆ”‘ƒŠ‡‹‰Š–ͳͲǤˆ–‡” ‘ŽŽ‹†‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‰”‘—†ǡ ‹–Ž‘•‡•ʹͷΨ‡‡”‰›–‘
•—””‘—†‹‰•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‹•‡‘ˆ–Š‡„Ž‘ Ǥȋƒ‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ‹”‘Ͷ͹Ͳ Ȁ‰ιȌ
Solution:
• ͹ͷΨ‘ˆ‡‡”‰› ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘Š‡ƒ–ǣ
͵ ͵ u ͳͲ u ͳͲ
' ‰Š Ÿ ' ͲǤͳͷͻq
Ͷ Ͷ u Ͷ͹Ͳ
Illustration 29
„—ŽŽ‡–‘ˆƒ••ͷ‰‹•‘˜‹‰™‹–Š•’‡‡†ͶͲͲȀ••–”‹‡ƒ–ƒ”‰‡–ǤŠ‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡”‹•‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ
„—ŽŽ‡–Ǥ••—‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‘‘•‡‹‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‹• ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘Š‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›‘ˆ„—ŽŽ‡–‹ˆ‹–••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‹•
ͷͲͲ Ȁ‰ιǤ
Solution:
‘••‹Ǥα ƒ‹‹Š‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›
ͳ ʹ
˜ •'
ʹ
ͶͲͲ u ͶͲͲ
ͷͲͲ u ' Ÿ ' ͳ͸Ͳq
ʹ
Illustration 30

ͳ‰‡›•‡”‹•—•‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” ‘‹‰‘—–ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆͳͲͲ ‹‹–Ǥ ‹–‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡

•‡
™ƒ•ͳͲιǤ ˆ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ‰‡›•‡”‹•ͺͲΨ–Š‡ˆ‹†ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǫ
Solution:
 •'
ͶǤʹ –
ͺͲ ͳ u ͳͲ͵ ˜ uU™
Ÿ u ȋˆ  ‹ Ȍ ȏU™ αͳ‰Ȁ Ȑ
ͳͲͲ ͶǤʹ –
ͺͲ ͳͲ͵
Ÿ u ͳͲͲȋͳȌȋˆ  ͳͲqȌ Ÿ ˆ ͳͳǤͻq
ͳͲͲ ͶǤʹ

Change of States
x Melting: ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†‹–‘Ž‹“—‹†•–ƒ–‡ƒ– ‘•–ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‘™ƒ•‡Ž–‹‰Ǥ
x Boiling: ˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†‹• ƒŽŽ‡†„‘‹Ž‹‰Ǥ‘‹Ž‹‰–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡ƒ–ƒ
‘•–ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘™ƒ•„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–ǤŽ‹“—‹†„‘‹Ž™Š‡–Š‡•ƒ–—”ƒ–‡†˜ƒ’‘—”’”‡••—”‡‘
‹–••—”ˆƒ ‡‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–”‡†— ‡• ‘†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‡••—”‡Ǥ

[Link] [ 23 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
x Evaporation: ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†‹–‘˜ƒ’‘—”•ƒ–ƒŽŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –‹•ƒ
•—”ˆƒ ‡’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ ”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡˆƒ•–‡”‹•–Š‡‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤƒŽŽ‡”–Š‡„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–
‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†ǡ‘”‡”ƒ’‹†‹•–Š‡‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤƒŽŽ‡”–Š‡Š—‹†‹–›ǡ‘”‡‹•–Š‡‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‘†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰’”‡••—”‡–Šƒ–‹•™Š›‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•ˆƒ•–‡”‹˜ƒ ——Ǥ
x Heat of evaporation: ‡ƒ– ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ Šƒ‰‡ —‹– ƒ•• ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‹“—‹† ‹–‘ ˜ƒ’‘—” ƒ– ƒ ‰‹˜‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Šƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
x Sublimation: ‹”‡ – ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†‹–‘˜ƒ’‘—”•–ƒ–‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†•—„Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
x Heat of sublimation: ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡—‹–ƒ••‘ˆ•‘Ž‹††‹”‡ –Ž›‹–‘˜ƒ’‘—”•ƒ–ƒ‰‹˜‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ•—„Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Šƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
ƒ’Š‘”ƒ†ƒ‘‹— ŠŽ‘”‹†‡•—„Ž‹ƒ–‡•‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰‹‘”ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
„Ž‘ ‘ˆ‹ ‡•—„Ž‹ƒ–‡•‹–‘˜ƒ’‘—”•‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‘‘„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ˜‡”›Ȃ˜‡”›Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡
‘‹–••—”ˆƒ ‡
x Condensation: Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ˆ”‘‰ƒ•‡‘—•‘”˜ƒ’‘—”•–ƒ–‡–‘Ž‹“—‹†•–ƒ–‡‹•‘™ƒ•
‘†‡•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ƒ‰ƒ‹‰‡– ‘˜‡”–‡†–‘˜ƒ’‘—”‘”‰ƒ•‡‘—••–ƒ–‡‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰Ǥ
x Hoar frost: ‹”‡ – ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ’‘—”•‹–‘•‘Ž‹†‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Š‘ƒ”ˆ”‘•–ǤŠ‹•’”‘ ‡••‹•Œ—•–”‡˜‡”•‡
‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ•—„Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
šǤǣ ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘™„›ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰‘ˆ Ž‘—†•Ǥ
Phase of a Substance and Phase Diagram
Š‡’Šƒ•‡‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•‹–•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š‹•Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—•ǡ’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ›†‹•–‹ –ƒ†‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŽ›
•‡’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ–Šƒ–•—„•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
Phase diagram
’Šƒ•‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‹•ƒ‰”ƒ’Š‹™Š‹ Š’”‡••—”‡ȋȌ‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡›Ȃƒš‹•ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋȌ‹•
”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡šȂƒš‹•Ǥ
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆŠƒ•‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ
ȋ‹Ȍ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’Šƒ•‡•‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡ ƒ„‡•Š‘™‘ƒ’Šƒ•‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒǤ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ  ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡ †‹ƒ‰”ƒ ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„•–ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ —”˜‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–•
‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ ’Šƒ•‡• ƒ† ƒ ‘‘ ’‘‹– ”‡’”‡•‡–• ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— „‡–™‡‡ –Š”‡‡
’Šƒ•‡•Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ  ’Šƒ•‡ †‹ƒ‰”ƒ Š‡Ž’• –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ —†‡” ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’Šƒ•‡• ƒ”‡ ‹
‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—Ǥ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ ’Šƒ•‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‹•—•‡ˆ—Žˆ‘”ˆ‹†‹‰ƒ ‘˜‡‹‡–™ƒ›‹™Š‹ Šƒ†‡•‹”‡† Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ’Šƒ•‡ ƒ„‡
’”‘†— ‡†Ǥ
Phase Diagram for Water
’Šƒ•‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹•ƒ‰”ƒ’Š‹™Š‹ Š’”‡••—”‡ȋȌ‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡›Ȃƒš‹•ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ȋȌ‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒŽ‘‰šǦƒš‹•Ǥ
 

Ž‹“—‹†
P(kPa)

S
Solid A Vapour

D
Tc (°C)
ȋ‹Ȍ Ž‘‰ —”˜‡ǡ‹ ‡ƒ†™ƒ–‡” ƒ”‡ƒ‹‹‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—ǤŠ‹• —”˜‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ—•‹‘ —”˜‡‘”‹ ‡
Ž‹‡ǤŠ‹• —”˜‡•Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡‡Ž–‹‰’‘‹–‘ˆ‹ ‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹’”‡••—”‡Ǥ

[ 24 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
 
‘”ƒŽ‡Ž–‹‰’‘‹–
ͳͲͳǤ͵ʹͷ

ˆ—•‹‘ —”˜‡
Ž‹“—‹† ‡ –‹‘•Ž‘’‡αΪ‹˜‡

P(kPa)
‘”‹ ‡Ž‹‡

Solid
n Ÿ ǤǤn
p Ÿ ǤǤp
A Vapour
ͲǤ͸ͳ

ͲǤͲͲ
ͲǤͲͳ
ͳͲͲǤͲͲ Tc (°C)
ȋȌ ȋȌ

ȋ‹‹Ȍ Ž‘‰ –Š‡ —”˜‡ ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ™ƒ–‡” ˜ƒ’‘” ƒ ”‡ƒ‹ ‹ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—Ǥ Š‡ —”˜‡ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†
˜ƒ’‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡‘”•–‡ƒŽ‹‡ǤŠ‡ —”˜‡•Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
 
‘”ƒŽ„‘‹Ž‹‰ ’‘‹–
ͳͲͳǤ͵ʹͷ

Ž‹“—‹† ‡ –‹‘•Ž‘’‡αȂ‹˜‡
P(kPa)

n Ÿ ǤǤp
Solid

p Ÿ ǤǤn
A Vapour
ͲǤ͸ͳ ƒ’‘”‹œƒ–‹‘
’ —”˜‡
‘”•–‡ƒŽ‹‡
D
ͲǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͳ ͳͲͲǤͲͲ Tc (°C)
ȋȌ ȋȌ

ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ Ž‘‰–Š‡ —”˜‡ǡ‹ ‡ƒ†™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—” ƒ”‡ƒ‹‹‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—Ǥ
Š‹• —”˜‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†•—„Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡‘”Š‘ƒ”ˆ”‘•–Ž‹‡Ǥ
 
ͳͲͳǤ͵ʹͷ

Ž‹“—‹†
P(kPa)

Solid

A Vapour
ͲǤ͸ͳ •—„Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ —”˜‡‘”
Š‘ƒ”ˆ”‘•–Ž‹‡
D
ͲǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͳ ͳͲͲǤͲͲ Tc (°C)
ȋȌ ȋȌ

Note : Ž‘‰ƒ› —”˜‡–Š‡–™‘’Šƒ•‡• ƒ ‘‡š‹•–‹‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—Ǥ
x ––”‹’Ž‡’‘‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡αͲǤͲͳι؄ ʹ͹͵Ǥͳ͸
”‡••—”‡αͶǤ͸‘ˆ ‰
x ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘‡Ž–‹‰’‘‹––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ„‡
ƒƒŽ›•‡†„›’Šƒ•‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”†‹ƒ‰”ƒǤ

Triple Point of Water and Regelation

Š‡–Š”‡‡ —”˜‡•‹–Š‡’Šƒ•‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‡‡–ƒ–ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’‘‹–ǡ™Š‹ Š‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡–”‹’Ž‡
’‘‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ‡–”‹’Ž‡’‘‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡””‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡–Š”‡‡’Šƒ•‡•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”
‹ ‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ†™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”‹ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—ǤŠ‡’”‡••—”‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–”‹’Ž‡’‘‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹•
͸ǤͲ͵έͳͲȂ͵ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘”ͶǤͷͺ‘ˆ ‰ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘‹–‹•ʹ͹͵Ǥͳ͸Ǥ

[Link] [ 25 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
 
ͳͲͳǤ͵ʹͷ

Ž‹“—‹†

P(kPa)

Solid
”‹’Ž‡’‘‹– A Vapour
ͲǤ͸Ͳ͵
D
ͲǤͲͲ ͲǤͲͳ ͳͲͲǤͲͲ Tc (°C)
ȋȌ ȋȌ

Significance of triple point of water
”‹’Ž‡’‘‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡””‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ—‹“—‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡƒ†‹–‹•—•‡†–‘†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Š‹Ž‡ƒ‹‰‡Ž˜‹̵•ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡• ƒŽ‡ǡ—’’‡”ˆ‹š‡†’‘‹–‹•ʹ͹͵Ǥͳ͸ƒ†Ž‘™‡”ˆ‹š‡†’‘‹–‹•ͲǤ‡‡Ž˜‹
ͳ
‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–”‹’Ž‡’‘‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
ʹ͹͵Ǥͳ͸
Example :
ȋͳȌ „‘––Ž‡‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”ƒ–͵Ͳ鑐‘’‡‹‰ƒ–‘‘–Š‡™ƒ–‡”™‹ŽŽ„‘‹Žƒ†˜ƒ’‘”‹œ‡†Ǥ
ȋʹȌ –Š‹‰Š‡”ƒŽ–‹–—†‡•‘ˆ‘—–ƒ‹ǡˆ‘‘† ƒ‘– „‡ ‘‘‡†’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǥ
Regelation
‡‰‡Žƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ‹ ‡ ƒ—•‡†„›’”‡••—”‡ƒ†‹–•”‡Ǧ•‘Ž‹†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‹•”‡‘˜‡†Ǥ
‡•Š”‹• ™Š‡‹– ‡Ž–•ǡ ƒ† ‹ˆ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž› ’”‘‘–‹‰ •Š”‹ƒ‰‡ǡ ‹– ‹• ˆ‘—† –Šƒ–
‡Ž–‹‰ ‹• –Š‡”‡„› ƒ••‹•–‡†Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ‡Ž–‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘Ž† ‹ ‡ ‹• ‘”†‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‡ˆˆ‡ –‡† „› ”ƒ‹•‹‰ –Š‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ„—–‹ˆ’”‡••—”‡‹•’”‡•‡––‘Š‡Ž’™‹–Š–Š‡•Š”‹ƒ‰‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‡‡†‘–„‡”ƒ‹•‡†•‘
— ŠǤ
‡ Š‡ƒŽ• —’ ƒˆ–‡” „‡‹‰ —– –Š”‘—‰Š „› –Š‡ ™‹”‡Ǥ ‡Ž–‹‰ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ —†‡” –Š‡ ™‹”‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ’”‡••—”‡
Ž‘™‡”•–Š‡‡Ž–‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‡ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ȋ”‡‰‡Žƒ–‹‘Ȍ‘ —”•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡™‹”‡™Š‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‡• ƒ’‡•–‘
‘”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ
 ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡Ž‘™‡”•–Š‡‡Ž–‹‰ȋ‘”ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰Ȍ’‘‹–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ‹ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡‡š’ƒ†•‘
‡Ž–‹‰ǡ–Š‡‡Ž–‹‰’‘‹–‹•”ƒ‹•‡†„›’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
Illustration 31
•™‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰“—‡•–‹‘•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Ǧ’Šƒ•‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒ‘ˆ ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ – ™Šƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ –Š‡ •‘Ž‹†ǡ Ž‹“—‹† ƒ† ˜ƒ’‘—” ’Šƒ•‡• ‘ˆ ʹ ‘Ǧ‡š‹•– ‹
‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—ǫ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡‘–Š‡ˆ—•‹‘ƒ†„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–‘ˆʹǫ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ • ʹ •‘Ž‹†ǡ Ž‹“—‹† ‘” ‰ƒ• ƒ– ȋƒȌ Ϋ͹Ͳι  —†‡” ͳ ƒ–ǡ ȋ„Ȍ Ϋ͸Ͳι  —†‡” ͳͲ ƒ–ǡ ȋ Ȍ ͳͷι  —†‡”
ͷ͸ƒ–ǫ

ȋƒ–Ȍ

͹͵ǤͲ
ͷ͸ǤͲ ‹“—‹†
Ʈ
‘Ž‹†
Ʈ
ͷǤͳͳ 
ƒ’‘—”
ͳǤͲ

Ȃ͹ͺǤͷ Ȃͷ͸Ǥ͸ ͵ͳǤͳ ȋιȌ

[ 26 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Solution:
Š‡Ǧ’Šƒ•‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒˆ‘”ʹ ‹••Š‘™‹–Š‡ƒ––ƒ Š‡†ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ
ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡–Š”‡‡’Šƒ•‡• ƒ ‘‡š‹•–ƒ––”‹’Ž‡’‘‹–Ǥ ”‘–Š‡‰”ƒ’Šǡ‹–‹•ƒ–Ϋͷ͸Ǥ͸郐†ͷǤͳͳƒ–Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘” ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ǡ–Š‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•͵ͳǤͳ郐† ”‹–‹ ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡‹•͹͵ǤͲƒ–Ǥ ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
‘ˆ ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡‹•‘”‡–Šƒ͵ͳǤͳιǡ‹– ƒ‘– „‡Ž‹“—‡ˆ‹‡†ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”Žƒ”‰‡’”‡••—”‡™‡ƒ›ƒ’’Ž›Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ƒ”„‘ †‹‘š‹†‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ȋƒȌ ƒ ˜ƒ’‘—”ǡ ƒ– α͹Ͳι  —†‡” ͳ ƒ–Ǥ ȋ„Ȍ ƒ •‘Ž‹†ǡ ƒ– Ϋ͸ι  —†‡”
ͳͲƒ–ȋ ȌƒŽ‹“—‹†ǡƒ–ͳͷ闐†‡”ͷ͸ƒ–Ǥ

BEGINNER’S BOX-2
1. „—ŽŽ‡–‘ˆƒ••ͳͲ‰‹•‘˜‹‰™‹–Š•’‡‡†ͶͲͲȀ•Ǥ ‹†‹–•‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‹ ƒŽ‘”‹‡•ǫ
PTM398
2. ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ ‘˜‡”–ͳ‰•–‡ƒˆ”‘ͳͲͲι–‘ʹͲͲι•–‡ƒǫ
PTM399
3. ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡Š‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͳ‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”„›ͳιǫ
PTM400
4. ͶʹͲ ‘ˆ‡‡”‰›•—’’Ž‹‡†–‘ͳͲ‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™‹ŽŽ”ƒ‹•‡‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„›ǫ
PTM401
5. Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‡•‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘„‘†‹‡•‹•͵ǣͶƒ†–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–•‹•Ͷǣ͵Ǥ ‹†
–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”—‹–˜‘Ž—‡ǫ
PTM402
6. ‡ƒ–”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•„›ͳ‰•–‡ƒƒ–ͳͷͲι‹ˆ‹–‹• ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘ͳ‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ–ͷͲιǤ
PTM403
7. ʹͲͲ‰™ƒ–‡”‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†‹ƒ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–”›‘ˆ‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ –‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†–‹ŽŽ‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡„›ʹͲιǤ ‹†–Š‡Š‡ƒ–•—’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
PTM404
8.  „—ŽŽ‡– ‘ˆ ƒ•• ͷ ‰ ‹• ‘˜‹‰ ™‹–Š •’‡‡† ͶͲͲ Ȁ• •–”‹‡ ƒ –ƒ”‰‡–Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ ”‹•‡ ‘ˆ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„—ŽŽ‡–Ǥ••—‹‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‘•‡‹‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‹• ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘Š‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›‘ˆ
„—ŽŽ‡–‹ˆ‹–••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‹•ͷͲͲ Ȁ‰ιǤ
PTM405
9. ͳ‰‹ ‡ƒ–ȂͳͲι‹•‹š‡†™‹–Šͳ‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ–ͳͲͲιǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†
‹š–—”‡ ‘–‡–Ǥ
PTM406
10. ͷͶͲ‰‘ˆ‹ ‡ƒ–Ͳι‹•‹š‡†™‹–ŠͷͶͲ‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ–ͺͲιǤŠ‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹š–—”‡‹•
ȋ ‹˜‡Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆˆ—•‹‘‘ˆ‹ ‡αͺͲ ƒŽȀ‰ƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”αͳ ƒŽȀ‰ιȌ
ȋȌͲι ȋȌͶͲι ȋȌͺͲι ȋȌŽ‡••–ŠƒͲι
PTM407

Modes of Heat Transfer

‡ƒ–‹•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ‡‡”‰›™Š‹ Š–”ƒ•ˆ‡”•ˆ”‘ƒ„‘†›ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–‘ƒ„‘†›ƒ–Ž‘™‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆ”‘‘‡„‘†›–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ›–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡„›ƒ›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‘†‡•ǣ
1. Conduction
Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–ƒ‡•ƒƒ –‹˜‡’ƒ”–„›‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ƒ –‹‘ƒ†‡‡”‰›‹•’ƒ••‡†
ˆ”‘‘‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ‘†— –‹‘Ǥ –‹•’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‹•‘Ž‹†•Ǥ
2. Convection
Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ‡‡”‰›„›ƒ –—ƒŽ‘–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘ˆ‡†‹—ˆ”‘‘‡’Žƒ ‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”‹• ƒŽŽ‡†
‘˜‡ –‹‘Ǥ –‹•’”‡†‘‹ƒ–‹•ˆŽ—‹†•ȋŽ‹“—‹†•ƒ†‰ƒ•‡•ȌǤ
3. Radiation
—‹ ‡•–™ƒ›‘ˆ–”ƒ•‹••‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹•‘™ƒ•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –Š‹•‘†‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰›–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ǡ
Š‡ƒ–‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†ˆ”‘‘‡’Žƒ ‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”™‹–Š‘—–‡ˆˆ‡ –‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”Ȃ˜‡‹‰‡†‹—Ǥ

[Link] [ 27 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Conduction
– ‹• ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‹ ™Š‹ Š Š‡ƒ– ‹• –”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡† ˆ”‘ ‘‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ –‘ ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡
™‹–Š‘—– †‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡”‡ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ‘†— –‹‘ ‘” –Š‡”ƒŽ
‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
x ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘Š‘–‡†–‘ ‘Ž†‡†Ǥƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—•‹’Ž›‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡„—–†‘‘–Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”
’Žƒ ‡Ǥ
x ‡†‹—‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘” ‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
x ‘†— –‹‘‹•’”‘ ‡••™Š‹ Š‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡‹ƒŽŽ•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒ––‡”Ǥ
x –ǯ•ƒ•Ž‘™’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
x •‘Ž‹†•ƒŒ‘”Ž›ǡ ‘†— –‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡Ǥ
‡–™‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ”‘†ˆ”‘‹–•‘‡‡†ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰Ǥ
' Ͳ
ȋͳεʹȌ
ͳ ʹ

Š‡™‡ ‘–‹—‡Š‡ƒ–—’‹–•‘‡‡†–Šƒ•Ž‘™Ž›ǡ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–•ƒŽ•‘„‡ ‘‡Š‘–ƒ•–‹‡’ƒ••‡•Ǥ

ˆ‹”•–Ž›ǡƒŽŽ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ”‘†ƒ„•‘”„Š‡ƒ–ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”•‘‡–‹‡‘Š‡ƒ–‹•ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›ƒ›’ƒ”–ǤŠ‹•‹•
‡š’Žƒ‹‡†—†‡”–™‘•–ƒ–‡•ǣǦ
(1) Transient State : - –Š‹••–ƒ–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡ƒ Šƒ†‡˜‡”›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†˜ƒ”‹‡• ™‹–Š–‹‡Ǥ
(2) Steady state : ˆ–‡”ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡ǡ™Š‡‘Š‡ƒ–‹•ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›ƒ›’ƒ”–ǤŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡˜‡”›
’ƒ”–‹• ‘•–ƒ–ƒ††‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•—‹ˆ‘”Ž›ˆ”‘Š‘––‡”‡†–‘ ‘Ž†‡”‡†Ǥ
”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ”ǡ‡–ƒŽŽ‹  ‘†— –‘”™‹–Š‹–•–™‘ˆƒ ‡•ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ͳͲͲ郐†Ͳι‹••Š‘™‹–Š‡
ˆ‹‰—”‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡•–‡ƒ†›Ǧ•–ƒ–‡Š‡ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹•ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ ”‘•••‡ –‹‘•ƒǡ„ǡƒ†
ǡ„‡ ‘‡ ‘•–ƒ–™‹–Š–‹‡ǤŠ‡•ƒ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ǡ †ǡˆŽ‘™•–Š”‘—‰ŠƒŽŽ•— Š
ͳͲͲι ƒ „ Ͳι

† † † † †

ͳͲͲιεƒε„ε εͲι
Note : •–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡‡ƒ Š’‘‹–Šƒ•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„—–‹–”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
Fourier’s law of conduction
Rate of heat flow / Heat current / Thermal current (dQ/dt) :-
' Ͳ
†š ȋͳεʹȌ
ͳ ʹ

 ȋǦ†Ȍ


§ † ·
‰‹˜‡†‹ƒ‰”ƒǡ‹•–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‘†‹• ‘•–ƒ–ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™ ¨ ¸
© †– ¹
†‡’‡†•‘ǣ Ǧ

[ 28 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
ȋͳȌ ”‘•••‡ –‹‘”‡ƒȋȌ‘ˆ”‘†
§ † ·
ȋʹȌ ƒ–‡‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹–Š†‹•–ƒ ‡ ¨  ¸ ᇏ’‡”ƒ–—”‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–Ǥ
© †š ¹
†
? ‹ v
†–
† § † ·
? ‹ v 
†– ¨© †š ¸¹
‘„‹‹‰–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ
† § † · † § † ·
‹
†–
v ¨
†š ¸ Ÿ ‹ †–  ¨ †š ¸
© ¹ © ¹
™Š‡”‡o ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›
‹ˆ™‡–ƒ‡–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ”‘†–Š‡
† 
ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™ ‹ ͳ  ʹ
†– 
Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–› ”‘•••‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ”‘†

 ሺଵ െ ଶ ሻ
In steady ‹ ൌ ൌ
state – 

‡‰–Š‘ˆ”‘† ‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡

Illustration 32
‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒƒŽ—‹‹— —„‡‘ˆ‡†‰‡ʹ‡–”‡ ‹•ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ͳͲͲ郐†–Š‡‘–Š‡”‡†‹•ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–
ͲιǤŽŽ‘–Š‡”•—”ˆƒ ‡•ƒ”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†„›ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ™ƒŽŽ•Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ —„‡‹
ͷ•‡ ‘†•Ǥȋ–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆƒŽ—‹‹—‹•ʹͲͻȀȂιȌ
Solution:
‡ƒ–™‹ŽŽˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡‡†ƒ–ͳͲͲι–‘–Š‡‡†ƒ–ͲιǤ
 ȋ   Ȍ
”‡ƒ‘ˆ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™ǡαͶʹ –Š‡ 
– 
ȋʹͲͻ Ȁ qȌȋͶʹ ȌȋͳͲͲq  ͲqȌȋͷ•‡ Ȍ
 ʹͲͻ
ʹ
Illustration 33
Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒ‡–‡”•‘ˆ–™‘‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ”‘†•‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•Ͷǣͳƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰–Š•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘
ͳǣʹǤ ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆˆŽ‘™‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹–Š‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–Š‡
”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
Solution:
† ȋ 'Ȍ
†– 
ʹ
 ”
v v
ʹ ʹ
ª ”ͳ º ª ʹ º ª Ͷ º ª ʹ º ͳ͸ u ʹ ͵ʹ
« » u « » « ͳ » «ͳ »
ͳ

ʹ ¬ ”ʹ ¼ ¬ ͳ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ͳ ͳ
Illustration 34
‡‡†‘ˆƒ„”ƒ••”‘†ʹŽ‘‰ƒ†Šƒ˜‹‰ͳ ”ƒ†‹—•‹•ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ʹͷͲιǤŠ‡ƒ•–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡‹•
”‡ƒ Š‡†ǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™ƒ ”‘••ƒ› ”‘••Ȃ•‡ –‹‘‹•ͲǤͷ ƒŽ•ȂͳǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”
‡†αͲǤʹ͸ ƒŽ•Ȃͳ Ȃͳ ιȂͳǤ

[Link] [ 29 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Solution:

αͲǤͷ ƒŽ•ȂͳǢ”αͳ 
–
?”‡ƒαS”ʹ α͵ǤͳͶʹέͳ ʹ α͵ǤͳͶʹ ʹ
ᇐ‰–Š‘ˆ”‘†αʹαʹͲͲ ǡͳ αʹͷͲιǡʹ αǫ
 ȋͳ  ʹ Ȍ   ͲǤͷ u ʹͲͲ
‡‘™ Ÿ ȋͳ Ȃ ʹȌα u u ͳʹʹǤͶq
–  –  ͲǤʹ͸ u ͵ǤͳͶʹ
? ʹ αʹͷͲιȂ ͳʹʹǤͶιαͳʹ͹Ǥ͸ι
Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Resistance
Thermal conductivity (K)
x –‹•–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡–‘ ‘†— –Š‡ƒ––Š”‘—‰Š‹–Ǥ
x —„•–ƒ ‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‰‘‘†–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‘”•Šƒ˜‡Žƒ”‰‡–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‰‘‘†
–Š‡”ƒŽ‹•—Žƒ–‘”•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘™–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ
x –†‡’‡†•‘ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ
”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–› ‰ε—ε—εŽ
x ˆ‘”‰ƒš‹—‹•ȋͶͳͲȀȌƒ† ‘” ”‡‘Ǧ ͳʹ‹‹—‹•ȋͲǤͲͲͺȀȌ
x ‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‘”’‡”ˆ‡ – ‘†— –‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆαλ
x ‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‘”’‡”ˆ‡ –„ƒ† ‘†— –‘”‘”‹•—Žƒ–‘”–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆαͲ

x ‹–ǣ  o ‘” •Ȃͳ Ȃͳ ȂͳǢ  o ƒŽȀ Ȃ •‡ Ȃι

x ‹‡•‹‘•ǣͳ ͳ Ȃ͵ Ȃͳ
Application of Thermal Conduction
x ™‹–‡”ǡ–Š‡‹”‘ Šƒ‹”•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘„‡ ‘Ž†‡”–Šƒ–Š‡™‘‘†‡ Šƒ‹”•Ǥ
x ‘” ‘‘‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘‘†ǡŽ‘™•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–ƒ†Š‹‰Š ‘†— –‹˜‹–›—–‡•‹Ž•ƒ”‡‘•–•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
x ‘‘‹‰ —–‡•‹Ž• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽ—‹‹— ƒ† „”ƒ•• ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡‹” Šƒ†Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ
™‘‘†Ȁƒ‡Ž‹–‡Ǥ
x ‡‹• ‘˜‡”‡†‹‰—›„ƒ‰•–‘’”‡˜‡–‡Ž–‹‰‘ˆ‹ ‡Ǥ
x ‡ˆ‡‡Ž™ƒ”‹™‘‘ŽŽ‡ Ž‘–Š‡•ƒ†ˆ—” ‘ƒ–Ǥ
x ™‘–Š‹„Žƒ‡–•ƒ”‡™ƒ”‡”–Šƒƒ•‹‰Ž‡„Žƒ‡–‘ˆ†‘—„Ž‡–Š‡–Š‹ ‡••Ǥ
x ‹”†•‘ˆ–‡•™‡ŽŽ–Š‡‹”ˆ‡ƒ–Š‡”•‹™‹–‡”Ǥ
x ‡™“—‹Ž–‹•™ƒ”‡”–Šƒ‘Ž†‘‡Ǥ
Thermal Resistance to Conduction ‫ۺ‬
–‹•–Š‡‘„•–”— –‹‘‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆŠ‡ƒ––Š”‘—‰Š
–Š‡ ‘†— –‘”™Š‡™‡ ‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆŠ‡ƒ––‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›Ǥ
–‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ– —””‡–ȋ”ƒ–‡‘ˆˆŽ‘™
‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ȍ ‫܂‬૚ ‫܂‬૛ ‫ۯ‬
‘”ƒ•Žƒ„‘ˆ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ǡƒ–‡”ƒŽ–Š‹ ‡••ƒ†–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›
ͳ  ʹ ͳ  ʹ
 
‹  ͳ  ʹ Ȁ 




[ 30 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Electrical Analogy for Thermal Conduction
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡

‫ ۿ‬ሺ‫܂‬૚ െ ‫܂‬૛ ሻ
ൌ
‫ܜ‬ ሺ‫ۺ‬Τ۹ ‫ۯ‬ሻ

‡ƒ– —””‡– Š‡”ƒŽ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡

†
†–

ͳ  ʹ ͳ  ʹ
 

U  
 
 V 
1. Equivalent Thermal Conductivity in series Combination
•‡”‹‡• ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘
‘†•Œ‘‹‡†‡†–‘‡†
‡“ ͳ  ʹ
ȋͳ  ʹ Ȍ ͳ   
Ÿ  ʹ
 ‡“ Ǥ ͳ   ʹ  ͳǡǡͳ ʹǡǡʹ
“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›‹•
ͳ  ʹ 6 ‹
 ‡“ α  
ͳ  ʹ § · ‡“ǡ
6¨ ‹ ¸
ͳ   ʹ © ‹ ¹
x ˆŽ‡‰–Š•‘ˆ”‘†‹••ƒ‡–Š‡ȋͳ αʹ αȌ
ʹ ͳ ͳ
 ‡“
ͳ  ʹ
‘†•ƒ”‡Œ‘‹‡†•‹†‡„›•‹†‡
2. Equivalent Thermal Conductivity in Parallel Combination
ͳǡͳ
’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘
 
ͳ ͳ ͳ
Ÿ 
 ‡“ ͳ  ʹ ʹǡǡʹ

 ‡“Ǥ ͳ  ʹ  ͳ ͳ  ʹ  ʹ
Ÿ 
  
 
“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›‹• ‡“ǡ

[Link] [ 31 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics

 ͳ  ͳ   ʹ  ʹ 6  ‹ ‹
Ÿ  ‡“ α
ͳ   ʹ 6 ‹

x ˆ”‡ƒ‘ˆ„‘–Š”‘†•ƒ”‡•ƒ‡–Š‡ȋͳ αʹ αȌ

ͳ   ʹ
 ‡“
ʹ
Temperature of junction
Š‡™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŒ— –‹‘–Š‡™‡‡“—ƒ–‡–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘„‘–Š
’ƒ”–•Ǥ
Ͳ
§ † · § † · ʹ ȋͳ εʹȌ
¨ †– ¸ ¨ †– ¸ ͳ
© ¹ͳ © ¹ʹ ͳ ʹ
ͳ ʹ
ͳ  ʹ
Ÿ ͳ  Ͳ Ͳ  ʹ
ͳ ʹ

 ͳʹͳ   ʹͳʹ
Ͳ
 ͳ  ʹ   ʹͳ

Illustration 35
Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–‹ƒ”‘†‘ˆͲǤͷŽ‡‰–Š‹•ͺͲιȀǤ ––Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŠ‘––‡”‡†‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†‹•
͵Ͳιǡ–Š‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‡”‡†‹•ǣǦ
Solution:
' ͵Ͳ  
ͺͲq  Ȁ  Ÿ ͺͲ Ÿ αȂͳͲι
'š ͲǤͷ
Illustration 36 ͳ  ͵ ʹ
‹†‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›‹–Š‡‰‹˜‡ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ
 ʹ
Solution:
”‡ƒα
ͳ  ʹ
 ‡“
ͳ ʹ

ͳ  ʹ
ͳ  ͵ ʹ ‡“ 
͵ ͻ
 ‡“
 ʹ ͷ  ʹ ͵

 ͵

Illustration 37
 ʹ 
‹†–Š‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– ‘†— –‹˜‹–›ȋ‡“Ȍ
 Ͷ ͵
Solution:
‡“ ͺ ͳ͸ Ͷ
 ‡“ Ÿ 
ͳ ʹ ͵  Ͷ ͵ ʹ Ͷ͸ ͵
   
ͳ ʹ ͵  ʹ 

[ 32 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 38
‹†‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›ȋ‡“Ȍ
Solution: ͵ǡǡʹ
 
 ͳ ͳ   ʹ  ʹ ʹ ͵  ʹ  ͺ ǡǡʹ
 ‡“ ʹ
ͳ   ʹ Ͷ Ͷ
Illustration 39
‹†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋ–‡’Ǥƒ–’‘‹–Ȍˆ‘”–Š‡‰‹˜‡ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ
Solution: ȋͲȌ
  
ͳͲͲ  Ͳ Ͳ  ʹͲ
ʹ ͵  
ƒ
͵ ͳͲͲι ʹͲι
Ÿ ͳͷͲ  Ͳ Ͳ  ʹͲ
ʹ ʹ
ͷ
Ÿ Ͳα͸ͺι
Illustration 40
‹†–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŒ— –‹‘ˆ‘”ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ ͳͲͲι  ʹͲι
Solution:
‹ͳ α‹ʹ
 ͵
§· §·
¨¸ ¨¸
© ¹ͳ © ¹ʹ
 ͵
 
? ͳ  ʹ ”‡ƒ‹••ƒ‡Ǥ
– 
§ ' · § ' ·  ͳͲͲ      ʹͲ
¨  ¸ ¨  ¸ Ÿ 
͵
͵
© ¹ͳ © ¹ʹ
Ÿ ͳͲͲȂ αȂ ʹͲ Ÿ ʹαͳʹͲŸ α͸Ͳι
Illustration 41
Š”‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ ”‘†• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰–Š ͳ ‡ƒ Šǡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ”‘••Ǧ ͷͲι
•‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆͳ  ‡ƒ Šƒ†ƒ†‡‘ˆŽ—‹‹—ǡ‘’’‡”
ʹ

ƒ†–‡‡Ž”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ”‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ ‡Ž
–‡
ͳʹιǡ Ͷι ƒ† ͷͲι ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ– –Š‡‹” •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‡†•Ǥ ͳʹι
‹†–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘‘Œ— –‹‘Ǥ Ž—‹‹—
‘
ȏ—αͶͲͲȀǦǡ Ž αʹͲͲȀǦǡ •–‡‡Ž αͷͲȀǦȐ ’’
‡”
Solution: Ͷι

 ͳ ͳͲͶ
 Ž Ͷ
 ʹͲͲ u ͳͲ ʹͲͲ
Ͷ
ͳͲ ͳͲͶ ͷͲι
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ  •–‡‡Ž ƒ†  ‘’’‡”
ͷͲ ͶͲͲ ‹
‹Ž 
‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ ‘‘Œ— –‹‘α ͳʹι
–Š‡ˆ”‘‹” ŠŠ‘ˆˆ̵• —””‡–Žƒ™ǡ‹ŽΪ‹•–‡‡Ž Ϊ‹— αͲ Ž  —
  ͳʹ   ͷͲ   Ͷ ‹—
Ÿ   Ͳ
 Ž  •–‡‡Ž  — Ͷι
Ÿ ȋȂ ͳʹȌʹͲͲΪȋȂ ͷͲȌͷͲΪȋȂ ͶȌͶͲͲαͲ
Ÿ ͶȋȂ ͳʹȌΪȋȂ ͷͲȌΪͺȋȂ ͶȌαͲ
Ÿ ͳ͵αͶͺΪͷͲΪ͵ʹαͳ͵Ͳ
Ÿ αͳͲι

[Link] [ 33 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 42
™‘’Žƒ–‡•‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡’Žƒ ‡†‹ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡‹”–Š‹ ‡••ƒ”‡ʹǤͲ ƒ†ͷǤͲ 
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’Žƒ–‡‹• ȂʹͲ郐†–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽ
•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†’Žƒ–‡‹•ʹͲιǤŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–ƒ –•—”ˆƒ ‡‹ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ȋ‹Ȍƒ”‡
‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡȋ‹‹ȌŠƒ˜‡–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ʹǣͷǤ
Solution:
  ͳ ȋͳ  Ȍ  ʹ ȋ  ʹ Ȍ
ƒ–‡‘ˆˆŽ‘™‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹–Š‡’Žƒ–‡•‹• Ǣ ǥȋ‹Ȍ
– ͳ ʹ
ȋ‹Ȍ ‡”‡ͳ αȂʹͲιǡʹ αʹͲιǡ
ͳ αʹ αͲǤͲʹǡʹ αͷ αͲǤͲͷƒ†ͳ αʹ α
 ʹͲ      ʹͲ ʹ  ͷ 
? “—ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹Ȍ„‡ ‘‡•
ͲǤͲʹ ͲǤͲͷ

Žƒ–‡Ǧͳ
? ͷȋȂʹͲȂȌαʹȋȂ ʹͲȌ Žƒ–‡Ǧʹ

Ÿ ȂͳͲͲȂ ͷαʹȂ ͶͲ

Ÿ ͹αȂ͸Ͳ Ÿ αȂͺǤ͸ι ȂʹͲι  ʹͲι
ͳ ʹ ʹ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘”  ͳ ʹ
ʹ ͷ ͷ
ʹ ͷ ʹ  ʹͲ    ʹ    ʹͲ
?ˆ”‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹Ȍ
ͲǤͲʹ ͲǤͲͷ
Ÿ ȂʹͲȂ αȂ ʹͲ ?αͲι
Illustration 43
Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•Š‘™•–Š‡ˆƒ ‡ƒ†‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ ‘’‘•‹–‡•Žƒ„ ʹͲι ͳͲι  Ȃͷι ȂͳͲι
‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ‘ˆ ˆ‘—” Žƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ –™‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‹‰ ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ –Š‹ ‡••Ǥ
†‡”•–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡TǤ  ʹ  ʹ
Solution:
'
ᕃ‡  α–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›
'–
 ʹͲ  ͳͲ ʹ ͳͲ  
Ÿ ʹαͳͲ Ÿ αͷι
 
Growth of Ice on Lake
ƒ‹”ƒ–„‡Ž‘™Ͳι
‹ ‡ x
dx
Ͳι
ƒ–‡”

 ™‹–‡” ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˆƒŽŽ• „‡Ž‘™ Ͳι ƒ† ™ƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ‡ •–ƒ”– ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰Ǥ ‡– ƒ– –‹‡ –
–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ‹ ‡‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡αšƒ†ƒ‹”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡αȂι
Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‘™‡”•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‹ ‡αͲι

[ 34 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
‡–ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‡α
ȏͲ  ȋ ȌȐ
‡ƒ–‡• ƒ’‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‹ ‡‹–‹‡†–‹• †  †–
š
—‡–‘‡• ƒ’‡‘ˆ–Š‹•Š‡ƒ–‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‡š–”ƒ–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ‹ ‡α†š
ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‹•‡š–”ƒ–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ‹ ‡‹•α U U Ǥ†š
†  ȋUǤ†šȌ
 U
?  †– ȋUǤ†šȌ Ÿ †– š †š
š 
U š ͳ U ʹ
‘ǡ –‹‡–ƒ‡„›‹ ‡–‘‰”‘™ƒ–Š‹ ‡••š‹• –
 ³Ͳ
š †š
ʹ 
š

‘ǡ –‹‡–ƒ‡„›‹ ‡–‘‰”‘™ˆ”‘–Š‹ ‡••šͳ –‘–Š‹ ‡••šʹ ‹•

ͳ U ʹ ʹ
– –ʹ  –ͳ ȋšʹ  šͳ Ȍ ƒ† – v ȋšʹʹ  šͳʹ Ȍ
ʹ 
x ‹‡–ƒ‡–‘†‘—„Ž‡ƒ†–”‹’Ž‡–Š‡–Š‹ ‡••”ƒ–‹‘
–ͳ ǣ–ʹ ǣ–͵ ǣǣͳʹ ǣʹʹ ǣ͵ʹ
–ͳ ǣ–ʹ ǣ–͵ ǣǣͳǣͶǣͻ
x ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‹‡–ƒ‡–‘ˆ‘”–Š‹ ‡••
ȋͲo šȌǣȋšo ʹšȌǣȋʹšo ͵šȌ
'– ͳ ǣ '– ʹ ǣ '– ͵ ǣǣ šʹ  Ͳʹ ǣ ʹšʹ  šʹ ǣ ͵šʹ  ʹšʹ

'– ͳ ǣ '– ʹ ǣ '– ͵ ǣǣͳ ǣ͵ǣͷ

Illustration 44
‡ •–ƒ”–• ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ ‹ ƒ Žƒ‡ ™‹–Š ™ƒ–‡” ƒ– Ͳι ™Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ΫͳͲιǤ ˆ –Š‡
–‹‡–ƒ‡ˆ‘”ͳ ‘ˆ‹ ‡–‘„‡ˆ‘”‡†‹•ͳʹ‹ǡ–Š‡–‹‡–ƒ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ‡–‘ Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘
ͳ–‘ʹ ™‹ŽŽ„‡
Solution:
‡ ʹ
‹‡–ƒ‡„›‹ ‡–‘‰”‘™ƒ–Š‹ ‡••ǡ – š
ʹ
‡ ‡–‹‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‹ ‡••ˆ”‘Ͳ–‘›ǡˆ”‘›–‘ʹ›ƒ†•‘‘™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
'–ͳ ǣ'–ʹ ǣ'–͵αȋͳʹ Ȃ ͲʹȌǣȋʹʹ Ȃ ͳʹȌǣȋ͵ʹ Ȃ ʹʹȌ
'–ͳ ǣ'–ʹ ǣ'–͵αͳ ǣ͵ǣͷ
 ‘”†‹‰–‘“—‡•–‹‘
'–ʹ α͵'–ͳ α͵έͳʹα͵͸‹Ǥ

Convection
‘˜‡ –‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ ‡†‹— ƒ† ‹• –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ ™Š‹ Š Š‡ƒ– ‹•
–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡† ˆ”‘ ‘‡ ’Žƒ ‡ –‘ ‘–Š‡” „› ƒ –—ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ–‡†
•—„•–ƒ ‡ ȋ—•—ƒŽŽ› ˆŽ—‹†ȌǤ Š‡ –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡ –‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ”‘ Žƒ‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹†‡•‹–‹‡•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡ –‹‘ȋˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒˆŽ—‹†‹ƒ
‘–ƒ‹‡”Š‡ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‹–•„‘––‘ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹ˆƒŠ‡ƒ–‡†ˆŽ—‹†‹•ˆ‘” ‡†–‘
‘˜‡„›ƒ„Ž‘™‡”ǡˆƒ‘”’—’ǡ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ˆ‘” ‡† ‘˜‡ –‹‘Ǥ

[Link] [ 35 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Phenomena Based on convection:
(i) Land and sea breezes: Š‡Š‡ƒ–ˆ”‘–Š‡—‹•ƒ„•‘”„‡†‘”‡”ƒ’‹†Ž›„›Žƒ†–Šƒ„›•‡ƒȂ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆŽƒ†‹•Ž‘™ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ•‡ƒȂ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‹•‡
‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŽƒ†‹•Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ•‡ƒȂ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ‘•—Ȃ—’ǡŽƒ† ‹•Š‘––‡”–Šƒ
–Š‡•‡ƒ†—”‹‰†ƒ›–‹‡Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡ ‘Ž†‡”ƒ‹”‘˜‡”–Š‡•‡ƒ„Ž‘™•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡Žƒ†ǤŠ‹•
‹• ƒŽŽ‡†•‡ƒȂ„”‡‡œ‡Ǥ
–‹‰Š–ǡƒ‹”„Ž‘™•ˆ”‘Žƒ†–‘™ƒ”†••‡ƒǤŠ‹•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Žƒ†„”‡‡œ‡Ǥ
(ii) Formation of trade winds: Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ”–Š‡ƒ”–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”‰‡–•Š‡ƒ–‡†•–”‘‰Ž›Ǥ‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹”
‹ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡‡š’ƒ†•ƒ†”‹•‡•—’™ƒ”†•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡƒŽ‘™
’”‡••—”‡‹• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ
––Š‡’‘Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹”‹–Š‡—’’‡”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‰‡–• ‘‘Ž‡†ƒ† ‘‡•†‘™Ǥ‘ǡƒŠ‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡‹•
”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‡•Ǥ—‡–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡•ƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‡•ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‡•
‘˜‡•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ”‹•‡•—’ǡ‘˜‡•–‘™ƒ”†•’‘Ž‡•ƒ†•‘‘Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡƒ™‹†‹•ˆ‘”‡†
‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ
Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–ŠƒŽ•‘ƒˆˆ‡ –•–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†Ǥ—‡–‘ƒ–‹Ȃ Ž‘ ™‹•‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”–Š
–Š‡™ƒ”™‹†„Ž‘™‹‰ˆ”‘‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘‘”–Š†”‹ˆ–•–‘™ƒ”†•‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‡•–‡ƒ†›™‹†„Ž‘™‹‰ˆ”‘
‘”–ŠȂƒ•––‘‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ‡ƒ”–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ”–Šǡ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–”ƒ†‡™‹†Ǥ
(iii) Monsoons: •—‡”ǡ–Š‡’‡‹•—Žƒ”ƒ••‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ•‹ƒ„‡ ‘‡•‘”‡•–”‘‰Ž›Š‡ƒ–‡†–Šƒ
–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒǤŠ‹•‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹•— ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”
–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‹Žƒ†”‘ •Ǥ ‘–ƒ‹”ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‡†Žƒ†ƒ••”‹•‡•—’ƒ†‘˜‡•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡
†‹ƒ‘ ‡ƒǤ‹”ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š‘‹•–—”‡ˆŽ‘™•‘˜‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘ ‡ƒ‘–Š‡•‘—–Š–‘™ƒ”†•Š‡ƒ–‡†Žƒ†
ƒ••ǤŠ‡‘„•–”— –‡†„›‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ–Š‡‘‹•–ƒ‹””—•Š‡•—’™ƒ”†•–‘‰”‡ƒ–Š‡‹‰Š–Ǥ –Š‡’”‘ ‡••ǡ
‹–‰‡–• ‘‘Ž‡†Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡‘‹•–—”‡ ‘†‡•‡•ƒ†ˆƒŽŽ•ƒ•”ƒ‹Ǥ
(iv) Ventilation: ‡–‹Žƒ–‘” ‘ˆ‡šŠƒ—•–ˆƒ‹ƒ”‘‘Š‡Ž’‘ˆ”‡‘˜‡‹’—”‡ƒ†™ƒ”ƒ‹”ˆ”‘ƒ”‘‘Ǥ
Š‡ˆ”‡•Šƒ‹”ˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡„Ž‘™•‹–‘–Š‡”‘‘ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒŽŽ†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡† ‘˜‡ –‹‘ —””‡–•‡–
—’‹–Š‡”‘‘Ǥ
(v) To regulate temperature in the human body: ‡ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‹ –Š‡ Š—ƒ „‘†› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ
‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ Šƒ‹••ǤŠ‡•‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž›—‹ˆ‘”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡
Š—ƒ„‘†›‹•’‹–‡‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡ Šƒ‰‡•‹‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‡ Š‹‡ˆ‹–‡”ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹•‹•
ˆ‘” ‡† ‘˜‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ”–•‡”˜‡•ƒ•–Š‡’—’ƒ†–Š‡„Ž‘‘†ƒ•–Š‡ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‰ˆŽ—‹†Ǥ
Some important points: ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡ –‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡ˆ”‘„‘––‘–‘–‘’†—‡–‘‰”ƒ˜‹–›™Š‹Ž‡
ˆ‘” ‡† ‘˜‡ –‹‘‹ƒ›†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
x  ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡ –‹‘ǡ ‘˜‡ –‹‘ —””‡–• ‘˜‡ ™ƒ” ƒ‹” —’™ƒ”†• ƒ† ‘‘Ž ƒ‹”
†‘™™ƒ”†•ǤŠ‹•‹•™Š›Š‡ƒ–‹‰‹•†‘‡ˆ”‘„ƒ•‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘’Ǥ
x ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡ –‹‘‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡‹ƒ‰”ƒ˜‹–›ˆ”‡‡”‡‰‹‘•— Šƒ•ƒˆ”‡‡Ž›ˆƒŽŽ‹‰Ž‹ˆ–‘”ƒ‘”„‹–‹‰
•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡Ǥ
x ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡ –‹‘’Žƒ›•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹˜‡–‹Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ Šƒ‰‹‰ Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†™‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒ†‹
ˆ‘”‹‰Žƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒ„”‡‡œ‡•ƒ†–”ƒ†‡™‹†•Ǥ
x Š‡ˆ‘” ‡† ‘˜‡ –‹‘‘ˆ„Ž‘‘†‹‘—”„‘†›„›ƒ’—’ȋŠ‡ƒ”–ȌŠ‡Ž’•‹‡‡’‹‰–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ
„‘†› ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
x ‘˜‡ –‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡‹ˆŽ—‹†•ȋ‰ƒ•‡•ƒ†Ž‹“—‹†ȌǤ

[ 36 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Key Points
x ‘”Š‡ƒ–’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘˜‹ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡ –‹‘ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–‡š‹•–•‹˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ†
‘–‹Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
x ‘•– ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‡” –Šƒ– ‹• –ƒ‹‰ ’Žƒ ‡ ‘ ƒ”–Š ‹• „› ‘˜‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ †—‡ –‘
‘†— –‹‘ƒ†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•˜‡”›•ƒŽŽǤ

BEGINNER’S BOX-3
1Ǥ š’Žƒ‹™Š›ǣ
ȋƒȌ ƒ„”ƒ••–—„Ž‡”ˆ‡‡Ž•— Š ‘Ž†‡”–Šƒƒ™‘‘†‡–”ƒ›‘ƒ Š‹ŽŽ›†ƒ›
ȋ„Ȍ –™‘Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ Ž‘–Š‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ–Š‹ ‡••’”‘˜‹†‡™ƒ”‡” ‘˜‡”‹‰–Šƒƒ•‹‰Ž‡Žƒ›‡”‘ˆ Ž‘–Š
‘ˆ†‘—„Ž‡–Š‹ ‡••ǫ
ȋ Ȍ —†ǦŠ‘—•‡•ƒ”‡ ‘Ž†‡”‹•—‡”ƒ†™ƒ”‡”‹™‹–‡”ǫ
ȋ†Ȍ ™‹–‡”„‹”†••‹–™‹–Š–Š‡‹”™‹‰••’”‡ƒ†‘—–ǫ
ȋ‡Ȍ ‘‘ŽŽ‡ Ž‘–Š‡•ƒ”‡™ƒ”‡”–Šƒ ‘––‘ Ž‘–Š‡•ǫ
PTM408
2. ™‘‡–ƒŽ —„‡•™‹–Š͵ Ǧ‡†‰‡•‘ˆ ‘’’‡”ƒ†ƒŽ—‹‹—ƒ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ
‹†

Ž
ͳͲͲι ʹͲι
—

ȋƒȌ Š‡–‘–ƒŽ–Š‡”ƒŽ —””‡–ˆ”‘‘‡”‡•‡”˜‘‹”–‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ

ȋ„Ȍ Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ —””‡– ƒ””‹‡†„›–Š‡ ‘’’‡” —„‡–‘–Šƒ– ƒ””‹‡†„›–Š‡ƒŽ—‹‹—
—„‡ǤŠ‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ ‘’’‡”‹•͸ͲȀȂƒ†–Šƒ–‘ˆƒŽ—‹‹—‹•ͶͲȀȂǤ
PTM409
3. ‘”•Š‘™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ

ͳͲͲº ͳαʹͲͲȀº ʹα͵ͲͲȀº Ͳº

ʹ ʹ

PTM410
4. ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡Tͳ ƒ†Tʹ ‹•Š‘™•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ʹͲͲι T T ͳͺι
K 2K 1.5K
A A A
PTM411
5. Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ––Š‡‡†•‘ˆƒ—‹ˆ‘””‘†‘ˆŽ‡‰–ŠͳͲͲ ƒ”‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ͻͷ郐†ͷιǤ
Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ– ƒ ’‘‹– ͵Ͳ  ˆƒ” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‘––‡” ‡† ǫ Ž•‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ –Š‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–Ǥ
PTM412
6. Š”‡‡ ‘†— –‹‰”‘†•‘ˆ•ƒ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ† ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ
ǡƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ʹͲιǡͻͲ郐†ͲιǤ ‹†–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆŽ‡‰–Šƒ†‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•‘
Š‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™‹Ǥ
  
ʹͲι Ͳι

ͻͲι

PTM413

[Link] [ 37 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Radiation and Prevost's Theory
Thermal Radiation
Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆ”‘‘‡’Žƒ ‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”’Žƒ ‡™‹–Š‘—–Š‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”˜‡‹‰‡†‹—
‹• ƒŽŽ‡†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ„‘†›‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†ƒ†’Žƒ ‡†‹˜ƒ ——ǡ‹–Ž‘•‡•Š‡ƒ–‡˜‡™Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡†‹—
•—””‘—†‹‰‹–ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ– ƒ‘– ‰‘‘—–ˆ”‘–Š‡„‘†›„›–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ ‘†— –‹‘‘” ‘˜‡ –‹‘•‹ ‡„‘–Š
‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘ ‡••‡• ”‡“—‹”‡–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡†‹—„‡–™‡‡•‘—” ‡ƒ†•—””‘—†‹‰‘„Œ‡ –•Ǥ
Š‡’”‘ ‡••„›™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ƒ–‹•Ž‘•–‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•†‘‡•‘–”‡“—‹”‡ –Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ›
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡†‹—Ǥ
–‹•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘„›™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ƒ–ˆ”‘–Š‡—”‡ƒ Š‡•–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǣ
ȋƒȌ ƒ†‹ƒ–‡‡”‰›–”ƒ˜‡Ž•‹•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡•ƒ†™Š‡•‘‡‘„Œ‡ –‹•’Žƒ ‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ–Šǡ‹–••Šƒ†‘™‹•
ˆ‘”‡†ƒ––Š‡†‡–‡ –‘”Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ –‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ƒ†”‡ˆ”ƒ –‡†‘” ƒ„‡ƒ†‡–‘‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ǤŠ‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘””‡ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ƒ”‡‡šƒ –Ž›ƒ•
‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ – ƒ–”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Š˜ƒ ——Ǥ
ȋ†Ȍ –‡•‹–›‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡Žƒ™‘ˆ‹˜‡”•‡•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
ȋ‡Ȍ Š‡”ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡’‘Žƒ”‹•‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–„›–”ƒ•‹••‹‘–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‹ ‘Ž ’”‹•Ǥ
ȋˆȌ ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡‹•‘Ž‹†ǡŽ‹“—‹†Ƭ‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ
ŽŽ–Š‡•‡ƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡”’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒŽŽ–Š‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•’‘••‡••‡†
„›Ž‹‰Š–ƒ†–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‡Ž‡ –”‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ™ƒ˜‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‘Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǤŠ‡
™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•Žƒ”‰‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ˜‹•‹„Ž‡Ž‹‰Š–Ǥ
Ȉ Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ’ƒ••‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ› ‡†‹— –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘• •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ƒ„•‘”„‡† „› ‡†‹—
ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‹–•ƒ„•‘”’–‹˜‡’‘™‡”•‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡†‹—•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
Ȉ ‘”†‡”–‘‘„–ƒ‹ƒ•’‡ –”—‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’”‹•‹•—•‡†Ž‹‡Ž’”‹•ǡ‘ •ƒŽ–’”‹•
Ž—‘”•’ƒ”’”‹•Ǥ‘”ƒŽ‰Žƒ••’”‹•‘”—ƒ”–œ’”‹• ƒ‘– „‡—•‡†ȋ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–ƒ„•‘”„••‘‡
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ
Ȉ ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹–‡•‹–›‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†™‹–Šƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ †‡˜‹ ‡ƒ‡†ƒ•‘Ž‘‡–‡”Ǥ
Ȉ ‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘„–ƒ‹‡†‹‹ˆ”ƒȂ”‡†”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –”‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ™ƒ˜‡•’‡ –”—•‘–Š‡›
ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ”ƒǦ”‡†”ƒ›•Ǥ
Ȉ Š‡”ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘™Š‡‹ ‹†‡–‘ƒ•—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡‡š‡”–’”‡••—”‡‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡™Š‹ Š‹•‘™
ƒ•ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘”‡••—”‡Ǥ
Note: ŽŽ‘„Œ‡ –•‡‹–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘••‹’Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡œ‡”‘ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‘„Œ‡ –•
ƒ„•‘”„•‘‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•
Prevost's Theory
 ‘”†‹‰–‘”‡˜‘•–̵•Š‡‘”›ǡƒ–‡˜‡”›’‘••‹„Ž‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ‡š ‡’–œ‡”‘‡Ž˜‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ȍ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ
‘–‹—‘—• Š‡ƒ– ‡‡”‰› ‡š Šƒ‰‡ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ „‘†› ƒ† ‹–• •—””‘—†‹‰ ƒ† –Š‹• ‡š Šƒ‰‡ ƒ””› ‘ ˆ‘”
‹ˆ‹‹–‡–‹‡Ǥ
Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ˆ „‘†› ™‹–Š ‹–• •—””‘—†‹‰ †‡ ‹†‡• ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ „‘†›
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –‘”Š‡ƒ–‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ
x When a cold body is placed in the hot surrounding: Š‡„‘†›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡•Ž‡••‡‡”‰›ƒ†ƒ„•‘”„•
‘”‡‡‡”‰›ˆ”‘–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„‘†›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‡”‡–Š‡„‘†›
™‹ŽŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ
 δ
‡‹••‹‘ 䃄•‘”’–‹‘

[ 38 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
x When a hot body placed in cooler surrounding: Š‡„‘†›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡•‘”‡‡‡”‰›ƒ†ƒ„•‘”„•
Ž‡••‡‡”‰›ˆ”‘–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„‘†›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‡”‡–Š‡„‘†›™‹ŽŽ
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ
 ε
‡‹••‹‘ 僄•‘”’–‹‘
x When the temperature of a body is equal to the temperature of the surrounding: Š‡‡‡”‰›
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡† ’‡” —‹– –‹‡ „› –Š‡ „‘†› ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰› ƒ„•‘”„‡† ’‡” —‹– –‹‡ „› –Š‡ „‘†›ǡ
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹–• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ– ƒ† –Š‡ „‘†› ‹• ‹ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ™‹–Š
•—””‘—†‹‰Ǥ ‡ ‡‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ† ‘‘Ž‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –•ƒ”‡•‡‡Ǥ
 α
‡‹••‹‘ Ⴤ•‘”’–‹‘
Basic Fundamental definitions
Ȉ Absorptive power or absorptive coefficient (a) : Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘—–‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›ƒ
•—”ˆƒ ‡ ȋƒȌ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‹†‡– ȋȌ —’‘ ‹–ǡ ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ
ƒ
ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ ƒ Ǥ

–‹•—‹–Ž‡••ƒ††‹‡•‹‘Ž‡••Ǥ
ƒ O
y Spectral absorptive power ƒ O ƒ O α ǣŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ‡†‘‘ Š”‘ƒ–‹ ƒ„•‘”’–‹˜‡ ‘Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–
O
f

–ƒ‰‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ƒ ³ ƒ †O Ǥ
Ͳ
O ‘”‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†› ƒ O ƒ†ƒαͳǡƒƒ† ƒ O ƒ”‡—‹–Ž‡••Ǥ

x Emissive power (E):Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‹––‡†„›—‹–•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹—‹–•‡ ‘†ƒ–

ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
  
 Ǣ  
– –
 ǣ  o ȀʹȂ•‘”ƒ––Ȁʹ
Emissivity (e)
x Absolute emissivity or emissivity: ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‡”‰›‰‹˜‡‘—–„›ƒ—‹–•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆƒ„‘†›‹
—‹––‹‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘—‹––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‹••‹˜‹–›Ǥ
‹–ǣ  o Ȁʹ 
 ‡‹––‡†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘„›‰”ƒ›„‘†› ȋ  Ȍ
x Relative emissivity (er) : ‡”
  ‡‹––‡†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘„›‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†› ȋ  Ȍ
α ”ƒ›‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ„‘†›ǡ α †‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›
ȋ‹Ȍ‹–Ž‡•• ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘”‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†› Ǣ ‡” αͳ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ”ƒ‰‡ Ǣ Ͳ䇔 δͳ
Spectral emissive, absorptive and transmittive power of a given body surface
—‡–‘‹ ‹†‡–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ„‘†›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’Š‡‘‡ƒ‘ —”„›™Š‹ Š–Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•
†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡’ƒ”–•ǤȋƒȌ‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ȋ„Ȍ„•‘”’–‹‘ȋ Ȍ”ƒ•‹••‹‘
From energy conservation

ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹ ‹†‡– ƒ‘—–‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†

”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ȋ”Ȍ

ƒ‘—–‘ˆ
ƒ„•‘”„‡†
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ȋƒȌ

ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–”ƒ•‹––‡†
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ȋ–Ȍ

[Link] [ 39 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
” ƒ  –
α” Ϊƒ Ϊ– Ÿ   ͳŸ ”ƒ– ͳ
  
”  
‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ȋ”Ȍα Ǣ„•‘”’–‹˜‡‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ȋƒȌα ƒ Ǣ ”ƒ•‹––‹˜‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ȋ–Ȍα –
  
”αͳƒ† ƒαͲǡ –αͲ Ÿ ‡”ˆ‡ –”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘”
ƒαͳƒ† ”αͲǡ –αͲ Ÿ †‡ƒŽƒ„•‘”„‡”ȋ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›Ȍ
–αͳƒ† ƒαͲǡ ”αͲ Ÿ ‡”ˆ‡ ––”ƒ•‹––‡”ȋ†‹ƒ–Š‡”ƒ‘—•Ȍ
ª º ª º
‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘’‘™‡” α « ” u ͳͲͲ» Ψ „•‘”’–‹‘’‘™‡”α « ƒ u ͳͲͲ» Ψ
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
ª º
”ƒ•‹••‹‘’‘™‡”α « – u ͳͲͲ» Ψ
¬  ¼
Note : ‘” ‡‡”ƒŽ„‘†›‘” ”‡›„‘†›ȋ Ȍ ǢͲδ”ȀƒȀ–δͳ

x –ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡œ‡”‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋœ‡”‘‡Ž˜‹ȌƒŽŽƒ–‘•‘ˆƒ‰‹˜‡•—„•–ƒ ‡”‡ƒ‹•‹‰”‘—†•–ƒ–‡ǡ
•‘ǡƒ––Š‹•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‡‹••‹‘ƒ†ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒ›•—„•–ƒ ‡‹•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ•‘
”‡˜‘•–̵•Š‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›‡š Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‘”›†‘‡•‘–ƒ’’Ž›ƒ––Š‹•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ•‘‹–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Ž‹‹–‹‰
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”‡˜‘•–̵• –Š‡‘”›Ǥ
x ‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ”‡˜‘•–̵•–Š‡‘”›”ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰‘ˆƒ›„‘†›™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ‹–••—””‘—†‹‰• ƒ„‡™‘”‡†
‘—–ȋƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–‡ˆƒ‘Ž–œƒŽƒ™ǡ‡™–‘̵•Žƒ™‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰ǤȌ
Illustration 45
‘–ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹ ‹†‡–‘„‘†›‹•ͶͲͲ ǡ ˆʹͲΨ‘ˆ‹ ‹†‡–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†„ƒ ƒ†ͳʹͲ ‹•ƒ„•‘”„‡†
„›„‘†›ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‘—––”ƒ•‹––‹˜‡’‘™‡”‹’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
Solution:
α– Ϊ” ΪƒŸ ͶͲͲαͺͲΪͳʹͲΪ– Ÿ – αʹͲͲ
ʹͲͲ
‘–”ƒ•‹––‹˜‡’‘™‡”‹•  – u ͳͲͲΨ α u ͳͲͲ ͷͲΨ
 ͶͲͲ

Ideal Black Body and Kirchhoff's Law

Ideal Black Body
„‘†›™Š‹ Šƒ„•‘”„•ƒŽŽ–Š‡”ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ƒ–‹–••—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ–Ž‘™–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‡‹–•‘—–ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡
ƒ„•‘”„‡†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‹•‘™ƒ•ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›Ǥ
Characteristics of an Ideal Black Body
x Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡‹––‡†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›†‡’‡†•‘Ž›‘‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
x Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•‡‹––‡†ˆ”‘•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”ˆ—ŽŽ‘”™Š‹–‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
x – ƒ› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Š‡ •’‡ –”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ —”˜‡ ˆ‘” •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ „Žƒ  „‘†› ‹•
ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘–‹—‘—• ƒ† ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‹• ‘ ‡’– ‹ˆ –Š‡ •’‡ –”— ‘ˆ ƒ Š‡ƒ– •‘—” ‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‹•
‘–‹—‘—•–Š‡‹–—•–„‡‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›Ž‹‡‡”‘•‡‡Žƒ’Ǣ‘‹Ž Žƒ’ǡŠ‡ƒ–‹‰ˆ‹Žƒ‡–‡– Ǥ
x ‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ǡƒαƒO αͳǢ”α–αͲ Ǣ‡” αͳ

[ 40 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
x –Ž‘™–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›‹•ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –ƒ„•‘”„‡”
ƒ†ƒ–ƒŠ‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–’”‘˜‡•–‘„‡ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –‡‹––‡”Ǥ
Example of ideal black body
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽŽ›‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›
ȋƒȌ‹‡̵•‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›
ȋ„Ȍ ‡””›̵•‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›
Note: ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›‡‡†‘–„‡‘ˆ„Žƒ  ‘Ž‘” ȋ‡‰Ǥ—ȌǤ ‡””›̵•‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›
Kirchhoff's Law
– ƒ ‰‹˜‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ „‘†‹‡• –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‡‹••‹˜‡ ’‘™‡” ȋȌ –‘ ƒ„•‘”’–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡” ȋƒȌ ‹•
‘•–ƒ–ƒ†–Š‹• ‘•–ƒ–‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘‡‹••‹˜‡’‘™‡”ȋ Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ƒ–•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

 
ƒ
Š—•ǡ ™‡ ƒ•ƒ›ǡGood absorbers are Good emitters and Bad absorbers are Bad emitters.

Applications of Kirchhoff's Law

x Fraunhofer's lines
”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡” Ž‹‡• ƒ”‡ †ƒ” Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ •’‡ –”— ‘ˆ –Š‡ —Ǥ Š‡ ™Š‹–‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‡‹––‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‡–”ƒŽ ‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡—ȋŠ‘–‘•’Š‡”‡Ȍ’ƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‹–•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ȋ Š”‘‘•’Š‡”‡Ȍ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›–Š‡‰ƒ•‡•’”‡•‡–ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹†ƒ”Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡•’‡ –”—‘ˆ—Ǥ––Š‡
–‹‡‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ•‘Žƒ”‡ Ž‹’•‡†‹”‡ –Ž‹‰Š–”ƒ›•‡‹––‡†ˆ”‘’Š‘–‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ‘–”‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡ƒ”–Šƒ†
‘Ž›”ƒ›•ˆ”‘ Š”‘‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘”‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ––Šƒ––‹‡™‡‘„•‡”˜‡„”‹‰Š–
”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡”Ž‹‡•Ǥ
Š”‘‘•’Š‡”‡
˜ƒ’‘—”
•–ƒ–‡
 ’Š‘–‘•’Š‡”‡
ƒ 
ͳͲ͹
ƒ
͸ͲͲͲ

x In deserts days are hot and nights cold

ƒ†‹•”‘—‰Šƒ†„Žƒ ǡ•‘‹–‹•ƒ‰‘‘†ƒ„•‘”„‡”ƒ†Š‡ ‡‹†‡•‡”–•ǡ†ƒ›•ȋ™Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘
—‹•‹ ‹†‡–‘•ƒ†Ȍ™‹ŽŽ„‡˜‡”›Š‘–Ǥ‘™‹ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡™‹–Š‹” ŠŠ‘ˆˆ̵•ƒ™ǡƒ‰‘‘†ƒ„•‘”„‡”
‹•ƒ‰‘‘†‡‹––‡”Ǥ‘ǡ‹‰Š–•ȋ™Š‡•‡†‡‹–•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Ȍ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘Ž†Ǥ

Illustration 46
Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ǫ
Žƒ „‘ƒ”†ǡƒŒƒŽǡ’‹Š‘Ž‡„‘šǤ
Solution:
„‘†›‹••ƒ‹†–‘„‡ƒ„Žƒ „‘†›‹ˆ‹–’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž›ƒ„•‘”„•ƒ†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡•–Š‡‡‡”‰›„—–†‘‡•‘–”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹–Ǥ
’‹Š‘Ž‡„‘š‹•ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ǤŽƒ „‘ƒ”†ƒ†ƒŒƒŽƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š„Žƒ ‹ ‘Ž‘—”‡‡†‘––‘„‡„Žƒ 
„‘†›Ǥ

[Link] [ 41 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Stefan's Law
Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‹––‡†’‡”•‡ ‘†’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒȋȌ„›‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›‹•†‹”‡ –Ž›’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ
–‘–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š’‘™‡”‘ˆ‹–•ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋȌǤ
v Ͷ ŸαVͶ
Š‡”‡ǡ V o –‡ˆƒ̵• ‘•–ƒ–αͷǤ͸͹έͳͲȂͺ ™ƒ––Ȁʹ Ͷ ȋ—‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
‘–ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‡”‰›‡‹––‡†„›„‘†›Šƒ˜‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹–‹‡–ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ †‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ȋ Ȍ ǣ   αVͶ–
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘”ƒ›‰‡‡”ƒŽ„‘†›ȋ Ȍ ǣ   ᇔVͶ–
SI Unit :ƒ––Ȁʹ
V] :ͳ Ͳ Ȃ͵ ȂͶ
[V
Rate of emission of radiation
‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•—””‘—†‹‰ȋͲȌδ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„‘†›ȋȌ
ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›•—”ˆƒ ‡ͳ αV  ସ
ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ„•‘”’–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒ„›‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ˆ”‘•—””‘—†‹‰ʹ αV଴ସ
‡–”ƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‘••‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒˆ”‘‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›•—”ˆƒ ‡‹•
αͳ Ȃ ʹ αV ସ Ȃ V଴ସ αVሺ ସ െ ଴ସ ሻ
‡–Ž‘••‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‡”‰›ˆ”‘‡–‹”‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‹–‹‡–
‘”‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ǣ  αVሺ ସ Ȃ ଴ସ ሻ–
‘”ƒ›‰‡‡”ƒŽ„‘†›ǣ  α‡Vሺ ସ Ȃ ଴ସ ሻ–
ˆ‹–‹‡̵†–̵–Š‡‡–Š‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›Ž‘••ˆ‘”‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›‹•̵†̵ƒ†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ˆƒŽŽ•„›̵†̵
(I) Rate of heat loss :
ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ž‘••‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‡–”ƒ–‡ƒ–™Š‹ Šƒ„‘†›‹•Ž‘•‹‰Š‡ƒ–‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
–‹•ƒŽ•‘‡“—ƒŽ–‘‡‹––‡†’‘™‡”‘””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‹––‡†’‡”•‡ ‘†Ǥ
†
‘”‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ǣ  α V ȋͶ  ͲͶ Ȍ
†–
†
‘”ƒ›‰‡‡”ƒŽ„‘†›ǣ  α ‡V ȋ Ͷ  ͲͶ Ȍ
†–
ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ž‘••†‡’‡†•‘ǣ
ȋƒȌ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡ǣ ”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡‡‹••‹˜‹–›ȋ‡Ȍǡˆƒ•–‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡Š‡ƒ–Ž‘••Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ ”‡ƒ‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡ǣ ”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡ǡˆƒ•–‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ–Ž‘••Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰„‘†›ǣ ”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰„‘†›ǡˆƒ•–‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡
–Š‡Š‡ƒ–Ž‘••Ǥ
(II) Rate of fall in temperature (Rate of cooling) :
ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡”ƒ–‡ƒ–™Š‹ Šƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ„‘†›ˆƒŽŽ•Ǥ
† †
•

†– †–
† ͳ †
†– • †–
† V
‘”‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ǣ  α ȋ Ͷ  ͲͶ Ȍ
†– •
† ‡V
‘”ƒ›‰‡‡”ƒŽ„‘†›ǣ  α ȋ Ͷ  ͲͶ Ȍ
†– •

[ 42 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰†‡’‡†•‘ǣ
ȋƒȌ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡ǣ ”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡‡‹••‹˜‹–›ȋ‡Ȍǡˆƒ•–‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ ”‡ƒ‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡ǣ ”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡ǡˆƒ•–‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ ƒ••‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰„‘†›ǣ ”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰„‘†›ǡ•Ž‘™‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ
ȋ†Ȍ ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰„‘†›ǣ ”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰„‘†›ǡ•Ž‘™‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡
–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ
ȋ‡Ȍ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰„‘†›ǣ ”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰„‘†›ǡˆƒ•–‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡
–Š‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ
Note: ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ž‘••‹•‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆƒ••ƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰„‘†›Ǥ

x ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆǡͲǡǡ•ǡǡUǡƒ”‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•Šƒ’‡„‘†›–Š‡ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒš‹—ˆ‘”–Š‡

ˆŽƒ–•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
x ˆƒ•‘Ž‹†ƒ†Š‘ŽŽ‘™•’Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–ƒ‡™‹–ŠƒŽŽ–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”••ƒ‡–Š‡Š‘ŽŽ‘™™‹ŽŽ ‘‘Ž†‘™
ƒ–ˆƒ•–”ƒ–‡Ǥ
ͳ †
x ƒ–‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆƒŽŽ Ǣ  v v
• †–
‘ǡ †–v •Ǥ ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‹••ͳ ε•ʹ ε•͵
ƒ†‹ˆƒŽŽ ‘‘Ž‡†•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆƒŽŽ‹•ƒŽ•‘‹†‡–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‹‡
– v•
? –ͳ ε–ʹ ε–͵
Illustration 47
ͳ
„‘†›‘ˆ ‡ ƒ–ͳʹ͹ι‹•‡’–‹ƒ”‘‘ƒ–ʹ͹ιǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ”ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ž‘••‹ˆ•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ„‘†›
͵
‹•ͳͲ ʹ ȋƒ‡V | ͸έͳͲȂͺȌ
Solution:
† ͳ ͳ
u ͳͲ u ͳͲͶ u ͸ u ͳͲͺ ª¬ȋͶͲͲȌͶ  ȋ͵ͲͲȌͶ º¼ u ͸ u ͳͲͳʹ u ͳͲ ª¬ͳͲͺ ȋʹͷ͸  ͺͳȌº¼ ͲǤ͵ͷƒ––
†– ͵ ͵
Illustration 48
Š‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ–—‰•–‡ˆ‹Žƒ‡–‹ƒ‹ ƒ†‡• ‡–Žƒ’‹•ʹͲͲͲƒ†‹–•‡‹••‹˜‹–›‹•
ͲǤ͵Ǥ ‹†–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹Žƒ‡–‘ˆƒʹͷǦ™ƒ–– Žƒ’Ǥ–‡ˆƒ̵• ‘•–ƒ–V αͷǤ͸͹έͳͲȂͺ Ȃʹ ȂͶ
Solution:
ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‹••‹‘α™ƒ––ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ’
 ʹͷ
α‡VͶ Ÿ α α αͲǤͻͳͺέͳͲȂͶ ʹ
‡V Ͷ
ͲǤ͵ u ͷǤ͸͹ u ͳͲͺ u ȋʹͲͲͲȌͶ
Illustration 49
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ– ™Š‹ Š ƒ ’‡”ˆ‡ – „Žƒ  „‘†› ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ͷǤ͸͹  ȂʹǤ –‡ˆƒ̵•
‘•–ƒ–‹•ͷǤ͸͹έͳͲȂͺ •Ȃͳ Ȃʹ ȂͶǤ
Solution:
‹˜‡ αͷǤ͸͹ Ȃʹ αͷǤ͸͹έͳͲΪͶ Ȃʹǡ V αͷǤ͸͹έͳͲȂͺ •Ȃͳ Ȃʹ ȂͶ
•‹‰ǡ αVͶ
ͳ ͳ

ª  º Ͷ ª ͷǤ͸͹ u ͳͲ º Ͷ
Ͷ

Ͷ α ‘” α « » α « ͺ »
αȋͳͲͳʹȌͳȀͶ αͳͲͲͲ
V V
¬ ¼ ¬ ͷǤ͸͹ u ͳͲ ¼

[Link] [ 43 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 50
 „‘†› ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‡‹••‹˜‹–› ȋ‡” α ͲǤͺͲȌǡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ͳʹ ʹ ‡’– ‹ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ‹ ƒ
”‘‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ʹͲιǤ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ‡‹––‡† „› –Š‡ „‘†› ‹ ͷ •‡ ‘†• ‹• ‡ƒ”Ž›Ǥ
V α͸ǤͲέͳͲȂͺ ȀʹǦͶǤ
Solution:
‹˜‡ǡ ”‡ƒαͳʹέͳͲȂͶ ʹǢ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡαʹ͹͵ΪʹͲαʹͻ͵ Ǣ ‹••‹˜‹–›ǡ‡αͲǤͺͲ
α‡VͶ έ– Ÿ αͲǤͺͲέ͸έͳͲȂͺ έͳʹέͳͲȂͶ έȋʹͻ͵ȌͶ έͷαʹǤͳʹ
Illustration 51
‘”ƒ„Žƒ „‘†›ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡͹ʹ͹ιǡ‹–•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰’‘™‡”‹•͸Ͳ™ƒ––ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•—””‘—†‹‰‹•
ʹʹ͹ιǤ ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„Žƒ „‘†›‹• Šƒ‰‡†–‘ͳʹʹ͹ι–Š‡‹–•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‰’‘™‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
Solution:

 VȏͶ  ͲͶ Ȑ
–
 v ȋͶ  ͲͶ Ȍ
ʹ ȋͳͷͲͲȌͶ  ȋͷͲͲȌͶ ͷͲͲͶ ȋ͵Ͷ  ͳȌ
ͳ ȋͳͲͲͲȌͶ  ȋͷͲͲȌͶ ͷͲͲͶ ȋʹͶ  ͳȌ
ʹ ͺͲ
Ÿ ʹ α͵ʹͲ
͸Ͳ ͳͷ
Illustration 52
™‘ •’Š‡”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ˜‡ ”ƒ†‹‹ ͳ  ƒ† Ͷ  ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ͶͲͲͲ  ƒ† ʹͲͲͲ 
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡”‰›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†’‡”•‡ ‘†„›–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•’Š‡”‡–‘–Šƒ–„›–Š‡•‡ ‘†‹•ǣǦ
Solution:
Š‡‡‡”‰›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†’‡”•‡ ‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǡα‡VͶ
Ͷ
ͳ ͳͶ ͳ ͳͶ ͶS”ͳʹ ͶͲͲͲ u ͳʹ ͳ
ˆ‘”•ƒ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡‹••ƒ‡ǡ Ͷ Ͷ
ʹ  ʹ
ʹ  ͶS”
Ͷ
ʹ
ʹ
ʹ ʹͲͲͲ u Ͷ ʹ ͳ

Illustration 53
 •’Š‡”‡ ƒ† —„‡ ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ •ƒ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† Šƒ˜‹‰ •ƒ‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‡’–‹–Š‡•ƒ‡•—””‘—†‹‰ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹‹–‹ƒŽ”ƒ–‡•‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ Ǧ
Solution:
‡” V ª¬ Ͷ  ͲͶ º¼ ‡” V ª¬ Ͷ  ͲͶ º¼
ˆ
• U
ͳ  ƒ͵
ˆ v Ÿ ˆ •’Š‡”‡
  ˆ —„‡ Ͷ ͵
S”
͵
S””ʹ
ͶS ͸ƒʹ
͸
ͳ
§ ƒ · § ͶS · ʹ
¨”¸ ¨ ͸ ¸
© ¹ © ¹
͵Ȁʹ
 ˆ •’Š‡”‡ ͳ § ͶS · S
Ÿ ǣͳ
ˆ Ͷ ¨© ͸ ¸¹ ͸
—„‡ S
͵

[ 44 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 54
 ͵ • ͳ
™‘„‘†‹‡•‘”Šƒ˜‡•ƒ‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰ ǡ Ǥ ‹†”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ž‘••‘ˆƬǫ
 ͳ • ʹ

Solution:
ƒ‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰
§ ‡V „Ͷ  •Ͷ · § ‡V „Ͷ  •Ͷ · †
¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸   α ‡V ȋ Ͷ  ͲͶ Ȍ
©  • ¹ ©  • ¹ †–

§ ‡ƒ–Ž‘•• · § ‡ƒ–Ž‘•• ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© ͵u ͳ ¹ © ͳ u ʹ ¹

‡ƒ–Ž‘••  ͵
ʹȋ ‡ƒ–Ž‘••Ȍ α͵ȋ ‡ƒ–Ž‘••ȌŸ
‡ƒ–Ž‘••  ʹ
Illustration 55
™‘•’Š‡”‡•ƒ†‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡–ƒŽ•„—–”ƒ†‹—•ƒ”‡ ƒ†ʹ‡’–ƒ–•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ
–Š‡‹”ƒ••‡•ƒ†•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–•ƒ”‡ʹǣ͵ƒ†͵ǣ͸ǤŠ‹ Š•’Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ•Š‘™–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰ȋ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›Ȍǫ
Solution:
† ‡V
 α ȋ Ͷ  ͲͶ Ȍ
†– •

 ”ʹ
 v v
• •

ª ͳʹ º ª ʹʹ º ͳ ͵u ͸ ͵
  ǣ  « »ǣ« » u
¬ ʹu ͵ ¼ ¬ ͵u ͸ ¼ ʹu ͵ Ͷ Ͷ

Newton's Law of Cooling

§ † ·
ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰ ¨ ¸ ‹• †‹”‡ –Ž› ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ ‡š ‡•• ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‘†› ‘˜‡” –Šƒ– ‘ˆ
© †– ¹

•—””‘—†‹‰Ǥȏȋ™Š‡   Ͳ ! ͵ͷqȐ

†
 v   Ͳ
†–
α–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„‘†›ȏƒŽŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹ιȐ
Ͳ α–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•—””‘—†‹‰ǡ
Ȃ Ͳ α‡š ‡••‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡  ! Ͳ

ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„‘†›‹•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›†‹–‹‡†––Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
†
 ȋ  Ͳ Ȍ
†–
Š‡”‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡•‹‰‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰‹•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰™‹–Š–‹‡ƒ†‹• ‘‘Ž‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ

[Link] [ 45 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Graphs of Newton’s Law of Cooling

†
 ȋ  Ͳ Ȍ ȋιȌ
†–

†
†–
  Ͳ
 ‡–   Ͳ

‘‰ȋ  Ͳ Ȍ

Ž‘
‰‡
–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰„‘–Š•‹†‡

ȋ
†› †
Ž‘’‡ ˆ


Ͳ
†š †–

Ȍ
–
†
³  ³ †–


–
  Ͳ Ͳ

Ͳ –
Ž‘‰‡   Ͳ –  ǥȋ‹Ȍ –ȋ•‡ ǤȌ

  Ͳ ‡– 

 ‡–   Ͳ ǥȋ‹‹Ȍ

› ‡ š  „

For Numerical Problems (Newton's Law of cooling)

ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„‘†›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘ͳ –‘ʹ ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•—””‘—†‹‰•‹•Ͳ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡

ª   º
‡š ‡••‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡α « ͳ ʹ  Ͳ »
¬ ʹ ¼

ª ʹ  ͳ º ª ͳ  ʹ º ª  º ª   º
« – »  « ʹ  Ͳ » or  « ͳ ʹ »  « ͳ ʹ  Ͳ »
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ – ¼ ¬ ʹ ¼

Important points;

x ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•Š‘—Ž†‘–‡š ‡‡†͵ͷιǡȋȂ ͲȌ ! ͵ͷι

x ‡™–‘̵•Žƒ™‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰‹•—•‡†–‘ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ƒ–‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†Ǥ
x ‘••‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–•Š‘—Ž†‘Ž›„‡„›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
x Š‹•Žƒ™‹•ƒ‡š–‡†‡†ˆ‘”‘ˆ–‡ˆƒȂ‘Ž–œƒ̵•Žƒ™Ǥ

Spectral Emissive Power and Wien's Displacement Law

Spectral Emissive Power (۳ૃ )

Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‹––‡†„›—‹–ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›‹‘‡•‡ ‘†‹—‹–•’‡ –”ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘ƒ–ƒ

‰‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠǤ

 O%  O%
 
‘” ǡ O ‘” ǡ O
– –

 ǣ  o Ȁʹ Ȃ %

[ 46 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Spectral Energy distribution curve of Black Body radiations
”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›‰‹˜‡„›ǣ—‡”•ƒ†‹‰•Šƒƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›‰‹˜‡„›ǣŽƒ

˜ ‘” O
͵ ͵ ! ʹ ! ͳ
O ͵
˜ ͵
O ͵  O ʹ  O ͳ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
’‡ –”ƒŽ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹–‡•‹–›

͵ ! ʹ ! ͳ
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
Q͵ε Qʹ εQͳ ƒ†‡‹––‡†
ʹ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ˜ ʹ
O ʹ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†‡‹––‡†
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘
͵

ʹ
O ͳ ͳ ˜ ͳ
ͳ
O ͵ O ʹ O ͳ O Qͳ Qʹ Q͵ Q

x – ƒ› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Š‡ •’‡ –”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ —”˜‡ ˆ‘” •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ „Žƒ  „‘†› ‹•
ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘–‹—‘—•Ǥ
f
x ”‡ƒ ³ O†O αVͶ
Ͳ
Ͷ
 v Ͷ ? ”‡ƒ v 
Ͷ
 ª ͳ º
‡ ‡ǡ ͳ « »
ʹ ¬ ʹ ¼
x ˆ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ „Žƒ  „‘†› ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ǡ –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ ƒš‹—
‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹••Š‹ˆ–‡†ˆ”‘Ž‘‰‡”™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š–‘•Š‘”–‡”™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Šǡ†—‡–‘–Š‹• ‘Ž‘—”
‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†› Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
͵ ε ʹ ε ͳǢ O ͵  O ʹ  O ͳ
Wein's Displacement Law
Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ȋɉȌ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ ƒš‹— ‡‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ™‹–Š ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰
ª ͳº
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ «O  v » . Š‹•‹•‘™ƒ•‡‹ǯ•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Žƒ™Ǥ
¬ ¼
ͳ „
O v Ÿ O
 
x ‘”—‡”‹ ƒŽ Ÿ O  „ ȋ™Š‡”‡ǡ „‹•‡‹̵• ‘•–ƒ–αʹǤͺͻέ ͳͲȂ͵ Ȍ
Oͳ ͳ Oʹ ʹ

x ‹‡•‹‘‘ˆ„ǣȏ qͳq  ͳ Ȑ

x ‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Q    > O uQ @

„
ª ͳº
x «O  v  »
¬ ¼

[Link] [ 47 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
O  ǣ‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ǣ  ”‡ƒ•‡•

    

O  ǣ  ”‡ƒ•‡• ǣ‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•

The area enclosed between spectral energy curve and wavelength axis is represented total
Emissive power (E)
Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ ’‡ƒ v ͷ
O

ƒ”‡ƒ v Ͷ

O †O O
•’‡ –”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ —”˜‡ ȋO  O Ȍ

Results from these Graph

ȋ‹Ȍ ‡‹̵•ͷ–Š ’‘™‡”Žƒ™ Ÿ O  v ͷ

f Ͷ
ͳ ͳ ª ͳ º
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ”‡ƒ ³ O †O  VͶ Ÿ ‡ ‡ « »
Ͳ
ʹ ʹ ¬ ʹ ¼


”‡ƒ„‡–™‡‡ —”˜‡ƒ† O ƒš‹•‰‹˜‡•–Š‡‡‹••‹˜‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ„‘†›  VͶ
–
Š
x ‡”‰› ŠQ
O
O Q
Q v 

ͳ
O v


 

Key point: ’‡ –”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ —”˜‡• ƒ”‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ǥ – ƒ› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹ ƒŽŽ ’‘••‹„Ž‡
™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ȋͲȂ fȌƒ”‡‡‹––‡†„—–“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‘”
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠǤ
• –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡‹––‡† ˆ‹”•– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ǡ „‡ ‘‡•
ƒš‹—ƒ†–Š‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ

[ 48 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 56
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–™‘•–ƒ”•ƒ”‡‹”ƒ–‹‘͵ǣʹǤ ˆ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒš‹—”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ˆ‹”•–„‘†›‹•ͶͲͲͲ%ǡ
™Šƒ–‹• ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ•‡ ‘†„‘†›ǫ
Solution:
ͳ O ͳ O ͵
O ƒš v Ÿ ʹ Ÿ ʹ Ÿ Oʹ ͸ͲͲͲ%
 Oͳ ʹ ͶͲͲͲ ʹ
Illustration 57 
–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ –”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‹––‡†„›ƒ
„Žƒ „‘†›ƒ–ƒ‰‹˜‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹••Š‘™ǤŠ‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡
„Žƒ „‘†›‹•ǣǦȋ„α͵έͳͲȂ͵ Ȍ
Solution: Ͳ ͳǤͲ ͳǤͷ ʹǤͲ ʹǤͷ O ‹P
•‹‰‡‹ǯ•Žƒ™ǡ
O  „
ȋͳǤͷέͳͲȂ͸Ȍα„
ͳǤͷέͳͲȂ͸α͵έͳͲȂ͵
͵ u ͳͲ͵
 αʹέͳͲ͵ αʹͲͲͲ
ͳǤͷ u ͳͲ͸
Illustration 58
™‘„‘†‹‡•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡”ƒŽ‡‹••‹˜‹–›̵• ‘ˆͲǤͲͳƒ†ͲǤͺͳ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡‘—–‡”•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡
–™‘ „‘†‹‡• ƒ”‡ •ƒ‡ǡ –Š‡ –™‘ „‘†‹‡• ‡‹– –‘–ƒŽ ”ƒ†‹ƒ– ’‘™‡” ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ”ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š O
‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ ƒš‹— •’‡ –”ƒŽ ”ƒ†‹ƒ › ‘ˆ  ‹• •Š‹ˆ–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰
–‘ ƒš‹— •’‡ –”ƒŽ ”ƒ†‹ƒ › ‹ –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ  „› ͳǤͲ Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ  ‹• ͷͺͲʹǡ
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ǣǦ ȋƒȌ Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ ȋ„Ȍ ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š O
Solution:
ȋƒȌ •„‘–Š„‘†‹‡•ƒ†Šƒ˜‹‰•ƒ‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–’‘™‡”
?   Ÿ ‡ V  Ͷ ‡ V Ͷ Ÿ ȋͲǤͲͳȌVͶ ȋͲǤͺͳȌVͶ
ͳȀͶ
§ ͲǤͲͳ ·  ͷͺͲʹ
 ¨ ¸  ͳͻ͵Ͷ 
© ͲǤͺͳ ¹ ͵ ͵
ȋ„Ȍ  ‘”†‹‰–‘™‡‹̵•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Žƒ™
§ ͷͺͲʹ ·
O   O   Ÿ O  ¨ ͳͻ͵Ͷ ¸ O  ͵O 
© ¹
O ʹO
• O  O  ͳ Ÿ O  ͳ Ÿ ͳ Ÿ O ͳǤͷ
͵ ͵
Solar Constant
Š‡—‡‹–•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡‡”‰› ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›‹•’ƒ ‡‘ˆ™Š‹ Šƒ‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’ƒ”–”‡ƒ Š‡•–Š‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
Š‡•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‡‡”‰›”‡ ‡‹˜‡†’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒ’‡”—‹––‹‡„›ƒ„Žƒ •—”ˆƒ ‡Š‡Ž†ƒ–”‹‰Š–ƒ‰Ž‡•–‘–Š‡
—̵• ”ƒ›• ƒ† ’Žƒ ‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‡ƒ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š ȋ‹ –Š‡ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ȍ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† •‘Žƒ”
‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
Š‡•‘Žƒ” ‘•–ƒ–‹•–ƒ‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ”–Š–‘„‡ͳ͵ͶͲ™ƒ––Ȁʹ

[Link] [ 49 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Temperature of the Sun
‡–„‡–Š‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ†̵†̵„‡–Š‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆƒ”–Š̵• d
 ൌ ͶɎଶ
‘”„‹– ƒ”‘—† –Š‡—Ǥ ‡–  „‡ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰› ‡‹––‡† „› –Š‡ Ԣ ൌ ͶɎ†ଶ

—’‡”•‡ ‘†’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‡‹––‡†„› R

–Š‡ — ‹ ‘‡ •‡ ‘† α Ǥ α  έ ͶS ʹ Ǥ ȋŠ‹• ‡‡”‰› ‹•
ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ ‘ ƒ •’Š‡”‡ ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹—• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ”–Š̵•‘”„‹–ƒ”‘—†–Š‡—‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‘ƒ•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡ƒ
T
ͶS†ʹ Ȍ‘ǡ –Š‡‡‡”‰›ˆƒŽŽ‹‰’‡”—‹––‹‡’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ

ͶS ʹ u    ʹ
ƒ”–Š
ͶS†ʹ †ʹ
‡–„‡–Š‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ†̵†̵„‡–Š‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆƒ”–Š̵•‘”„‹–ƒ”‘—†–Š‡—Ǥ
α͹έͳͲͺǡ†αͳǤͷέͳͲͳͳ ǡV αͷǤ͸͹ έͳͲȂͺ Ȃʹ ȂͶ

 ʹ
‘Žƒ” ‘•–ƒ– 
†ʹ

›–‡ˆƒ̵•ƒ™  V Ͷ
ͳ ͳ
V Ͷ  ʹ ª  u †ʹ º Ͷ ª ͳ͵ͶͲ uȋͳǤͷu ͳͲͳͳ Ȍʹ º Ͷ
 Ÿ  « ʹ» « ͺ ͺ ʹ»
ͷ͹͵ʹ
†ʹ ¬ Vu  ¼ ¬ ͷǤ͸͹ u ͳͲ uȋ͹ u ͳͲ Ȍ ¼
ʹ
Vʹ  ʹ ͳ ’Žƒ‡– § †‡ ·
Note:  ʹ
Ÿv ʹ Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸
† † ‡ƒ”–Š © †’ ¹

Illustration 59
•–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ•—™Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡•—ƒ†‡ƒ”–Šƒ”‡͹έͳͲͷ ƒ†
ͳǤͷ έ ͳͲͺ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–’‘™‡”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‘‘–‹‡‹•ͳͶͲͲȀ ʹ ƒ†–‡ˆƒ̵•
‘Ž–œƒ ‘•–ƒ–‹•ͷǤ͸͹έͳͲȂͺ ȀʹȂͶǤ
Solution:

V Ͷ  ʹ

†ʹ

ȏ‹•–Š‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ†̵†̵‹•–Š‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆƒ”–Š̵• ‘”„‹–ƒ”‘—†–Š‡•—Ȑ
ʹ
ͷǤ͸͹ u ͳͲͺ u  Ͷ u ͶS ͹ u ͳͲͺ
ͳͶͲͲ ʹ
ͶSu ͳǤͷ u ͳͲͳͳ

͵Ǥͻ͸ u ͳͲʹ͸
Ͷ α Ÿ αͷͺͲʹǤͷ
͵ǤͶͻ u ͳͲͳͳ

[ 50 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN

BEGINNER’S BOX-4
1. š’Žƒ‹™Š› ǣ
ȋƒȌ ƒ„‘†›™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‹–›‹•ƒ’‘‘”‡‹––‡”Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ ƒ‘’–‹ ƒŽ’›”‘‡–‡”ȋˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ȍ ƒŽ‹„”ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‰‹˜‡•–‘‘Ž‘™˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ”‡†ǦŠ‘– ‹”‘’‹‡ ‡‹–Š‡‘’‡ǡ„—–
‰‹˜‡•ƒ ‘””‡ –˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™Š‡–Š‡•ƒ‡’‹‡ ‡‹•‹–Š‡ˆ—”ƒ ‡
ȋ Ȍ –Š‡‡ƒ”–Š™‹–Š‘—–‹–•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†„‡‹Š‘•’‹–ƒ„Ž› ‘Ž†
ȋ†Ȍ ‡ƒ–‹•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›‹ƒ‡Ž‡ –”‹ Š‡ƒ–‡”„—–‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–
ƒˆ–‡”•‘‡–‹‡Ǥ
ȋ‡Ȍ Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆƒ ‘‘‹‰˜‡••‡Ž‹•ƒ†‡„Žƒ ǫ
ȋˆȌ ™‹–‡”‹‰Š–›‘—ˆ‡‡Ž™ƒ”‡”™Š‡ Ž‘—†• ‘˜‡”–Š‡•›–Šƒ™Š‡–Š‡•›‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ
ȋ‰Ȍ –Š‡”‘•‘”˜ƒ ——ˆŽƒ• ƒ‡‡’Š‘––Š‹‰•Š‘–ƒ† ‘Ž†–Š‹‰• ‘Ž†ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰–‹‡ǡ
Š‘™ǫ
PTM414
2. ™‘•’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†‹‡•‘ˆ”ƒ†‹‹”ͳ ƒ†”ʹ ƒ”‡Šƒ˜‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ͳ ƒ†ʹ
ͳ
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‹ˆ „‘–Š”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡–Š‡•ƒ‡’‘™‡”ǤŠ‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Ǥ
ʹ
PTM415
3. ˆƒŽ‹“—‹†–ƒ‡•͵Ͳ•‡ Ǥ‹ ‘‘Ž‹‰ˆ”‘ͺͲι–‘͹Ͳ郐†͹Ͳ•‡ ‹ ‘‘Ž‹‰ˆ”‘͸Ͳι–‘ͷͲιǡ
–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
PTM416
4Ǥ  „‘†› ‘‘Ž• ‹ ͳͲ ‹—–‡• ˆ”‘ ͸Ͳι –‘ ͶͲιǤ Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹–• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒˆ–‡” ‡š–
ͳͲ‹—–‡•ǫŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰‹•ͳͲιǤ
PTM417
5. ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡„Žƒ „‘†›ˆ”‘‰‹˜‡‰”ƒ’ŠǤ
O

ͳ ͳǤͷ ʹ ʹǤͷ ͵ Oȋ‹PȌ

PTM418

[Link] [ 51 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Introduction, Notations and Ideal Gas Concept

Kinetic Energy of Gas
ŽŽ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‰ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ‘–‹‘ ‹ ”ƒ†‘ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘” •ƒ› œ‹‰Ǧœƒ‰ †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘–‹‘ –Š‡•‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ƒŽ•‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘–‹‘Ǥ
Š—•ǡ–Š‡•‡‘Ž —Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‘–‹‘•Ǥ
‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ••‘‡‘ˆ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰‹‡•‘ˆƒŽŽ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Ǥ
–‹•†‡’‡†‡–‘ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ  ”‡ƒ•‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ‰ƒ•Ǥ
Potential Energy
–‡”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡‡š‹•–•„‡–™‡‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ†–Š—•‡˜‡”›‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡•‘‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ
‡‡”‰›Ǥ
”‡ƒ–‡” –‡”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ˆ‘” ‡ ȋ  Ȍǡ Ž‡••‡” ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ƒ† ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ǥ
Orders
ȋ‹Ȍ –‡”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ˆ‘” ‡
‘Ž‹†ε‹“—‹†ε ƒ•ȋ‡ƒŽȌε †‡ƒŽ ƒ•ȋ  αͲȌ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡”‰›
‘Ž‹†δ‹“—‹†δ ƒ•ȋ‡ƒŽȌδ †‡ƒŽ ƒ•ȋ  αͲȌ
Internal Energy of Gas
–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ‰ƒ•‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ••— ‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ƒ†‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ƒ–ƒ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
–ƒ‰‹˜‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ‘”•‘Ž‹†ǡŽ‹“—‹†ƒ†‰ƒ•ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ –‡”ƒŽ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ǣƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ –‡”ƒŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡”‰›ǣƒš‹—ˆ‘”‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ȋαͲȌƒ†‹‹—ˆ‘”•‘Ž‹†•ȋαȂ˜‡Ȍ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ –‡”ƒŽ‡”‰›ǣƒš‹—ˆ‘” †‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ†‹‹—ˆ‘”•‘Ž‹†
Notation
 
‘Ž‡•‘ˆ‰ƒ• ρ α
  
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•
˜‘‰ƒ†”‘ ‘•–ƒ– α͸ǤͲʹ͵έͳͲʹ͵
‘Ž‡
ƒŽ
‹˜‡”•ƒŽ‰ƒ• ‘•–ƒ–αͺǤ͵ͳ ൎʹ
‘Ž‡ Ǧ  ‘Ž‡ Ǧ 

’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‰ƒ• ‘•–ƒ– ”


‘Ž–œƒ ‘•–ƒ–  „ αͳǤ͵ͺέͳͲȂʹ͵
 
ƒ••‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡α
ƒ••‘ˆ‰ƒ•α
‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–α™
‘Ǥ‘ˆ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•α

‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”†‡•‹–›ǡ α


ƒ•†‡•‹–›ǡ U 


[ 52 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
The Kinetic Theory of Gases
—†‘Ž’ŠŽƒ—••‹—•ȋͳͺʹʹȂͺͺȌƒ† ƒ‡•Žƒ”ƒš™‡ŽŽȋͳͺ͵ͳȂ͹ͷȌ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‡‹‡–‹ –Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡•
‹‘”†‡”–‘‡š’Žƒ‹‰ƒ•Žƒ™•‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǤŠ‡–Š‡‘”›‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
ƒ••—’–‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ† –Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ
Basic Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases
x ˜‡”›‰ƒ• ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ‡š–”‡‡Ž›•ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘™ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǤŠ‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰‹˜‡‰ƒ•
ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ„—–ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Šƒ–Š‘•‡‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”‰ƒ•Ǥ
x Š‡•‹œ‡‹•‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡‹ ‘’ƒ”‹•‹‘–‘‹–‡”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”†‹•–ƒ ‡ȋͳͲȂͻ ȌǤ
x Š‡‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‡‡’ ‘ŽŽ‹†‹‰ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•™‹–Š–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰˜‡••‡ŽǤ
Š‡•‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž›‡Žƒ•–‹ Ǥȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘α–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡
‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘Ȍ
x ‘ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡‘””‡’—Ž•‹˜‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ –•„‡–™‡‡‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Ǥ
x ”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ƒ‘‰–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹•‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡†—‡–‘‡š–”‡‡Ž›•ƒŽŽƒ••‡•ƒ†˜‡”›
Š‹‰Š•’‡‡†‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Ǥ
x ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‘•–ƒ–Ž› ‘ŽŽ‹†‡™‹–Š–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ ‘–ƒ‹‡”†—‡–‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹”‘‡–— Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
Š‹• Šƒ‰‡‹‘‡–—‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡”Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›’”‡••—”‡‹•
‡š‡”–‡†„›‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ ‘–ƒ‹‡”Ǥ
Ideal Gas
‰ƒ•™Š‹ Šˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ƒŽŽ‰ƒ•Žƒ™•ƒ†‰ƒ•‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ–‡˜‡”›’‘••‹„Ž‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡‹•‘™ƒ•
‹†‡ƒŽ‘”’‡”ˆ‡ –‰ƒ•Ǥ
Equation of State for Ideal Gas
 ρ ȋρᐗ„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡•‘ˆ‰ƒ•Ȍ
 ª  º
Ÿ   Ÿ  « » 
™ ¬  ¼
ª º §  ·
Ÿ  « »  Ÿ   „ ¨ ‘Ž–œƒ ‘• –ƒ–  ¸
¬  ¼ ©  ¹
U § ·
Ÿ  ¨U  ¸
 © ¹
Properties of Ideal Gas
x †‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ƒ†‘‘Ž›–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘–‹‘ǡ•‘–Š‡‹”‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‹•‘Ž›–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›Ǥ
x †‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• ƒ‘–„‡Ž‹“—‹ˆ‹‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡  ‹•œ‡”‘Ǥ
x ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹• ‘•–ƒ–“—ƒ–‹–›ƒ†‹–†‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡™‹–Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
x ŽŽ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡•„‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ•ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ–Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡ƒ†Ž‘™†‡•‹–›Ǥ
x ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡’‘‹–ƒ••ƒ†‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•˜‡”›Š‹‰ŠȋͳͲ ͹ Ȁ•ȌǤŠƒ–̵•
™Š›–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜‹–›‘–Š‡Ǥ
NTP & STP
Properties N.T.P. (Normal Temperature and S.T.P. (Standard Temperature
Pressure) and Pressure)
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Ͳιαʹ͹͵Ǥͳͷ ͲǤͲͳιαʹ͹͵Ǥͳ͸
”‡••—”‡ ͳƒ– ͳƒ–
‘Ž—‡ȋͳ‘Ž‡Ȍ ʹʹǤͶŽ‹–”‡• ʹʹǤͶŽ‹–”‡•
ͳƒ– αͳǤͲͳ͵ʹͷέͳͲ ’ƒ• ƒŽ
ͷ

ͳŽ‹–”‡αͳͲȂ͵ ͵ αͳͲ͵ ͵ αͳͲ͵ αͳͲ͵Ž

[Link] [ 53 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 60
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ͸‘Ž‡•‘ˆʹ ‰ƒ•ƒ–ǫ
Solution:
‘Ž—‡‘ˆͳ‘Ž‡ʹ ‰ƒ•ƒ–αʹʹǤͶŽ‹–”‡•
‘Ž—‡‘ˆ͸‘Ž‡ʹ ‰ƒ•ƒ–α͸έʹʹǤͶŽ‹–”‡•αͳ͵ͶǤͶŽ‹–”‡•
Illustration 61
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡’”‡••—”‡‡š‡”–‡†„›͵‘Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡’–‹ƒ˜‡••‡Ž‘ˆ˜‘Ž—‡͸Ž‹–”‡•ƒ–ʹ͹ιǫ
Solution:
‹˜‡ǣ α͸Ž‹–”‡• Ǣ α͵ͲͲ ǢP α͵‘Ž‡•
αP
P ͵ u ͲǤͲͺʹͳ u ͵ͲͲ
 Ÿ  Ÿ αͳʹǤ͵ͳͷƒ–
 ͸
Gas Laws
‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†„›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–‡”•‘”•ƒ›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋȌǡ ”‡••—”‡ȋȌǡ
‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•ȋȌƒ†—„‡” ‘ˆ‘Ž‡•ȋρȌǤ‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•Šƒ˜‡
„‡‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ†ƒ”‡‘™ƒ•‰ƒ•Žƒ™•Ǥ
ȋͳȌ Šƒ”Ž‡̵•ƒ™ ȋʹȌ ‘›Ž‡̵•ƒ™
•ƒ™
ȋ͵Ȍ ƒ›Ǧ—••ƒ ̵•ƒ™ ȋͶȌ ˜‘‰ƒ†”‘̵•ƒ™
”–‹ƒŽ”‡
ȋͷȌ ƒŽ–‘̵•ƒ”–‹ƒŽ”‡••—”‡ƒ™
1. Charle's Lawaw
 ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•Žƒ™ǡˆ‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡ƒ••‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡Ǣ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‹•†‹”‡ –Ž›
’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‹–•ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ
ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›
v  ȋƒ† ƒ”‡‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
ͳ ͳ
ʹ ʹ
Graph for Charle's Law


  ᑐ•–ƒ–  ᑐ•–ƒ– 
 ᑐ•–ƒ–


   Ȃʹ͹͵ι Ͳι – ͳ

‡”‡–”‡’”‡•‡–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ιƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–•‹‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
2. Boyle's Law
 ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‹• Žƒ™ǡ ˆ‘” ƒ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ•• ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǣ –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ• ‹•
‹˜‡”•‡Ž›’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‹–•’”‡••—”‡ǡ
ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›
ͳ
v ȋƒ†ƒ”‡‘•–ƒ–Ȍ

ͳ ͳ ʹ ʹ
Graphs for Boyle’s Law

 ᑐ•–ƒ– ᑐ•–ƒ–
α‘•–ƒ–   
ᑐ•–ƒ–

   ȋͳȀȌ

[ 54 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 62
–ƒ ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡ǡʹ ‘ —’‹‡•˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ͵ͲŽ‹–”‡•ƒ–͵ͲͲǤ ‹†˜‘Ž—‡‘ —’‹‡†„›ʹ ƒ–Ͷʹ͹ιǤ
Solution:
”‘Šƒ”Ž‡̵•ƒ™ǡv 
ͳ ʹ
ͳ ʹ
͵Ͳ ʹ ͳ
Ÿ ʹ u ͹ͲͲ ͹Ͳ Ž‹–”‡•
͵ͲͲ ʹ͹͵  Ͷʹ͹ ͳͲ
Illustration 63
ʹͲŽ‹–”‡• Ͷ ‡š‡”–•ƒ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆͺͲ„ƒ”ƒ–ƒ ‘•–ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‹†’”‡••—”‡‡š‡”–‡†„›–Š‡‰ƒ•‘ˆ
˜‘Ž—‡ͶͲŽ‹–”‡•Ǥ
Solution:
”‘‘›Ž‡̵•Žƒ™ǡ
ͳͳ αʹʹ
ʹͲέͺͲαʹ έͶͲ Ÿ ʹ αͶͲ„ƒ”
Illustration 64 
‹†”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ͳ ƒ†ʹ ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‹˜‡ —”˜‡Ǥ ͳ

Solution: ʹ
”‘‘›Ž‡̵•ƒ™ͳ εʹ

3. Gay–Lussac's Law
 ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•Žƒ™ǡˆ‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡ƒ••‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǣƒ– ‘•–ƒ–˜‘Ž—‡ǡ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‹•†‹”‡ –Ž›
’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‹–•ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ
ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›
 v  ȋƒ†ƒ”‡‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
ଵ ଵ
ൌ
ଶ ଶ
Graph for Gay–Lussac's Law


  ᑐ•–ƒ–  ᑐ•–ƒ– 
   ᑐ•–ƒ–

ȋȌ  ȋȌ Ȃʹ͹͵ι Ͳι –ȋιȌ ͳ


‡”‡–”‡’”‡•‡–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ιƒ†”‡’”‡•‡–•‹‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
4. Avogadro's Law
 ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•Žƒ™ǡƒ–•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ǡ‡“—ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒŽŽ‰ƒ•‡• ‘–ƒ‹‡“—ƒŽ—„‡”
‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡͳ αʹ ‹ˆǡƒ†ƒ”‡•ƒ‡Ǥ
5. Dalton's Partial Pressure Mixture Law
 ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•Žƒ™ǡ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‡š‡”–‡†„›‹š–—”‡‘ˆ‘Ǧ”‡ƒ –‹˜‡‰ƒ•‡•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡•—‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ
’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ‡ƒ Š ‘’‘‡–‰ƒ•‡•’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡‹š–—”‡Ǥ
αͳ Ϊʹ Ϊ͵ ǥǤ

[Link] [ 55 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 65
‹†”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ͳ ƒ†ʹ ˆ‘”‰‹˜‡ —”˜‡Ǥ 
ͳ
Solution: ʹ
”‘ ƒ›Ȃ—••ƒ ̵•ƒ™ǡͳ δʹ ͳȀ
Illustration 66
–ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡʹ ‡š‡”–•ƒ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ͸Ͳ„ƒ”ƒ†ʹ ‡š‡”–•ƒ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆʹͷ„ƒ”‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽ
‘ˆ Ž‘•‡†˜‡••‡ŽǤ ‹†’”‡••—”‡‡š‡”–‡†„›–Š‡‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‹š‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ
Solution:
”‘ƒŽ–‘̵•ƒ”–‹ƒŽ”‡••—”‡‹š–—”‡ƒ™ǡ‡– αͳ Ϊʹ
™Š‡”‡ͳ o ’”‡••—”‡‡š‡”–‡†„›ʹ ƒŽ‘‡α͸Ͳ„ƒ”
ʹ o ’”‡••—”‡‡š‡”–‡†„›ʹ ƒŽ‘‡αʹͷ„ƒ”
? ‡–α͸ͲΪʹͷαͺͷ„ƒ”
Illustration 67
–ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ǡͶ‘Ž‡•‘ˆʹ ‘ —’›ƒ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ͵ͲŽ‹–”‡•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†˜‘Ž—‡
‘ —’‹‡†„›ͳ͸‘Ž‡•‘ˆʹ ƒ–•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
Solution:
”‘˜‘‰ƒ†”‘̵•ƒ™
v 
ͳ ʹ ͵Ͳ ʹ
Ÿ Ÿ ʹ αͳʹͲ
ͳ ʹ Ͷ ͳ͸

BEGINNER’S BOX-5
1.  ˜‡••‡Ž ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž—‡ ͺǤ͵ έ ͳͲȂ͵ ͵ ‘–ƒ‹• ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ʹ͹ι ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡
ʹͲͲƒǤŠ‡‰ƒ•‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ–‹ŽŽ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡ˆƒŽŽ•–‘ͳͲͲƒƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
–‘͵ʹ͹ιǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‰ƒ•‹‘Ž‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‡ƒ‡†‘—–ǫ
PTM419
2Ǥ ™‘ Ž‘•‡†˜‡••‡Ž•‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ‹”ƒ–ͳͲͷƒǡ͵ͲͲƒ†ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ
ƒ””‘™–—„‡Ǥ ˆ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡••‡Ž•‹•‘™ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–͵ͲͲƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ–ͶͲͲǡ™Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ„‡
–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‹–Š‡˜‡••‡Ž•ǫ
PTM420
3. Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‹•ͳŽ‹–”‡ƒ––Š‡’”‡••—”‡ͳǤʹέͳͲ͹ Ȃʹ ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ͶͲͲǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡
–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ
PTM421
4. ˜‡••‡Ž ‘–ƒ‹•–™‘‘Ǧ ”‡ƒ –‹˜‡‰ƒ•‡•ǣ‡‘ȋ‘ƒ–‘‹ Ȍƒ†‘š›‰‡ȋ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ȌŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡•‹•͵ǣʹǤ•–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
ȋƒȌ —„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ†
ȋ„Ȍ ƒ••†‡•‹–›‘ˆ‡‘ƒ†‘š›‰‡‹–Š‡˜‡••‡ŽǤ
–‘‹ ƒ••‘ˆ‡αʹͲǤʹ—Ǥ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ƒ••‘ˆʹα͵ʹǤͲ—Ǥ
PTM422
Different Types of Speeds of Gas Molecules
1. Average velocity
‡ ƒ—•‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ”‡‹”ƒ†‘‘–‹‘‹ƒŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡†‹”‡ –‹‘™‹–ŠƒŽŽ’‘••‹„Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡
ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹ ‘–ƒ‹‡”‹•œ‡”‘Ǥ
˜ͳ  ˜ʹ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ˜
˜
˜! Ͳ


[ 56 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
2. Average speed or Mean speed (vavg)
›ƒš™‡ŽŽǯ•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Žƒ™ ˜ ‘” ȁ ˜ ȁ ! { ˜‡ƒ ˜ƒ˜‰
ȁ ˜ͳ ȁ  ȁ ˜ʹ ȁ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤȁ ˜  ȁ
ȁ ˜ ȁ ! { ˜ ‡ƒ { ˜ ƒ˜‰

3. Most probable speed (vmp)
– ƒ ‰‹˜‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ •’‡‡† –‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒš‹— —„‡” ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• „‡Ž‘‰• ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ• ‘•–
’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡•’‡‡†ȋ˜’Ȍ
4. RMS Speed (vrms)
 ’‡‡† ȋ”‘‘– ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡† •’‡‡†Ȍ ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ •“—ƒ”‡ ”‘‘– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ •“—ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•Ǥ
˜ ͳʹ  ˜ ʹʹ  ˜ ͵ʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ  ˜ ʹ
˜ ”•

Illustration 68
Ͷ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡•’‡‡†•͵—ǡͷ—ǡʹ—ƒ†͸—Ǥ ‹†–Š‡‹””••’‡‡†Ǥ
Solution:
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
͵—  ͷ—  ʹ—  ͸— ͻ  ʹͷ  Ͷ  ͵͸ —ʹ ͵͹
˜ ”• α α —
Ͷ Ͷ ʹ
Maxwell's law of distribution of velocities
ƒš™‡ŽŽŠƒ††”ƒ™ƒ —”˜‡„‡–™‡‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǡ‘˜‹‰™‹–Šƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ǡƒ†˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘™ƒ•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ —”˜‡•Š‘™Š‡”‡Ǥ
ȋƒšȌ ȋͳȌ
ͳαͷͲͲ
ቀୢ୒ቁ

˜’α ‘•–’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡•’‡‡†
ୢ୴

ƒšα ƒš‹——„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•

—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•

ȋƒšȌ ȋʹȌ ƒ–‰‹˜‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡

ʹαͳͲͲͲ
ȋƒšȌ ȋ͵Ȍ
͵αʹͲͲͲ

͵ εʹ εͳ
˜’ȋͳȌ ˜’ȋʹȌ ˜’ȋ͵Ȍ
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ȋ˜Ȍ

ȏ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‹•Žƒ™Ȑ
x Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ƒ”‡‹„‡–™‡‡œ‡”‘ƒ†‹ˆ‹‹–›ȋͲȂ fȌǤ
x Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š ™‹–Š ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ƒš‹• ‰‹˜‡• ƒ• –‘–ƒŽ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡
‘–ƒ‹‡”™Š‹ Š”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–ƒŽ™ƒ›•Ǥ
x ‹–Š –Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘•– ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• „—– ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰
—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
x Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•™‹–Š‹ ‡”–ƒ‹˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›”ƒ‰‡‹• ‘•–ƒ–ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡
Šƒ‰‡• ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›ƒ–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
x  ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒš™‡ŽŽ Ǣ ˜”• ! ˜‡ƒ ! ˜ ’

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Expression for Pressure of An Ideal gas œ
‘•‹†‡”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡ Ž‘•‡†‹ƒ —„‹ ƒŽ˜‡••‡Ž‘ˆŽ‡‰–ŠAǤ 

—’’‘•‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ̵̵ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‹ ƒ ‰ƒ• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‘˜‹‰
™‹–Š˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡• ˜ͳ ǡ ˜ʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ˜ Ǥ
ˆ ™‡ ‘•‹†‡” ƒ› •‹‰Ž‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ –Š‡ ‹–• ‹•–ƒ–ƒ‡‘—•

˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ˜ ƒ„‡‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ• ˜ ˜ ƶ‹  ˜ ƶŒ  ˜ ƶ
š › œ  
› 
—‡–‘”ƒ†‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ A
˜š α˜› α˜œ Ǣ ˜ ˜š ͵ ˜› ͵ ˜œ ͵ ˜ʹš  ˜ʹ›  ˜ʹœ A

—’’‘•‡ƒ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‘ˆƒ••‹•‘˜‹‰™‹–Šƒ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›˜š –‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ˆƒ ‡Ǥ –•–”‹‡•–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡

—„‹ ƒŽ˜‡••‡Žƒ†”‡–—”•„ƒ –‘•–”‹‡–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
Šƒ‰‡‹‘‡–—‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡’‡” ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘'’αȂ ˜š Ȃ ˜š αȂ ʹ˜š
‘‡–—–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡••‡Ž’‡”‘Ž‡ —Ž‡’‡” ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘'’αʹ˜š
Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†„›–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‹‰‘‹‰–‘ˆƒ ‡ƒ† ‘‹‰„ƒ ‹• ʹ Ǥ
ʹ
‘ǡ–Š‡–‹‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘•— ‡••‹˜‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘‹• '–
˜š
˜š ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ˜ ”• ˜
—„‡”‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ ’‡”•‡ ’‡”‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‹• ˆ Ǣ ˆ ‘” ˆ
ʹ ‡ƒ
‡ƒˆ”‡‡’ƒ–Š O O
‡ ‡‘‡–—–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†–‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽ’‡”•‡ ‘†„›–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ˆ‘” ‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽ
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡˆ‘” ‡
˜š ˜ ʹš
˜ ʹ ª
ȋʹš Ȍ ¬ •  ͵š º¼
ʹ ͵
ͳ ˜ʹ ͳ ˜ ʹ
”‡••—”‡‡š‡”–‡†„›‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡  Ÿ  > u @
 ͵ u ͵ 
ͳ ˜ʹ ͳ ˜ʹ  ͳ  ¦ ˜ʹ ͳ  ʹ
”‡••—”‡‡š‡”–‡†„›‰ƒ•  ¦͵  ¦͵  u ͵   ͵ 
˜ ”•

͵ ͵P ͵ ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ

Ÿ ˜ ʹ”• Ÿ ˜ ”• ǡ ˜ ”• U˜ ”•
 ρ™ ™ ͵ ͵

Ȉ ˜‡”ƒ‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š™ƒŽŽα Ǥ
͸

‘Ǥ‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒŽ‘‰‡ƒ Šƒš‹•α ȋš α› αœȌ
͵
˜ʹ”•
Ȉ ˜ʹš ˜ʹ› ˜œʹ ‘‘–‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒŽ‘‰ƒ›ƒš‹•ˆ‘”‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‹•
͵
˜ ”•
ȋ˜ ”• Ȍ ȋ˜ ”• Ȍ› ȋ˜ ”• Ȍœ
͵
ŽŽ‰ƒ•Žƒ™•ƒ†‰ƒ•‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†„›‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•ȋ‡š ‡’– ‘—Ž‡ǯ•Žƒ™Ȍ
Translational Kinetic Energy
ͳ ͳ ͳ
 ˜ͳʹ  ˜ʹʹ  ˜͵ʹ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
ͳ 
 ȏ˜ͳʹ  ˜ʹʹ  ˜͵ʹ  ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤȐu
ʹ 

[ 58 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
ͳ ʹ ­ ͳ ͵ ½
 ”• ® Uȋ”• Ȍʹ Ÿ ȋ”• Ȍʹ ¾
ʹ ¯ ͵ U¿
ͳ § ͵ · ­  ½
 ¨ ¸ ®U Ÿ ¾
ʹ © U ¹ ¯  U¿
͵
 
ʹ

α ˜ ᐇ”‰›†‡•‹–›

͵
 
ʹ
Expression of RMS Speed
ͳ ͵   „
Ÿ  Uȋ”• Ȍʹ Ÿ ”• Ÿ
͵ U U  
ͳ ͵    „
Ÿ  Uȋ”• Ȍʹ Ÿ ”• Ÿ
͵ U U  

͵ ͵ ͵ „
Ÿ ”•
U ™ 

ˆ‰ƒ•‹••ƒ‡ȋ™α ‘•–ǤȌƒ†–‡’Ǥ‹• Šƒ‰‡† Ÿ ”• v 

ͳ
ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• ‘•–ƒ–ƒ†‰ƒ•‹• Šƒ‰‡† Ÿ ”• v
™
Effect of pressure at constant temp.:
ͳ U
”• v Ÿ 
™ ™

Ƭ™ α ‘•–ƒ– ? ‘•–Ǥ
U
‘ǡ ‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‘”•Ǥ
͵
Note: ˆ‘Ž›–‡’Ǥ‹• Šƒ‰‡†ǡ ”•


͵
ˆ‘Ž›’”‡••—”‡‹• Šƒ‰‡†ǡ ”•
U

͵
ˆ„‘–Š’”‡••—”‡Ƭ–‡’Ǥ‹• Šƒ‰‡†ǡ ”•

Most probable speed
ʹ ʹ ʹ „
˜ ’
U ™ 
Average speed
ͺ ͺ ͺ „
˜ ƒ˜
SU S™ S

[Link] [ 59 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Comparision
͵ ͵ ͵ „ ͺ ͺ ͺ „
˜ ”• Ƭ ˜ ƒ˜
U ™  SU S™ S

ʹ ʹ ʹ „
˜ ’ ”• ! ‡ƒ ! 
U ™ 
Escape Velocity
Š‡‹‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‘”‘„Œ‡ ––‘‡• ƒ’‡‘—–ˆ”‘‡ƒ”–Š•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
ʹ 
‡• Ÿ ȋ‡•Ȍ‡ƒ”–ŠαͳͳǤʹȀ•‡

Relation of escape Velocity with rms
‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡–‘„‡’”‡•‡–ƒ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ›’Žƒ‡–ǣ
”• 䇕 o –‘•’Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–
”• 燕 o ‘ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡
ʹ
͵ ȋ Ȍʹ ™ ‡• ™
t ‡• Ÿ  t ‡• Ÿ ‹
 ͵ ͵
™
‹ u ͳͲ͹  o Š‡”‡™‹•‹‰Ǥ
ʹ
™
‹ u ͳͲͶ  o Š‡”‡™‹•‹‰”ƒǤ
ʹ
Note: ȋ‹Ȍ ˆ™‡ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ–ͳͲͶ Š›†”‘‰‡‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡
‡ƒ”–Š•—”ˆƒ ‡ˆ‹”•–Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘‘Šƒ•‘ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡”‡”••’‡‡†‘ˆ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Š‡ –Š‡‡• ƒ’‡
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ
Illustration 69
Š‡”•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰‹˜‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ƒ–ʹ͹郐†ͳǤͲ έ ͳͲͷ Ȃʹ ’”‡••—”‡‹• ͳͲͲȀ•Ǥ ˆ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ͷʹ͹郐†ʹǤͷέͳͲͷ Ȃʹǡ–Š‡”• ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ Ǧ
Solution:
͵
˜ ”•

‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡‰ƒ•ǡ ˜ ”• v 
˜ ”•ͳ ˜ ”•ʹ ͳͲͲ ˜ ”•ʹ
Ÿ Ÿ ˜ ”•ʹ ͳ͸͵ Ȁ •
ͳ ʹ ͵ͲͲ ͺͲͲ

Illustration 70
Š‡”•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ ʹ ‹•ͺέͳͲ Ȁ•ǤŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡”•˜‡Ž‘
͵ ‹–›‘ˆʹ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣ
Solution:
ͳ ˜ ”ǤǤ•Ǥ ʹ ʹ ͳ ͳ
˜ ”ǤǤ•Ǥ v Ÿ α Ÿ ˜ ”ǤǤ•Ǥ ʹ
u ͺ u ͳͲ͵ αʹέͳͲ͵ Ȁ•
™ ˜ ”ǤǤ•Ǥ ͵ʹ Ͷ Ͷ
ʹ

[ 60 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 71
–ƒ ‘•–ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ˆ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‹•–”‹’Ž‡†Ǥ ‹†ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡‹‘•–’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡•’‡‡†Ǥ
Solution:
ʹ ʹ
˜ ’
 U

– ‘•–ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Š‡ ‡˜’ †‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡„› Šƒ‰‡’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
U
Illustration 72
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ–™Š‹ Šʹ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‡• ƒ’‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
Solution:
͵ ʹ ™
˜ ”• t ͳͳǤʹu ͳͲ͵  Ȁ • Ÿ t ͳͳǤʹ u ͳͲ͵ u
™ ͵
ʹ ™
‘”‹‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ α ͳͳǤʹ u ͳͲ͵ u αͳͶέͳͲͶ
͵
Degrees of Freedom (f)
Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡–™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Šƒ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‘”ƒƒ–‘ ƒ‡šŠ‹„‹–‘–‹‘‘”Šƒ˜‡‡‡”‰›‹•
ƒŽŽ‡† ‹–• †‡‰”‡‡• ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ (OR) Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡• ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ› –Š‡
†›ƒ‹ •–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‹–•†‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ
Types of Degrees of freedom
ȋƒȌ Translational Degree of freedom : —„‡”‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡–™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Šƒ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ƒ›’‡”ˆ‘”
–”ƒ•Žƒ–‘”›‘–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒš‹—–Š”‡‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘–‹‘Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ Rotational Degree of freedom : —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ‰ƒ• ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ƒ› ’‡”ˆ‘”
”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘–‹‘ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ Vibrational Degree of freedom : —„‡”‘ˆ‹†‡’‡†‡–™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Šƒ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ƒ›˜‹„”ƒ–‡Ǥ
–‹•‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†ƒ–Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘Ž›Ǥ
Degrees of freedom for different gases according to atomicity of gas at low temperature
Atomicity of gas Translational Rotational Total
›
‘‘ƒ–‘‹
͵ Ͳ ͵
Ex. ”ǡ‡ǡ †‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡– š
œ

‹ƒ–‘‹
͵ ʹ ͷ
Ex. ʹǡŽʹǡʹ ‡– Ǥ

”‹ƒ–‘‹ ȋŽ‹‡ƒ”Ȍ
͵ ʹ ͷ αα
Ex. ʹǡʹ ʹ

”‹ƒ–‘‹ ȋ‘ȂŽ‹‡ƒ”Ȍ
‘”‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ ͵ ͵ ͸
Ex. ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷ

[Link] [ 61 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
– Š‹‰Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ †‹ƒ–‘‹  ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ Šƒ• ͹ †‡‰”‡‡• ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡†‘Ǥ ȋ͵ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ ʹ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†
ʹ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽȌ
Note: ‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘†‡’‡†•‘ƒ–‘‹ ‹–›ǡ•–”— –—”‡Ƭ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ
‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘ α‘–ƒŽ‘ Ȃ ȋ”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽΪ‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽȌ ‘
Maxwell's Law of Equipartition of Energy
Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹•‡“—ƒŽŽ›†‹•–”‹„—–‡†ƒ‘‰‹–•ƒŽŽ†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ†–Š‡
ͳ
‡‡”‰›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‡ƒ Š†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ƒ–ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•  „ 
ʹ
For one molecule of gas
ͳ
‡”‰›”‡Žƒ–‡†™‹–Š‡ƒ Š†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘α  „ 
ʹ
ˆ
‡”‰›”‡Žƒ–‡†™‹–ŠƒŽŽ†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘α  „ 
ʹ
˜ ʹ”• ͳ ͵
˜ ʹš ˜ ʹ› ˜ œʹ Ÿ ˜ʹ”•  „
͵ ʹ ʹ
ͳ ˜ʹ ͵  „ ͳ
‘ǡ ‡‡”‰›”‡Žƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘α  ”•  „
ʹ ͵ ʹ ͵ ʹ
Gas f Translational Rotational Total
͵ ͵
‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ͵  „ Ͳ  „
ʹ ʹ
͵ ʹ ͷ
‹ƒ–‘‹ ͷȋ͵ΪʹȌ  „  „  „
ʹ ʹ ʹ
”‹ƒ–‘‹ ͵ ʹ ͷ
ͷȋ͵ΪʹȌ  „  „  „
”‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ ȋ‹‡ƒ”Ȍ ʹ ʹ ʹ
”‹ƒ–‘‹ ͵ ͵ ͸
͸ȋ͵Ϊ͵Ȍ  „  „  „
”‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ ȋ‘Ǧ‹‡ƒ”Ȍ ʹ ʹ ʹ

Note: ‘”‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹ˆƒ–‘‹ ‹–›‹•‘–‘™–Š‡–ƒ‡ˆα͵

Illustration 73
‹†”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆͶ‘Ž‡•‘ˆʹ ƒ–ͳʹ͹ιǤ
Solution:
αͶͲͲ Ƭ ραͶ
ʹ
‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆʹȋ‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•Ȍα ρ αͶέͺǤ͵ͳͶέͶͲͲ αͳ͵͵Ͳʹ 
ʹ
Illustration 74
–ͳʹ͹ι–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•ͳǤ ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ͷʹ͹ιǡ–Š‡
–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›™‘—Ž†„‡
Solution:
‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰› v 
ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ
Ÿ Ÿ ʹ αʹͳ
ͳ ʹ ͶͲͲ ͺͲͲ

[ 62 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 75
‹†”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆͶ‘Ž‡•‘ˆ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ƒ–͵ͲͲƒ†͸‘Ž‡•‘ˆ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ƒ–ʹͺͲǤ
Solution:
ˆ ͵
ρͳ ͳ ͳ Ͷ u  u ͵ͲͲ
ʹ ʹ ͵
ƒ–‹‘α α
ˆʹ ͷ ͹
ρʹ ʹ ͸ u  u ʹͺͲ
ʹ ʹ
Illustration 76
͹‘Ž‡•‘ˆ–”‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•‹•ƒ–ͶͲͲ–Š‡™Šƒ–ˆ”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ǫ
Solution:
͵ ʹ ͵ ʹ ͷ
‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›α ρ Ǣ ‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‡”‰›α ρ Ǣ ‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›α ρ  ρ α ρ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
ʹ
ρ
ʹ
”ƒ –‹‘α ʹ α
ͷ ͷ
ρ
ʹ
Specific Heat of Gas and Mayer's Law
Specific Heat
Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ —‹– “—ƒ–‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ •—„•–ƒ ‡ „› ͳι
ȋ‘”ͳȌ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‹–••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–Ǥ –‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›•‘” Ǥ
ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ•• Šƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘–‘ȋΪ†Ȍ ™Š‡‹–‡š Šƒ‰‡•ƒƒ‘—–‘ˆ
ͳ †
Š‡ƒ–†™‹–Š‹–••—””‘—†‹‰•–Š‡‹–••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‹•
—ƒ–‹–› †
’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–• ƒ„‡‘Žƒ”‘”‰”ƒǤ
(i) Gram specific heat
Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡‡”‰›”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͳ‰”ƒ‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡„›ͳιȋ‘”ͳȌ‹•
ƒŽŽ‡†‹–• ‰”ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–Ǥ
ˆƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ••ȋ‹‰”ƒȌ‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡„›
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡'ǡ–Š‡‰”ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǡ
ͳ 
‰”ƒ ‹–ǣ ‘—Ž‡Ȁ‰ȂιǢ  ƒŽȀ‰Ȃι
 '
(ii) Molar specific heat
Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡‡”‰›”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͳ‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡„›ͳιȋ‘”ͳȌ‹•
ƒŽŽ‡†‹–•‘Žƒ”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–Ǥ
ˆƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆρ‘Ž‡•‘ˆƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡„›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
'ǡ–Š‡‘Žƒ”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǡ
ͳ 
‘Žƒ” ‹–ǣ ‘—Ž‡Ȁ‘ŽȂιǢ ƒŽȀ‘ŽȂι
ρ '
Note: ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–•‘ˆ‰ƒ• ƒ˜ƒ”›ˆ”‘œ‡”‘ȋͲȌ–‘‹ˆ‹‹–›Ǥ
Ȉ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ –™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–•ƒ”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‰ƒ•Ȃ
ȋƒȌ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–˜‘Ž—‡ȋ Ȍ
ȋ„Ȍ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡ȋ Ȍ
Ȉ Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’‘••‹„Ž‡’”‘ ‡••‡•–‘‰‹˜‡Š‡ƒ––‘ƒ‰ƒ•Ǥ
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ– ƒ„‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†–‘‡ƒ Š•— Š’”‘ ‡••™Š‹ Š†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ

[Link] [ 63 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Molar Specific of gas for different processes

(i) Isochoric Process ᑐ•–ƒ– Ǣ 
P '

(ii) Isobaric Process ᑐ•–ƒ– Ǣ 
P '

(iii) Isothermal Process ᑐ•–ƒ– Ǣ
P '
? 'αͲ Ÿ ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ αf

(iv) Adiabatic Process αͲ Ǣ Ÿ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ αͲ
P '
Mayer’s Law
ˆ §ˆ ·
‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• ˜  ; ’ ¨  ͳ ¸ 
ʹ ©ʹ ¹
’ Ȃ ˜ α ȋ–Š‹•‹•‘™ƒ•ƒ›‡”̵•Žƒ™Ȍ
If gram specific heats are given :
‘Žƒ” α™ ȋ ‰”ƒȌ ™Š‡”‡ǡ ™ ‹•‘Žƒ”ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•
‘ǡȋ’Ȍ‘Žƒ” α™ȋ ’Ȍ‰”ƒ ǡ ȋ˜Ȍ‘Žƒ” α™ȋ˜Ȍ‰”ƒ
›ƒ›‡”̵•ƒ™ǡ

’  ˜ α Ÿ ™ȋ ’Ȍ‰”ƒ ™ȋ Ȍ‰”ƒ α Ÿ ȋ ’Ȍ‰”ƒ ȋ Ȍ‰”ƒα
™
Gas f CV CP J
͵ ͷ ͷ
‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ͵   | ͳǤ͸͹
ʹ ʹ ͵
ͷ ͹ ͹
‹ƒ–‘‹ ͷ   | ͳǤͶ
ʹ ʹ ͷ
”‹ƒ–‘‹ ͷ ͹ ͹
ͷ   | ͳǤͶ
”‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ ȋ‹‡ƒ”Ȍ ʹ ʹ ͷ
”‹ƒ–‘‹ ͸ ͺ Ͷ
͸   | ͳǤ͵͵
”‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ ȋ‘Ǧ‹‡ƒ”Ȍ ʹ ʹ ͵

Molar specific heat for mixture of gases

—’’‘•‡™‡Šƒ˜‡–™‘‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡•‘ˆ‘Ž‡•ρͳ Ƭρʹ ™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–• ͳƬ ʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‘™‹ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”‡
‹š‡†ƒ†–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‡†–‹ŽŽ–Š‡‹”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Šƒ‰‡•„›'Ǥ
ˆͳ o Š‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•„›'
ʹ o Š‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•„›'
‹š o –‘–ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹š–—”‡„›'
–Š‡ˆ”‘‡‡”‰› ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘
‹šα ͳ Ϊʹ
Ÿ P‹š‹š'αPͳͳ'ΪPʹʹ'
Pͳͳ  Pʹʹ
Ÿ ‹š ȋ P‹š αPͳ ΪPʹȌ
Pͳ  Pʹ
Pͳͳ  Pʹʹ
ˆ˜ ‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡ǡ ȋ Ȍ‹š
Pͳ  Pʹ

[ 64 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Pͳͳ  Pʹʹ
ˆ ‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡ǡ ȋ Ȍ‹š
Pͳ  Pʹ
ȋ Ȍ‹š Pͳͳ  Pʹʹ
J ‹š
ȋ Ȍ‹š Pͳͳ  Pʹʹ
Illustration 77
͵ ‘Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‘‘ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ• ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ–‡† ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– ’”‡••—”‡ ˆ”‘ ʹ͹ι –‘ ʹʹ͹ιǤ ‹† ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ–
”‡“—‹”‡†ȋ‹–‡”•‘ˆȌǤ
Solution:
ͷ
– ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡‘Žƒ”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‘ˆ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ǡ  α 
ʹ
'αʹͲͲ
ͷ
‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†  ρ ' α ͵ u  u ʹͲͲ αͳͷͲͲ
ʹ
Illustration 78
ˆͶ‘Ž‡•‘ˆ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ–‡†ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–˜‘Ž—‡„›‰‹˜‹‰͵ͲͲŠ‡ƒ–ǤŠ‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡‹
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ
Solution:
– ‘•–ƒ–˜‘Ž—‡
ͷ
˜  ȋˆ‘”†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•Ȍ
ʹ
ͷ
ρ˜ '  Ÿ Ͷ u  u ' ͵ͲͲ Ÿ 'α͵Ͳ
ʹ
Illustration 79
ˆͶ‘Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ƒ†ʹ‘Ž‡•‘ˆƒ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ƒ”‡‹š‡†–Š‡ˆ‹†˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆJ ˆ‘”–Š‡‹š–—”‡Ǥ
Solution:
͵ ͷ
‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ǣ ρͳ αͶǡ ͳ  ǡ ͳ 
ʹ ʹ
ͷ ͹
‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ǣ ρʹ αʹǡ ʹ  ǡ ʹ 
ʹ ʹ
ͷ ͹
Pͳͳ  Pʹʹ Ͷ u   ʹu 
J ‹š α ʹ ʹ ͳǤͷͶ
Pͳͳ  Pʹʹ ͵ ͷ
Ͷ u   ʹu 
ʹ ʹ
Mixture of Gases
Case – I
‡”‡–™‘‰ƒ•‡•‡’–‹–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜‡••‡Ž•ƒ”‡‹š‡†‹ƒ‘–Š‡”˜‡••‡ŽǤ

ͳ
ʹ ͵
ͳ ʹ ͵
ͳ ʹ ͵
Pͳ Pʹ P͵

[Link] [ 65 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
‡”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‡•—Ž–ƒ›‘”ƒ›‘–„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ͳ Ϊʹ z ͵ Ǣ ͳ Ϊʹ z ͵ Ǣ ͳ Ϊʹ z ͵
—–™‡ ƒ•—”‡Ž›•ƒ›–Šƒ–
Pͳ ΪPʹ αP͵ ȏ ”‘ƒ•• ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ȑ
ͳ ͳ ʹʹ ͵ ͵ ͳ ͳ ʹʹ ͵ ͵
Ÿ  Ÿ 
ͳ ʹ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͵
Case – II
‡”‡–™‘‰ƒ•‡•‡’–‹–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜‡••‡Ž• ‘‡ –‡†˜‹ƒƒ–—„‡ƒ••Š‘™Ǥ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‹•–—„‡
‹•˜‡”›•ƒŽŽ•‘‹–•˜‘Ž—‡ ƒ„‡‡‰Ž‡ –‡†™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ˜‡••‡ŽǤ

ͳ 
ͳ ʹ ͳ 
ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ
ʹ ʹ
Pͳ Pʹ Ɋଵᇱ Ɋᇱଶ

‹–‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡˜ƒŽ˜‡‹• Ž‘•‡†™Š‹ Š†‘‡•‘–Ž‡–‹š‹‰‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡•„—–ƒˆ–‡”‘’‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒŽ˜‡‰ƒ•‡•™‹ŽŽ‹š

—–‹Ž’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ„‘–Š˜‡••‡Ž•„‡ ‘‡‡“—ƒŽǤ
Ž•‘ǡ ™‡ ƒ•ƒ›ˆ”‘ƒ•• ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Pͳ ΪPʹ α Pͳ̵  Pʹ̵
ͳ ͳ ʹʹ ͳ ʹ ͳ ͳ ʹʹ ͳ ʹ
Ÿ   Ÿ  
ͳ ʹ ͳ̵ ʹ̵ ͳ ʹ ͳ̵ ʹ̵
Illustration 80
™‘‰ƒ•‡•‡’–‹–™‘‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ˜‡••‡Ž‘ˆ˜‘Ž—‡͵ͲŽ‹–”‡•ƒ–•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡͵ͲͲƒ†•ƒ‡’”‡••—”‡
ʹͲƒ–ƒ”‡‹š‡†‹ƒ˜‡••‡ŽŠƒ˜‹‰•ƒ‡˜‘Ž—‡ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹š–—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
Solution:
ͳ ͳ ʹʹ ͵ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͵
 Ÿ 
ͳ ʹ ͵ ͳ ʹ ͵
ʹͲ ʹͲ 
Ÿ  Ÿ αͶͲƒ–
͵ͲͲ ͵ͲͲ ͵ͲͲ
Mean Free Path and Real Gases
Mean Free Path
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‹‹–•’ƒ–Š—†‡”‰‘‡•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘••‘–Š‡’ƒ–Š–”ƒ˜‡”•‡†„›‹–‹•‘–ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡„—–
•‘‡™Šƒ– œ‹‰œƒ‰Ǥ ‡–™‡‡ –™‘ •— ‡••‹˜‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘• ƒ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ –”ƒ˜‡Ž• ‹ ƒ •–”ƒ‹‰Š– Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š —‹ˆ‘”
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ•‘–‹‘‹•”ƒ†‘–Š—•–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†„›‘Ž‡ —Ž‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘•— ‡••‹˜‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘•‹•
‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•‡“—ƒŽǤ

[ 66 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‹•–ƒ ‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†„›ƒ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘•— ‡••‹˜‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ•‡ƒˆ”‡‡’ƒ–Š
ȋOȌ‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡Ǥ
ͳ 
O ʹ
‡”‡ǡ α α‘Ǥ‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•’‡”—‹–˜‘Ž—‡
ʹS†  
†α†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆƒ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡
Real Gas
”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‘‰ƒ•‹•‹†‡ƒŽƒ–ƒŽŽǤŠ‡›•Š‘™•‘‡†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ†ƒ”‡‘™ƒ•‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǥ
ƒ‹ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‹•–™‘’‘•–—Žƒ–‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ••—‡†‹‹‡–‹ Š‡‘”›‘ˆ ƒ•‡•ǣǦ
ȋ‹Ȍ –‡”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘” ‡„‡–™‡‡‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‹œ‡‘ˆ ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ „—–’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡Ǥ
Compressibility Factor
–‹•—•‡†–‘‡š’”‡••–Š‡‡š–‡–‘ˆ†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ˆ”‘‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥ –‹•†‡‘–‡†„›Ǥ
‘”ƒ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ǡ—Ž‹‡‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• ”‡ƒŽ z ρ
‘’”‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆƒ –‘”‘ˆƒ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǡ
”‡ƒŽ

ρ
Š‡”‡ǡ o ”‡••—”‡‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• Ǣ ρo ‘Ǥ‘ˆ‘Ž‡•‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•
o ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• Ǣ ”‡ƒŽ o ‘Ž—‡‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•
‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‘ˆ•ƒ‡‘Ž‡ρƒ–•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ǡ™‡ ƒ™”‹–‡
”‡ƒŽ ”‡ƒŽ
‹†‡ƒŽαρ–Š‡ 
‹†‡ƒŽ ‹†‡ƒŽ
‘™ǡ ™‡™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ•‡•‘ˆ
Case-,,  αͳ Ÿ ȏ”‡ƒŽ ዆‡ƒŽȐ
Š—•ǡ ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•„‡Šƒ˜‡•ƒ•‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• ȋœ‡”‘†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ
Case-,,, εͳ Ÿ ȏ”‡ƒŽ 勆‡ƒŽȐ
Š—•ǡ ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡š’ƒ† ™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ†Š‡ ‡™‡ ƒ•ƒ›’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Case-,,,, δͳ Ÿ ȏ”‡ƒŽ 䋆‡ƒŽȐ
Š—•ǡ ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• ‘’”‡••™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ†Š‡ ‡™‡ ƒ•ƒ›‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Compressibility Factor Curve


ͳ
†‡ƒŽ ƒ•
ͳ
ʹ
ͳεʹε͵

͵

ȋƒ–Ȍ
Ͳ ʹͲͲ ͶͲͲ ͸ͲͲ ͺͲͲ
Š—•ǡ ™‡ ƒ •‡‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —”˜‡ –Šƒ– ”‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—” ƒ– Low Pressure ƒ†
High TemperatureǤ

[Link] [ 67 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Vander Waal's Equation for Real Gas
Pressure Correction: ‹ ‡ǡ ™‡Šƒ˜‡‡‰Ž‡ –‡†‹–‡”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ–Š—•ƒ –—ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•™‹ŽŽ
„‡Ž‡••–Šƒ‹†‡ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ƒ†‹–™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–ǡ
Pʹƒ
‹†‡ƒŽ ”‡ƒŽ 
ʹ
ƒo ‘•–ƒ–ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡†‡’‡†•‘”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǥ
Volume Correction: Ž•‘ǡ ™‡Šƒ˜‡‡‰Ž‡ –‡†•‹œ‡‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•„—–ƒ –—ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡‘ —’‹‡†„›”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•™‹ŽŽ„‡
‹†‡ƒŽ ᔇƒŽ Ȃ P„
„o ‘•–ƒ–ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡†‡’‡†•‘”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǥ
‘™ǡ ƒ’’Ž›‹‰‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡“—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ
‹†‡ƒŽ‹†‡ƒŽ αP
§ Pʹƒ ·
¨¨   ¸ ȋ  P„Ȍ P
ʹ ¸
©  ¹
Š‹•‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹•‘™ƒ•ƒ†‡”ƒƒŽ̵•“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡ƒŽ ƒ• ‡“—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Illustration 81
 š›‰‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ‹• –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‹ ƒ‹” ƒ– ͵ͲͲ  ƒ† ͳ ƒ–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ †‹ƒ‡–‡” ‘ˆ ‘š›‰‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ‹•
ͳǤʹέͳͲȂͳͲǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡‡ƒˆ”‡‡’ƒ–Š‘ˆ‘š›‰‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡Ǥ
Solution:
  ͳͲͳǤ͵ u ͳͲ͵
 αʹǤͶͶͻέͳͲʹͷ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Ȁ͵
  „ ͳǤ͵ͺͳ u ͳͲʹ͵ u ͵ͲͲ
†αͳǤʹέͳͲȂͳͲ
ͳ
O
ʹS†ʹ
ͳ ͳ
O Ÿ O Ÿ O αͲǤ͸͵έͳͲȂ͸ 
ʹ u Su ʹǤͶͶͻ u ͳͲʹͷ u ȋͳǤʹ u ͳͲͳͲ Ȍʹ ͳͷǤ͸ͷu ͳͲͷ
Illustration 82
‰ƒ•–Šƒ–‹•‘ˆʹ‘Ž‡•‘ —’‹‡•ƒ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͷͲͲŽƒ–͵ͲͲ‡Ž˜‹ƒ†ͷͲƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ’”‡••—”‡ǡ
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ ‘’”‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ
Solution:
”‡ƒŽ ͷͲέ ͷͲͲȀͳͲͲͲ
‘’”‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆƒ –‘”  α αͲǤͷͲͺͳǤ
ρ ʹέͲǤͲͺʹέ͵ͲͲ
Illustration 83
•‹‰˜ƒ†‡” ƒƒŽ•̵‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ ‘•–ƒ–̵ƒ̵™Š‡–™‘‘Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰ƒ• ‘ˆ‹‡†‹ƒˆ‘—” Ž‹–”‡
ˆŽƒ•‡š‡”–•ƒ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆͳͳƒ–ƒ–ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ͵ͲͲǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ̵„̵‹• ͲǤͲͷŽ‹–”‡‘ŽΫͳǤ
Solution:
‹˜‡ǡ  αͶǡαͳͳƒ–ǡα͵ͲͲǡ„αͲǤͲͷŽ‹–”‡Ȁ‘Žǡραʹ‘Ž‡•
§ Pʹƒ ·
ƒ†‡”ƒŽŽ̵• ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ρ‘Ž‡•‘ˆ‰ƒ•‹•ǡ ¨   ʹ ¸ ȋ  P„Ȍ P
¨  ¸¹
©
§ ʹʹ ·
Š—• ¨ ͳͳ  ƒ ʹ ¸ ȏͶ  ʹ ȋͲǤͲͷȌȐ ʹ u ͲǤͲͺʹ u ͵ͲͲ Ÿ ƒα͸ǤͶ͸ƒ–Ž‹–”‡ʹ ‘ŽȂʹ
¨ Ͷ ¸¹
©

[ 68 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN

BEGINNER’S BOX-6

1. ‹˜‡ǣ ˜‘‰ƒ†”‘ —„‡”  α ͸ǤͲʹ έ ͳͲʹ͵ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Ȁ‘Ž‡ ƒ† ‘Ž–œƒ̵• ‘•–ƒ–
„ αͳǤ͵ͺέͳͲȂʹ͵ Ȁȋ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ǦȌǤ
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ǣ Ǧ
ȋƒȌ Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‘š›‰‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ƒ–ʹ͹ι
ȋ„Ȍ Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ‘š›‰‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ƒ–ʹ͹ι
ȋ Ȍ Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆͳ‘Ž‡‘ˆ‘š›‰‡‰ƒ•ƒ–ʹ͹ιǤ
PTM423
2. Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•‹•Ȃ͹͵ιǤ‘™Šƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Š‘—Ž†‹–„‡Š‡ƒ–‡†•‘–Šƒ–
ȋƒȌ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‹•†‘—„Ž‡†ǫ
ȋ„Ȍ –Š‡”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹•†‘—„Ž‡†ǫ
PTM424

3. ‘”ƒ‰ƒ• αͲǤͶǤ ‘”–Š‹•‰ƒ• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ȃ

ȋƒȌ ƒ–‘‹ ‹–›ƒ††‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘
ȋ„Ȍ ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ˜ ƒ†J
ȋ Ȍ ‡ƒ‰”ƒǦ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ƒ–͵ͲͲ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
PTM425
4. ˆ–Š”‡‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ”‡Šƒ˜‹‰•’‡‡†•˜ͳ ˜ʹ ƒ†˜͵ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡‹”ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡
•’‡‡†ƒ†”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡•’‡‡†ǫ
PTM426
5. ‘—”‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ƒ”‡Šƒ˜‹‰•’‡‡†•‘ˆͳǡͶǡͺƒ†ͳ͸• ȂͳǤ ‹†–Š‡”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǫ
PTM427
6. ˆŽƒ• ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ”‰‘ƒ† ŠŽ‘”‹‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆʹǣͳ„›ƒ••ǤŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹š–—”‡
‹•ʹ͹ιǤ„–ƒ‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
ȋƒȌ ˜‡”ƒ‰‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›’‡”‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ǡƒ†
ȋ„Ȍ ”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡•’‡‡†ȋQ”•Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ
–‘‹ ƒ••‘ˆƒ”‰‘α͵ͻǤͻ—ǣ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ƒ••‘ˆ ŠŽ‘”‹‡α͹ͲǤͻ—Ǥ
PTM428

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ALLEN NEET : Physics

Thermodynamics
Introduction
”ƒ Š ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ • ™Š‹ Š †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹–‡”Ȃ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Š‡ƒ– ‡‡”‰› ƒ† ƒ› ‘–Š‡” ˆ‘” ‘ˆ
‡‡”‰›‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •Ǥ –Š‹•„”ƒ Š‘ˆ’Š›•‹ •ǡ™‡†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰Š‡ƒ–ǡ
™‘”ƒ†‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ǥ –Š‹•„”ƒ Š‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹–‘‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™‘”ƒ†˜‹ ‡
˜‡”•ƒ‹••–—†‹‡†Ǥ

Thermodynamical System & Important terms

Š‡ •›•–‡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ „‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ ‘ˆ ’”‡••—”‡ ȋȌǡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ȋȌ ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋȌǡ ‹• ‘™
–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •›•–‡Ǥ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†’‘”–‹‘‘ˆƒ––‡” ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ‘‡‘”‘”‡•—„•–ƒ ‡•‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡
‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡••— Šƒ•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡–‘„‡•–—†‹‡†ǡ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†
ƒ•›•–‡Ǥ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‰ƒ•‡ Ž‘•‡†‹ƒ ›Ž‹†‡”ˆ‹––‡†™‹–Šƒ’‹•–‘‹•ƒ•›•–‡Ǥ
Heterogeneous System
•›•–‡™Š‹ Š‹•‘–—‹ˆ‘”–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‹••ƒ‹†–‘„‡Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—•Ǥ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ•›•–‡ ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ–™‘‘”
‘”‡‹‹• ‹„Ž‡Ž‹“—‹†•Ǥ
Homogeneous System
•›•–‡‹••ƒ‹†–‘„‡Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—•‹ˆ‹–‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›—‹ˆ‘”–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–Ǥ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ—”‡•‘Ž‹†‘”Ž‹“—‹†Ǥ
Surroundings
›–Š‹‰ ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ •›•–‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡š Šƒ‰‡• ‡‡”‰› ™‹–Š –Š‡ •›•–‡ ƒ† ™Š‹ Š –‡†• –‘ Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡
’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‹–••—””‘—†‹‰•Ǥ
Universe
Š‡•›•–‡ƒ†‹–••—””‘—†‹‰•ƒ”‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”‘™ƒ•–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ
Boundary
‡ƒŽ‘”‹ƒ‰‹ƒ”›™ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•–Š‡•›•–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰•
—””‘—†‹‰

‹•–‘ ‘—†ƒ”›
›•–‡
›•–‡
• ‡
‡
—””‘—†‹‰ —””‘—†‹‰
‘—†ƒ”›
—””‘—†‹‰

—””‘—†‹‰

Types of Systems
ȋͳȌ Open System : ›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ȋʹȌ Closed System : ’‡‡–”ƒ„Ž‡„›ƒ––‡”ǡ„—–‘–Š‡”‹†•‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ƒ‘ —”Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ Semipermeable : ‡‡–”ƒ„Ž‡„›•‘‡•’‡ ‹‡•ǡ„—–‘–„›‘–Š‡”•Ǣ”‡•–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ȋͶȌ Insulated System : Š‡”ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•ƒ”‡‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ„—–‘–Š‡”ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ƒ‘ —”Ǥ
ȋͷȌ Rigid System : ‘—†ƒ”› ƒ‘–„‡‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŽ›†‡ˆ‘”‡†Ǥ
ȋ͸Ȍ Isolated System : ‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ƒ‘ —”Ǥ

[ 70 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN

Ž‘•‡†•›•–‡ ’‡ •›•–‡ •‘Žƒ–‡†›•–‡

x Intensive
†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‹œ‡ȋ‘”ƒ••Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥšƒ’Ž‡ǣǦ ’”‡••—”‡ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‡– Ǥ
x Extensive
†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡•‹œ‡ȋ‘”ƒ••Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥšƒ’Ž‡ǣǦ ˜‘Ž—‡ǡ—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡•‡– Ǥ
Thermodynamic variables of the system :
ȋ‹Ȍ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ȋȌ ȋ‹‹Ȍ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋȌ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ‘Ž—‡ȋȌ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ”‡••—”‡ȋȌ ȋ˜Ȍƒ••
Thermodynamic state
Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡† ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›„› ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
ˆƒ•›•–‡‹•Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—•ƒ†Šƒ•†‡ˆ‹‹–‡ƒ••ƒ† ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡ ƒ„‡
†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰–Š”‡‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ‡Ž›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ’”‡••—”‡ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡ǤŠ‡•‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ”‡
‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†„›‡“—ƒ–‹‘αρǤŠ‡–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡‹•‹–• ‘†‹–‹‘ƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„›
–™‘‹†‡’‡†‡––Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ȋǡ‘”ǡ‘”ǡȌǤ
Process
Š‡ƒ•›•–‡ Šƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘‘‡‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—•–ƒ–‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”–Š‡’ƒ–Š‘ˆ•— ‡••‹˜‡•–ƒ–‡•–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š
–Š‡•›•–‡’ƒ••‡•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ


Pressure, P

Volume, V
x Cyclic process
› Ž‹  ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• ƒ –Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹  ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ •›•–‡ ”‡–—”• –‘‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡ ƒˆ–‡”
—†‡”‰‘‹‰ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
x Non–cyclic process
‘Ȃ › Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡••‹•ƒ’”‘ ‡••‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡•›•–‡†‘‡•‘–”‡–—”–‘‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
x Quasi–static or equilibrium process
—ƒ•‹Ȃ•–ƒ–‹  ‹• ƒ –Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹  ’”‘ ‡•• ™Š‹ Š ’”‘ ‡‡†• ‡š–”‡‡Ž› •Ž‘™Ž› •— Š –Šƒ– ƒ– ‡˜‡”›
‹•–ƒ–‘ˆ–‹‡ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡‹ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ
x Reversible and Irreversible processes
”‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡’”‘ ‡••‹•‘‡‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡•‹Š‡ƒ–ƒ†™‘”‘ˆ†‹”‡ –’”‘ ‡••ˆ”‘‹‹–‹ƒŽ–‘
ƒ ˆ‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ”‡ ‡šƒ –Ž› ”‡–”ƒ ‡† ‹ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ •‡•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒ† –Š‡ •›•–‡ ƒ†
•—””‘—†‹‰• ƒ”‡ Ž‡ˆ– ‹ –Š‡‹” ‹‹–‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‹• ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‘ ‡’– ƒ† ƒ ‘– „‡
”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ
Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘– ”‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ  ƒ–—”‡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ƒ”‡
‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡Ǥ

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
Heat and Work done in Thermodynamic Process
Work and Heat:
v ȋ ‡ƒ–Ȍ
α 
‡”‡ α ‘˜‡”•‹‘ˆƒ –‘”α ‘—Ž‡ǯ• ‘•–ƒ–ȋ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ȍ
Œ‘—Ž‡
αͶǤͳͺ ȋ‹‡•‹‘Ž‡••Ȍ
ƒŽ‘”‹‡
ͳ ƒŽαͶǤͳͺ ؄ ͶǤʹŒ‘—Ž‡

Note

ͳ ƒŽεͳŒ‘—Ž‡
Special Point :
ȋƒȌ ‘” ƒ† Š‡ƒ– „‘–Š ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰›Ǥ ‘” ‹• ‘”†‡”‡† ͳͲͲΨ 3
‡‡”‰›™Š‡”‡ ƒ•Š‡ƒ–‹•†‹•‘”†‡”‡†ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡‡”‰›Ǥ  
ȋ„Ȍ ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™‘”‹–‘Š‡ƒ–‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›’‘••‹„Ž‡ ͳͲͲΨ 2
„—–‹–•”‡˜‡”•‡‹•‘––”—‡Ǥ
Two Types of Conversions:
ȋƒȌ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™‘”o ‡ƒ–
‰Š ­ͳ ½
ǣ •† ƒŽ ® ͲǤʹͶ ¾
¯ ¿
ͳ ˜ʹ
ǣ •† ƒŽ
ʹ
ͳ Zʹ
‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›α •† ƒŽ
ʹ
ȋ„Ȍ ‡ƒ–o ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™‘”
Illustration 84
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡”‹•‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™Š‡ˆƒŽŽ•ˆ”‘ͳͲͲŠ‹‰Š™ƒ–‡”ˆƒŽŽǤ
Solution:
Conversion PE o heat
‰Š ͳͲ ͳͲͲ
•† Ÿ † ͲǤʹͶq
ͶǤʹu ͳͲͲͲ
Illustration 85
 „Ž‘  ‘ˆ ͳͲͲ ‰ ‹• •Ž‹†‹‰ ‘ ƒ ”‘—‰Š Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ •—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ ˆ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ „Ž‘  ”‡†— ‡• ˆ”‘
ͳͲȀ•–‘ͷȀ•–Š‡ˆ‹†Š‡ƒ–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
Solution:
‡ƒ–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†α Šƒ‰‡‹
ͳ ͳ ͹ͷ
Š‡ƒ–‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†α  ª ˜ͳ  ˜ʹ º
ʹ ʹ ͵ ª ʹ ʹº ͳ ͵Ǥ͹ͷŒ‘—Ž‡
Ÿ
ʹ ¬ ¼ ʹ u ͳͲͲ u ͳͲ ¬« ͳͲ  ͷ ¼» ʹ u ͳͲ
Illustration 86
„—ŽŽ‡–‘ˆƒ••ͺͶ ‰‹•‘˜‹‰™‹–Šƒ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆʹͲͲȀ•Ǥ – ‘ŽŽ‹†‡•™‹–Š™ƒŽŽ„›™Š‹ Š‘‡ˆ‘—”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡
‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‹• ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘Š‡ƒ–Ǥ ‹†–Š‡Š‡ƒ–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›„—ŽŽ‡–‹ ƒŽ‘”‹‡Ǥ
Solution:
ͳ ͳ § ͳ ˜ʹ · ͳ ͳ ͺͶ ʹͲͲ u ʹͲͲ
  ¨ ¸¸ u u u ͳͲͲ ƒŽǤ
Ͷ Ͷ ¨© ʹ ¹ Ͷ ʹ ͳͲͲͲ ͶǤʹ

[ 72 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 87
ƒ‰ƒ‹•ͳͲͲ ƒŽ‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–„›‡ƒ–‹‰„”‡ƒ†Ǥ ‹•‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‹•ʹͷΨƒ†ƒ••‹•͹Ͳ‰ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡Š‡‹‰Š–
–‘™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ ƒ Ž‹„Ǥ
Solution:
ʹͷ
u 
ͳͲͲ
ʹͷ ‰Š
u ͳͲͲ u ͳͲ͵
ͳͲͲ
͹Ͳ u ͳͲ u Š
ʹͷ u ͳͲ͵
ͶǤʹ
ŠαͳͷͲ‡–‡”
Internal Energy
–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ•›•–‡‹•–Š‡‡‡”‰›’‘••‡••‡†„›–Š‡•›•–‡†—‡–‘‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”‘–‹‘ƒ†‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”
‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡‡”‰›†—‡–‘‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”‘–‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‹–‡”ƒŽ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ȋȌƒ†–Šƒ–†—‡–‘
‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‹–‡”ƒŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ȋ’ȌǤ
†α† Ϊ†’
ˆ–Š‡”‡‘‹–‡”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ˆ‘” ‡•ǡ–Š‡†’ αͲƒ††α† Ꮰ˜ † ȏ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ȑ
˜ α’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–˜‘Ž—‡ƒ††α ˆ‹‹–‡•‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
αƒ••‘ˆ•›•–‡ ™ α‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–

‘Žƒ”Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›˜ α™ ˜ ‘”PȂ‘Ž‡•‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•α † ρ ˜ †  ˜ †
™
–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ‹–‡”Ȃ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ˆ‘” ‡•‹••‹’Ž›–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†•–ƒ–‡
‘Ž›ǡ‹–‹•‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ’ƒ–Šˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ 'αˆ Ȃ ‹
‹ α –‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰‹‡•‹‹‹–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡ƒ†ˆ α –‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰‹‡•‹ˆ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡
Properties of Internal Energy
ͳǤ –†‡’‡†•ƒ‹Ž›‘•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒ––‡”ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•›•–‡Ǥ
ʹǤ ‘”‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹–ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǥ
͵Ǥ ‘””‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹–‹•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆƒ†‘”ƒ†ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†‘Ž‡•Ǥ
ͶǤ „•‘Ž—–‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‹• ‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ǡ •‘ ‹– ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‡š’”‡••‡† ƒ• ƒ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ•›•–‡ǡ‘”„›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰œ‡”‘˜ƒŽ—‡–‘ƒ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
ͷǤ –‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•ƒšƒ –“—ƒ–‹–›‘”ƒ•–ƒ–‡ˆ— –‹‘Ǥ
͸Ǥ –‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ•›•–‡‹•–Š‡‡‡”‰›’‘••‡••‡†„›–Š‡ •›•–‡†—‡–‘‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”‘–‹‘ƒ†
‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
͹Ǥ Š‡‡‡”‰›†—‡–‘‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”‘–‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‹–‡”ƒŽ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ȋȌƒ†–Šƒ–†—‡–‘‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”
‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‹–‡”ƒŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ȋ’ȌǤ
Work Done by Thermodynamic System
‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹’Ž‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •›•–‡‹•ƒ‰ƒ•‹ƒ ›Ž‹†‡”™‹–Šƒ‘˜ƒ„Ž‡’‹•–‘Ǥ
†š

ȋǡȌ ”‡ƒ‘ˆ
’‹•–‘‹•
αέ

x ˆ –Š‡‰ƒ• ‡š’ƒ†• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ’‹•–‘ ƒ• ‡š‡”–• ƒˆ‘” ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ’‹•–‘ ƒ† †‹•’Žƒ ‡‹– –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ
†‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ††‘‡•™‘”‘–Š‡’‹•–‘Ǥ

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x ˆ–Š‡’‹•–‘ ‘’”‡••‡•–Š‡‰ƒ•Š‡’‹•–‘‘˜‡†‹™ƒ”†ǡ™‘” 
‹•†‘‡‘–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ  ȋ‹ǡ‹Ȍ
x Š‡™‘”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š˜‘Ž—‡ Šƒ‰‡• ȋˆǡˆȌ
ˆ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•‘–Š‡’‹•–‘αǤ 
Š‡–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡‘–Š‡’‹•–‘†—‡–‘‰ƒ•‹• α 
x Š‡–Š‡’‹•–‘‹•’—•Š‡†‘—–™ƒ”†ƒ‹ˆ‹‹–‡•‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ ‡†šǡ

–Š‡™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•†α έ†šα†š †
Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•†α†šǡ ? †α†
‘”ƒˆ‹‹–‡ Šƒ‰‡‹˜‘Ž—‡ˆ”‘‹–‘ˆǡ–Š‹•‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡‹ –‘ˆ –‘ˆ‹†
ˆ ˆ
–Š‡‡–™‘”†‘‡α  ³‹
† ³ †
‹

‡ ‡–Š‡™‘”†‘‡„›ƒ‰ƒ•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”Ȃ‰”ƒ’ŠǤ

Zeroth and First Law of Thermodynamics

Zeroth law of thermodynamics (ZLOT)
ˆ ‘„Œ‡ –•  ƒ†  ƒ”‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ™‹–Š ƒ –Š‹”† ‘„Œ‡ –  ȋ•ƒ› –Š‡”‘‡–‡”Ȍǡ –Š‡
‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ†ƒ”‡‹–Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ‡”‘–ŠŽƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •‹–”‘†— ‡–Š‡
‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ™‘ ‘„Œ‡ –• ȋ‘” •›•–‡•Ȍ ƒ”‡ •ƒ‹† –‘ „‡ ‹ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ‹ˆ –Š‡‹”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡Ǥ

 

†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ™ƒŽŽ
x ˆ–™‘•›•–‡•ƒ”‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›‹ƒ–Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—™‹–Š–Š‡–Š‹”†•›•–‡–Š‡–Š‡›—•–„‡‹
–Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ
x †‡ˆ‹‡•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘Ž›Ǥ
x ‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ„‘†›ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒ––Š‡–Š‡”‘‡–‡”„‡‹–Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ
‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—™‹–Š–Š‡„‘†›™Š‘•‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•–‘„‡‡ƒ•—”‡†Ǥ
First law of thermodynamics (FLOT)
ˆ•‘‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹••—’’Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ•›•–‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ†‘‹‰‡š–‡”ƒŽ™‘”ǡ–Š‡–Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–
ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›–Š‡•›•–‡‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ†–Š‡
‡š–‡”ƒŽ™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ 
Gα†ΪG ‘” αΪ'
x Š‹•Žƒ™‹•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡˜‡”›’”‘ ‡••‹ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
x Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ˆ‘” ‡‹•‘Ǧ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
x Š‡ˆ‹”•–Žƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •‹–”‘†— ‡•–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ǥ
x Š‡ˆ‹”•–Žƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Žƒ™‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡”‰›Ǥ
x Gǡ†ƒ†G—•–„‡‡š’”‡••‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡—‹–•ȋ‡‹–Š‡”‹—‹–•‘ˆ™‘”‘”‹—‹–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ȌǤ
x Š‹•Žƒ™‹•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒŽŽ–Š‡–Š”‡‡’Šƒ•‡•‘ˆƒ––‡”ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ•‘Ž‹†ǡŽ‹“—‹†ƒ†‰ƒ•Ǥ
x †‹•ƒ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡ǡ‹–ƒ›„‡ƒ›–›’‡‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ȃ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ǡ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ǡ„‹†‹‰‡‡”‰›‡– Ǥ

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Sign Convention used in Physics Thermodynamics
ǡ 'α†Ϊ' ‘” ȏα'ΪȐ
Sign convention:
ژ‡Ÿ Š‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡–‘•›•–‡ȀŠ‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›•›•–‡Ǥ
ͳǤ Ȁ'Ÿ
Ȃ˜‡Ÿ Š‡ƒ–”‡Œ‡ –‡†Ȁ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†„›•›•–‡‘”Š‡ƒ––ƒ‡‘—–ˆ”‘•›•–‡
ژ‡Ÿ n ȋ‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ȌǢ n ȋ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ȍ
ʹǤ 'Ȁ†Ÿ
Ȃ˜‡Ÿ p ȋ‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ȌǢ p ȋ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ȍ
n ȋ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ȍ†αژ‡Ÿ 'α†αژ‡
ȋ™‘”‹•†‘‡„›•›•–‡Ȍ
͵Ǥ Ȁ'Ÿ
p ȋ ‘’”‡••‹‘ȌǢ†αȂ˜‡Ÿ 'α†αȂ˜‡
ȋ™‘”‹•†‘‡‘•›•–‡Ȍ

Work Done in Various Thermodynamic Process:

ˆ
(1) ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‘†α ³ †
‹

Process W
› Ž‹ ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‘•‡† —”˜‡
•‘ Š‘”‹ Ͳ
•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ª º ª º
PŽ‘‰‡ « ˆ » PŽ‘‰‡ « ‹ »
¬ ‹ ¼ ¬ ˆ ¼
†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ P ˆ  ‹
ͳ J
•‘„ƒ”‹ ȋˆ Ȃ ‹ȌαPȋˆ Ȃ ‹Ȍ
‘Ž›–”‘’‹ ’”‘ ‡•• P ˆ  ‹
ͳ š
(2) Graphical method 'W = Area enclosed between PV curve and Volume axis.
šƒ’Ž‡ǣǦ
 



 

 
‘”†‘‡Ÿ o  ᔇƒ•Šƒ†‡†Ǥ

  
ƒ „ „
ƒα„

(i) (ii) ƒ „ (iii)

'αژ‡ 'αͲ
'αͲ
ƒ
  
ƒ α„

[Link] [ 75 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics

  ƒ
„ƒ αͲ 
ƒ„ αژ‡
ƒ ƒ „
' ƒ α „
(iv) ‘’”‡••‹‘ (v) (vi) „ αͲ
'αȂ˜‡ „ „ αژ‡
„
  
Note: ”‡ƒ‡ Ž‘•‡†„‡–™‡‡ —”˜‡ƒŽ‘‰ ˜‘Ž—‡ƒš‹•Ǥ
Illustration 88 ƒ–
•›•–‡ Šƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ȋͳǡͳȌ–‘ȋʹǡʹȌƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ ͸ ȋʹǡʹȌ
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡•›•–‡ǫ
Solution:
ᔇƒ„‡–™‡‡ —”˜‡Ž‹‡ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡ƒš‹•Ǥ ȋͳǡͳȌ
ͳ
α u ȋ͸  ʹȌȋ͵Ȍ  ȋʹ u ͵Ȍ αͳʹƒ– έ‹–”‡αͳʹέͳͲͷ έͳͲȂ͵
ʹ ʹ ͷ ȋŽ‹–Ȍ
αͳʹͲͲŒ‘—Ž‡
Note: ȋƒȌ‘”ƒ†Š‡ƒ–ƒ”‡„‘–Š’ƒ–Šˆ— –‹‘•ǡ‹–†‡’‡†•‘’ƒ–Š
ȋ„Ȍ –‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›†‡’‡†•‘‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡ǡ‹–‹•ƒ•–ƒ–‡ˆ— –‹‘Ǥ
x Order of work : 
' ε'„ ε'ƒ
ͳ
x Order of internal energy: 
„
†ƒ ᆄ α† ȋ ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
x Order of heat: ƒ
' ε'„ ε'ƒ ʹ
?αΪ' 
Cyclic Process:  › Ž‹ αȘ‡
1. Work done in cyclic process : 

ȋƒȌ 'ᔇƒ‡ Ž‘•‡†„‡–™‡‡ Ž‘•‡†Ž‘‘’

ȋ„Ȍ Ǧ‰”ƒ’Š
ǤǤŸ 'αژ‡

‹”‡ –‹‘
  › Ž‹ α†˜‡
Ÿ 'αȂ˜‡
ȋ Ȍ Ǧ‰”ƒ’Š
ǤǤŸ 'αȂ˜‡
‹”‡ –‹‘

Ÿ 'αژ‡ 
Illustration 89


͵ͳ

'αǫ
ͳ


ͳ Ͷͳ

[ 76 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Solution:
ͳǤ ”‡ƒαʹͳ έ͵ͳ α͸ͳͳ
‘”αȂ͸ͳͳ ‘—Ž‡ ȏ ' › Ž‡‹•Ȑ
ʹǤ  › Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡••ǣ†αͲ
͵Ǥ ‡ƒ–ǣ'α'ȏ› 'α†Ϊ'Ȑ
Illustration 90
—”‹‰ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–Š‡ƒ–”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†„›–Š‡•›•–‡‹•ͳͲ ƒŽƒ†™‘”†‘‡‘–Š‡•›•–‡‹•ͳͲ Ǥ ˆ‹‹–‹ƒŽ
‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡‹•ͷͲ –Š‡ˆ‹†ˆ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ǥ
Solution:
• 'α'Ϊˆ Ȃ ‹
Ȃ ͳͲ ƒŽαȂ ͳͲ Ϊˆ Ȃ ͷͲ
Ÿ ˆ αȂ ͳͲέͶǤʹΪͳͲΪͷͲ
Ÿ ˆ αȂ ͶʹΪ͸Ͳαͳͺ
Illustration 91
‰ƒ•—†‡” ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡‘ˆͶǤͷέͳͲͷ ƒ™Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‡†–‘ͺͲͲ ‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ǡ Šƒ‰‡•–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡ˆ”‘
ͲǤͷ͵ –‘ʹǤͲ͵Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•ǫ
Solution:
'α'Ȃ 'α'Ȃ '
'αͺͲͲέͳͲ͵Ȃ ͶǤͷέͳͲͷ ȋʹȂ ͲǤͷȌ αͳͲͲͲȋͺͲͲȂ ͸͹ͷȌ
Ÿ †αͳʹͷ
Illustration 92
ʹ
ˆƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹•‰‹˜‡–‘ƒ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹’”‘ ‡••‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‰ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ™‘” ‹–•
͵
•—””‘—†‹‰Ǥ ‹†–Š‡‘Žƒ”Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ȋ‹–‡”•‘ˆȌˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
Solution:
 ‘”†‹‰–‘ 
αΪ'
ʹ
α ΪP˜'
͵
 ͷ
Pu '
͵ ʹ
ͳͷ ͳͷ
P' P' Ÿ  
ʹ ʹ
Illustration 93
Š‡’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ‘‡‘Ž‡‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ž‹‡ƒ”Ž›ˆ”‘ͶέͳͲͷ Ȃʹ –‘ͺέͳͲΪͷ Ȃʹ ™Š‡ ‹–•
˜‘Ž—‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘ͲǤʹ͵ –‘ͲǤͷ͵ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡Ǥ
ȋ‹Ȍ‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡‰ƒ•ǡ ȋ‹‹Ȍ  ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ǡ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–•—’’Ž‹‡†ǡ ȋ‹˜Ȍ‘Žƒ”Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•αͺǤ͵ͳ ‘ŽȂͳ Ȃͳ
Solution:
ͳ αͶέͳͲͷ Ȃʹ 
ʹ αͺέͳͲͷ Ȃʹǡͳ αͲǤʹ͵ǡʹ αͲǤͷ͵
ͺ 
ȋ‹Ȍ ‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡‰ƒ•α”‡ƒ—†‡”Ȃ‰”ƒ’Šȋ”‡ƒȌ
ȋͳͲͷ ȀʹȌ

ͳ
ȋΪȌέ ȋͶέͳͲͷ ΪͺέͳͲͷȌέȋͲǤͷȂ ͲǤʹȌ
ʹ Ͷ 

ͳ  
 έͳʹέͳͲͷ έͲǤ͵αͳǤͺέͳͲͷ
ʹ Ͳ ͲǤʹ ͲǤͷ ȋȋ͵Ȍ
Ȍ

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ȋ‹‹Ȍ  ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›'α ȋʹ Ȃ ͳȌ ȋʹȂ ͳȌ ȋʹʹ Ȃ ͳͳȌ
 
͵
‘”‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ• α 
ʹ
͵ ͵
? ' ȏȋͺέͳͲͷ έͲǤͷȌȂ ȋͶέͳͲͷ έͲǤʹȌȐ ȏͶέͳͲͷ Ȃ ͲǤͺέͳͲͷȐαͶǤͺέͳͲͷ
ʹ ʹ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ α'ΪαͶǤͺέͳͲͷ ΪͳǤͺέͳͲͷ α͸Ǥ͸έͳͲͷ
   ͸Ǥ͸ u ͳͲͷ u ͺǤ͵ͳ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ  ͳ͹ǤͳͶ Ȁ‘Ž
P' P' ȋʹ ʹ  ͳ ͳ Ȍ ͳ u ͵Ǥʹ u ͳͲͷ
Illustration 94
••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡™Š‡ƒ•›•–‡‹•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘•–ƒ–‡ƒ–‘•–ƒ–‡„ǡƒŽ‘‰–Š‡’ƒ–Š

„

ƒ †


ƒo o „ǡ͸Ͳ ‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™‹–‘–Š‡•›•–‡ǡƒ†͵Ͳ ‘ˆ™‘”‹•†‘‡ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ ‘™— ŠŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™•‹–‘–Š‡•›•–‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡’ƒ–Šƒo †o „‹ˆ–Š‡™‘”‹•ͳͲ Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡–Š‡•›•–‡‹•”‡–—”‡†ˆ”‘„–‘ƒƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ —”˜‡†’ƒ–Šǡ–Š‡™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡•›•–‡‹•ȂʹͲ Ǥ
‘‡•–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ„•‘”„‘”Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Š‡ƒ–ǡƒ†Š‘™— Šǫ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ˆǡƒ αͲƒ†† αʹʹ ǡˆ‹†–Š‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”„‡†‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ƒo †ƒ††o „Ǥ
Solution:
‘”–Š‡’ƒ–Šƒ „'αȂ α͸ͲȂ ͵Ͳα͵Ͳ ‘”„ Ȃ ƒ α͵Ͳ 
ȋ‹Ȍ Ž‘‰–Š‡’ƒ–Šƒ†„ǡ α'Ϊα͵ͲΪͳͲαͶͲ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Ž‘‰–Š‡ —”˜‡†’ƒ–Š„ƒǡ αȋƒ Ȃ „ȌΪαȋȂ͵ͲȌΪȋȂʹͲȌαȂͷͲ ǡŠ‡ƒ–Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘•›•–‡
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ƒ† α† Ȃ ƒ Ϊƒ†
„—–ƒ† ჆„ Ȃ †„ αͳͲȂ ͲαͳͲ ‡ ‡ƒ† αʹʹȂ ͲΪͳͲα͵ʹ 
ƒ††„ α„ Ȃ † Ϊ†„ α͵ͲȂ ʹʹΪͲαͺ
Illustration 95
ͳ‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ–͵͹͵‹• ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘•–‡ƒƒ–•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‘Ž—‡‘ˆͳ ͵ ‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”„‡ ‘‡•
ͳ͸͹ͳ ͵ ‘ „‘‹Ž‹‰Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡– Š‡ƒ– ‘ˆ
˜ƒ’‘”‹•ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹•ͷǤͶέͳͲͷ ƒŽ‰Ȃͳǫ
Solution:
‘Ž—‡‘ˆͳ‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”αͳͲͲͲ ͿαͳͲȂ͵ Ϳǡ‘Ž—‡‘ˆͳ‰‘ˆ•–‡ƒαͳͲͿέͳ͸͹ͳ ͿαͳǤ͸͹ͳͿŠƒ‰‡
‹˜‘Ž—‡'αȋͳǤ͸͹ͳȂ ͳͲȂ͵ȌͿαͳǤ͸͹ͲͿǡ”‡••—”‡ǡαͳƒ–αͳǤͲͳέͳͲͷ Ȃʹ
ͳǤ͸ͺ͸ u ͳͷͷ
‡š’ƒ•‹‘™‘”†‘‡ǡα'αͳǤͲͳέͳͲͷ έͳǤ͸͹ α ƒŽαͶǤͲͳͷέͳͲͶ ƒŽ
ͶǤʹ
—–'αȂ ȋˆ‹”•–Žƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •Ȍ
‘”'αȋͷǤͶέͳͲͷ Ȃ ͲǤͶͲͳͷέͳͲͷȌ ƒŽαͶǤͻͻͺͷέͳͲͷ ƒŽ

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BEGINNER’S BOX-7
1. ‡‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•‹•–ƒ‡”‘—†–Š‡ › Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡••ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰Ǥ
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡Ǥ


͵Ͳ

Ͳ 

Ͳ ʹͲ 
ȋƒȌ Š‡™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ  
ȋ„Ȍ Š‡Š‡ƒ–”‡Œ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡‰ƒ•‹–Š‡’ƒ–Šƒ†Š‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”„‡†‹–Š‡’ƒ–ŠǤ
ȋ Ȍ Š‡‡–Š‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›–Š‡‰ƒ•‹–Š‡’ƒ–ŠǤ
PTM429
2. ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ–•—’’Ž‹‡†‹ˆ‹‰—”‡•Š‘™ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡–‡ › Ž‡Ǥ
ͳͲ
ȋͳͲ Ȁ Ȍ
ʹ
ͷ

ͳ ʹ ͵
ȋ͵Ȍ
PTM430
3. ‹˜‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•Š‘™•ƒȂ‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǥ ‹†‘—–™‘”
‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‡•o ǡo ǡo ƒ†o ˆ”‘–Š‹•‰”ƒ’ŠǤ
 
ͳʹ

ȋƒ–Ȍ

ʹ 

ͳǤͲ ͸ǤͲ
ȋŽ‹–‡”•Ȍ
PTM431
4. –ͺƒ–’”‡••—”‡ƒ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•‡š’ƒ†•ˆ”‘ʹŽ‹–”‡–‘ͷŽ‹–”‡–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
ȋƒȌ ‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡‰ƒ• ȋ„Ȍ  ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›
ȋ Ȍ ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–•—’’Ž‹‡†
PTM432
5. ‰ƒ•‹•–ƒ‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ › Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡••ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ ˆʹǤͶ ƒŽ‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹•‰‹˜‡‹–Š‡
’”‘ ‡••ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Ǥ


͹ͲͲ

ͷͲͲ 


ͳͲͲƒ ʹͲͲƒ
PTM433
[Link] [ 79 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Different Thermodynamics Process
1. Isometric or Isochoric Process
•‘ Š‘”‹  ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• ƒ –Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹  ’”‘ ‡•• –Šƒ– –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •›•–‡ǡ „—–
’”‡••—”‡ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ‘” Šƒ‰‡‹•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ
Equation of state Ȁα ‘•–ƒ–ȋƒ†ƒ”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
ˆ
Work done –Š‹•’”‘ ‡••˜‘Ž—‡”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–•‘†αͲŸ  ³‹
† Ͳ

Form of first Law α'

  †
ൌͲ
† †
ൌλ
†

 
–‡ƒ•™Š‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–•—’’Ž‹‡†‹•—–‹Ž‹œ‡†ˆ‘” Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ
‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥα'αρ˜ '
†
Slope of the P–V curve f
†
Specific heat or molar heat capacity at constant volume (CV)
Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– ”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͳ ‰”ƒ‘Ž‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Šͳιƒ– ‘•–ƒ–
˜‘Ž—‡‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ
x ‰ƒ•‡ Ž‘•‡†‹ƒ ›Ž‹†‡”Šƒ˜‹‰”‹‰‹†™ƒŽŽ•ƒ†ƒˆ‹š‡†’‹•–‘ǤŠ‡Š‡ƒ–‹•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡‰ƒ•ǡ
–Š‡”‡™‘—Ž†„‡‘ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ
x Š‡ƒ•—„•–ƒ ‡‡Ž–•ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹˜‘Ž—‡‹•‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž›•ƒŽŽǤ‘ǡ–Š‹•ƒ›„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•ƒ
‡ƒ”Ž›‹•‘ Š‘”‹ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
x ‡ƒ–‹‰’”‘ ‡••‹’”‡••—”‡ ‘‘‡”‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‹•‘‡–”‹ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
2. Isobaric Process
•‘„ƒ”‹  ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• ƒ –Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹  ’”‘ ‡•• –Šƒ– –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– ’”‡••—”‡ǡ „—– ˜‘Ž—‡ ƒ†
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡˜ƒ”‹‡•ˆ‘” Šƒ‰‡‹•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ
x Equation of state Ȁᑐ•–ƒ–‘”v 
x Work done –Š‹•’”‘ ‡••’”‡••—”‡”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ– ? †αͲ
ˆ
‘”†‘‡  ³ †
‹
ȋˆ  ‹ Ȍ

Ÿ ”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ ‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡™Š‹ ŠȂ

' ͳ
ȋ‹Ȍ ‹• ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰› 
' J

' ͳ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ †‘‡•™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡š–‡”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ ͳ
' J
x Form of first Law α'Ϊȋˆ Ȃ ‹Ȍ
ρ’ ȋˆȂ ‹Ȍαρ˜ ȋˆ Ȃ ‹ȌΪȋˆ Ȃ ‹Ȍ
–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ–•—’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡•›•–‡‹•—–‹Ž‹œ‡†ˆ‘”ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ  ”‡ƒ•‹‰‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ƒ†
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘”†‘‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ

[ 80 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
§ † ·
x Slope of the PV curve: ¨ ¸ Ͳ
© † ¹‹•‘„ƒ”‹
 † 
ൌͲ
† †
ൌλ
†

 

3. Isothermal Process
–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••’”‡••—”‡ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ•›•–‡ Šƒ‰‡„—––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ ƒ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ
’”‘ ‡••ǡ–Š‡‡š Šƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ†–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰•‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹•
ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›‡‹–Š‡”•—’’Ž›‹‰Š‡ƒ––‘–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡‘”„›‡š–”ƒ –‹‰Š‡ƒ–ˆ”‘‹–Ǥ’”‘ ‡••Šƒ•–‘„‡
‡š–”‡‡Ž›•Ž‘™–‘„‡‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽǤ
x Equation of state: α ‘•–ƒ–ȋρȌȋ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
x Work Done: ‘•‹†‡”ρ‘Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ǡ‡ Ž‘•‡†‹ƒ ›Ž‹†‡”ǡƒ–ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ
ˆ‹––‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ˆ”‹ –‹‘Ž‡•• ’‹•–‘Ǥ —’’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ‰ƒ• —†‡”‰‘‡• ƒ ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‹‹–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡ ȋͳǡͳȌ–‘–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡
ʹ P
ȋʹǡʹȌ‘”†‘‡ǣ  ³
ͳ
† ? P –Š‡ 

ʹ ρ ʹ † ª º
P >Ž‘‰‡  @ʹ P >Ž‘‰‡ ʹ  Ž‘‰‡ ͳ @ ρ Ž‘‰‡ « ʹ »

? ³ͳ 
† ρ ³
ͳ  ͳ
¬ ͳ ¼
ª º
Ÿ αʹǤ͵Ͳ͵PŽ‘‰ͳͲ « ͳ » > ͳͳ ʹʹ @
¬ ʹ ¼
x Form of First Law: Š‡”‡‹•‘ Šƒ‰‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡†‡’‡†•
‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘Ž›
ª º
‘ 'αͲǡαʹǤ͵Ͳ͵ρŽ‘‰ͳͲ « ʹ »
¬ ͳ ¼
–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–Š‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›•—’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡•›•–‡‹•—–‹Ž‹œ‡†„›–Š‡•›•–‡‹†‘‹‰
‡š–‡”ƒŽ™‘”ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡Ǥ
x Slope of the isothermal curve

‘”ƒ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ǡα ‘•–ƒ–
‹
‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‰ǡ †Ϊ†αͲ α ‘•–ƒ–

Ÿ †αȂ †
† 
Ÿ    ˆ
†  
ª † º 
Ž‘’‡‘ˆ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ —”˜‡ǡ « »  ‹ ˆ 
¬ † ¼ ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ 

x For a given system :

¾ Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ‰‹˜‡ƒ••‘ˆƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –‰ƒ•”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–‹ƒ
‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
¾ ‘›Ž‡̵•Žƒ™‹•‘„‡›‡†‹ƒ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ

[Link] [ 81 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
¾ ‰”ƒ’Š„‡–™‡‡’”‡••—”‡ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ‰‹˜‡ƒ••‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ƒ– ‘•–ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‘™
ƒ•‹•‘–Š‡”‘”‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ —”˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ
¾ ™‘‹•‘–Š‡”•ˆ‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡‰ƒ•ƒ––™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ͳ ƒ†ʹ ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ

ʹεͳ

ʹ
ͳ


ͳ ʹ
– ‘•–Ǣv •‘ʹ εͳ

¾ Š‡ —”˜‡•†”ƒ™ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡‰ƒ•ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡—–—ƒŽŽ›’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Žƒ††‘‘– —–
‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Ǥ
¾ ˆ–™‘‹•‘–Š‡”•‹–‡”•‡ –‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ƒ–ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’‘‹–™‡‰‡–•ƒ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ†ƒ–‹–‡”•‡ –‹‘
’‘‹–Ǥαρͳ ˆ‘”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ͳ ƒ†αρʹ ˆ‘”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ʹǤ
–‡ƒ•ͳ αʹ ™Š‹ Š‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
¾ ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡ Ž‘•‡†‹ƒ ‘†— –‹‰ ›Ž‹†‡”ˆ‹––‡†™‹–Šƒ ‘†— –‹‰’‹•–‘Ǥ
¾ ‡––Š‡‰ƒ•„‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘‡š’ƒ†˜‡”›Ȃ˜‡”›•Ž‘™Ž›ǤŠ‹••ŠƒŽŽ ƒ—•‡ƒ˜‡”›•Ž‘™ ‘‘Ž‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•ǡ
„—–Š‡ƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘†— –‡†‹–‘–Š‡ ›Ž‹†‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰Ǥ ‡ ‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‰ƒ•”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹• ‘’”‡••‡†˜‡”›Ȃ˜‡”›•Ž‘™Ž›ǡŠ‡ƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘†— ‡†ǡ„—––Š‹•
Š‡ƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘†— –‡†–‘–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ••ŠƒŽŽ”‡ƒ‹ ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
¾ Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •—„•–ƒ ‡ ”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ– †—”‹‰ ‡Ž–‹‰Ǥ ‘ǡ –Š‡ ‡Ž–‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• ƒ
‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
¾ ‘‹Ž‹‰‹•ƒ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ǡ™Š‡ƒŽ‹“—‹†„‘‹Ž•ǡ‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
¾ ˆ•—††‡ Šƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡‡š‡ —–‡†‹ƒ˜‡••‡Ž‘ˆ‹ˆ‹‹–‡ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›–Š‡–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽǤ
Illustration 96
Ǧ —”˜‡‘ˆƒ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•‹••Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–‘–ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡‰ƒ•‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡•• ƒ†Ǥ
Solution: 
”‘ˆ‹”•–Žƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •ǡ
ʹͲ 
' α' Ϊ
‹ƒ–‘‹
 ʹͲ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ
 α Ϊ αͲڐ Ž αŽ
 Ͳ
Ͳ 
αŽʹαʹͲͲŽʹ 
ͷ 
'α'α ȋʹͲͲ Ȃ ͲͲȌ Ͳ ʹͲ
ʹ
ͷ
Ÿ ' α ͲͲ ΪʹͲͲŽʹ
ʹ
4. Adiabatic Process
–‹•–Šƒ––Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‹™Š‹ Š’”‡••—”‡ǡ˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡†‘ Šƒ‰‡„—–
–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡š Šƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ†–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰•Ǥ
•—††‡ƒ†“—‹ ’”‘ ‡••™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ •‹ ‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡––‹‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‡š Šƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–
•‘’”‘ ‡••ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ Ǥ
“—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••J α ‘•–ƒ–ǡJ Ȃ ͳ α ‘•–ƒ–ǡJ ’ͳȂ J α ‘•–ƒ–
Work done: ‡– ‹‹–‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ•›•–‡‹• ȋͳǡ ͳǡͳȌ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  Šƒ‰‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ •›•–‡‹•
J J
ȋʹǡʹǡʹȌ–Š‡™‡ ƒ™”‹–‡ଵ ଵ ൌ ଶ ଶ ൌ  ȋŠ‡”‡‹• ‘•–ǤȌ

[ 82 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN

ʹ ʹ §   J ͳ · ʹ 
J ª ʹ J ͳ  ͳ J ͳ º J J
‘  ³ † ³
ͳ
 †  ¨
¨  J  ͳ ¸¸ ȋ  J  ͳȌ ¬ ¼
 ͳ ͳ ʹ ʹ
ͳ
© ¹ͳ
ͳ ªͳ ͳJ   J Ǥͳ  ʹ  J   J Ǥʹ º ͳ ρ
 Ÿ 
ȋ J  ͳȌ ¬ ͳ ʹ ʹ ¼ ȋ J  ͳȌ > ͳ ͳ  ʹ ʹ @ Ÿ 
ȋ J  ͳȌ
ͳ  ʹ  P


‘”‘ˆˆ‹”•–Žƒ™ǣ†αȂ G
– ‡ƒ• –Š‡ ™‘” †‘‡ „› ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• †—”‹‰ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ȋ‘” ‘’”‡••‹‘Ȍ ‹• ‘ –Š‡ ‘•– ‘ˆ
Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ˆƒŽŽȋ‘””‹•‡Ȍ‹–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ
ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‡š’ƒ†•ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‘”‹•†‘‡„›–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ‘ǡƒ†‹ƒ ‹•’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ǥ
Š‡‰ƒ• ‘‘Ž•†—”‹‰ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ƒ†ͳ εʹǤ
ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹• ‘’”‡••‡†ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‘”‹•†‘‡‘–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ‘ǡƒ†‹ƒ ‹•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ
Š‡‰ƒ•Š‡ƒ–•—’†—”‹‰ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ‘’”‡••‹‘ƒ† ͳ δʹǤ
Slope of the adiabatic curve
‘”ƒƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••ǡJ α ‘•–ƒ– 
ȋ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ‰ƒ•Ȍ
JȂͳ J 
‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‰ǡJ †Ϊ †αͲ
Ÿ J †αȂJJ Ȃ ͳ † ’‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ J αͳǤ͵͵
†‹ƒ–‘‹ J αͳǤͶ
† J Jͳ  § ·
Ÿ  J J¨¸
† J  © ¹ ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ J αͳǤ͸͹

ª † º J

Ž‘’‡‘ˆƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  —”˜‡ǡ « » 
¬ † ¼ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ 

Magnitude of slope of adiabatic curve is greater than the slope of isotherm

†  † •Ž‘’‡‘ˆƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  Šƒ‰‡•
J J Ÿ α J
† ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  † ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ •Ž‘’‡‘ˆ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•

ȋ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ‰ƒ•Ȍ


‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ

ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹


‹ ‡J ‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ‘‡•‘ƒƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  —”˜‡‹••–‡‡’‡”–Šƒƒ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ —”˜‡

Examples of adiabatic process
x ‰ƒ•‡ Ž‘•‡†‹ƒ–Š‡”ƒŽŽ›‹•—Žƒ–‡† ›Ž‹†‡”ˆ‹––‡†™‹–Šƒ‘Ȃ ‘†— –‹‰’‹•–‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•
‘’”‡••‡†•—††‡Ž›„›‘˜‹‰–Š‡’‹•–‘†‘™™ƒ”†•ǡ•‘‡Š‡ƒ–‹•’”‘†— ‡†ǤŠ‹•Š‡ƒ– ƒ‘–
‡• ƒ’‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ ›Ž‹†‡”Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ
x ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ• ‹• •—††‡Ž› ‡š’ƒ†‡† „› ‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ’‹•–‘ ‘—–™ƒ”†•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ
x —”•–‹‰‘ˆƒ › Ž‡–—„‡Ǥ
x ”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•‹ƒ‰ƒ•‡‘—•‡†‹—Ǥ
x  †‹‡•‡Ž ‡‰‹‡• „—”‹‰ ‘ˆ †‹‡•‡Ž ™‹–Š‘—– •’ƒ” ’Ž—‰ ‹• †‘‡ †—‡ –‘ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ‘’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ
†‹‡•‡Ž˜ƒ’‘—”ƒ†ƒ‹”‹š–—”‡

[Link] [ 83 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Free Expansion
ƒ‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒŽŽ›‹•—Žƒ–‡†„‘––Ž‡™‹–Š‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ–•‘‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ͳ ƒ†ǡ„›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ’‹’‡™‹–Šƒ
•–‘’ ‘ ǡ ‘‡ ––Š‹•–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”‹•—Žƒ–‡†„‘––Ž‡™Š‹ Š‹•‡˜ƒ —ƒ–‡†Ǥ ˆ™‡•—††‡Ž›‘’‡–Š‡•–‘’ ‘ ǡ
–Š‡‰ƒ•™‹ŽŽ”—•Šˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–„‘––Ž‡‹–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†—–‹Ž–Š‡’”‡••—”‡•ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ
ƒ —
ȋαͲȌ

”‡‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•

š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‡ˆ‹†–Šƒ––Š‹•’”‘ ‡••‘ˆˆ”‡‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘†‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•Ȃ

™Š‡–Š‡‰ƒ•ƒ––ƒ‹•‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—ƒ†•–‘’•ˆŽ‘™‹‰ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„‘–Š„‘––Ž‡•ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡
‹‹–‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ͳǤ Š‹•’”‘ ‡••‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒˆ”‡‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ 
Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ• ƒ„‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†„›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Žƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •
–‘–Š‡ˆ”‡‡Ȃ‡š’ƒ•‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹•ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ „‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‘αͲǤ
‘’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰•‘˜‡••‘–Š‡•›•–‡†‘‡•‘™‘”‘‹–••—””‘—†‹‰•Ǥ
For ideal gas ȋȌ‡š–Ǥ α‘”†‘‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡š–‡”ƒŽƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡α†αͲ
ȋ' αͲȌŸ „‡ ƒ—•‡˜ƒ ——
ȋGȌ‹–Ǥα‘”†‘‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–‡”ƒŽ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ˆ‘” ‡•αͲ
Gα†ΪG ŸͲα†ΪͲ
Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›†‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡†αͲ‘ƒ†ƒ”‡ ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•‰ƒ•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ǥ
Š‹ Š‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•†‘‡•‘–†‡’‡†‘–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ
Š‡ˆ”‡‡Ȃ‡š’ƒ•‹‘’”‘ ‡••Šƒ•Ž‡†—•–‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǣ
Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ȋȌ‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•†‡’‡†•‘Ž›‘–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
Illustration 97
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡‘ˆƒ‹”‹–›”‡–—„‡‹•ʹ͹郐†ͺƒ–”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ˆ–—„‡•—††‡Ž›„—”•––Š‡
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ‹”ǤȏJ αͳǤͷȌ
Solution:
ͳJ J ͳJ
ͳͳJ ͳJ ʹͳJ ʹJ Ÿ ͺ ͵ͲͲ ͳ ʹ J Ÿ ʹ αͳͷͲ Ÿ ʹ αͳͷͲȂ ʹ͹͵αȂ ͳʹ͵ι
Illustration 98
ͳ
†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹• ‘’”‡••‡†ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›–‘ ‘ˆ‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡
͵ʹ
‰ƒ•‹•ͳƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒͳ –Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒǤ
Solution:
͹ ʹ
͹ ͳ
ͳ §  ·ͷ ͷu
ͳ ͳJͳ ʹʹJͳ Ÿ ͳ  ͷ ƒǤͳ ¨ ¸ Ÿƒ ʹ ͷ Ͷ
© ͵ʹ ¹
Illustration 99
‹†–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆ•Ž‘’‡‘ˆ —”˜‡‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
Solution:
ƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆ•Ž‘’‡ εε ε 
p p p p

f Ͳ

ȏ •‘ Š‘”‹ ’”‘ ‡••Ȑ‘” ȏ •‘˜‘Ž—‡–”‹ ’”‘ ‡••Ȑ‘” •‘‡–”‹ ’”‘ ‡••

[ 84 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Illustration 100
‰ƒ•‹•‡š’ƒ†‡†–‘†‘—„Ž‡‘ˆ‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘ ‡••ȋ ǡ ǡȌ–Š‡ˆ‹†


ͳ ʹ
 ʹ̵
 ʹ̵̵


 ʹ

ȋƒȌ”†‡”‘ˆ™‘”†‘‡ ȋ„Ȍ”†‡”‘ˆˆ‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ ȋ Ȍ”†‡”‘ˆˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡

Solution:
ȋƒȌ ε ε ȋ„Ȍ ε ε ȋ Ȍ ε ε
Illustration 101
‰ƒ•‹• ‘’”‡••‡†–‘ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‘ ‡••ǡ–Š‡
 ʹ̵̵

ʹ̵ 

ʹ ͳ



 ʹ
ȋƒȌ‘”†‡”‘ˆ™‘”†‘‡ ȋ„Ȍ”†‡”‘ˆˆ‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ ȋ Ȍ”†‡”‘ˆˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
Solution:
ȋƒȌε ε  ȋ„Ȍε ε  ȋ Ȍε ε 
Illustration 102
§ ͷ·
‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• ¨ J ‹•ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘’”‡••‡†ˆ”‘–‘ͺͲ ͵ –‘ͳͲ ͵Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡‹•–Š‡
© ͵ ¸¹
ˆ‹†–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ǫ
Solution:
J ͷ
 § ʹ ·  § ͳͲ · ͵
‫׵‬ ͳ ͳJ ʹ ʹJ Ÿ ͳ ¨ ¸ Ÿ ¨ ͺͲ ¸ Ÿ ʹ α͵ʹ
ʹ © ͳ ¹ ʹ © ¹
5. Polytropic Process
 
‡‡”ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘ˆ‘”ȋ ‘”Ȍ‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••š α ‘•–ƒ–  
J ͳ J ͳ

‘”‹•‘„ƒ”‹ ’”‘ ‡••α ‘•–ƒ– •‘ šαͲ ?      
J ͳ
‘”‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ǡα ‘•–ƒ– •‘ šαͳ ? αf
‘”ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••J α ‘•–ƒ– •‘ šαJ ? αͲ
ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆˆǡǡǡ ƒ†J ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‰ƒ•‡•ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹–ƒ„Ž‡„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

[Link] [ 85 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Atomicity of gas f Cv CP J
͵ ͷ ͷ
‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ͵   ͳǤ͸͹
ʹ ʹ ͵
‹ƒ–‘‹ ǡ”‹ƒ–‘‹ ƒ†”‹ƒ–‘‹ Ž‹‡ƒ” ͷ ͹ ͹
ͷ   ͳǤͶ
ȋƒ–‘”ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ȍ ʹ ʹ ͷ
͸ ͺ Ͷ
‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ ”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ”‘ǦŽ‹‡ƒ” ͸  ͵  Ͷ ͳǤ͵͵
ʹ ʹ ͵

Illustration 103
‹†–Š‡‘Žƒ”Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ȋ‹–‡”•‘ˆȌ‘ˆƒ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•—†‡”‰‘‹‰–Š‡’”‘ ‡••ǣ
ͳȀʹ α ‘•–ƒ–ǫ
Solution:
ʹ
§·
ͳȀʹ α Ÿ ¨ ¸
©¹
P ʹ
 u ʹ ?
ʹ P
 P Pʹ ʹ ʹ ˜ †
• ͳȀʹ ?†
  ʹ
ʹ Pʹ ʹ ˜ ʹ ˜ †
†  ˜ † u
P ʹ
† ʹP†
‘™ǡ†α†Ϊ†
P͵† ͹
P†α  ʹP† Ÿ α 
ʹ ʹ
Alternate method: -
•‡ˆ‘”’‘Ž›–”‘’‹ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ

α˜ Ϊ
ͳš
ͳ
š α ‘•–ƒ–ǡ„› ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ š
ʹ
ˆ  ͵ ͹
α  Ϊ   ʹ 
ʹ ͳ ʹ ʹ
ͳ
ʹ
Illustration 104
‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ȋ’Ȁ˜αJȌ‹•–ƒ‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ’”‘ ‡••‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡’”‡••—”‡ƒ†–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡˜ƒ”›
ƒ•αƒǡ™Š‡”‡α ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡‘Žƒ”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••
‹•œ‡”‘Ǥ
Solution:

 ˜  Ǣ ˆš α ‘•–ƒ–
ͳ š
͵  ͷ
Ͳ  Ÿ ƒ 
ʹ ͳƒ ͵

[ 86 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN

BEGINNER’S BOX-8
1. ͵ʹ ‰”ƒ ‘ˆ ‘š›‰‡ ‰ƒ• ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ʹ͹ι ‹• ‘’”‡••‡† ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› –‘ ͳȀ͵ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‹‹–‹ƒŽ
˜‘Ž—‡ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ǫȋJ αͳǤͷˆ‘”‘š›‰‡Ȍ
PTM434
2. ‘™ — Š Š‡ƒ– ‡‡”‰› •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‰ƒ•‡‘—• ‹š–—”‡ ‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘‡ ‰”ƒ ‘ˆ
Š›†”‘‰‡ƒ†‘‡‰”ƒŠ‡Ž‹—–‘”ƒ‹•‡‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ”‘Ͳι–‘ͷͲιǤ
ȋƒȌ ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†
ȋ„Ȍ ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡ǡƒ••—‹‰„‘–Š–Š‡‰ƒ•‡•–‘„‡‹†‡ƒŽǤ
αʹ ƒŽȀ‘ŽǦǡ J αͳǤͶͳǡ J ‡
αͳǤ͸͹
ʹ

PTM435
3Ǥ Match the column–I with column–II
Column – I Column – II

ȋȌ ȋ’Ȍ •‘‡–”‹ ’”‘ ‡••



ȋȌ ȋ“Ȍ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••



ȋȌ ȋ”Ȍ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••


PTM436
4. Match the column–I with column–II
Column–I Column–II
ȋȌ •‘„ƒ”‹ ’”‘ ‡•• ȋ’Ȍ ‘Š‡ƒ–‡š Šƒ‰‡
ȋȌ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡•• ȋ“Ȍ ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡
ȋȌ •‘‡–”‘’‹ ’”‘ ‡•• ȋ”Ȍ ‘•–ƒ–‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›
ȋȌ •‘ Š‘”‹ ’”‘ ‡•• ȋ•Ȍ ‘”†‘‡‹•œ‡”‘
PTM437
5. Match the column–I with column–II
Column–I Column–II
ȋȌ †‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ȋ’Ȍ αͲ
ȋȌ †‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ˆ”‡‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ȋ“Ȍ 'αͲ
ȋȌ •‘„ƒ”‹ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ȋ”Ȍ αͲ
ȋȌ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ȋ•Ȍ αΪ'
ȋȌ •‘ Š‘”‹  ‘‘Ž‹‰
PTM438

[Link] [ 87 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
6Ǥ ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‡š’ƒ†•‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ‘‰ƒ††‘‡•͹ͲͲ ‘ˆ™‘”Ǥ





˜
ȋƒȌ ‘™— ŠŠ‡ƒ–†‘‡•–Š‡‰ƒ•‡š Šƒ‰‡ƒŽ‘‰Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ Š‡‰ƒ•‡š’ƒ†•ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ‘‰ƒ††‘‡•ͶͲͲ ‘ˆ™‘”ǤŠ‡–Š‡‰ƒ•”‡–—”•–‘
ƒŽ‘‰ǡ‹–‡šŠ—•–•ͳͲͲ ‘ˆŠ‡ƒ––‘‹–••—””‘—†‹‰•Ǥ ‘™— Š™‘”‹•†‘‡‘–Š‡‰ƒ•
ƒŽ‘‰–Š‹•’ƒ–ŠǤ
PTM439
7Ǥ ‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ–͵ͲͲ‘ —’‹‡•ƒ˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆͲǤ͵͸͵ ƒ–ƒ’”‡••—”‡ 
‘ˆ ʹ ƒ–Ǥ Š‡ ‰ƒ• ‡š’ƒ†• ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› —–‹Ž ‹–• ˜‘Ž—‡ „‡ ‘‡• 
ͳǤͶͶ͵Ǥ‡š–‰ƒ•‹• ‘’”‡••‡†‹•‘„ƒ”‹ ƒŽŽ›–‘‹–•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‹•‘ Š‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›—–‹Ž–Š‡‰ƒ•”‡–—”•
–‘‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡Ǥȋ•‡‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ȌǤ  
ȋƒȌ ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡–‡’Ǥƒ––Š‡’‘‹–ƒ† 
ȋ„Ȍ Š‡™‘”†‘‡†—”‹‰–Š‡’”‘ ‡••–‘

ȋ••—‡ J αͳǤͷǡ αͺ Ȍ

‘Ž  
PTM440
8. ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‹‰—”‡‹•‰‹˜‡ˆ‘”ͳ‘Ž‡‰ƒ•Ǥ
‘Ž—‡

ͶͲ͵

ʹͲ͵

ʹͲͲ ͶͲͲ
‡’Ǥ

Š‡ˆ‹†‘—–‡–™‘”†‘‡‹–Š‡ › Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ

PTM441

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Drawback of FLOT :
x ‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ–’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ™‘”Ǥ
x ‘‡•‘–‰‹˜‡’”‘’‡”†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™
Statements :
1. Kelvin plank statement : – •–ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ‹ ƒ › Ž‹  ’”‘ ‡•• –‘–ƒŽ Š‡ƒ– ƒ ‘– „‡ ‘˜‡”–‡† ‹–‘
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™‘”Ǥ
2. Claussius statement : –‹•‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘Šƒ˜‡‡–Š‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘Ž‘™–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‘†›–‘Š‹‰Š
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‘†›Ǥ

[ 88 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Heat Engine, Carnot Cycle, Refrigerators
Heat Engines

‘—–’—– ‡ƒ–•‘—” ‡ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”

Efficiency of heat engine, Ʉ ൌ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
‹’—–

™‘”
Ʉൌ ȋͳεʹȌ ͳ v ͳ ȋŠ‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡Ȍ
Š‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡

 ଵ െ  ଶ Working
Ʉൌ ൌ
ଵ ଵ substance
‘”ȋȌ

ଵ െ ଶ
Percentage efficiency, Ʉൌ൬ ൰ ൈ ͳͲͲΨ ͳαʹ Ϊ ʹ v ʹ ȋŠ‡ƒ–”‡Œ‡ –‡†Ȍ
ଵ αȋͳ Ȃ ʹȌ

ଶ ‹ƒ–Ž‘™‡”
Ʉ ൌ ൬ͳ െ ൰ ൈ ͳͲͲΨ
ଵ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋʹȌ

Note : ȋͳȌ ˆͳ αf ‘”ʹ αͲ–Š‡K αͳͲͲΨȋŠƒ–‹•’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›‹’‘••‹„Ž‡Ȍ
ȋʹȌ ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›†‡’‡†•‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•‘—” ‡ȋͳȌƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•‹ȋʹ Ȍ
Carnot Cycle
 Ž‘•‡†ƒ”‡ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡‡‰‹‡Ǥ ͳ
 ȋͳεʹȌ
ͳǤ –‹•ƒŠ›’‘–Š‡–‹ ƒŽ‡‰‹‡„‡ ƒ—•‡™‘”‹‰•—„•–ƒ ‡‹• 
ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǥ
ʹǤ –ǯ•‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‹•ƒš‹—„—–‘–ͳͲͲΨǤ  α αͳ
͵Ǥ Š‹• › Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡•• Šƒ˜‡ –™‘ ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ† –™‘  ‡š’ǤŸ 
‘’  α αʹ
ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ  ǤǤ ‘’ ’
Efficiency of Carnot heat engine: ʹ
‘—–’—–  ͳ  ʹ ͳ  ʹ 
K
‹’—– ͳ ͳ ͳ
ª  º
KΨ «ͳ  ʹ » u ͳͲͲΨ
¬ ͳ ¼
Illustration 105
ˆƒ ƒ”‘–‡‰‹‡™‘”•ƒ–ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‡–™‡‡͵ͲͲ–‘ͶͲͲǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ–Šƒ–‡‰‹‡Ǥ
Solution:
§   · ͶͲͲ  ͵ͲͲ ͳͲͲ
KΨ ¨ ͳ ʹ ¸ u ͳͲͲ u ͳͲͲ u ͳͲͲ ʹͷΨ
© ͳ ¹ ͶͲͲ ͶͲͲ
Illustration 106
†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•—•‡†‹ƒƒ”‘–‡‰‹‡ƒ•–Š‡™‘”‹‰•—„•–ƒ ‡Ǥ‹ˆ†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘
’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ › Ž‡–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘–‘͵ʹǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹‡‹•
Solution:
ͳ ͳJͳ ʹʹJͳ
Jͳ ͹
ͳ
ʹ § ͳ ·  § ͳ ·ͷ ͳ §  · ͳ
¨ ¸ Ÿ ʹ ¨ ͵ʹ ¸ Ÿ ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › K ¨ ͳ  ʹ ¸ ͳ  ͲǤ͹ͷ
ͳ © ʹ ¹ ͳ © ¹ Ͷ © ͳ ¹ Ͷ

[Link] [ 89 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Refrigerators
‹––ƒ‡•Š‡ƒ–ˆ”‘ƒ’Žƒ ‡ƒ–Ž‘™‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‰‹˜‡•‹–‘ˆˆ–‘ƒ’Žƒ ‡ƒ–”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
–Š‹‰Š‡”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ͳ
ȋͳ εʹȌ

ͳ v ͳ ȋŠ‡ƒ–”‡Œ‡ –‡†Ȍ

Working ‘”
substance 

ʹ v ʹ ȋŠ‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”„‡†Ȍ

–Ž‘™‡” ͳαΪʹ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ʹ αͳ Ȃ ʹ

x ‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”‹•Œ—•–‘’’‘•‹–‡–‘Š‡ƒ–‡‰‹‡
‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ȋȌ‘ˆ”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”‹•ǡ
‡ƒ– ƒ„•‘”„‡† ʹ ʹ
ȋEȌα
‘”  ͳ   ʹ

§ ʹ ·
 E ¨ ¸
© ͳ  ʹ ¹

ͳ ͳ
‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ȋK ƒ†EȌ K ‘” E ͳ
ͳE K

Illustration 107
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡‘ˆƒƒ”‘–”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”™‘”‹‰„‡–™‡‡͵Ͳι–‘ͶͲιǤ
Solution:
ʹ ͵Ͳ͵
E ͵ͲǤ͵
ͳ  ʹ ͵ͳ͵  ͵Ͳ͵
Illustration 108
ƒ”‘–‡‰‹‡Šƒ••ƒ‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›„‡–™‡‡ȋ‹ȌͳͲͲƒ†ͷͲͲƒ†ȋ‹‹Ȍƒ†ͻͲͲǤ ‹†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆǫ
Solution:
ʹ ͳͲͲ  ͳͲͲ 
ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ K αͳȂ Ÿ K αͳȂ ͳ Ÿ Ÿ αͳͺͲ
ͳ ͷͲͲ ͻͲͲ ͷͲͲ ͻͲͲ
Illustration 109
ƒ”‘–‡‰‹‡–ƒ‡•ͳͲ͵ ‹Ž‘ ƒŽ‘”‹‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆ”‘ƒ”‡•‡”˜‘‹”ƒ–͸ʹ͹郐†‡šŠƒ—•–•–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰Š‡ƒ–
–‘ƒ•‹ƒ–ʹ͹ιǤŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹‡ǫ

[ 90 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Solution:
ͳ αͳͲ͵ έͳͲ͵ ƒŽαͳͲ͸ έͶǤʹ
ͳ αͻͲͲ
ʹ α͵ͲͲ
  ͸ͲͲ
K ͳ ʹ u ͳͲͲ u ͳͲͲ ͸͹Ψ
ͳ ͻͲͲ
Illustration 110
–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡’”‘„Ž‡ǡ™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡™‘”’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡‡‰‹‡ǫ
Solution:
‘”’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡‡‰‹‡
ʹ
 K ͳ u ͳͲ͸ u ͶǤʹ Ÿ αʹǤͺέͳͲ͸ Œ‘—Ž‡
͵
Illustration 111
ƒ”‘–‡‰‹‡ƒ„•‘”„•ƒƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆ”‘ƒ”‡•‡”˜‘‹”ƒ–ƒƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†”‡Œ‡ –•
Š‡ƒ––‘ƒ•‹ƒ–ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆȀ͵ǤŠ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡Œ‡ –‡†‹•ǣǦ
Solution:
 Ȁ͵ 
K ͳ
 ͳ
Š‡”‡ͳ αŠ‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”„‡†ǡʹ αŠ‡ƒ–”‡Œ‡ –‡†
 Ȁ͵  ʹ  ͳ   ʹ
Ÿ ͳ Ÿ
 ͳ ͵ ͳ ͳ
ʹ  ʹ ͳ 
Ÿ ͳ ʹ Ÿ Ÿ ʹ
͵ ͳ ͳ ͵ ͵

BEGINNER’S BOX-9
1.  ‹†‡ƒŽ ‡‰‹‡ ™Š‹ Š ™‘”• „‡–™‡‡ ʹ͹ι Ƭ ʹʹ͹ι –ƒ‡• ͳͲͲ ƒŽ‘”‹‡ ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ‹ ‘‡ › Ž‡Ǥ
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡™‘”†‘‡‹‘‡ › Ž‡ǫ
PTM442
2. Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ ƒ”‘–”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”‹•ͷȀ͵Ǥ ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ–ƒ
‹–ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ȃ ʹ͵ι–Š‡™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡‡šŠƒ—•––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǫ
PTM443
3.  ƒ”‘–‡‰‹‡ƒ„•‘”„•ͳͲͲͲ ‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆ”‘ƒ”‡•‡”˜‘‹”ƒ–ͳʹ͹郐†”‡Œ‡ –͸ͲͲ ‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–†—”‹‰
‡ƒ Š › Ž‡Ǥ
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ ȋƒȌŠ‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ‡‰‹‡
ȋ„ȌŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹
ȋ ȌŠ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡—•‡ˆ—Ž™‘”†‘‡†—”‹‰‡ƒ Š › Ž‡Ǥ
PTM444
4Ǥ  ƒ”‘–‡‰‹‡ǡ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ͶͲΨƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•‹͵ͲͲ–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›—’–‘͸ͲΨ
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•‘—” ‡ǫ
PTM445
5. ‹†‡ƒŽ”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”‹•™‘”‹‰„‡–™‡‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ʹ͹郐†ͳʹ͹ιǤ ˆ‹–‡š’‡ŽŽ•ͳʹͲ ƒŽ‘”‹‡
‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹‘‡•‡ ‘†–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡‹–•™ƒ––ƒ‰‡ǫ
PTM446

[Link] [ 91 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics

BEGINNER’S BOX ANSWER KEY

BEGINNER'S BOX-1
1. ͷͲδͷͲι δͷͲι 2. ȋƒȌŽŽ–‹‡ȋ„ȌͷͲιǡͷͲιǡͷͲιǤ
3. Ȃ ͶͲι‘”Ȃ ͶͲι Ǥ 4. ȋȌ
5. ͳǤͶͶέͳͲȂʹ 
6. „‹‡–ƒŽŽ‹ •–”‹’•–Š‡–™‘‡–ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ ‡ ‡‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰
‹–„‡–•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡–ƒŽ™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡”–Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ

BEGINNER'S BOX-2
1. ͳͻͳǤͳͳƒŽǤ 2. ͷͲ ƒŽ 3. ͳ ƒŽ 4. ͳͲι
5. ͳǣͳ 6. ͸ͳͷ ƒŽǤ 7. ͶͲͲͲ ƒŽ 8. ͳ͸Ͳι
9. ͹Ǥͷιǡ™ƒ–‡” 10. ȋȌ

BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. ȋƒȌ Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ„”ƒ••‹•Š‹‰Šǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ„”ƒ••‹•ƒ‰‘‘† ‘†— –‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ǥ‘ǡ™Š‡ƒ „”ƒ••
–—„Ž‡”‹•–‘— Š‡†ǡŠ‡ƒ–“—‹ Ž›ˆŽ‘™•ˆ”‘Š—ƒ„‘†›–‘–—„Ž‡”Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡–—„Ž‡”
ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ‘Ž†‡”Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ™‘‘†‹•ƒ„ƒ† ‘†— –‘”Ǥ‘ǡŠ‡ƒ–†‘‡•‘–ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡Š—ƒ
„‘†›–‘–Š‡™‘‘†‡–”ƒ›‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡ǤŠ—•ǡ‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”• ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‘––‡”Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ Š‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡–™‘–Š‹ Ž‘–Š‡Ž‘•‡ƒŽƒ›‡”‘ˆƒ‹”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ǥ‹ ‡ƒ‹”‹•ƒ„ƒ† ‘†— –‘”
‘ˆŠ‡ƒ––Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ‘†— –‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹•’”‡˜‡–‡†Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ ‡ ƒ—•‡—†Š‘—•‡•ƒ”‡„ƒ† ‘†— –‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ǥ
ȋ†Ȍ‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ‹” ‹• –”ƒ’’‡† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡‹” ™‹‰• •‹ ‡ ƒ‹” ‹• „ƒ† ‘†— –‘” ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡
‘†— –‹‘‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹•’”‡˜‡–‡†Ǥ
ȋ‡Ȍ Š‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡™‘‘Ž ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ‹”‹‹–•’‘”‡•Ǥ‹”‹•ƒ„ƒ† ‘†— –‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ǥ ˆƒ –ǡ™‘‘Ž‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ
„ƒ† ‘†— –‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–•‘„‘–Š–Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ†™‘‘Ž†‘‘–’‡”‹–Š‡ƒ––‘„‡ ‘†— –‡†ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘Ǥ‘
™‘‘Ž‡ Ž‘–Š‡•ƒ”‡™ƒ”Ǥ
2. ȋƒȌ ʹͶͲ ȋ„Ȍ ͳǤͷ 3. ͶͲι
4. Tͳ αͳͳ͸ιǡTʹ α͹Ͷι 5. ͸ͺιǢͲǤͻιȀ  6. ͹ǣʹ

BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1. ȋƒȌ „‘†›™Š‘•‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‹–›‹•Žƒ”‰‡™‘—Ž†ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›ƒ„•‘”„Ž‡••Š‡ƒ–Ǥ‘ǡƒ„‘†›™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‹–›
‹•ƒ’‘‘”ƒ„•‘”„‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ǥ‘‘”ƒ„•‘”„‡”•ƒ”‡’‘‘”‡‹––‡”•Ǥ‘ǡƒ„‘†›™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‹–›‹•ƒ
’‘‘”‡‹––‡”Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ ‡–„‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘–‹”‘‹–Š‡ˆ—”ƒ ‡Ǥ ‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†’‡”•‡ ‘†’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒǡ
αVͶ
Š‡–Š‡„‘†›‹•’Žƒ ‡†‹–Š‡‘’‡ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ͳǡ–Š‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†Ȁ•‡ ‘†Ȁƒ”‡ƒǡ̵αV
ȋͶ Ȃ ͲͶȌ
Ž‡ƒ”Ž›̵δǤ‘ǡ–Š‡‘’–‹ ƒŽ’›”‘‡–‡”‰‹˜‡•–‘‘Ž‘™ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‡‘’‡Ǥ

[ 92 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
ȋ Ȍ Š‡Ž‘™‡”Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹ˆ”ƒ”‡†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘‡ƒ”–Š„ƒ –‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡
‘ˆ‡ƒ”–ŠǤŠ—•ǡ –Š‡Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šˆ”‘–Š‡•—†—”‹‰–Š‡†ƒ›ƒ”‡‡’––”ƒ’’‡†
„›–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ˆƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š™‡”‡‘––Š‡”‡ǡ‹–••—”ˆƒ ‡™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡–‘‘ ‘Ž†–‘
Ž‹˜‡Ǥ
ȋ†Ȍ Š‡–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ Š‡ƒ–‡”‹••™‹– Š‡†‘ǡƒ•–ƒ‰‡‹•“—‹ Ž›”‡ƒ Š‡†™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ–‡ƒ–™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ƒ–‹•
‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›‡Ž‡ –”‹ Ǥ—””‡–„‡ ‘‡•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡”ƒ–‡ƒ–™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ƒ–‹•Ž‘•–„›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•
ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—Ǥ
ȋ‡Ȍ ‡ ƒ—•‡„Žƒ •—”ˆƒ ‡‹•‰‘‘†ƒ„•‘”„‡”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ǥ
ȋˆȌ ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Š–ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡•‡‡”‰›‹–‘•’ƒ ‡ƒ–ƒ”ƒ–‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š’‘™‡”‘ˆ
‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋƒ„‘—–͵ͲͲȌǤŠ‡‹ ‘‹‰”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘•’ƒ ‡‹•˜‡”›•ƒŽŽ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–•ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡œ‡”‘Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†™‹–Š Ž‘—†‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡•ƒ–͵ͲͲǡ
„—––Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ„•‘”„‡†‹–Š‡ Ž‘—†•ǡ™Š‹ Š”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡‡‡”‰›„ƒ –‘‡ƒ”–Šƒ‰ƒ‹–Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘
‹•–”ƒ’’‡†ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ
ȋ‰Ȍ Š‹•‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒ˜ƒ —‹• ”‡ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡”‘•ˆŽƒ•Ǥ ‡ƒ– ƒ
‡‹–Š‡” ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘‹•‹†‡–Š‡ˆŽƒ•–‘‘—–•‹†‡‘”ˆ”‘‘—–•‹†‡ƒ‹”–‘–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†‹•‹†‡–Š‡ˆŽƒ•Ǥ 
–Š‹•™ƒ›ǡŽ‘••‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–„› ‘†— –‹‘ƒ† ‘˜‡ –‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡‹‹‹•‡†Ǥ‘‹‹‹•‡Ž‘••‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–
„›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‹•ƒ†‡•Š‹‹‰Ǥ
”ʹ
2. 3. ͶͲι 4. ʹͺι 5. ͳͻʹ͹
”ͳ

BEGINNER'S BOX-5
ͳ
1. ‘Ž‡ 2Ǥ ͳʹͲƒ
ʹ
ͳ ͵
3. ʹǤʹέͳͲʹͶ 4. ȋƒȌ Ǣȋ„Ȍ ͲǤͻͶ͹
ʹ ʹ

BEGINNER'S BOX-6
1. ȋƒȌ͸ǤʹͳέͳͲȂʹͳ Ǣȋ„ȌͳͲǤ͵ͷέͳͲȂʹͳ Ǣȋ Ȍ͸ʹ͵ͳ
2. ȋƒȌͳʹ͹ιǡȋ„Ȍͷʹ͹ι
ͷ
3. ȋƒȌ͵ǡȋ„Ȍ ǡȋ ȌͶͷͲ
͵
˜ͳ  ˜ ʹ  ˜͵
4. ˜ƒ˜‰ α ǡ
͵

˜ͳʹ  ˜ʹʹ  ˜͵ʹ

‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡•’‡‡†α
͵
5. ͻǤʹȀ•
ͳ ͳ ͹ͲǤͻ ͳǤ͵͵
6. ȋƒȌ ȋ' ᕃ‡ˆ‘”„‘–ŠȌǢȋ„Ȍ˜”• α
ʹ ͳ ͵ͻǤͻ ͳ

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
BEGINNER'S BOX-7
ͳ ͷ 
1. ȋƒȌ α έȋʹͲ Ȃ ͲȌέȋ͵Ͳ Ȃ ͲȌαͲͲ ȋ„Ȍ ͲͲƒ† ͵ͲͲ ǡȋ Ȍ Ͳ Ͳ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
2. ȂͷέͳͲͷ
3.  α͸ͲͲͲ
 αœ‡”‘
 αȂͳͲͲͲ
 αœ‡”‘
4. ȋƒȌʹͶέͳͲʹ Ǣȋ„Ȍ͵͸έͳͲʹ Ǣȋ Ȍ͸ͲέͳͲʹ
5. ͶǤͳ͸ Ȁ ƒŽ

BEGINNER'S BOX-8
1. ͵͸ͷͲ 2. ȋƒȌͳ͸ʹǤͷ ƒŽǢȋ„Ȍʹ͵͹Ǥͷ ƒŽ
3Ǥ ȋȌȂ ’ǡȋȌȂ “ǡȋȌȂ ” 4. ȋȌȂ “ǡȋȌȂ ”ǡȋȌȂ ’ǡȋȌȂ •
5. ȋȌȂ’ǡ•ǡȋȌȂ’ǡ“ǡ”ǡ•ǡȋȌȂ•ǡȋȌȂ“ǡ•ǡȋȌȂ”ǡ•
6. ȋƒȌ͹ͲͲ Ǣȋ„ȌͷͲͲ
7. ȋƒȌ αͳͷͲǢ α͵͹ǤͷǢȋ„Ȍ͹ʹέͳͲ͵ 8. ͳͳͷʹǤ͸Œ‘—Ž‡Ǥ

BEGINNER'S BOX-9
1. ͳ͸ͺ 2. ͶͲͲ 3. ȋƒȌͶͲΨǢȋ„ȌʹͶͲǢȋ ȌͶͲͲ
4Ǥ ʹͷͲ 5. ͳʹ͸™ƒ––Ǥ

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Thermal Physics ALLEN
Exercise - I
TEMPERATURE & THERMAL EXPANSION 6. •‹‰™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•–”—‡–ǡ–Š‡
1. –™Šƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‘‡•–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•— ƒ„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†ǫ
‡Ž•‹—•ƒ† ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–‡“—ƒŽ‹•‡ ȋͳȌŽƒ–‹—–Š‡”‘‡–‡”
ȋͳȌȂͶͲι ȋʹȌͶͲι ȋ͵Ȍ͵͸Ǥ͸ι ȋͶȌ͵ͺι ȋʹȌ ƒ•–Š‡”‘‡–‡”
PTM001 ȋ͵Ȍ›”‘‡–‡”
ȋͶȌƒ’‘—”’”‡••—”‡–Š‡”‘‡–‡”
2.  †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ʹͷι  ‹•
PTM006
‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆǣ
7. ™‘ –Š‡”‘‡–‡”•  ƒ†  Šƒ˜‡ ‹ ‡ ’‘‹–•
ȋͳȌͶͷι ȋʹȌ͹ʹι ƒ”‡† ƒ– ͳͷι ƒ† ʹͷι ƒ† •–‡ƒ ’‘‹–•
ȋ͵Ȍ͵ʹι ȋͶȌʹͷι ƒ”‡† ƒ• ͹ͷι ƒ† ͳʹͷ锇•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡
PTM002 –Š‡”‘‡–‡”‡ƒ•—”‡•–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ
3. Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ —”˜‡•‹ˆ‹‰—”‡”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ ƒ„ƒ–Šƒ•͸Ͳ鑐‹–ǡ™Šƒ–™‘—Ž†–Š‡”‘‡–‡”
”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‡Ž•‹—• ƒ† ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–  ”‡ƒ† ™Š‡ ‹– ‹• —•‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǫ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡„ƒ–Šǫ
 ȋͳȌ͸Ͳι ȋʹȌ͹ͷι ȋ͵ȌͳͲͲι ȋͶȌͻͲι
PTM007
„
8. Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡„‡Ž‘™•Š‘™•ˆ‘—”‹•‘–”‘’‹ •‘Ž‹†•
Šƒ˜‹‰ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡”ƒŽ
† ƒ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ•–—†‡–’”‡†‹ –•–Šƒ–‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰
–Š‡ •‘Ž‹† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‹‰• ƒ Šƒ’’‡Ǥ ƒ”
ȋͳȌ—”˜‡ƒ ȋʹȌ—”˜‡„ –”—‡ȋȌ‘” ƒŽ•‡ȋ Ȍˆ‘” ‘‡–•ƒ†‡„›
ȋ͵Ȍ—”˜‡ ȋͶȌ—”˜‡† –Š‡•–—†‡–Ǥ
PTM003 
4. Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š  •Š‘™ ‹ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ‹• ƒ ’Ž‘– ‘ˆ D


–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ„‘†›‹†‡‰”‡‡‡Ž•‹—•ƒ† ȋ‹ȌŠ‡ƒ‰Ž‡D ‹ˆ‹‰—”‡ȋͳȌ™‹ŽŽ‘– Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
†‡‰”‡‡ ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–ǤŠ‡ ȋ‹‹ȌŠ‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆŽ‹‡‹ˆ‹‰—”‡ȋʹȌ™‹ŽŽ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹ȌŠ‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ‹‡”Š‘Ž‡™‹ŽŽ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡Ǥ
ͳͲͲι 
ȋ‹˜ȌŠ‡†‹•–ƒ ‡™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡Ǥ
‡–‹‰”ƒ†‡

ȋͳȌ   ȋʹȌ  ȋ͵ȌȋͶȌ  

PTM008
9. –ƒ”‘†‹•Š—‰ˆ”‘ƒˆ”ƒ‡ƒ••Š‘™‹
ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ ƒ •ƒŽŽ ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ”‘†
͵ʹι ʹͳʹι  ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–
 ƒ†ˆŽ‘‘”ǤŠ‡ˆ”ƒ‡ƒ†”‘†•›•–‡‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†
—‹ˆ‘”Ž›—’–‘͵ͷͲǤŠ‡
ȋͳȌ•Ž‘’‡‘ˆŽ‹‡‹•ͻȀͷ
ȋʹȌ•Ž‘’‡‘ˆŽ‹‡‹•ͷȀͻ
ȋ͵Ȍ•Ž‘’‡‘ˆŽ‹‡‹•ͳȀͻ ‘†
ȋͶȌ•Ž‘’‡‘ˆŽ‹‡‹•͵Ȁͻ
PTM004
5. š›‰‡ „‘‹Ž•ƒ– Ȃͳͺ͵ιǤŠ‹• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• ȋͳȌŠ‡”‘†™‹ŽŽ‡˜‡”–‘— Š–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”‹ƒ› ƒ•‡Ǥ
ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›‹ ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–‹•ǣǦ ȋʹȌ ˆD”‘† εDˆ”ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡”‘†ƒ›–‘— Š–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ
ȋͳȌȂ͵ʹͻι ȋʹȌȂʹ͸ͳι ȋ͵Ȍ ˆD”‘† δDˆ”ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡”‘†ƒ›–‘— Š–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ
ȋ͵ȌȂʹͳͷι  ȋͶȌȂʹͻ͹ι ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡
PTM005 PTM009

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
10. Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡–ƒŽ •’Š‡”‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• „› 16.  „—ŽŽ‡– ‘˜‹‰ ™‹–Š ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ˜ ‘ŽŽ‹†‡•
ͲǤͳͷΨ ™Š‡ ‹–• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ”ƒ‹•‡† „› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ™ƒŽŽǤ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž› ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‹‡–‹ 
ʹͶιǤŠ‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ Ž‹‡ƒ” ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› ‹• ‘˜‡”–‡† ‹–‘ Š‡ƒ–Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡
‡–ƒŽ‹•ǣ Š‡ƒ– ‹• ƒ “—‹”‡† „› –Š‡ „—ŽŽ‡–ǡ –Š‡ ”‹•‡ ‹
ȋͳȌʹǤͷέͳͲȂͷȀι ȋʹȌʹǤͲέͳͲȂͷȀι –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣȂ
ȋ͵ȌȂͳǤͷέͳͲ Ȁι
Ȃͷ ȋͶȌͳǤʹέͳͲȂͷȀι ȋͳȌ˜ʹȀͶ ȋʹȌͶ˜ʹȀʹ ȋ͵Ȍ˜ʹȀʹ ȋͶȌ˜ʹȀ
PTM010 PTM016
11. —’’‘•‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŠ‘Ž‡‹ƒ ‘’’‡”’Žƒ–‡Ǥ 17. Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ”‡“—‹”‡† ‹ ‘˜‡”–‹‰
Š‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡’Žƒ–‡ǡ†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆŠ‘Ž‡ǡ™‘—Ž†ǣ ͳ‰‹ ‡ƒ–ȂͳͲ°‹–‘•–‡ƒƒ–ͳͲͲι™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣȂ
ȋͳȌƒŽ™ƒ›•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ȋͳȌ͵Ͳʹͺ ȋʹȌ͸Ͳͷ͸ ȋ͵Ȍ͹ʹͳ ȋͶȌ͸ͳ͸
ȋʹȌƒŽ™ƒ›•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ PTM017
ȋ͵ȌƒŽ™ƒ›•”‡ƒ‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ 18. ʹ‰‹ ‡ƒ–Ȃ ʹͲι‹•‹š‡†™‹–Šͷ‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ–
ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ʹͲιǤ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‡
PTM011 ‹š–—”‡™‘—Ž†„‡Ǣ
12. Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡‰‹˜‡•–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ‡‰–ŠAͲǡ Šƒ‰‡‹ ‹˜‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ‹ ‡αͲǤͷ ƒŽȀ‰ιǡ
’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”αͳ ƒŽȀ‰ιǡ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ' ƒ† Šƒ‰‡ ‹ Ž‡‰–Š 'A ‘ˆ ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆˆ—•‹‘ˆ‘”‹ ‡αͺͲ ƒŽȀ‰Ǥ
ˆ‘—””‘†•ǤŠ‹ Š”‘†Šƒ•‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ȋͳȌ͸‰ ȋʹȌͷ‰ ȋ͵ȌͶ‰ ȋͶȌʹ‰
‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘ PTM018
Rod A0(m) 'T(°C) 'AA(m) 19. ™‘ ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ ƒ••‡• ‘ˆ ͷ ‰ ‡ƒ Š ˆƒŽŽ ‘ ƒ
™Š‡‡Ž ˆ”‘ ƒ Š‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ ͳͲǤ Š‡ ™Š‡‡Ž
ͳ ͳ ͳͲͲ ͳ †‹•–—”„• ƒ ƒ•• ‘ˆ ʹ‰ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‹•‡ ‹
ʹ ͳ ͳͲͲ ʹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
͵ ͳǤͷ ͷͲ ͵ ȋͳȌʹǤ͸ι ȋʹȌͳǤʹι
Ͷ ʹǤͷ ʹͲ Ͷ ȋ͵ȌͲǤ͵ʹι ȋͶȌͲǤͳʹι
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌͶ PTM019
PTM012 20. „Ž‘ ‘ˆƒ••ʹǤͷ‰‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†–‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ
13.  ‹”‘ „ƒ” ȋ‘—‰ǯ• ‘†—Ž—• α ͳͲͳͳ Ȁʹǡ ͷͲͲ郐†’Žƒ ‡†‘ƒŽƒ”‰‡‹ ‡„Ž‘ ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡
D αͳͲȂ͸ ȀιȌͳŽ‘‰ƒ†ͳͲȂ͵ ʹ ‹ƒ”‡ƒ‹• ƒš‹—ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‹ ‡–Šƒ– ƒ‡Ž–ȋƒ’’”‘šǤȌǤ
Š‡ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ Ͳι –‘ ͳͲͲι ™‹–Š‘—– „‡‹‰ ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡„‘†›αͲǤͳ ƒŽȀ‰ιǤ
ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘ „‡† ‘” ‡š’ƒ†Ǥ ‹† –Š‡ ȋͳȌͳ‰ ȋʹȌͳǤͷ‰ ȋ͵Ȍʹ‰ȋͶȌʹǤͷ‰
‘’”‡••‹˜‡ˆ‘” ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹•‹†‡–Š‡„ƒ”Ǥ PTM020
ȋͳȌͳͲǡͲͲͲ ȋʹȌͳͲͲͲ 21. ͳ ‰ ‘ˆ ‹ ‡ ƒ– ȂͳͲι ‹• ‹š‡† ™‹–Š ͶǤͶ ‰ ‘ˆ
ȋ͵ȌͷͲͲͲ ȋͶȌͳͲͷ  ™ƒ–‡” ƒ– ͵ͲιǤ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ
PTM013 ‹š–—”‡‹•ǣ ȋ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ‹ ‡αʹͳͲͲ Ȁ‰ǦȌ
14. ”‘†‘ˆŽ‡‰–Šʹ”‡•–•‘•‘‘–ŠŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ ȋͳȌʹǤ͵ι ȋʹȌͶǤͶι ȋ͵ȌͷǤ͵ι ȋͶȌͺǤ͹ι
ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ”‘† ‹• Š‡ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ Ͳι –‘ ʹͲιǤ PTM021
‹†–Š‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ•–”ƒ‹†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǫ 22. Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ ‘˜‡”–ͳ‰‘ˆ
ȋD αͷέͳͲȂͷȀιȌ ‹ ‡ƒ–Ͳ鋐–‘•–‡ƒƒ–ͳͲͲιǡ‹•
ȋͳȌͳͲȂ͵ ȋʹȌʹέͳͲȂ͵ ȋ͵Ȍ‡”‘ ȋͶȌ‘‡ ȋͳȌ͹ͳ͸ ƒŽǤ ȋʹȌͷͲͲ ƒŽǤ
PTM014 ȋ͵ȌͳͺͲ ƒŽǤ ȋͶȌͳͲͲ ƒŽǤ
CALORIMETRY PTM022
15.  „‘†› ‘ˆ ƒ•• ͷ ‰ ˆƒŽŽ• ˆ”‘ ƒ Š‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ 23. Š‡Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–ˆ‘”˜ƒ’‘—”‹•ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘”ͳ‰™ƒ–‡”
͵Ͳ‡–”‡Ǥ ˆ‹–•ƒŽŽ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹• Šƒ‰‡† ‹•ͷ͵͸ ƒŽǤ –•˜ƒŽ—‡‹ ‘—Ž‡Ȁ‰™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
‹–‘Š‡ƒ–ǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–’”‘†— ‡†™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ ȋͳȌʹǤʹͷέͳͲ͸ ȋʹȌʹǤʹͷέͳͲ͵
ȋͳȌ͵ͷͲ ƒŽ ȋʹȌͳͷͲ ƒŽ ȋ͵Ȍ͸Ͳ ƒŽ ȋͶȌ͸ ƒŽ ȋ͵ȌʹǤʹͷ ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
PTM015 PTM023

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Thermal Physics ALLEN
24. ˆͳͲ‰‹ ‡ƒ–Ͳι‹•‹š‡†™‹–ŠͳͲ‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ– 29. ͳͲ‰‘ˆ‹ ‡ƒ–Ͳι‹•‡’–‹ƒ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”‘ˆ
ʹͲιǡ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ ™ƒ–‡”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ͳͲ‰Ǥ ‘™— ŠŠ‡ƒ–•Š‘—Ž†
ȋͳȌͷͲι ȋʹȌͳͲι ȋ͵ȌͲι ȋͶȌͳͷι „‡•—’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•–‘‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡
PTM024 ™ƒ–‡”–Š—•ˆ‘”‡†ǫȋ‡‰Ž‡ –Ž‘••‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–Ȍ
25. ͶʹͲŒ‘—Ž‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰›•—’’Ž‹‡†–‘ͳͲ‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” ȋͳȌ͸ʹͲͲ ƒŽ ȋʹȌ͹ʹͲͲ ƒŽ
™‹ŽŽ”ƒ‹•‡‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„›‡ƒ”Ž›ǣǦ ȋ͵Ȍͳ͵͸ͲͲ ƒŽ ȋͶȌͺʹͲͲ ƒŽ
ȋͳȌͳι ȋʹȌͶǤʹι ȋ͵ȌͳͲι ȋͶȌͶʹι PTM029
PTM025
30. ‹‰—”‡ •Š‘™• –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘
26.  •‘Ž‹† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• •—’’Ž‹‡† ™‹–Š Š‡ƒ– ƒ– ƒ
™Š‡ Š‡ƒ– ‹• ƒ††‡† ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› –‘ ƒ
‘•–ƒ–”ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹•
Šƒ‰‹‰ ™‹–Š Š‡ƒ– ‹’—– ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ •’‡ ‹‡‘ˆ‹ ‡ȋͳͲ‰Ȍƒ– ȂͶͲιƒ– ‘•–ƒ–
ˆ‹‰—”‡ǤŠƒ–†‘‡••Ž‘’‡”‡’”‡•‡–Ǥ ”ƒ–‡Ǥȋ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ‹ ‡αͲǤͷ͵ ƒŽȀ‰ιƒ†
› ‹ ‡ αͺͲ ƒŽȀ‰ǡ™ƒ–‡”αͷͶͲ ƒŽȀ‰Ȍ
‡’ǤȋιȌ
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡

 ͳͲͲ
 
 
š
 ‡ƒ– ’—– Ͳ
ȋ ƒŽȌ
ȋͳȌŽƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆŽ‹“—‹† ȂͶͲ
ȋʹȌŽƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ˜ƒ’‘—” ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ
ȋ͵ȌŠ‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ˜ƒ’‘—”
ȋͶȌ‹˜‡”•‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ˜ƒ’‘—” Column–I Column–II
PTM026 ȋȌ ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͳ ȋ‹
ƒŽȌ ȋȌ ͺͲͲ
27. Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ”‡’”‡•‡– ȋȌ ƒŽ—‡‘ˆʹ ȋ‹
ƒŽȌ ȋȌ ͳͲͲͲ
Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ͷ ‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ȋȌ ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ͵ ȋ‹
ƒŽȌ ȋȌ ͷͶͲͲ
•—„•–ƒ ‡ƒ•‹–ƒ„•‘”„• Š‡ƒ–ƒ–ƒ ‘•–ƒ–”ƒ–‡ ȋȌ ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͶ ȋ‹
ƒŽȌ ȋȌ ʹͳʹ
‘ˆͶʹ ‹ȂͳǤŠ‡Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ˜ƒ’‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ȋȌ ͻͲͲ
‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•–ƒ ‡‹•ǣ ȋͳȌoǢoǢoǢo
ȋʹȌoǢoǢoǢo
ʹʹͷ
ȋ͵ȌoǢoǢoǢo
‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋιȌ

ʹͲͲ
ͳ͹ͷ
ͳͷͲ
ȋͶȌoǢoǢoǢo
ͳʹͷ PTM030
ͳͲͲ
͹ͷ
31. Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆƒ›„‘†›‹•
ͷͲ ȋͳȌ ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ‹–• ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘ƒ„•‘”„Š‡ƒ–
ʹͷ
ȋʹȌ ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ‹–• ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘’”‘˜‹†‡Š‡ƒ–
Ͳ ͷ ͳͲ ͳͷ ʹͲ ʹͷ ͵Ͳ ͵ͷ ͶͲ ͶͷͷͲ
–‹‡ȋ‹Ȍ ȋ͵Ȍ –Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡‹–•
ȋͳȌ͸͵Ͳ ‰Ȃͳ
ȋʹȌͳʹ͸ ‰Ȃͳ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„›ƒ—‹–†‡‰”‡‡
ȋ͵ȌͺͶ ‰Ȃͳ ȋͶȌͳʹǤ͸ ‰Ȃͳ ȋͶȌ –Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡
PTM027 –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ—‹–ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›„›
28.  „Ž‘  ‘ˆ ‹ ‡ ™‹–Š ƒ••  ˆƒŽŽ• ‹–‘ ƒ Žƒ‡Ǥ ƒ—‹–†‡‰”‡‡
ˆ–‡” ‹’ƒ –ǡ ƒ ƒ•• ‘ˆ ‹ ‡ Ȁͷ ‡Ž–•Ǥ ‘–Š PTM031
–Š‡ „Ž‘  ‘ˆ ‹ ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ 32. ʹŽ‹–”‡™ƒ–‡” ƒ–ʹ͹ι‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†„›ƒͳŠ‡ƒ–‡”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͲιǤ ˆ”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ ‹ƒ‘’‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡”Ǥƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡Š‡ƒ–‹•Ž‘•–
ˆ—•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹‹— †‹•–ƒ ‡ –Š‡ ‹ ‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ –‘ •—””‘—†‹‰• ƒ– –Š‡ ”ƒ–‡ ͳ͸Ͳ Ȁ•Ǥ Š‡ –‹‡
„‡ˆ‘”‡•–”‹‹‰–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‹• ”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–‘”‡ƒ Š͹͹ι‹•
 ͷ ‰  ȋͳȌͺ‹ʹͲ•‡ ȋʹȌͳͲ‹
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ͷ‰ ‰ ͷ ͷ‰ ȋ͵Ȍ͹‹ ȋͶȌͳͶ‹
PTM028 PTM032

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33.  ʹͳͲͲ  ‘–‹—‘—• ˆŽ‘™ ‰‡›•‡” ȋ‹•–ƒ– 38. Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡ •Š‘™• –Š‡ ˆƒ ‡ ƒ† ‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡
‰‡›•‡”Ȍ Šƒ• ™ƒ–‡” ‹Ž‡– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ α ͳͲι –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ ‘’‘•‹–‡•Žƒ„ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰‘ˆ
™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‘™•‘—–ƒ––Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆʹͲ‰Ȁ•Ǥ ˆ‘—”Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆ–™‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‹‰‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ
–Š‹ ‡••Ǥ†‡”•–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡˆ‹†
Š‡‘—–Ž‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”—•–„‡ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡T
ȋͳȌʹͲι ȋʹȌ͵Ͳι ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͷι ȋͶȌͶͲι ʹͲι ͳͲι T Ȃͷι ȂͳͲι
PTM033
34. Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡”ƒŽ  ʹ  ʹ
‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‹•ͷǣ͵Ǥ
ˆ–Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ”‘†•‘ˆ•ƒ‡ƒ”‡ƒ α–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›
‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹••ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡™Šƒ–‹•”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ȋͳȌͷι ȋʹȌͳͲι ȋ͵ȌȂͳͷι
ȋͶȌͳͷι
Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‘†•Ǧ PTM038
ȋͳȌ͵ǣͷ ȋʹȌͷǣ͵ ȋ͵Ȍʹͷǣͻ ȋͶȌͻǣʹͷ 39. Š”‡‡ ”‘†• ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ†
PTM034 Šƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
Œ‘‹‡†ƒ••Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥƒ Š”‘†‹•‘ˆ
35. ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™–Š”‘—‰Šƒ ›Ž‹†”‹ ƒŽ”‘†‹•
–Š‡ •ƒ‡ Ž‡‰–ŠǤŠ‡Ž‡ˆ– ƒ† ”‹‰Š– ‡†• ƒ”‡
1Ǥ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ‡†•‘ˆ”‘†ƒ”‡1 ƒ†2Ǥ ‡’– ƒ– Ͳι ƒ† ͻͲι ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡
ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†„‡ ‘‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Œ— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡”‘†•
†‘—„Ž‡ ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ”‡ƒ‹• ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
•ƒ‡ǡ‹–̵•”ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™‹•2ǡ–Š‡ǣȂ ͻͲι

ȋͳȌ1 αʹ2 ȋʹȌ2 αʹ1 Ͳι

ͻͲι
ȋ͵Ȍ2 αͶ1 ȋͶȌ1 αͶ2
ȋͳȌͶͷι ȋʹȌ͸Ͳι ȋ͵Ȍ͵Ͳι ȋͶȌʹͲι
PTM035 PTM039
36. Š‡ƒ–ˆŽ—š‘ˆͶͲͲͲ Ȁ•‹•–‘„‡’ƒ••‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ 40. Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›
‘’’‡””‘†‘ˆŽ‡‰–ŠͳͲ ƒ† ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ ”‘•• †‡’‡†•—’‘Ǧ
•‡ –‹‘ ͳͲͲ ʹǤ Š‡ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ ȋͳȌ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ–™‘‡†•
ȋʹȌ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡
‘’’‡”‹•ͶͲͲȀιǤŠ‡–™‘‡†•‘ˆ–Š‹•”‘†
ȋ͵ȌŠ‹ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡
—•–„‡‡’–ƒ–ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ ȋͶȌƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–‡
ȋͳȌͳι ȋʹȌͳͲι PTM040
ȋ͵ȌͳͲͲι ȋͶȌͳͲͲͲι 41. Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ›Ž‹†”‹ ƒŽ ”‘†• ™‹ŽŽ
PTM036 ‘†— – ‘•– Š‡ƒ–ǡ ™Š‡ –Š‡‹” ‡†• ƒ”‡
37. Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡•–‡ƒ†›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ȋͳȌ‡‰–ŠͳǢ”ƒ†‹—•ͳ 
‘’’‡” ‹• ‹‡ –‹‡• –Šƒ– ‘ˆ •–‡‡ŽǤ  –Š‡
ȋʹȌ‡‰–ŠʹǢ”ƒ†‹—•ͳ 
‘’‘•‹–‡ ›Ž‹†”‹ ƒŽ„ƒ”•Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ ȋ͵Ȍ‡‰–ŠʹǢ”ƒ†‹—•ʹ 
™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ––Š‡Œ— –‹‘ ȋͶȌ‡‰–ŠͳǢ”ƒ†‹—•ʹ 
‘ˆ ‘’’‡”ƒ†•–‡‡Žǫ PTM041
ͳͲͲι 42. ”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‹•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”Ȃ
Ͳι
ȋͳȌ–‹””‹‰‘ˆŽ‹“—‹† ȋʹȌ‘˜‡ –‹‘
‘’’‡” •–‡‡Ž ȋ͵Ȍ‘†— –‹‘ ȋͶȌƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘
ͳͺ  ͸  PTM042
43. Š‡Žƒ›‡”•‘ˆƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ”‡Š‡ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠǦ
ȋͳȌ͹ͷι ȋʹȌ͸͹ι
ȋͳȌ‘˜‡ –‹‘ ȋʹȌ‘†— –‹‘
ȋ͵Ȍ͵͵ι ȋͶȌʹͷι ȋ͵Ȍƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋͶȌʹƒ†͵„‘–Š
PTM037 PTM043

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44. Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š• ƒ† ”ƒ†‹‹ ‘ˆ –™‘ ”‘†• ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ 50. ˆ–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆƒŽ—‹‹—‹•
•ƒ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ”‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘•ͳǣʹƒ†ʹǣ͵ ͲǤͷ ƒŽȀ Ǧ•‡ Ǧιǡ –Š‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‘†— –
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡
ͳͲ ƒŽȀ•‡ Ǧ ʹ ‹ –Š‡ •–‡ƒ†› •–ƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡†• ˆ‘” –Š‡ –™‘ ”‘†• „‡ –Š‡
•ƒ‡–Š‡‹–Š‡•–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–‹ƒŽ—‹‹——•–„‡
Š‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™‹‰’‡”•‡ ‘†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ ȋͳȌͷιȀ  ȋʹȌͳͲιȀ 
‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ȋ͵ȌʹͲιȀ  ȋͶȌͳͲǤͷιȀ 
ȋͳȌͳǣ͵ ȋʹȌͶǣ͵ ȋ͵Ȍͺǣͻ ȋͶȌ͵ǣʹ PTM050
PTM044
51. Š‡ †‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘”—Žƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡”ƒŽ
45Ǥ ™‘ ‡–ƒŽ ”‘†•ǡ ͳ Ƭ ʹ ‘ˆ •ƒ‡ Ž‡‰–Š Šƒ˜‡
•ƒ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡‹” ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡‹•
‡†•ǡ–Š‡‹”–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡ͳ Ƭʹ ȋͳȌȂͳȂʹ͵T ȋʹȌȂͳȂʹȂ͵T
ƒ† ”‘•••‡ –‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ͳ Ƭʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ȋ͵ȌʹȂʹT ȋͶȌʹʹTȂͳ
Šƒ– ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† ‘†‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” •ƒ‡ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ
PTM051
Š‡ƒ– ‘†— –‹‘‹–Š‡Ǥ
ȋͳȌͳ αʹ ȋʹȌͳ ͳ αʹ ʹ 52. Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ—•‡†‹–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡‘ˆ ‘‘‡”
ͳ  ʹ   —•–Šƒ˜‡ȋǦ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǡ
ȋ͵Ȍ α ȋͶȌ ʹͳ α ʹʹ
ͳ  ʹ Ǧ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ—•‡†Ȍǣ
ͳ ʹ
PTM045 ȋͳȌŠ‹‰Šƒ†Ž‘™ ȋʹȌŽ‘™ƒ†Ž‘™
46Ǥ Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ Š‘– ƒ† ‘Ž† ‡† ‘ˆ ƒ ȋ͵ȌŠ‹‰Šƒ†Š‹‰Š ȋͶȌŽ‘™ƒ†Š‹‰Š
ʹͲ Ž‘‰”‘†‹–Š‡”ƒŽ•–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡ƒ”‡ƒ– PTM052
ͳͲͲ郐†ʹͲ锇•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ– 53. Š‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹” —””‡–• ˆ”‘ ‘ ‡ƒ –‘
–Š‡ ‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†‹•
‰”‘—†‹•‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ
ȋͳȌͷͲι ȋʹȌ͸Ͳι ȋ͵ȌͶͲι ȋͶȌ͵Ͳι
PTM046 ȋͳȌ Š‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Š‡ƒ– ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ‹• ‘”‡ –Šƒ
47. ‘•‹†‡” ƒ ‘’‘—† •Žƒ„ ‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ –™‘ –Šƒ–‘ˆ•ƒ†
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‹‰‡“—ƒŽ–Š‹ ‡••‡•ƒ† ȋʹȌ‘˜‡ –‹‘
–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–‹‡•  ƒ† ʹǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ȋ͵Ȍƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘
Š‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•Žƒ„‹•
ȋͶȌ‹ˆˆ”ƒ –‹‘
Ͷ ʹ
ȋͳȌ͵ ȋʹȌ  ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ ʹ PTM053
͵ ͵
PTM047 54  ƒ ‘Ž† ‘”‹‰ǡ ƒ ’‡”•‘ ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‡‡Ž ‡–ƒŽ
48. †‡”•–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ„‘†› •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘Ž†‡”–‘–‘— Š–Šƒƒ™‘‘†‡•—”ˆƒ ‡
ȋͳȌ  ”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š–‹‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡
ȋʹȌ ‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š–‹‡ ȋͳȌ‡–ƒŽŠƒ•Š‹‰Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–
ȋ͵Ȍ ‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡™‹–Š–‹‡ƒ†‹••ƒ‡ƒ–
ƒŽŽ–Š‡’‘‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†› ȋʹȌ‡–ƒŽŠƒ•Š‹‰Š–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›
ȋͶȌ ‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡™‹–Š–‹‡„—–‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ȋ͵Ȍ‡–ƒŽŠƒ•Ž‘™•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–
ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†› ȋͶȌ‡–ƒŽŠƒ•Ž‘™–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›
PTM048 PTM054
49Ǥ Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡‰Žƒ••‘ˆƒ™‹†‘™‘ˆƒ”‘‘‹•
55. Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ƒ‡–‡”•‘ˆ–™‘‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ”‘†•
ͳͲʹ ƒ† –Š‹ ‡•• ʹ Ǥ Š‡ ‘—–‡” ƒ†
‹‡” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ”‡ ͶͲι ƒ† ʹͲι ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹•ʹǣͳƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰–Š•ƒ”‡
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ‰Žƒ••‹ ‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ͳǣ ͶǤ ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡
 •›•–‡ ‹• ͲǤʹ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ– ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ „‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆˆŽ‘™‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–
”‘‘’‡”•‡ ‘†™‹ŽŽ„‡Ǧ ‹–Š‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆǦ
ȋͳȌ͵έͳͲͶ Œ‘—Ž‡• ȋʹȌʹέͳͲͶŒ‘—Ž‡•
ȋͳȌʹǣͳ ȋʹȌͶǣͳ ȋ͵Ȍͺǣͳ ȋͶȌͳ͸ǣͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͲŒ‘—Ž‡• ȋͶȌͶͷŒ‘—Ž‡•
PTM049 PTM055

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56. ™‘„ƒ”•‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†͵ 61. –‹•Š‘––‡”ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡†‹•–ƒ ‡‘˜‡”–Š‡–‘’
ƒ†Ž‡‰–Š•ͳ ƒ†ʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Šƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ˆ‹”‡ –Šƒ ‹– ‹• ‹ –Š‡ •‹†‡ ‘ˆ ‹–ǡ ƒ‹Ž›
‡“—ƒŽ ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒǤ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ Œ‘‹‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡
Ž‡‰–Š ™‹•‡ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ȋͳȌ‹” ‘†— –•Š‡ƒ–—’™ƒ”†•
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ––Š‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘’‘•‹–‡„ƒ” ȋʹȌ ‡ƒ–‹•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†—’™ƒ”†•
‹• Ͳι ƒ† ͳͲͲι ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ȋ•‡‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡Ȍǡ ȋ͵Ȍ‘˜‡ –‹‘–ƒ‡•‘”‡Š‡ƒ–—’™ƒ”†•
–Š‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”ˆƒ ‡ȋIȌ‹• ȋͶȌ‘˜‡ –‹‘ǡ ‘†— –‹‘ƒ†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ
I ‘–”‹„—–‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰Š‡ƒ–
Ͳι  ͵ ͳͲͲι —’™ƒ”†
PTM061
ͳ  ʹ  RADIATION

ͳͲͲ 62.  •’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ „‘†› ‘ˆ ƒ”‡ƒ ǡ ƒ† ‡‹••‹˜‹–›
ȋͳȌͷͲι ȋʹȌ ι ‡αͲǤ͸‹•‡’–‹•‹†‡ƒ„Žƒ „‘†›ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡
͵
ʹͲͲ ”ƒ–‡ƒ–™Š‹ Š‡‡”‰›‹•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†’‡”•‡ ‘†ƒ–
ȋ͵Ȍ͸Ͳι ȋͶȌ ι –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
͵
PTM056 ȋͳȌͲǤ͸V Ͷ ȋʹȌͲǤͶV Ͷ
57. —† Š‘—•‡• ƒ”‡ ‘‘Ž‡” ‹ •—‡” ƒ† ȋ͵ȌͲǤͺV Ͷ ȋͶȌͳǤͲV Ͷ
™ƒ”‡”‹™‹–‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡ PTM062
ȋͳȌ—†‹••—’‡” ‘†— –‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– 63. ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ –™‘ •’Š‡”‡• ‘ˆ •ƒ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡
ȋʹȌ—†‹•‰‘‘† ‘†— –‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– ͳ Ƭ Ͷ  ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ† –Š‡‹” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ȋ͵Ȍ—†‹•„ƒ† ‘†— –‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– ƒ”‡ ͶuͳͲ͵ ƒ† ʹuͳͲ͵  ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡
ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‹––‡† ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ •’Š‡”‡• ’‡” •‡ Ǥ
PTM057 ™‹ŽŽ„‡Ǧ
58. ™‘ ™ƒŽŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‹ ‡••‡• †ͳ ƒ† †ʹ ƒ† ȋͳȌͳǣʹ ȋʹȌʹǣͳ ȋ͵Ȍͳǣͳ ȋͶȌͶǣͳ
–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›ͳ ƒ†ʹ ƒ”‡‹ ‘–ƒ –Ǥ PTM063
–Š‡•–‡ƒ†›•–ƒ–‡ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ––Š‡ 64. ‘‘Ž‹‰”ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ͸ͲͲƒ–‡š–‡”ƒŽ
‘—–‡”•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡ͳ ƒ†ʹǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
‡˜‹”‘‡– ȋʹͲͲ Ȍ ‹• Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡
ƒ––Š‡ ‘‘™ƒŽŽ‹•Ǧ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •’Š‡”‡ ‹• ”‡†— ‡† –‘ ͶͲͲ 
  †   ʹʹ†ͳ     ʹʹ
ȋͳȌ ͳ ͳ ʹ ȋʹȌ ͳ ͳ –Š‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’Š‡”‡„‡ ‘‡•ǣ
ͳ†ʹ   ʹ†ͳ †ͳ  †ʹ
͵ ͳ͸ ͻ
§  †  ʹ†ʹ · ͳ†ͳͳ   ʹ†ʹʹ ȋͳȌ  ȋʹȌ  ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ‘‡
ȋ͵Ȍ ¨ ͳ ͳ ¸ ͳʹ ȋͶȌ ͳ͸ ͵ ʹ͹
© ͳ  ʹ ¹ ͳ†ͳ   ʹ†ʹ PTM064
PTM058 65. ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†
59.  ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ’Š‡‘‡‘ Š‡ƒ– „›ͳͲΨǡ–Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹“—ƒ–‹–›
‘˜‡ –‹‘†‘‡•‘––ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ ‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‹––‡†ˆ”‘‹–̵••—”ˆƒ ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
ȋͳȌŽƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒ„”‡‡œ‡ ȋͳȌͳͲΨ ȋʹȌͶͲΨ
ȋʹȌ„‘‹Ž‹‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” ȋ͵ȌͶ͸Ψ ȋͶȌͳͲͲΨ
ȋ͵ȌŠ‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ‰Žƒ•••—”ˆƒ ‡†—‡–‘ˆ‹Žƒ‡–‘ˆ PTM065
–Š‡„—Ž„ 66. Š‡”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ”•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ”‡ƒͺ έͶ ‘ˆ
ȋͶȌƒ‹”ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ˆ—”ƒ ‡ ƒ„Žƒ „‘†›ƒ–ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͳʹ͹量‹–•
PTM059
‡‡”‰› ƒ– –Š‡ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ƒ†
60.  ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘˜‡ –‹‘ǡ ƒ Š‡ƒ–‡† ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ
„”‡ƒ†–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ Š ”‡†— ‡† –‘
Ž‹“—‹†‘˜‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡ǣ
ȋͳȌ –•‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”‘–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•ƒŽ‹‰‡† ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•
ȋʹȌ ˆ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘•™‹–Š‹‹– ”ƒ‹•‡†–‘͵ʹ͹ιǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ‡‡”‰›
ȋ͵Ȍ –•†‡•‹–›‹•Ž‡••–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡Ǥ
ˆŽ—‹† ͵ ͺͳ ͻ ͺͳ
ȋͳȌ  ȋʹȌ  ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ 
ȋͶȌ ˆ —””‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰ˆŽ—‹† ͺ ͳ͸ ͳ͸ ͸Ͷ
PTM060 PTM066

[ 100 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
67. Š‡ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ‡‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ „Žƒ  73. Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒˆ—”ƒ ‡‹•ʹ͵ʹͶ郐†–Š‡
„‘†›ƒ–ʹ͹͵ι‹•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‹••‹‘ ‹–‡•‹–›‹•ƒš‹—‹‹–•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•’‡ –”—
‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•„‘†›ƒ–Ͳι™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ– ͳʹͲͲͲιǤ ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹–› ‹ –Š‡
•’‡ –”—‘ˆƒ•–ƒ”‹•ƒš‹—‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ–ͶͺͲͲιǡ
  
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌͲ –Š‡–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•–ƒ”‹•
ͳ͸ Ͷ ͺ ȋͳȌͺͶͲͲι ȋʹȌ͹ʹͲͲι
PTM067 ȋ͵Ȍ͸ʹͳͻǤͷι ȋͶȌͷͻͲͲι
68. ˆƒŽ‹“—‹†–ƒ‡•͵Ͳ•‹ ‘‘Ž‹‰ˆ”‘ͻͷι–‘ PTM073
ͻͲι ƒ† ͹Ͳ • ‹ ‘‘Ž‹‰ ˆ”‘ ͷͷι –‘ ͷͲι 74. Š‡”‡‹•ƒ„Žƒ •’‘–‘ƒ„‘†›Ǥ ˆ–Š‡„‘†›‹•
–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”‘‘‹•Ǧ Š‡ƒ–‡† ƒ† ƒ””‹‡† ‹ ƒ †ƒ” ”‘‘ –Š‡ ‹–
‰Ž‘™• ‘”‡Ǥ Š‹• ƒ „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ‘ –Š‡
ȋͳȌͳ͸Ǥͷι ȋʹȌʹʹǤͷι
„ƒ•‹•‘ˆȂ
ȋ͵ȌʹͺǤͷι ȋͶȌ͵ʹǤͷι
ȋͳȌ‡™–‘̵•Žƒ™‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰
PTM068  ȋʹȌ‡‹̵•Žƒ™
69. Š‡–Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–™‘„‘†‹‡•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡ ȋ͵Ȍ‹” ŠŠ‘ˆˆ̵•Žƒ™
”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳǣͶǤ ˆ–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‘••‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽˆ‘” ȋͶȌ–‡ˆƒ̵•Žƒ™
–Š‡ –™‘ „‘†‹‡• —†‡” ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ PTM074
•—””‘—†‹‰•ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒŽŽ ‘ˆ 75. Š‡ ‘Ž‘—”‘ˆƒ•–ƒ”‹•ƒ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–•Ǧ
ȋͳȌ‡‹‰Š– ȋʹȌ‹•–ƒ ‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘„‘†‹‡•‹•Ǧ
ȋ͵Ȍ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋͶȌ‹œ‡
ȋͳȌͳǣͶ ȋʹȌͶǣͳ ȋ͵Ȍͳǣͺ ȋͶȌͺǣͳ
PTM075
PTM069 76. ˆ ƒ ƒ”˜‡† „Žƒ  —–‡•‹Ž ‹• Š‡ƒ–‡† –‘ Š‹‰Š
70. ‡™–‘̵•Žƒ™‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰‹•—•‡†‹Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡„”‘—‰Š–‹†ƒ”–Š‡ǣ
ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ȋͳȌ‘–Š—–‡•‹Žƒ†‹–• ƒ”˜‹‰™‹ŽŽ•Š‹‡
ȋͳȌ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‡• ȋʹȌŽ› ƒ”˜‹‰™‹ŽŽ•Š‹‡
ȋʹȌŠ‡Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡• ȋ͵ȌŽ›—–‡•‹Ž™‹ŽŽ•Š‹‡
ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡—–‡•‹Žƒ† ƒ”˜‹‰™‹ŽŽ•Š‹‡
ȋ͵Ȍ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†•
PTM076
ȋͶȌƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†•
77.  ‘”†‹‰–‘‡™–‘̵•Žƒ™‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰ǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‡
PTM070 ‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰‘ˆƒ„‘†›‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘ǣȂ
71Ǥ Š‡X Ȃ  —”˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ’‡”ˆ‡ –„Žƒ „‘†›‹•Ȃ ȋͳȌ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›
ȋX o ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘ƒš‹— ȋʹȌ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰
‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ȋ͵Ȍ ‘—”–Š’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„‘†›
ȋͶȌ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›
 ƒ†–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰Ǥ

 PTM077
X 78Ǥ Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ„Žƒ „‘†›‹•͹ʹ͹ιǤ
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ– ™Š‹ Š –‘–ƒŽ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–

‡‡”‰›ˆ”‘–Š‹•„Žƒ „‘†›„‡ ‘‡•†‘—„Ž‡ǣ

ȋʹͳȀͶ αͳǤͳͻȌ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ ȋͳȌͻ͹ͳ ȋʹȌͳͳͻͲ
PTM071 ȋ͵ȌʹͲͲͳ ȋͶȌͳͶͷͺ
72. ™‘•–ƒ”•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘„‡”‡†ƒ†„Ž—‡ǡ™Šƒ–‹• PTM078
–”—‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡Ǧ 79. ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ —”˜ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ›Ž‹†”‹ ƒŽ
ȋͳȌŠ‡”‡†•–ƒ”‹•‡ƒ”‡” ‡‹––‡”• ‘ˆ •ƒ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹• ͳǣͶ ƒ† –Š‡‹”
ȋʹȌŠ‡„Ž—‡•–ƒ”‹•‡ƒ”‡” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ ”ƒ–‹‘ ʹǣͳǤ Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‹––‡†„›–Š‡‹•Ȃ
ȋ͵ȌŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”‡†•–ƒ”‹•‘”‡
ȋ ‘”›Ž‹†‡”Ž‡‰–Šα”ƒ†‹—•Ȍ
ȋͶȌŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„Ž—‡•–ƒ”‹•‘”‡ ȋͳȌʹǣͳ ȋʹȌͳǣͳ ȋ͵ȌͶǣͳ ȋͶȌͳǣͶ
PTM072 PTM079

[Link] [ 101 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
80. Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›‹•ǣ 86. ˆ ƒ ’‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ ‹• Š‡ƒ–‡† –‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ȋͳȌ ‘– ‘ƒŽƒ–Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ T ƒ†–Š‡ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ ‘‘Ž‹ƒ”‘‘™Š‹ Š‹•
ȋʹȌ—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‰Žƒ••’”‹–‡†™‹–Š ‘ƒŽ –ƒ” ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ TͲǡ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡
ȋ͵Ȍ‡–ƒŽ•—”ˆƒ ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–ƒŽƒ†–‹‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡
ȋͶȌŠ‘ŽŽ‘™ ‘–ƒ‹‡”’ƒ‹–‡†™‹–Š„Žƒ  ‘Ž‘—” Ž‘•‡•––‘
 
PTM080
81. Š‡ ‡‡”‰› ‡‹––‡† ’‡” •‡ ‘† „› ƒ „Žƒ  ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ T
TͲ Ͳ
„‘†› ƒ– ʹ͹ι ‹• ͳͲ Ǥ ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
– –
„Žƒ „‘†›‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘͵ʹ͹ιǡ–Š‡‡‡”‰›  
‡‹––‡†’‡”•‡ ‘†™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ  
ȋͳȌʹͲ ȋʹȌͶͲ ȋ͵ȌͺͲ ȋͶȌͳ͸Ͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
PTM081 TͲ
82Ǥ ‡”‰›‹•„‡‹‰‡‹––‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ„Žƒ   –
–  
„‘†›ƒ–ͳʹ͹ιƒ––Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆͳǤͲέͳͲ͸ Ȁ•ʹǤ
PTM086
Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„Žƒ „‘†›ƒ–™Š‹ Š–Š‡
87. Ž‹“—‹†‹ƒ„‡ƒ‡”Šƒ•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡T ƒ––‹‡
”ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰›‹•ͳ͸ǤͲέͳͲ͸ Ȁ•ʹ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ –ƒ†TͲ ‹•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•—””‘—†‹‰•ǡ–Š‡
ȋͳȌ͹ͷͶι ȋʹȌͷʹ͹ι ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‡™–‘̵•Žƒ™‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰ǡ ‘””‡ –
ȋ͵ȌʹͷͶι ȋͶȌͷͲͺι ‰”ƒ’Š„‡–™‡‡Ž‘‰‡ȋT Ȃ TͲȌƒ†–‹•ǣ
PTM082

Ž‘‰‡ȋTȂ TͲȌ
Ž‘‰‡ȋTȂ TͲȌ

83. ‘Žƒ” ‘•–ƒ– ˆ‘” ‡ƒ”–Š ‹• ʹ ƒŽȀ‹ ʹǡ ‹ˆ

ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ
†‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡” —”› ˆ”‘ •— ‹• ͲǤͶ –‹‡•
–Šƒ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”–Š ˆ”‘ •— –Š‡ •‘Žƒ”
‘•–ƒ–ˆ‘”‡” —”›™‹ŽŽ„‡ǫ – –
ȋͳȌͳʹǤͷ ƒŽȀ‹ ʹ ȋʹȌʹͷ ƒŽȀ‹ ʹ

Ž‘‰‡ȋTȂ TͲȌ
Ž‘‰‡ȋTȂ TͲȌ

ȋ͵ȌͲǤ͵ʹ ƒŽȀ‹ ʹ ȋͶȌʹ ƒŽȀ‹ ʹ

PTM083 ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
84. ™‘•’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•ȋ”ƒ†‹—•͸ Ȍƒ†
Ͳ Ͳ
ȋ”ƒ†‹—•ͳͺ Ȍƒ”‡ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ͳ ƒ†ʹ – –
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ƒš‹— ‹–‡•‹–› ‹ –Š‡ PTM087
‡‹••‹‘•’‡ –”—‘ˆ ‹• ƒ–ͷͲͲ ƒ† ‹ 88. „— ‡–ˆ—ŽŽ‘ˆŠ‘–™ƒ–‡” ‘‘Ž•ˆ”‘͹ͷι–‘
–Šƒ–‘ˆ‹•ƒ–ͳͷͲͲǤ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡–‘ ͹Ͳι ‹ –‹‡ ͳǡ ˆ”‘ ͹Ͳι –‘ ͸ͷι ‹ –‹‡
„‡„Žƒ „‘†‹‡•ǡ™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ʹ ƒ†ˆ”‘͸ͷι–‘͸Ͳ鋐–‹‡͵ǡ–Š‡
”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†„›–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆǫ ȋͳȌͳ αʹ α͵ ȋʹȌͳ εʹ ε͵
ȋ͵Ȍͳ δʹ δ͵ ȋͶȌͳ εʹ δ͵
ȋͳȌͻ ȋʹȌ͸ ȋ͵Ȍͳʹ ȋͶȌ͵
PTM088
PTM084
89Ǥ Š‡ ‡‹̵• †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– Žƒ™ ‡š’”‡••
85. –ƒ”ͳ ‡‹–•ƒš‹—”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ǣǦ
ͶʹͲ  ƒ† –Š‡ •–ƒ” ʹ ‡‹–• ƒš‹— ȋͳȌ ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ ƒš‹—
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ͷ͸Ͳ ǡ ™Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ‡‡”‰›ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͳ ƒ†ʹ ǣ ȋʹȌ ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‡”‰›ƒ†™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š
ȋͳȌͶȀ͵ ȋʹȌȋͶȀ͵ȌͳȀͶ ȋ͵Ȍ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š
ȋ͵Ȍ͵ȀͶ ȋͶȌȋ͵ȀͶȌͳȀʹ ȋͶȌ ‘Ž‘—”‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
PTM085 PTM089

[ 102 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
90. ‘—” ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ ƒŽ‘”‹‡–‡”• ’ƒ‹–‡† ‹ 95. Š‡”ƒ†‹‹‘ˆ–™‘•’Š‡”‡•ƒ†‡‘ˆ•ƒ‡‡–ƒŽ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘Ž‘—”•ǡ ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ–‡† –‘ •ƒ‡ ƒ”‡ ” ƒ† ʹ”Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘ ‘‘Ž ‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ’Žƒ ‡† ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡
˜ƒ ——ǤŠ‹ Š™‹ŽŽ ‘‘Žˆƒ•–‡•–ǫ •—””‘—†‹‰ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ–‡•‘ˆ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ
ȋͳȌ‡™Š‹ Š‹•’ƒ‹–‡†„”‹‰Š– –Š‡‹”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡
ȋʹȌ‡™Š‹ Š‹•’ƒ‹–‡†–Š‹ ™Š‹–‡ ȋͳȌͳǣͳ ȋʹȌͶǣͳ ȋ͵ȌͳǣͶ ȋͶȌʹǣͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ‡™Š‹ Š‹•’ƒ‹–‡†–Š‹ „Žƒ  PTM095
ȋͶȌ‡™Š‹ Š‹•’ƒ‹–‡†„”‹‰Š–™Š‹–‡ 96. ˆ‹•–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‡‹––‡†„›ƒ„‘†›ƒ–ƒ
PTM090 –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡   ƒ† Oƒš ‹• –Š‡ ƒš‹—
91. „‘†› ‘‘Ž•ˆ”‘͸Ͳι–‘ͷͲ鋐ͳͲ‹—–‡•Ǥ •’‡ –”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‡‹––‡† „› ‹– ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡
ˆ –Š‡ ”‘‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ʹͷι ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡Ǧ
ƒ••—‹‰ ‡™–‘̵• ‘‘Ž‹‰ Žƒ™ Š‘Ž†• ‰‘‘†ǡ ȋͳȌ  v Ͷ ǢOƒš v ͷ ȋʹȌ  v Ͷ ǢOƒš v  ͷ
–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ‡š–
ȋ͵Ȍ  v  Ͷ ǢOƒš v Ͷ ȋͶȌ  v ͷ ǢO ƒš v Ͷ
ͳͲ‹—–‡•‹• ǣ
ȋͳȌͶͷι ȋʹȌͶʹǤͺͷι ȋ͵ȌͶͲιȋͶȌ͵ͺǤͷι PTM096
PTM091 97. ˆ ‡O ƒ† ƒO „‡ –Š‡ ‡‹••‹˜‡ ’‘™‡” ƒ†
92. • ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ ™‹–Š ™Š‹–‡ •‹ǡ ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘’‘™‡””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‘ˆƒ„‘†›ƒ†
–Š‡’‡”•‘™‹–Š„Žƒ •‹™‹ŽŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ O „‡ –Š‡ ‡‹••‹˜‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ „Žƒ 
ȋͳȌ‡••Š‡ƒ–ƒ†‘”‡ ‘Ž† „‘†›ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‘‹” ŠŠ‘ˆˆ̵•Žƒ™•
ȋʹȌ‘”‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ†‘”‡ ‘Ž† ȋͳȌƒO αO Ȁ‡O ȋʹȌƒO Ȁ‡O αO
ȋ͵Ȍ‘”‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ†Ž‡•• ‘Ž† ȋ͵Ȍ‡O ȀƒO αO ȋͶȌ‡O αO ȀƒO
ȋͶȌ‡••Š‡ƒ–ƒ†Ž‡•• ‘Ž† PTM097
PTM092 98. Ž‹“—‹†–ƒ‡•ͷ‹Ǥ–‘ ‘‘Žˆ”‘ͺͲι–‘ͷͲιǤ
93Ǥ ‡ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡‹––‡† „› –Š‡ ‘™— Š–‹‡‹–™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡–‘ ‘‘Žˆ”‘͸Ͳι–‘
Š—ƒ„‘†›ǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–• ͵ͲιǤ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•—””‘—†‹‰•‹•ʹͲιȂ
‹•–”—‡ǫ ȋͳȌͳͷ‹Ǥ ȋʹȌʹͲ‹Ǥ
ȋ͵ȌͳͲͲ‹Ǥ ȋͶȌͻ‹Ǥ
ȋͳȌ Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡‹––‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡
PTM098
•—‡”•ƒ†ƒ„•‘”„‡††—”‹‰–Š‡™‹–‡”•
99Ǥ  —’ ‘ˆ –‡ƒ ‘‘Ž• ˆ”‘ ͺͲι –‘ ͸Ͳι ‹ ‘‡
ȋʹȌ Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‹––‡†Ž‹‡•‹–Š‡—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–
‹—–‡ǤŠ‡ƒ„‹‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•͵ͲιǤ 
”‡‰‹‘ƒ†Š‡ ‡‹•‘–˜‹•‹„Ž‡
‘‘Ž‹‰ˆ”‘͸Ͳι–‘ͷͲιǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ Š‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡‹––‡† ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ‹ˆ”ƒǦ”‡† ȋͳȌͷͲ•‡ Ǥ ȋʹȌͻͲ•‡
”‡‰‹‘ ȋ͵Ȍ͸Ͳ•‡ Ǥ ȋͶȌ Ͷͺ•‡ Ǥ
ȋͶȌ Š‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•‡‹––‡†‘Ž›†—”‹‰–Š‡†ƒ› PTM099
PTM093 100. ˆ O †‡‘–‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ƒ– ™Š‹ Š –Š‡
94. Š‘™ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ „Žƒ  „‘†› ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡‹••‹‘ ˆ”‘ ƒ „Žƒ  „‘†› ƒ– ƒ
—”˜‡• ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ͳ ƒ† ʹ ȋʹ ε ͳȌǤ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒš‹—–Š‡ǣ
Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰’Ž‘–•‹• ‘””‡ –ǣȂ ȋͳȌO D  ȋʹȌO D ʹ
ȋ͵ȌO D Ȃͳ ȋͶȌO D Ǧʹ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ PTM100
ʹ ʹ 101.  „‘†› ‹• ‹ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ™‹–Š –Š‡
ͳ ͳ
O O •—””‘—†‹‰ǣ
ȋͳȌ –™‹ŽŽ•–‘’‡‹––‹‰Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘
ȋʹȌ ‘—–‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‹––‡†ƒ†ƒ„•‘”„‡†
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ „›‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡‡“—ƒŽ
ʹ ͳ
ͳ ʹ ȋ͵Ȍ –™‹ŽŽ‡‹–Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ˆƒ•–‡””ƒ–‡
O  O ȋͶȌ –™‹ŽŽ‡‹–Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘•Ž‘™Ž›
PTM094 PTM101

[Link] [ 103 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
102. Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •–ƒ–‡‡– ‹• ‘””‡ – 108. Š‡•’‡ –”—ˆ”‘ƒ„Žƒ „‘†›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒǣ
ˆ‘”‹†‡ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›ǣ ȋͳȌŽ‹‡•’‡ –”—
ȋͳȌŠ‹•ƒ„•‘”„•˜‹•‹„Ž‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‘Ž›Ǥ
ȋʹȌ„ƒ†•’‡ –”—
ȋʹȌŠ‹•ƒ„•‘”„•‹ˆ”ƒ”‡†”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‘Ž›
ȋ͵Ȍ Š‹• ƒ„•‘”„• ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘Ž› ƒ† ȋ͵Ȍ ‘–‹—‘—••’‡ –”—
”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‡ŠƒŽˆ ȋͶȌŽ‹‡Ƭ„ƒ†„‘–Š
ȋͶȌ Š‹• –‘–ƒŽŽ› ƒ„•‘”„• Š‡ƒ– ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ PTM108
–Š‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š• 109. Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”ˆ‡ – „Žƒ  „‘†› ‹•
PTM102
͹ʹ͹ι ƒ† ‹–• ƒ”‡ƒ ‹• ͲǤͳ ʹǤ ˆ –‡ˆƒ̵•
103. ™‘•’Š‡”‡•ƒ†‘ˆ•ƒ‡ ‘Ž‘—”Šƒ˜‹‰
”ƒ†‹‹ ͺ  ƒ† ʹ  ƒ”‡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–‹•ͷǤ͸͹έͳͲȂͺ ™ƒ––ȀʹȂͶǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒ–
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ͳʹ͹郐†ͷʹ͹锇•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†„›‹–‹ͳ‹—–‡‹•ǣ
Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡”‰›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†„›ƒ†‹•Ȃ ȋͳȌͺͳͲͲ ƒŽ ȋʹȌͺͳͲͲͲ ƒŽ
ȋͳȌͲǤͲͷͶ ȋʹȌͲǤͲͲ͵Ͷ
ȋ͵ȌͺͳͲ ƒŽ ȋͶȌͺͳ ƒŽ
ȋ͵Ȍͳ ȋͶȌʹ
PTM103 PTM109
104Ǥ  ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ „Žƒ  110.  „Žƒ  „‘†› ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡• ‡‡”‰› ƒ– –Š‡ ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ
„‘†›ǡ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Šˆ‘”ƒš‹—‡‹••‹‘Ǥ ™ƒ––Ȁʹ ƒ–ƒŠ‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡
ȋͳȌŠ‹ˆ–•–‘™ƒ”†••ƒŽŽ‡”™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š

ȋʹȌŠ‹ˆ–•–‘™ƒ”†•‰”‡ƒ–‡”™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ”‡†— ‡† –‘ ǡ –Š‡
ȋ͵Ȍ‘‡•‘–•Š‹ˆ– ʹ
ȋͶȌ‡’‡†•‘–Š‡•Šƒ’‡‘ˆ•‘—” ‡Ǥ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡‡”‰›™‹ŽŽ„‡
PTM104  
105.  •‘Ž‹† —„‡ ƒ† •’Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ •ƒ‡ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵ȌͶ ȋͶȌͳ͸
ͳ͸ Ͷ
•—„•–ƒ ‡ƒ†„‘–ŠŠƒ˜‡•ƒ‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡ƒǤ ˆ
–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„‘–Š„‘†‹‡•ͳʹͲι –Š‡ǣ PTM110
ȋͳȌ‘–Š™‹ŽŽŽ‘••‘ˆ ‡ƒ–„›•ƒ‡”ƒ–‡ 111.  •‘Žƒ” •’‡ –”— ”ƒ—Š‘ˆ‡”̵• Ž‹‡• ƒ”‡
ȋʹȌƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‘••‘ˆ ‡ƒ–‘ˆ —„‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‘”‡ ’”‡•‡–•„‡ ƒ—•‡ǣ
–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•’Š‡”‡ ȋͳȌ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡ ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ‹
ȋ͵Ȍƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‘••‘ˆ ‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•’Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡
’Š‘–‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ•—Ǥ
‘”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ —„‡
ȋͶȌƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‘••‘ˆ ‡ƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡‘”‡ˆ‘”–Šƒ– ȋʹȌ ‡ˆ‹‹–‡ ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ‹
™Š‘•‡ƒ••‹•‘”‡ Š”‘‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ•—Ǥ
PTM105 ȋ͵Ȍ Š‡•‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š•ƒ”‡‘–ƒ–ƒŽŽ‡‹––‡†
106Ǥ ™‘ •’Š‡”‡• ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹‹ ‹ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ͳ ǣ ʹ ƒ†
„›•—Ǥ
†‡•‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ʹǣ ͳƒ†‘ˆ•ƒ‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ 
Š‡ƒ–ǡƒ”‡Š‡ƒ–‡†–‘•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Ž‡ˆ– ȋͶȌ — Ž‡ƒ””‡ƒ –‹‘•–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡‹•—Ǥ
‹–Š‡•ƒ‡•—””‘—†‹‰ǤŠ‡‹””ƒ–‡‘ˆˆƒŽŽ‹‰ PTM111
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ 112.  ”‡†— ‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •—”ˆƒ ‡ –‘ ‘‡
ȋͳȌʹǣͳ ȋʹȌͳǣͳ ȋ͵Ȍͳǣʹ ȋͶȌͳǣͶ –Š‹”†ǡƒ‘—–‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•ǣǦ
PTM106
107.  „Žƒ  „‘†› ƒ– ʹͲͲ  ‹• ˆ‘—† –‘ ‡‹– ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ƒš‹— ‡‡”‰› ƒ– ƒ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ͳͶ PǤ ʹ͹ ͺͳ ͻ ͵
Š‡ ‹–• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ”ƒ‹•‡† –‘ ͳͲͲͲ ǡ PTM112
–Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ƒ– ™Š‹ Š ƒš‹— ‡‡”‰› 113. Š‡ ƒ„•‘”’–‹˜‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› „Žƒ 
‡‹––‡†‹•ǣ
„‘†›‹•
ȋͳȌͳͶP ȋʹȌͳͷP
ȋ͵ȌʹǤͺP ȋͶȌʹͺP ȋͳȌœ‡”‘ ȋʹȌ‹ˆ‹‹–› ȋ͵ȌͳǤͷ ȋͶȌͳǤͲ
PTM107 PTM113

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Thermal Physics ALLEN
KTG & GAS LAWS AND IDEAL GAS EQUATION 121.  › Ž‹  ’”‘ ‡••  ‹• •Š‘™ ‹ Ȃ
114. ‹† –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• †‹ƒ‰”ƒǤŠ‡’”‡•‡–‡†‘Ȃǡ‹–™‘—Ž†
‘–ƒ‹‡†‹ƒ˜‡••‡Ž‘ˆ˜‘Ž—‡͹Ž‹–”‡•ƒ–Ͳι   
ƒ–ͳǤ͵έͳͲͷ ’ƒ• ƒŽ•
ȋͳȌʹǤͶέͳͲʹ͵ ȋʹȌ͵έͳͲʹ͵
 
ȋ͵Ȍ͸έͳͲ ʹ͵ ȋͶȌͶǤͺέͳͲʹ͵
PTM114     

115. ”‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•„‡Šƒ˜‡•Ž‹‡ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹ˆ‹–• ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ
ȋͳȌ’”‡••—”‡ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ”‡„‘–ŠŠ‹‰Š  
ȋʹȌ’”‡••—”‡ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ”‡„‘–ŠŽ‘™  
 
ȋ͵Ȍ’”‡••—”‡‹•Š‹‰Šƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•Ž‘™  
   
ȋͶȌ’”‡••—”‡‹•Ž‘™ ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•Š‹‰Š ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
PTM115  
 
116. ™‘ ‰ƒ•‡• ‘ˆ ‡“—ƒŽ ‘Žƒ” ƒ‘—– ƒ”‡ ‹  
–Š‡”ƒŽ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—Ǥ ˆ ƒǡ „ ƒ† ƒǡ „ ƒ”‡ PTM121
–Š‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡’”‡••—”‡•ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡•ǡ–Š‡ 122. —”‹‰ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‘„‡›•ƒ
™Š‹ Š”‡Žƒ–‹‘‹•–”—‡ǣȂ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡ ʹ α ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•ƒ”‡
ȋͳȌƒ z „ǡƒ α„ ȋʹȌƒ α„ǡ ƒ z „
 ƒ†  ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ‹– ‡š’ƒ†• –‘
ȋ͵ȌƒȀ„ α„Ȁ„ ȋͶȌƒƒ α„„
˜‘Ž—‡ʹǡ–Š‡‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
PTM116
117. “—ƒŽ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ ʹǡ ʹ ƒ† ‡ ‰ƒ•‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ– ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ʹ  ȋ͵ȌʹȋͶȌ ʹ ʹ 
•ƒ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ Š‹ Š ‘ˆ PTM122
–Š‡•‡™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǣǦ 123. ʹͷͲŽ‹–”‡‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–
ȋͳȌ ʹ ’”‡••—”‡ ˆ”‘ ʹ͹ι •— Š –Šƒ– ‹–• ˜‘Ž—‡
ȋʹȌ ʹ „‡ ‘‡•ͷͲͲŽ‹–‡”•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ ‡ ȋͳȌͷͶι ȋʹȌ͵ͲͲι ȋ͵Ȍ͵ʹ͹ιȋͶȌ͸ͲͲι
 ȋͶȌ ŽŽ –Š‡ ‰ƒ•‡• ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ •ƒ‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ PTM123
124. „ƒŽŽ‘‘ ‘–ƒ‹•ͷͲͲ ‘ˆŠ‡Ž‹—ƒ–ʹ͹郐†
͵
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•
ͳ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
PTM117
Š‡Ž‹—ƒ–Ȃ͵ι–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†ͲǤͷƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡
118Ǥ ƒ•‡•‘„‡›ƒ†‡” Ǧ ƒƒŽ̵• ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ǣ
’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡Ǧ
ȋͳȌŽ›‘”ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡
ȋͳȌͷͲͲ͵ ȋʹȌ͹ͲͲ͵
ȋʹȌŽ›Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡
ȋ͵ȌͻͲͲ ͵ ȋͶȌͳͲͲͲ͵
ȋ͵ȌŽ›Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡ PTM124
ȋͶȌŽŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ 125. ˜‡••‡ŽŠƒ•͸‰‘ˆ‘š›‰‡ƒ–’”‡••—”‡ƒ†
PTM118 –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ͶͲͲǤ•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž‡‹•ƒ†‡‹‹–
119.  „‘š ‘–ƒ‹•  ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ•Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ •‘ –Šƒ– ‘š›‰‡ Ž‡ƒ• ‘—–Ǥ ‘™ — Š ‘š›‰‡
—„‡” ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‹• †‘—„Ž‡†ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ• ‘—– ‹ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• Ȁʹ ƒ†
’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽǣǦ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•͵ͲͲǫ
ȋͳȌ‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ȋʹȌ‡•ƒ‡ ȋͳȌ͵‰ ȋʹȌʹ‰ ȋ͵ȌͶ‰ ȋͶȌͷ‰
ȋ͵Ȍ‡†‘—„Ž‡† ȋͶȌ ‡––”‹’Ž‡† PTM125
PTM119 126. ‡Žƒ–‹‘  α  ‹• ‰‹˜‡ ˆ‘” ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
120. ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹š–—”‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†‹•‹†‡ƒ„ƒŽŽ‘‘‡š’ƒ†• ‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‘””‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǧ
ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ʹȀ͵ α ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ Š‡ ȋͳȌ ‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š†‡•‹–›
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‹†‡–Š‡„ƒŽŽ‘‘‹• ȋʹȌ‘™–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Ž‘™†‡•‹–›
ȋͳȌ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ȋʹȌ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ȋ͵Ȍ ‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Ž‘™†‡•‹–›
ȋ͵Ȍ ‘•–ƒ– ȋͶȌ ƒǯ–„‡•ƒ‹† ȋͶȌ‘™–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š†‡•‹–›
PTM120 PTM126

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127.  ‘–ƒ‹‡”‘ˆͷŽ‹–”‡Šƒ• ƒ‰ƒ•ƒ– ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ
133Ǥ  ›Ž‹†‡” ‘–ƒ‹•ͳͲ‰‘ˆ‰ƒ•ƒ–’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ
ͲǤͺ  ‘Ž— ‘ˆ ‰Ǥ Š‹• ‹• Œ‘‹‡† –‘ ƒͳͲ͹ ȀʹǤ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ”‡†— ‡ –‘
‡˜ƒ —ƒ–‡† ‘–ƒ‹‡” ‘ˆ ͵ Ž‹–”‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ʹǤͷέͳͲ͸ Ȁʹ –Š‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆ‰ƒ•–ƒ‡‘—–
”‡•—Ž–‹‰’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ ȋ– ‘•–ƒ––‡’ǤȌ ‘ˆ–Š‡ ›Ž‹†‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣȋ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•‹•
ȋͳȌͶȀ͵ ȋʹȌͲǤͷ ȋ͵ȌʹǤͲ ȋͶȌ ͵ȀͶ ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
PTM127 ȋͳȌͳͷǤʹ‰ ȋʹȌ͵Ǥ͹‰
ȋ͵Ȍœ‡”‘ ȋͶȌ͹Ǥͷ‰
128. – ƒ ‰‹˜‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ
PTM133
‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‘ˆ†‡•‹–›U ‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘Ǧ
134Ǥ ›†”‘‰‡ ƒ† Š‡Ž‹— ‰ƒ•‡• ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž—‡  ƒ–
ͳ ͳ •ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†•ƒ‡’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵ȌUʹ ȋͶȌU
U ʹ U ‹š‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡•ƒ‡˜‘Ž—‡ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰
PTM128 ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹š–—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
129. ʹ ‰ƒ•‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†‹ƒ ›Ž‹†‡”ǤŠ‡’”‡••—”‡‹• ȋͳȌ Ȁʹ
ȋʹȌ 
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ʹ–‹‡•ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‡ ‘‡•ˆ‘—”
ȋ͵Ȍ ʹ
–‹‡•Ǥ–Š‡Š‘™— Š–‹‡•–Š‡‹”†‡•‹–›™‹ŽŽ
ȋͶȌ ‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ•• ‘ˆ –Š‡
„‡ ‘‡ǣ
‰ƒ•‡•
ͳ ͳ PTM134
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌͶ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
Ͷ ʹ 135. Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •–ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” ͷ‰ ‘ˆ ‘š›‰‡ ƒ– ƒ
PTM129 ’”‡••—”‡  ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡  ‘ —’›‹‰ ƒ
130Ǥ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ˜‘Ž—‡ ǡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ǣȂ ȋ™Š‡”‡  ‹• –Š‡ ‰ƒ•
‹ ƒ Ž‘•‡† ‘–ƒ‹‡” „› ͳι ‹–• ’”‡••—”‡ ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•„›ͲǤͶΨǡ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ ȋͳȌαͷ ȋʹȌαȋͷȀʹȌ
–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•Ǧ ȋ͵ȌαȋͷȀͳ͸Ȍ ȋͶȌαȋͷȀ͵ʹȌ 
ȋͳȌʹͷι ȋʹȌʹͷͲι PTM135
136Ǥ ‹‡–‹ –Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡•ǡ‹–‹•ƒ••—‡†–Šƒ–
ȋ͵ȌʹͷͲ ȋͶȌʹͷͲͲι
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǣǦ
PTM130
ȋͳȌ ƒ˜‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ•• „—– ƒ Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
131Ǥ Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ  ‰”ƒ’Š ™‹–Š  ‘ˆ ƒ ˆ‹š‡† ˜‘Ž—‡
ƒ••‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ– ‘•–ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• ȋʹȌ ƒ˜‡ •ƒ‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ „—– ƒ••‡• ƒ „‡
‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡ǣ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
ȋ͵Ȍ ƒ˜‡„‘–Šƒ••ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
ȋͶȌ ƒ˜‡•ƒ‡ƒ••„—–‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡˜‘Ž—‡
ȋͳȌ  ȋʹȌ  PTM136
137. Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•ƒ–’”‡••—”‡
 
ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Ǥ Š‡ ƒ•• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹ǤŠ‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆ‰ƒ•
™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ Ǧ ȋ‹•‘Ž–œƒ̵• ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ 
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌȀ
 ȋ͵ȌȀ ȋͶȌȀ
  PTM137
PTM131
138. Š‡ –Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹  ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ Œƒ” ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†
132. Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘š›‰‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹ƒ ›Ž‹†‡”™‹–Š‰ƒ•  ƒ”‡ ǡ ƒ† ƒ† ƒ‘–Š‡” Œƒ” 
‘ˆ˜‘Ž—‡ͳ͵ ƒ–ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆʹ͹郐† ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š ƒ‘–Š‡” ‰ƒ• ƒ”‡ ʹǡ ȀͶ ƒ† ʹǡ
’”‡••—”‡ͳ͵Ǥͺƒ‹•ǣ ™Š‡”‡–Š‡•›„‘Ž•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”—•—ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ
ȋ‘Ž–œƒ̵• ‘•–ƒ–αͳǤ͵ͺέͳͲȂʹ͵ ȂͳȌ Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆŒƒ”
ȋͳȌ͸Ǥʹ͵έͳͲʹ͸ ȋʹȌͲǤ͵͵έͳͲʹͺ –‘–Š‘•‡‘ˆŒƒ”‹•ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ͵Ǥ͵έͳͲ ʹͳ ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ȋͳȌͶǣͳ ȋʹȌʹǣͳ ȋ͵Ȍͳǣʹ ȋͶȌͳǣͳ
PTM132 PTM138

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Thermal Physics ALLEN
139. – ǤǤǤ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ• ‹• Šƒ‰‡† –‘ ‘‡ 145. ™‘ ‘–ƒ‹‡”•‘ˆ•ƒ‡˜‘Ž—‡ƒ”‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š
ˆ‘—”–Š˜‘Ž—‡ǡƒ– ‘•–ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–Š‡ ƒ–‘‹  ›†”‘‰‡ ƒ† ‡Ž‹— ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ–
–Š‡‡™’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ ͳƒ†ʹƒ– ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ„‘–Š
ȋͳȌʹƒ–Ǥ ȋʹȌ ʹͷ ͵ ƒ–Ǥ •’‡ ‹‡ƒ”‡•ƒ‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†δ  ε
ȋ͵ȌͶƒ–Ǥ ȋͶȌͳƒ–Ǥ ˆ‘”Š›†”‘‰‡ƒ–‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡ Ǧ
PTM139 ȋͳȌ  α ʹ  ‡ ȋʹȌ  α  ‡
140Ǥ ‹† –Š‡ ‘””‡ – ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‰‹˜‡ Ǧ  ‡
†‹ƒ‰”ƒǣ ȋ͵Ȍ  αʹ  ‡ ȋͶȌ  α
ʹ
ȋͳȌͳ αʹ PTM145

ȋʹȌͳ εʹ  ʹ 146. Š‡ ”ǤǤ•Ǥ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ• ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ‹• ͵ͲͲ Ȁ•Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍͳ δʹ ͳ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡”ǤǤ•Ǥ•’‡‡†‹ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–
ȋͶȌͳ ʹ  ‹•†‘—„Ž‡†™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ŠƒŽ˜‡†Ǧ
ȋͳȌ͵ͲͲȀ• ȋʹȌͳͷͲȀ•
PTM140
ȋ͵Ȍ͸ͲͲȀ• ȋͶȌ͹ͷȀ•
141. ‹’Ž‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”—†‡”ƒŽŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ”‡ƒŽ PTM146
‰ƒ•‹•‰‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣǦ 147. Š‡ ”‘‘– ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ Š›†”‘‰‡
ȋͳȌαρ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ–͵ͲͲ‹•ͳͻ͵ͲȀ•ǤŠ‡–Š‡”ǤǤ•Ǥ
§ ƒ · ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ‘š›‰‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ–ͳʹͲͲ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋʹȌ ¨   ʹ ¸ ȋ  „Ȍ 
©  ¹ ȋͳȌͶͺʹǤͷȀ• ȋʹȌͻ͸ͷǤͲȀ•
ȋ͵Ȍα ‘•–ƒ– ȋ͵Ȍͳͻ͵ͲȀ• ȋͶȌ͵ͺ͸ͲȀ•
PTM147
ȋͶȌJ α ‘•–ƒ– 148. Š‡”•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ ʹ ‹•ʹέͳͲ Ȁ•ǤŠƒ–
͵
PTM141 ™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡”•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆʹ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ––Š‡
VARIOUS SPEEDS, DEGREE OF FREEDOM, •ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣǦ
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITIES OF GASES AND ȋͳȌͳͲ͵ Ȁ• ȋʹȌͷͲͲȀ•
MEAN FREE PATH ȋ͵ȌͲǤͷέͳͲͶ Ȁ• ȋͶȌ͵έͳͲ͵ Ȁ•
142Ǥ Š‡ ”‘‘– ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ PTM148
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•ǣǦ 149. Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ– ™Š‹ Š ”‘‘– ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡
ȋͳȌ  Ȁ ™ ȋʹȌ ͵ Ȁ ™ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆŠ‡Ž‹—‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘”‘‘–
‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆŠ›†”‘‰‡ƒ–ǤǤ‹•Ǧ
ȋ͵Ȍ ͵™ ȋͶȌ  Ȁ͵™ ȋͳȌʹ͹͵ι ȋʹȌʹ͹͵
PTM142 ȋ͵ȌͷͶ͸ι ȋͶȌͺͶͶ
143. – ‘•–ƒ– ’”‡••—”‡ Š›†”‘‰‡ ‹• Šƒ˜‹‰ PTM149
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ͵ʹ͹ι Ǥ‹ŽŽ™Šƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ 150Ǥ ˆ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‹•†‘—„Ž‡†ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–
‹–‹•–‘„‡ ‘‘Ž‡†•‘–Šƒ––Š‡”•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ‹–• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•„‡ ‘‡•ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”˜ƒŽ—‡ǣǦ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡ǣǦ
ȋͳȌȂͳʹ͵ι ȋʹȌͳʹ͵ι ȋ͵ȌȂͳͲͲι ȋͶȌͲι ȋͳȌ‘ Šƒ‰‡ ȋʹȌ†‘—„Ž‡
PTM143 ȋ͵Ȍ ‘—”–‹‡• ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡
144. Š‡”•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰‹˜‡ PTM150
151Ǥ Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘
ƒ‘—–‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ƒ–ʹ͹郐†ͳǤͲέͳͲͷ Ȃʹ
‘‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ǣ
’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ʹͲͲ  •‡ ȂͳǤ ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ†
ȋͳȌ ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ˜”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‰ƒ• ‹•
’”‡••—”‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ͳʹ͹ι ƒ†
‘”‡–Šƒ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‡• ƒ’‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
ͲǤͷέͳͲͷ Ȃʹǡ–Š‡”•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
ȋʹȌ ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ˜”• ‘ˆ ‰ƒ• ‹• Ž‡•• –Šƒ ‡• ƒ’‡
ȋͳȌͶͲͲȀ ͵ •Ȃͳ ȋʹȌͳͲͲ ʹ •Ȃͳ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
ʹ ȋ͵Ȍ ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ˜”• ‹•‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡
ȋ͵ȌͳͲͲ ʹ Ȁ͵•Ȃͳ ȋͶȌͷͲ •Ȃͳ ȋͶȌ ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡
͵
PTM151
PTM144

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152. Š‡•’‡‡†•‘ˆͷ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ȋ‹ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”› 158Ǥ ˜”•ǡ˜ƒ˜ ƒ†˜’ ƒ”‡”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡ǡƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡
—‹–•Ȍƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ͷǡ ͸ǤŠ‡”‘‘–‡ƒ ƒ† ‘•– ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ •’‡‡†• ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ
•“—ƒ”‡•’‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‹•Ǧ ‰ƒ• ‘„‡›‹‰ ƒš™‡ŽŽ̵• ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ
ȋͳȌʹǤͻͳ ȋʹȌ͵Ǥͷʹ ȋ͵ȌͶǤͲͲ ȋͶȌͶǤʹͶ Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹• ‘””‡ –
PTM152 ȋͳȌ˜”• δ˜ƒ˜ δ˜’ ȋʹȌ˜”• ε˜ƒ˜ ε˜’
153Ǥ Š‡”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ȋ͵Ȍ˜’ δ˜”• δ˜ƒ˜ ȋͶȌ˜’ ε˜”• ε˜ƒ˜
‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‹•ǣ PTM158
ȋͳȌ †‡’‡†‡– ‘ˆ ‹–• ’”‡••—”‡ „—– †‹”‡ –Ž› 159Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ”ǤǤ•Ǥ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ Š›†”‘‰‡ „‡ ‘‡•
’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘‹–•‡Ž˜‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ‡• ƒ’‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š
ȋʹȌ‹”‡ –Ž›’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡•“—ƒ”‡”‘‘–• •—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ Š›†”‘‰‡
‘ˆ „‘–Š ‹–• ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ† ‹–• ‡Ž˜‹ ‰ƒ•™‘—Ž†„‡Ǧ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋͳȌͳͲ͸Ͳ ȋʹȌͷͲ͵Ͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ †‡’‡†‡– ‘ˆ ‹–• ’”‡••—”‡ „—– †‹”‡ –Ž› ȋ͵Ȍͺʹ͹Ͳ ȋͶȌͳͲͶ 
’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ •“—ƒ”‡ ”‘‘– ‘ˆ ‹–•
PTM159
‡Ž˜‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
160. Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‡š‡”–‡† „› ƒ ‰ƒ• ‹ ͲǤ ˆ –Š‡
ȋͶȌ‹”‡ –Ž›’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘„‘–Š‹–•’”‡••—”‡
ƒ•• ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• „‡ ‘‡• ŠƒŽˆ ƒ† –Š‡‹”
ƒ†‹–•‡Ž˜‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡•„‡ ‘‡†‘—„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ
PTM153
„‡ ‘‡
154. –Ͳι–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡•’‡‡†

‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‰ƒ•‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ȋͳȌ Ͳ ȋʹȌͲ ȋ͵ȌʹͲ ȋͶȌͶͲ
ƒš‹—ǣǦ ʹ
ȋͳȌ ʹ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌʹ PTM160
PTM154 161. Š‡”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡ȋ”•Ȍ•’‡‡†‘ˆ‘š›‰‡
155Ǥ Š‡ ”‘‘– ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ Š›†”‘‰‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ʹ ƒ– ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ 
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽŠ›†”‘‰‡‰ƒ•‡’–‹ƒ ȋƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ȍ‹•˜Ǥ ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•†‘—„Ž‡†
‰ƒ• Šƒ„‡”‹•͵ͳͺͲȀ•ǤŠ‡’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ† ‘š›‰‡ ‰ƒ• †‹••‘ ‹ƒ–‡• ‹–‘ ƒ–‘‹ 
Š›†”‘‰‡‰ƒ•‹•ǣǦ ‘š›‰‡ǤŠ‡”••’‡‡†ǣ
ȋ‡•‹–›‘ˆŠ›†”‘‰‡‰ƒ•αͺǤͻͻέͳͲǦʹ ‰Ȁ͵ǡ ȋͳȌ„‡ ‘‡•˜Ȁ ʹ ȋʹȌ”‡ƒ‹•˜
ͳƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡αͳǤͲͳέͳͲͷ ȀʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ„‡ ‘‡• ʹ˜ ȋͶȌ„‡ ‘‡•ʹ˜
ȋͳȌͳǤͲƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ȋʹȌͳǤͷƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡
PTM161
ȋ͵ȌʹǤͲƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ȋͶȌ͵ǤͲƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡
162. ˆ –Š‡ ”‘‘– ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ Š›†”‘‰‡
PTM155
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡•’‡‡†
156Ǥ ˆ–Š‡”•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‹ƒ
‘ˆ‘š›‰‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ–Ͷ͹ιǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
‘–ƒ‹‡”‹•†‘—„Ž‡†–Š‡–Š‡’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽǣǦ
‘ˆŠ›†”‘‰‡‹•Ǧ
ȋͳȌ‡ ‘‡ˆ‘—”–‹‡• ȋʹȌŽ•‘‰‡–†‘—„Ž‡†
ȋͳȌʹͲ ȋʹȌͶ͹ ȋ͵ȌͷͲ ȋͶȌͻͶ
ȋ͵Ȍ‡•ƒ‡ ȋͶȌ‡ ‘‡‘‡ŠƒŽˆ
PTM162
PTM156
163. Š‡ ”‘‘– ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡ ƒ† ‘•– ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡
157. Š‡ ”‘‘– ‡ƒ •“—ƒ”‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ•
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‘ˆƒ••ƒ–ƒ‰‹˜‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• •’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹ƒ‰ƒ•ƒ”‡ǣ
’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘Ȃ ȋͳȌ•ƒ‡
ȋͳȌͲ ȋʹȌ ȋʹȌ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
ͳ ȋ͵Ȍ ƒ‘–•ƒ›
ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ ȋͶȌ†‡’‡†•‘ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•

PTM163
PTM157

[ 108 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
164.  ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒš™‡ŽŽ̵•Žƒ™‘ˆ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ (171–172) Five moles of helium are mixed with
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‘•– ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡ two moles of hydrogen to form a mixture. Take
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•ǣǦ molar mass of helium M1 = 4g and that of
ȋͳȌ‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‡ƒ•’‡‡† hydrogen M2 = 2g
ȋʹȌ‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•’‡‡† 171. Š‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–‘Žƒ”ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡‹š–—”‡‹•
ȋ͵Ȍ‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡•’‡‡† ͳ͵‰ ͳͺ‰ ʹͶ‰
ȋͶȌŽ‡••–Šƒ–Š‡”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡•’‡‡† ȋͳȌ͸‰ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
͹ ͹ ͹
PTM164
PTM171
165. Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‡–‹ 
172. Š‡ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ J ‹ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡
‡‡”‰› –‘ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‡–‹  ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ ƒ
†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹• “—‡•–‹‘‹•
ȋͳȌ͵ ȋʹȌ͹Ȁͷ ȋ͵ȌͷȀ͵ ȋͶȌ͵Ȁʹ ȋͳȌͳǤͷͻ ȋʹȌͳǤͷ͵ ȋ͵ȌͳǤͷ͸ ȋͶȌ‘‡
PTM165 PTM172
166. ‘”Š›†”‘‰‡‰ƒ•  Ȃ  Ⴣ†ˆ‘”‘š›‰‡‰ƒ• 173. ™‘ ‘‘ƒ–‘‹  ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
 Ȃ α„–Š‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ƒƒ†„‹• ͳ ƒ† ʹ ƒ”‡ ‹š‡†Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ
ȋ™Š‡”‡  Ƭ  ƒ”‡‰”ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–•Ȍ ‡‡”‰›Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•• ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘
ȋͳȌƒαͳ͸„ ȋʹȌ„αͳ͸ƒ ‰ƒ•‡• ƒ”‡ ͳ ƒ† ʹ ƒ† —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
ȋ͵Ȍƒα„ ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ͳ ƒ† ʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡
PTM166 –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹š–—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
167. ‰ƒ•‹š–—”‡ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆʹ‘Ž‡•‘ˆ‘š›‰‡    
ƒ† Ͷ ‘Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”‰‘ ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Ǥ ȋͳȌ ͳ ʹ ȋʹȌ ͳ  ʹ
ͳ   ʹ ͳ  ʹ
‡‰Ž‡ –‹‰ ƒŽŽ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡•ǡ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ
ʹͳ  ͳʹ ͳͳ  ʹʹ
‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡‹• ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ȋͳȌͶ ȋʹȌͳͷ ͳ   ʹ ͳ   ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍͻ ȋͶȌͳͳ PTM173
PTM167 174. Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‹‡–‹  ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ ͳ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ʹ ƒ–
168. Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ʹ͹ι™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǣǦ
ƒ– ʹ͹ι ‹• ͸Ǥʹͳ έ ͳͲȂʹͳ Ǥ –• ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‹‡–‹  ȋͳȌͳͷͲͲ ȋʹȌͳͷͲͲ ƒŽ‘”‹‡
‡‡”‰›ƒ–ʹʹ͹ι™‹ŽŽ„‡ ȋ͵ȌͳͷͲͲ‹Ž‘ ƒŽ‘”‹‡ ȋͶȌͳͷͲͲ‡”‰Ǥ
ȋͳȌͷʹǤʹέͳͲȂʹͳ ȋʹȌͷǤʹʹέͳͲȂʹͳ PTM174
ȋ͵ȌͳͲǤ͵ͷέͳͲ Ȃʹͳ ȋͶȌͳͳǤ͵ͷέͳͲȂʹͳ 175. ‡ƒ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ȋ‘”ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‡‡”‰›Ȍ’‡”
PTM168 ‰Ǥ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‘ˆƒ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǣ
169. ™‘ ‘–ƒ‹‡”•  ƒ†  ‘–ƒ‹ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ȋͳȌ͵Ȁʹ ȋʹȌȀʹ
‰ƒ• ƒ– •ƒ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™‹–Š ƒ••‡• ‘ˆ
ȋ͵ȌȀ͵ ȋͶȌ͵Ȁʹ
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ƒ”‡  ƒ† ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
PTM175
‘‡–— ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ„‡Ǧ
ͳȀʹ
176. ‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Š‡ƒ–•
§ · ȋJȌ‘ˆ‰ƒ•ƒ††‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘̵ˆ̵™‹ŽŽ„‡
ȋͳȌ α ȋʹȌ α ¨  ¸ 
©  ¹ ͳ ͳ ͳ
ȋͳȌJ αˆΪʹ ȋʹȌ 
§ ·
ͳȀʹ
§ · J ˆ ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ α ¨  ¸ ȋͶȌ α ¨  ¸  ȋ͵ȌˆαʹȀȋJȂͳȌ ȋͶȌˆαʹȋJȂͳȌ
©  ¹ ©  ¹
PTM176
PTM169
177. ‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ȋȌ ƒ† ‡‡”‰›
170.  ›Ž‹†‡”‘ˆʹͲͲŽ‹–”‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‹• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰
†‡•‹–›ȋȌ‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•Ǧ
ʹǤ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‡–‹  ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹•ͳǤͷʹέͳͲͷ ǤŠ‡’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ ʹ ʹ ͵
ȋͳȌα ȋʹȌα
‹–Š‡ ›Ž‹†‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡‹ȂʹǣǦ ͵ ʹ
ȋͳȌʹέͳͲͷ ȋʹȌ͵έͳͲͷ ͵
ȋ͵Ȍα ȋͶȌα
ȋ͵ȌͶέͳͲ ͷ ȋͶȌͷέͳͲͷ ͷ
PTM170 PTM177

[Link] [ 109 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
178.  ‹š‹‰ ͳ ‰ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘‘ƒ–‘‹  ™‹–Š 185. Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •–ƒ–‡‡– ‹• –”—‡
ͳ‰‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‹‡–‹ –Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡•ǫ
‹š–—”‡ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–˜‘Ž—‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣȂ ȋͳȌ Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‹•
‹‡Žƒ•–‹  ƒ† –Š‡ –‹‡ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ͵Ȁʹ ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌͷȀʹ
‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘• ‹• Ž‡•• –Šƒ –Š‡ –‹‡ –ƒ‡
PTM178
†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘Ǥ
179. „•‘Ž—–‡œ‡”‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‘‡ƒ–™Š‹ ŠǦ ȋʹȌ Š‡”‡‹•ƒˆ‘” ‡‘ˆƒ––”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
ȋͳȌŽŽŽ‹“—‹†• ‘˜‡”–‹–‘•‘Ž‹† ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•
ȋʹȌŽŽ‰ƒ•‡• ‘˜‡”––‘•‘Ž‹† ȋ͵Ȍ ŽŽ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‘˜‡™‹–Š•ƒ‡
ȋ͵ȌŽŽƒ––‡”‹•‹•‘Ž‹†•–ƒ–‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
ȋͶȌŠ‡ǤǤ‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•„‡ ‘‡•œ‡”‘ ȋͶȌ Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡• –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†
„‡–™‡‡ –™‘ •— ‡••‹˜‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘• ‹•
PTM179
‡ƒˆ”‡‡’ƒ–ŠǤ
 PTM185
180. ‘” ƒ ‰ƒ• α ͲǤ͸͹Ǥ Š‹• ‰ƒ• ‹•ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ
 186Ǥ ƒ•‡š‡”–•’”‡••—”‡‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•‘ˆ ‘–ƒ‹‡”
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ǣ „‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•Ǧ
ȋͳȌ‹ƒ–‘‹ ȋͳȌ”‡Ž‘‘•‹‰–Š‡‹”‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›
ȋʹȌ”‡‰‡––‹‰•–— –‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽ•
ȋʹȌ ‹š–—”‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ–‘‹  ƒ† ’‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ 
ȋ͵Ȍ”‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰–Š‡‹”‘‡–—–‘™ƒŽŽ•
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ȋͶȌ”‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†–‘™ƒ”†•™ƒŽŽ•Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ PTM186
ȋͶȌ‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ 187Ǥ ‘”ƒ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ǡ Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›
PTM180 ˆ‘” —‹– Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–
181. ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ ʹ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹•†‘—„Ž‡ ’”‡••—”‡ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡‹•ͳ ƒ†ʹ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›
–Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ʹ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –‘–ƒŽ –Š‡ͳ ǣʹ ‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌͷǣ͵ ȋʹȌ͹ǣͷ ȋ͵Ȍͳǣͳ ȋͶȌͷǣ͹
‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰‹‡•‘ˆ ʹ –‘–Šƒ–‘ˆʹ ƒ–͵ͲͲ‹•ǣ
PTM187
ȋͳȌͳǣͳ ȋʹȌͳǣʹ ȋ͵Ȍʹǣͳ ȋͶȌͳǣͳ͸ 188. Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•†‡’‡†•‘
PTM181 –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•Ǧ
182. – ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ› ͳ
ȋͳȌ
‰ƒ• Šƒ• ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ‹‡–‹  ‡‡”‰› 
†‘—„Ž‡–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ–ʹͲι ȋʹȌ
ȋͳȌͶͲι ȋʹȌͺͲι ȋ͵Ȍ 
ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͳ͵ι ȋͶȌͷͺ͸ι ȋͶȌ‘‡•‘–†‡’‡†•‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
PTM182 PTM188
183. Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ˆ”‘ Ͳι –‘ 189. Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ǣ
ȋͳȌ ƒ•‘Ž›–™‘˜ƒŽ—‡’ƒ†˜
ʹ͹͵ιǡ™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‹ƒŽ–‘‹‹–‹ƒŽ
ȋʹȌ ƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ–ƒ‰‹˜‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǫ ȋ͵ȌƒŠƒ˜‡ƒ›˜ƒŽ—‡„‡–™‡‡Ͳƒ†f
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌ͵ ȋ͵ȌͶ ȋͶȌʹ ȋͶȌ‡’‡†•—’‘–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•
PTM183 PTM189
184. Š‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š’‡”†‡‰”‡‡ 190. ʹʹ‰‘ˆʹ ƒ–ʹ͹ι‹•‹š‡†™‹–Šͳ͸‰‘ˆʹƒ–
‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆƒ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‹•Ǧ ͵͹ιǤŠ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹š–—”‡‹•ǣȂ
ȋ–”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ†‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ
ͳ
ȋͳȌ ʹ”• ȋʹȌ ʹ α ͹ƒ††‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆʹ αͷȌ
ʹ
ȋͳȌ͵ͳǤͳ͸ι ȋʹȌʹ͹ι
ȋ͵ȌȀʹ ȋͶȌ͵Ȁʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵͹ι ȋͶȌ͵Ͳι
PTM184 PTM190

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Thermal Physics ALLEN
191. –ʹ͹ι–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ 198. ƒ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡••’”‡••—”‡‘ˆƒˆ‹š‡†
‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•ͳǤ ˆ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ••‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‹• Šƒ‰‡†‹•— Šƒƒ‡”–Šƒ–
–‘͵ʹ͹ιǡ–Š‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›™‘—Ž†„‡ –Š‡‰ƒ•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•ʹͲŒ‘—Ž‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ƒ†ͺŒ‘—Ž‡•‘ˆ
ͳ
ȋͳȌʹͳ ȋʹȌ ͳ ™‘”™ƒ•†‘‡‘–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒŽ
ʹ
‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•™ƒ•͵ͲŒ‘—Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ
ͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ ʹͳ ȋͶȌ ͳ ‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ Ǧ
ʹ
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌͶʹ ȋ͵Ȍͳͺ ȋͶȌͷͺ
PTM191
PTM198
192Ǥ š›‰‡ ƒ† Š›†”‘‰‡ ‰ƒ•‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ–
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Ǥ Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ Ǥ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š 199. ͳ‰‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•†‘‡•ʹͲ ‘ˆ™‘”ƒ†”‡ ‡‹˜‡•
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‘ˆ‘š›‰‡‰ƒ•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘Š‘™ƒ› ͳ͸   ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ™Š‡ ‹– ‹• ‡š’ƒ†‡† „‡–™‡‡
–‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ǤǤ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ‘ˆ –™‘•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ•‡ ‘†‹†‘ˆ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ƒ„‡
Š›†”‘‰‡‰ƒ•ǣǦ ˆ‘—†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•ƒ‡‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡
ȋͳȌͳ͸–‹‡• ȋʹȌͺ–‹‡• ™Š‹ Š”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŠ‡ƒ–‹’—–‘ˆͻ ǤŠ‡™‘”
ȋ͵Ȍ“—ƒŽ ȋͶȌͳȀͳ͸–‹‡•
†‘‡„›–Š‡‰ƒ•‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹•ǣ
PTM192
193. Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ȋͳȌ͵ʹ ȋʹȌͷ ȋ͵ȌȂͶ ȋͶȌͳ͵
‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ǣǦ PTM199
ȋα‘Ž–œƒ ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ 200. • •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡ –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ–
ͳ ͵ ͷ ƒ„•‘”„‡† ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ–Š  ‹• ͻͲ  ƒ† –Š‡
ȋͳȌ  ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ 
ʹ ʹ ʹ ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡•›•–‡‹•͵Ͳ Ǥ ˆ
PTM193 –Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™‘”†‘‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡’ƒ–Š
194. †‹ƒ–‘‹ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡Šƒ•
‹•ʹͲ –Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”„‡†™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
ȋͳȌͳ†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘
ȋʹȌ͵†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘  
ȋ͵Ȍͷ†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ 
ȋͶȌ͸†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘
PTM194  
195. ™‘‘Ž‡•‘ˆ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ƒ”‡‹š‡†™‹–Š
ͳ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ †‹ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ J ˆ‘” –Š‡
‹š–—”‡‹•ǣ 
ȋͳȌͳǤͶ ȋʹȌͳǤͷͷ ȋ͵ȌͳǤ͸ʹ ȋͶȌͳǤ͸͹ ȋͳȌͺͲ ȋʹȌͻͲ ȋ͵ȌͳͳͲ
ȋͶȌͳʹͲ
PTM195
PTM200
ZEROTH AND FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT, WORK AND 201. ƒ › Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡•••Š‘™‘–Š‡ Ȃ †‹ƒ‰”ƒǡ
INTERNAL ENERGY –Š‡ƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”†‘‡‹•ǣ
196. Š‡ˆ‹”•–Žƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ǣǦ 
ȋͳȌƒ™‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡”‰› ʹ
ȋʹȌƒ™‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ‡‡”‰›
ȋ͵Ȍƒ™‘ˆ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤǤ ͳ
ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡
 
PTM196 ͳ ʹ
197. ƒ’”‘ ‡••ǡͷͲͲ ƒŽ‘”‹‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹•‰‹˜‡–‘ƒ ʹ ʹ
•›•–‡ ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ͳͲͲ Œ‘—Ž‡• ‘ˆ §   · §   ·
ȋͳȌ S ¨ ʹ ͳ ¸ ȋʹȌ S ¨ ʹ ͳ ¸
™‘”‹•†‘‡‘–Š‡•›•–‡ǤŠ‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ © ʹ ¹ © ʹ ¹
–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡‹•ǣǦ S
ȋͳȌͶͲ ƒŽ‘”‹‡• ȋʹȌͳͻͻ͵Œ‘—Ž‡• ȋ͵Ȍ ȋʹ Ȃ ͳȌȋʹ Ȃ ͳȌ ȋͶȌS ȋʹʹ Ȃ ͳͳȌ
Ͷ
ȋ͵Ȍʹͳͻ͵Œ‘—Ž‡• ȋͶȌͺʹ ƒŽ‘”‹‡•
PTM197 PTM201

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
202. Š‡™‘”„›ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•ƒŽ‘‰ 208. Š‡ ™‘” †‘‡ „› ƒ ‰ƒ• –ƒ‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡
–Š‡ › Ž‹ ’ƒ–Š‹• Ž‘•‡†’”‘ ‡••‹•
 
 
͵ ͷͲ 

ʹ  Ͳ 
 

ʹͲ ͷͲ

 ʹ
ȋͳȌ͸ͲͲ ȋʹȌͶͲͲ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵
ȋͶȌͶ
PTM202 ȋ͵ȌͲͲ ȋͶȌœ‡”‘
203. ‘”ƒ‰ƒ•˜αͶǤͻ͸ ƒŽȀ‘Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ PTM208
‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆʹ‘Ž‡‰ƒ•‹Š‡ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘ CYCLIC, ISOCHORIC, ISOBARIC, ISOTHERMAL,
͵ͶͲ–‘͵Ͷʹ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ ADIABATIC AND POLYTROPIC PROCESS
ȋͳȌʹ͹ǤͺͲ ƒŽ ȋʹȌͳͻǤͺͶ ƒŽ 209.  –Š‡ †‹ƒ‰”ƒ• ȋ‹Ȍ –‘ ȋ‹˜Ȍ ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ȋ͵Ȍͳ͵ǤͻͲ ƒŽ ȋͶȌͻǤͻʹ ƒŽ
˜‘Ž—‡ ™‹–Š Šƒ‰‹‰ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• •Š‘™Ǥ 
PTM203
204. Š‡ƒ•›•–‡ Šƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘‘‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡” ‰ƒ• ‹• –ƒ‡ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ–Š Ǥ Š‡
•–ƒ–‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ™‘”†‘‡ǣǦ Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ Ǧ
ȋͳȌ ‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ –‹‰‘–Š‡•›•–‡  
ȋʹȌ ‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”‡•‡–   

‹ƒ•›•–‡
ȋ‹Ȍ ȋ‹‹Ȍ
ȋ͵Ȍ ‘‡•‘–†‡’‡†‘–Š‡’ƒ–Š
   
ȋͶȌ ‡’‡†•‘–Š‡’ƒ–Š
PTM204  
205.  •›•–‡ ‹• –ƒ‡ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ–Š•  ƒ†  ƒ•  
•Š‘™Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ‰‹˜‡ ‹ –Š‡•‡    
’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ”‡ ƒ† ƒ† Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ
‡‡”‰›ƒ”‡' ƒ†' ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›–Š‡ǣǦ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ȋ‹˜Ȍ
   

 
 ‹ ˆ
ȋͳȌ ‘•‹–‹˜‡‹ƒŽŽ ƒ•‡•ȋ‹Ȍ–‘ȋ‹˜Ȍ
 ȋʹȌ ‘•‹–‹˜‡‹ ƒ•‡•ȋ‹Ȍǡȋ‹‹Ȍƒ†ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ„—–œ‡”‘‹
 ƒ•‡ȋ‹˜Ȍ
ȋͳȌ αǢ' δ' ȋʹȌ t Ǣ' α' ȋ͵Ȍ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‹ ƒ•‡•ȋ‹Ȍǡȋ‹‹Ȍƒ†ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ„—–œ‡”‘‹
ȋ͵Ȍ δǢ' ε' ȋͶȌ εǢ' α' ƒ•‡ȋ‹˜Ȍ
PTM205 ȋͶȌ ‡”‘‹ƒŽŽ–Š‡ˆ‘—” ƒ•‡•
206. ˆ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ– ‘ˆ ͳͳͲ  ‹• ƒ††‡† –‘ ƒ ‰ƒ•‡‘—• PTM209
•›•–‡ƒ† Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•ͶͲ ǡ 210. Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ͷ ‘Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ• ™Š‹ Š
–Š‡–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡š–‡”ƒŽ™‘”†‘‡‹•ǣ
™ƒ• Š‡Ž† ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– ˜‘Ž—‡ ™ƒ• Šƒ‰‡†
ȋͳȌͳͺͲ ȋʹȌ͹Ͳ ȋ͵ȌͳͳͲ ȋͶȌ͵Ͳ
PTM206 ˆ”‘ͳͲͲι–‘ͳʹͲιǤŠ‡ Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ
207. ˆƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–•—’’Ž‹‡†‹•ǡ™‘”†‘‡‹• ‡‡”‰› ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† –‘ „‡ ͺͲ Œ‘—Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ
 ƒ† Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‹•   †ǡ Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰ƒ• ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– ˜‘Ž—‡
–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‹•Ǥ ȋ˜ α ‰”ƒ ™‹ŽŽ„‡‡“—ƒŽ–‘ǣ Ǧ
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–Ȍ
ȋͳȌͺ Ȁ ȋʹȌͲǤͺ Ȁ
ȋͳȌ†αΪ ȋʹȌαڏ†
ȋ͵Ȍڏ†α ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ǥ ȋ͵ȌͶǤͲ Ȁ ȋͶȌͲǤͶ Ȁ
PTM207 PTM210

[ 112 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
211. ‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ǡ †‹ƒ–‘‹  ƒ† –”‹ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ•‡• 216. ‘” ƒ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”ˆ‡ – ‰ƒ•ǡ
™Š‘•‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡•ƒ‡ǡ –Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ'Ȁ ‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ǣ Ǧ
ƒ”‡ ‘’”‡••‡†–‹ŽŽ–Š‡‹”˜‘Ž—‡„‡ ‘‡ŠƒŽˆ ȋͳȌ  J 'Ȁ ȋʹȌȂ'Ȁ
–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ ȋ͵ȌȂJ 'Ȁ ȋͶȌȂJʹ 'Ȁ
ȋͳȌ ˆ –Š‡ ‘’”‡••‹‘ ‹• ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  –Š‡ PTM216
‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒš‹—ˆ‹ƒŽ 217.  ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ƒ– ʹ͹ι ‹• ‘’”‡••‡†
’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›–‘ͺȀʹ͹ ‘ˆ‹–•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ ˆ
ȋʹȌ ˆ –Š‡ ‘’”‡••‹‘ ‹• ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  –Š‡ J αͷȀ͵ǡ–Š‡–Š‡”‹•‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ǣǦ
–”‹ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ• ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ƒš‹— ˆ‹ƒŽ ȋͳȌͶͷͲ ȋʹȌ͵͹ͷ
’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ȋ͵Ȍ͸͹ͷ ȋͶȌͶͲͷ
ȋ͵Ȍ ˆ–Š‡ ‘’”‡••‹‘‹•ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ –Š‡–Š‡‹” PTM217
ˆ‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡•ƒ‡Ǥ 218. ‘” ‘‘ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡
ȋͶȌ ˆ –Š‡ ‘’”‡••‹‘ ‹• ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ –Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‰‹˜‡
–Š‡‹”ˆ‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ „› v ǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
PTM211 ȋ ‘”ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••Ȍ
212. Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‰”ƒ’Š• ‘””‡ –Ž› ͷ ʹ ͵ ͷ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ E α Ȃȋ†Ȁ†ȌȀ ͵ ͷ ͷ ʹ
™‹–Š  ˆ‘” ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– PTM218
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǫ 219. ‰ƒ•ˆ‘”™Š‹ ŠJ αͷȀ͵‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–
E E ’”‡••—”‡ǤŠ‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ –Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”‡š–‡”ƒŽ™‘”‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌͶͲΨ ȋʹȌ͵ͲΨ ȋ͵Ȍ͸ͲΨ ȋͶȌʹͲΨ
  PTM219
E E
220.  ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ‘ Š‡ƒ– ‡š Šƒ‰‡
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ •—””‘—†‹‰• ™‹ŽŽ
–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•–ƒ‡ƒŽ‘‰ —”˜‡ǣ
  ȋ —”˜‡•ƒ”‡‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽƒ†ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ Ȍ
PTM212
213. Š‡ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ —Ž‘†—Ž—•‘ˆƒ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•
”‡••—”‡

ƒ–ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ’”‡••—”‡‹•  
ȋͳȌͲ Ȃ ʹ ȋʹȌͳ Ȃ ʹ
 
ȋ͵ȌͳǤͶέͳͲ Ͷ Ȃ ʹ ȋͶȌ ͳǤͶu ͳͲ ͷ  Ȃ ʹ
PTM213 ‘Ž—‡
214. ‰‹˜‡“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•ƒ–’”‡••—”‡ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋͶȌ ȋ͵Ȍ
ƒ†ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ PTM220
„—Ž‘†—Ž—•‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•ǣ 221. –Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‹‰—”‡•ǡˆ‘—” —”˜‡•ǡǡǡ
ȋͳȌʹȀ͵ ȋʹȌ  ȋ͵Ȍ͵Ȁʹ ȋͶȌʹ ƒ”‡•Š‘™–Š‡ —”˜‡•ƒ”‡ǣȂ
PTM214
215. Ǧ ’Ž‘–• ˆ‘” –™‘ ‰ƒ•‡• †—”‹‰ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ 
”‡••—”‡

”‡••—”‡

’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ”‡•Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ǤŽ‘–•ͳƒ†
ʹ•Š‘—Ž† ‘””‡•’‘†”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›–‘
 ‘Ž—‡ ‘Ž—‡

ȋͳȌ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ†™Š‹Ž‡ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ˆ‘”
ͳ ƒ†
ʹ ȋʹȌ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ†™Š‹Ž‡ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ˆ‘”
 ƒ†
ȋͳȌ ‡ƒ†ʹ ȋʹȌʹ ƒ† ‡ ȋ͵Ȍ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ†
ȋ͵Ȍ ‡ƒ†” ȋͶȌʹ ƒ†ʹ ȋͶȌ †‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ˆ‘”ƒ†™Š‹Ž‡‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽˆ‘”
PTM215 ƒ†
PTM221

[Link] [ 113 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
222Ǥ “—ƒŽ ˜‘Ž—‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”ˆ‡ – ‰ƒ• ƒ”‡ 227. Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‹ ƒ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ 
‘’”‡••‡† –‘ ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ˜‘Ž—‡•Ǥ ’”‘ ‡••ǣǦ
Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹• „”‘—‰Š– ƒ„‘—– „› ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ȋͳȌ‡ƒ‹•— Šƒ‰‡†
’”‘ ‡••ƒ†–Š‡•‡ ‘†„›ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡•• ȋʹȌŽ›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
–Š‡ǣ ȋ͵ȌŽ›†‹‹‹•Š‡•
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡ ™‹ŽŽ ȋͶȌƒ›†‹‹‹•Šƒ†ƒ›ƒŽ•‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ PTM227
ȋʹȌ –Š‡‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ǡ–Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ 228. ‡ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‘‘ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ• ‹•
™‹ŽŽ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• Š‡ƒ–‡† ƒ– ƒ ‘•–ƒ– ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ ‘‡
ȋ͵Ȍ ‘–Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡ ™‹ŽŽ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ˆ”‘ Ͳι –‘ ͳͲͲιǤ Š‡ –Š‡
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡•• Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•
ȋͶȌ –Š‡ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋͳȌʹͲǤͺͲέͳͲʹ ȋʹȌͳʹǤͶͺέͳͲʹ
™‹ŽŽ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ȋ͵Ȍͺ͵ʹέͳͲʹ ȋͶȌ͸ǤʹͷέͳͲʹ
PTM222 PTM228
223.  ˜‡••‡Ž ‘–ƒ‹• ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‘‘ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ• 229. Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡
™Š‹ Š ‡š’ƒ†• ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– ’”‡••—”‡ǡ ™Š‡ ‹•‘”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡‰ƒ•ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–
Š‡ƒ– ‹• ‰‹˜‡ –‘ ‹–Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡ ™‘”†‘‡‹ ˜‘Ž—‡„‡ ƒ—•‡ǣǦ
‡š’ƒ•‹‘‹•ǣ ȋͳȌ ‘” ‹• †‘‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰ƒ• ƒ–
͵ ʹ ʹ ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ  ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ 
ͷ ͷ ͵ ȋʹȌ‘”‹•†‘‡‹–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•
PTM223 ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– ˜‘Ž—‡
224. ‡ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ͳ ȋ͵Ȍ Š‡ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ —†‡”
 ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡
‡š’‡†• ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ™ α ƒ
ʹ ȋͶȌ Š‡ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
ȋ ‘•–ƒ–ȌǤ Š‡ ™‘” †‘‡ „› –Š‡ ‰ƒ• –‹ŽŽ —†‡” ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•„‡ ‘‡•ʹ ‹•ǣ PTM229
ͳ ͳ 230. Š‡ƒ‰ƒ•‹•ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘’”‡••‡†–Š‡
ȋͳȌ ȋʹ Ȃ ͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋʹ Ȃ ͳȌ
ʹ ͵ ‹–̵•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡„‡ ƒ—•‡ǣȂ
ͳ ͳ ȋͳȌ‘”†‘‡‹•œ‡”‘
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋʹ Ȃ ͳȌ ȋͶȌ ȋʹ Ȃ ͳȌ
Ͷ ͷ ȋʹȌ –‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†
PTM224 ȋ͵Ȍ ‡ƒ–‹••—’’Ž‹‡†–‘‹–
225Ǥ Š‡ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ †‹ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ• ‹• Š‡ƒ–‡† ƒ– ȋͶȌ‘ Šƒ‰‡‹’”‡••—”‡
‘•–ƒ– ’”‡••—”‡ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ– PTM230
‡‡”‰›•—’’Ž‹‡†™Š‹ Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ 231. ‹”‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†‹ƒ–—„‡‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‡‡Ž‘ˆƒ ƒ”ƒ–
‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•Ǧ ʹ͹ι ƒ† ʹ ƒ– ’”‡••—”‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ –—„‡ ‹•
ȋͳȌʹȀͷ ȋʹȌ͵Ȁͷ ȋ͵Ȍ͵Ȁ͹ ȋͶȌͷȀ͹ •—††‡Ž›„—”•–•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ‹”
PTM225 ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣȂ ȋJ αͳǤͷǡʹͳȀ͵ αͳǤʹͷͳȌ
226. ”‡••—”‡Ǧ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ˆ‘” ƒ ȋͳȌȂ͵͵ι ȋʹȌͲι
‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• —†‡”‰‘‹‰ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  Šƒ‰‡ ‹• ȋ͵ȌʹͳǤ͸ι ȋͶȌʹͶͲι
ȋJ α’Ȁ˜Ȍ PTM231
ȋͳȌ J α ‘•–ƒ– 232. ’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Š‡ƒ– ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ• —†‡”‰‘‹‰ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ 
ȋʹȌ ͳJ α ‘•–ƒ– Šƒ‰‡‹•ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ  Jͳ J α ‘•–ƒ– ȋͳȌ‡”‘ ȋʹȌ ˆ‹‹–‡
ȋ͵Ȍ‘•‹–‹˜‡ ȋͶȌ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡
ȋͶȌ ͳJ J α ‘•–ƒ–
PTM232
PTM226

[ 114 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
233.  “—ƒ–‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ‹” ȋJ α ͳǤͶȌ ƒ– ʹ͹ι ‹• 238. ‡‘Ž‡‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹• ‘’”‡••‡†ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›
‘’”‡••‡†•—††‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ– ʹ͹ιǤ –•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡„‡ ‘‡• ͳͲʹιǤ Š‡
ƒ‹”•›•–‡™‹ŽŽǣ ™‘”†‘‡‹–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ ȋJ αͳǤͷȌ
ȋͳȌ ƒŽŽ ȋͳȌȂ͸ʹͷ ȋʹȌ͸ʹͷ
ȋʹȌ‹•‡ ȋ͵ȌͳʹͶͷ ȋͶȌȂͳʹͶͷ
ȋ͵Ȍ‡ƒ‹— Šƒ‰‡†
PTM238
ȋͶȌ ‹”•–”‹•‡ƒ†–Š‡ˆƒŽŽ
PTM233 239. ƒ‹•‘‡–”‹  Šƒ‰‡ǣ
234.  ‰ƒ• •’‡ ‹‡ ‹ ‘‡ ˜‡••‡Ž ‹• ‡š’‡†‡† ȋͳȌ G † ȋʹȌ G †
‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽŽ› –‘ †‘—„Ž‡ ‹–• ˜‘Ž—‡ ƒ† ƒ ȋ͵Ȍ G  G † ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
•‹‹Žƒ” •’‡ ‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ˜‡••‡Ž ‹• PTM239
‡š’ƒ†‡†ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›–Š‡•ƒ‡‡š–‡–ǡ–Š‡ǣ 240. Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‡š’ƒ†•„›ͲǤʹͷ͵ ƒ–ƒ
ȋͳȌ  –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ˜‡••‡Žǡ „‘–Š ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ†
‘•–ƒ– ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ ͳͲ͵ ȀʹǤ Š‡ ™‘”
™‘”†‘‡ƒ”‡‘”‡
ȋʹȌ  –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ˜‡••‡Žǡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹ ‘”‡ǡ †‘‡‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘
„—––Š‡™‘”†‘‡‹•Ž‡••Ǥ ȋͳȌʹǤͷ‡”‰ ȋʹȌʹͷͲ
ȋ͵Ȍ –Š‡ˆ‹”•–˜‡••‡Žǡ„‘–Š’”‡••—”‡Ƭ™‘” ȋ͵ȌʹͷͲ ȋͶȌʹͷͲ
†‘‡ƒ”‡‘”‡Ǥ PTM240
ȋͶȌ  –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ˜‡••‡Žǡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹• ‘”‡ǡ „—– 241. Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ Š‡ƒ– ‰‹˜‡ –‘ ƒ
™‘”†‘‡‹•Ž‡•• •›•–‡‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹–‘™‘”
PTM234 ‹•ˆ‘”‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• ǣȂ
235. ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹• ‘’”‡••‡††—”‹‰‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ȋͳȌ •‘„ƒ”‹ ’”‘ ‡••
’”‘ ‡••–Š‡ǣǦ ȋʹȌ •‘‡–”‹ ’”‘ ‡••
ȋͳȌ‘™‘”‹•†‘‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‰ƒ•
ȋ͵Ȍ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••
ȋʹȌŠ‡ƒ–‹•”‡Œ‡ –‡†„›‰ƒ•
ȋ͵Ȍ –̵•‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ȋͶȌ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••
ȋͶȌ”‡••—”‡†‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡ PTM241
PTM235 § Ͷ·
242. Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‘Ž›Ǧƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ• ¨ J
236. ”ƒ’Š•„‡–™‡‡Ȃ†‹ƒ‰”ƒˆ‘”‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ © ͵ ¸¹
ƒ† ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ’”‘ ‡••‡• ƒ”‡ †”ƒ™ –Š‡
ͳ
”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹”•Ž‘’‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣȂ ‘’”‡••‡† ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› –‘ –Š ‘ˆ –Š‡
ȋͳȌ Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  —”˜‡ α J ȋ•Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ ͺ
‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ —”˜‡Ȍ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡
ȋʹȌ Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ —”˜‡ α J ȋ•Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ ‰ƒ•‹•Ͳ–Š‡‡™’”‡••—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  —”˜‡Ȍ ȋͳȌͺͲ ȋʹȌͳ͸Ͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ —”˜‡ α •Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ ȋ͵Ȍ͸Ͳ ȋͶȌʹͲ
ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  —”˜‡ PTM242
ȋͶȌ Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  —”˜‡ α Jʹ ȋ•Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ 243. —”‹‰ ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽǡ ‹•‘„ƒ”‹  ƒ† ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ 
‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ —”˜‡Ȍ ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ ™‘” †‘‡ ˆ‘” •ƒ‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‹
PTM236 ˜‘Ž—‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒš‹—ˆ‘”ǣǦ
237. ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•–ƒ‡”‘—†–Š‡ › Ž‡Ǥ  
–Š‡ › Ž‡–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™‘”†‘‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹•ǣǦ


 
Ͷͳ 

ͳ  

ȋͳȌ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ
ȋʹȌ •‘„ƒ”‹ 
ͳ ͵ͳ 
ȋ͵Ȍ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹
ȋͳȌͳʹͳͳ ȋʹȌ͸ͳͳ
ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡
ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͳͳ ȋͶȌͳͳ
PTM243
PTM237
[Link] [ 115 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
244.  ƒ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ’”‘ ‡•• –Š‡ “—ƒ–‹–› ™Š‹ Š 249.  Ž‘•‡† ‘–ƒ‹‡” ‹• ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹•—Žƒ–‡† ˆ”‘
”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–‹•ǣǦ ‘—–•‹†‡Ǥ‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹–‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Šƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•
ȋͳȌ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ’Žƒ–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”ŠƒŽˆ
ȋʹȌ”‡••—”‡ ™Š‹ Š ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ˜ƒ ——ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ‘–ƒŽŠ‡ƒ– ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡ Š‡‹•”‡‘˜‡†ǡ‘˜‡•‹–‘ǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
ȋͶȌ‘Ž—‡
PTM244
 
245. ”ƒ’Š‘ˆ‹•‘‡–”‹ ’”‘ ‡••‹•ǣǦ ‰ƒ• ˜ƒ ——
’
ȋͳȌ‘™‘”‹•†‘‡„›
ȋͳȌ  ȋʹȌ  ȋʹȌ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ȋ͵Ȍ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›
 
 ȋͶȌ†‘—„Ž‡•‹’”‡••—”‡
PTM249
SECOND LAW OF THE THERMODYNMAMICS,
ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ  HEAT ENGINES AND REFRIGERATORS
250.  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† Žƒ™ ‘ˆ
  –Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •ǣ

ȋͳȌ Š‡ƒ– ‡‡”‰› ƒ‘– „‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›
PTM245
‘˜‡”–‡†–‘™‘”
246. ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•—†‡”‰‘‡•ƒƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  Šƒ‰‡‹
ȋʹȌ™‘” ƒ‘–„‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› ‘˜‡”–‡†–‘
˜‘Ž—‡ȋȌ™‹–Š’”‡••—”‡ȋȌǤŠ‡ǣǦ
Š‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›
ȋͳȌJα ‘•–ƒ– ȋʹȌJ α ‘•–ƒ– ȋ͵Ȍ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ › Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡•™‡Šƒ˜‡†ȀδͲ
ȋͶȌ –Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ƒŽŽŠ‡ƒ–‡‰‹‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ‹‡•ƒ”‡
ȋ͵ȌȋȌJ α ‘•–ƒ– ȋͶȌα ‘•–ƒ–
Ž‡•• –Šƒ ͳͲͲΨ ‹• ˆ”‹ –‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹•
PTM246
—ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡
247. ͵ͲͲ ƒŽ‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ‹• •—’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡
PTM250
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆͷͲ‰‘ˆƒ‹”ˆ”‘ʹͲι–‘͵Ͳι 251. ̶ ‡ƒ– ƒ‘–ˆŽ‘™„›‹–•‡Žˆˆ”‘ƒ„‘†›ƒ–Ž‘™‡”
™‹–Š‘—–ƒ› Šƒ‰‡‹‹–•˜‘Ž—‡ǤŠƒ‰‡‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–‘ƒ„‘†›ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡̶
‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›’‡”‰”ƒ‘ˆƒ‹”‹• ‹•ƒ•–ƒ–‡‡–‘” ‘•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆǣ
ȋͳȌœ‡”‘ ȋʹȌͲǤ͸ ƒŽ‘”‹‡• ȋͳȌ•‡ ‘†Žƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •
ȋ͵ȌͳǤʹ ƒŽ‘”‹‡• ȋͶȌ͸ǤͲ ƒŽ‘”‹‡• ȋʹȌ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘‡–—
PTM247 ȋ͵Ȍ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ••
248. ‰ƒ•‹•‡š’ƒ†‡†ˆ”‘˜‘Ž—‡ͳ –‘˜‘Ž—‡ʹ ȋͶȌˆ‹”•–Žƒ™‘ˆ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ •
‹–Š”‡‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ•Š‘™‹–Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ ˆǡ PTM251
ǡ ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰‹‡• 252. ƒ”‘–‡‰‹‡–ƒ‡•͵έͳͲ ƒŽ ‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆ”‘
͸

”‡•‡”˜‘‹” ƒ– ͸ʹ͹ι ƒ† ‰‹˜‡• ‹– –‘ ƒ •‹ ƒ–

‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•–ƒ–‡ǡǡƒ†”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡
ʹ͹ιǤŠ‡™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡‡‰‹‡‹•
™Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹•‘– ‘””‡ –
ȋͳȌͶǤʹέͳͲ͸ ȋʹȌͺǤͶέͳͲ͸
  •‘„ƒ”‹ 
ȋ͵Ȍͳ͸ǤͺέͳͲ͸ ȋͶȌœ‡”‘
•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ
 PTM252
†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹
253. ”‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”‘’‡”ƒ–‡•„‡–™‡‡ƒ

Ž‘™ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”‡•‡”˜‘‹” ƒ–  ƒ† ƒ Š‹‰Š
ͳ o ʹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡•‡”˜‘‹”ƒ– Ǥ –• ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǣ
ȋͳȌ Ȃ εͲ ȋʹȌȂ  αͲ
ȋͳȌȋ Ȃ ȌȀ ȋʹȌȀȋ Ȃ Ȍ
ȋ͵Ȍ Ȃ  δͲ ȋͶȌ α α
ȋ͵Ȍȋ Ȃ ȌȀ ȋͶȌ Ȁȋ Ȃ Ȍ
PTM248 PTM253

[ 116 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
254. –Š‡‰‹˜‡‰”ƒ’Š–Š‡‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ —”˜‡•ƒ”‡ǣǦ 257Ǥ ˆ–Š‡•›•–‡–ƒ‡•ͳͲͲ ƒŽǤŠ‡ƒ–ǡƒ†”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•
ͺͲ ƒŽ–‘•‹ǡ‹ˆ•‘—” ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ͳʹ͹ι

ˆ‹†–Š‡•‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣȂ

ȋͳȌͶ͹ι ȋʹȌͳʹ͹ι
 ȋ͵Ȍ͸͹ι ȋͶȌͳͲ͹ι
 PTM257
 258. ƒ”‘– ‡‰‹‡™‘”‹‰„‡–™‡‡͵ͲͲƒ†
 ͸ͲͲŠƒ•™‘”‘—–’—–‘ˆͺͲͲ ’‡” › Ž‡ǤŠ‡
ȋͳȌƒ† ȋʹȌƒ† ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›•—’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡‡‰‹‡
ˆ”‘•‘—” ‡’‡” › Ž‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍƒ† ȋͶȌƒ†
ȋͳȌͺͲͲ ȋʹȌͳ͸ͲͲ
PTM254 ȋ͵ȌͳʹͲͲ ȋͶȌͻͲͲ
255. –Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡“—‡•–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ —”˜‡ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡ PTM258
259Ǥ  ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• Š‡ƒ– ‡‰‹‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡• ‹ ƒ”‘–
Š‡ƒ–‹•ƒ„•‘”„‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰•‹•ǣȂ
› Ž‡ „‡–™‡‡ ʹʹ͹ι ƒ† ͳʹ͹ιǤ – ƒ„•‘”„•
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ ͸ έ ͳͲͶ ƒŽ ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ƒ– Š‹‰Š‡” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
PTM255 Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– ‘˜‡”–‡†–‘™‘”‹•ǣ
256. ƒ”‘– ‡‰‹‡•Š‘™•‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆͶͲΨ‘ ȋͳȌʹǤͶέͳͲͶ ƒŽ ȋʹȌ͸έͳͲͶ ƒŽ
ȋ͵ȌͳǤʹέͳͲ ƒŽ
Ͷ ȋͶȌͶǤͺέͳͲͶ ƒŽ
–ƒ‹‰ ‡‡”‰› ƒ– ͷͲͲ Ǥ ‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ PTM259
‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › –‘ ͷͲΨǡ ƒ– ™Šƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹– 260.  ”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘” ™‘”• „‡–™‡‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
•Š‘—Ž†–ƒ‡‡‡”‰›ǫ ȂͳͲιƬ ʹ͹ιǡ–Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡
‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌͶͲͲ ȋʹȌ͹ͲͲ
ȋͳȌ͹Ǥͳ ȋʹȌͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ͸ͲͲ ȋͶȌͺͲͲ ȋ͵ȌͺǤͳ ȋͶȌͳͷǤͶ͹
PTM256 PTM260

[Link] [ 117 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions) ANSWER KEY
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 1 1 1 2 4 3 3 1 2 2 1 4 1 3 1
Question 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Answer 1 1 1 4 2 4 1 1 3 3 4 3 1 4 4
Question 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Answer 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 4 4 2 1 3 2
Question 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Answer 2 2 4 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 3 3 1 3 3
Question 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Answer 3 1 3 1 3 4 1 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 3
Question 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Answer 3 4 2 2 4 4 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 3
Question 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105
Answer 2 2 3 1 4 1 3 4 4 3 2 4 3 1 1
Question 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
Answer 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 4 1 4 4 4 4 3 1
Question 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135
Answer 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
Question 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
Answer 4 2 1 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1
Question 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165
Answer 1 4 3 1 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 1 2 4 4
Question 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180
Answer 1 4 3 2 4 4 3 4 2 1 3 1 3 4 3
Question 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195
Answer 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 1 1 3 3 3 2
Question 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210
Answer 1 3 3 4 1 3 1 2 4 4 2 2 1 4 3
Question 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225
Answer 1 1 4 2 2 3 2 4 1 2 2 3 3 2 4
Question 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240
Answer 4 4 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 3 4 1 2
Question 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255
Answer 3 2 2 3 3 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
Question 256 257 258 259 260
Answer 3 1 2 3 1

[ 118 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Exercise - II (Previous Year Questions) AIPMT/NEET
AIPMT 2014 AIPMT 2015
1. –‡ƒƒ–ͳͲͲι‹•’ƒ••‡†‹–‘ʹͲ‰‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ– 6. ‡‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•—†‡”‰‘‡•
ͳͲιǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ “—‹”‡•ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ ƒ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘  –‘  ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ ’ƒ–Š  ƒ•
ͺͲιǡ–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”’”‡•‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ •Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ
ȏƒ‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”αͳ ƒŽ‰Ȃͳ ιȂͳ ƒ†

Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ•–‡ƒαͷͶͲ ƒŽ‰ȂͳȐ ͷ
ȋͳȌʹͶ‰ ȋʹȌ͵ͳǤͷ‰ ȋƒȌ ʹ 
ȋ͵ȌͶʹǤͷ‰ ȋͶȌʹʹǤͷ‰ Ͷ ͸
PTM293 ȋ͵Ȍ
2. ‡”–ƒ‹ “—ƒ–‹–› ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ‘‘Ž• ˆ”‘ ͹Ͳι –‘
Š‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰ƒ•
͸Ͳι ‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ͷ‹—–‡•ƒ†–‘ͷͶ鋐–Š‡
†—”‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘‹•ǣ
‡š– ͷ ‹—–‡•Ǥ Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ȋͳȌȂʹͲ  ȋʹȌʹͲ 
•—””‘—†‹‰•‹•ǣǦ ȋ͵ȌȂͳʹ  ȋͶȌʹͲ 
ȋͳȌͶͷι ȋʹȌʹͲι PTM298
ȋ͵ȌͶʹι ȋͶȌͳͲι 7. ‘„•‡”˜‹‰Ž‹‰Š–ˆ”‘–Š”‡‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–ƒ”•
PTM294 ǡƒ†ǡ‹–™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡–
3. Š‡ ‡ƒ ˆ”‡‡ ’ƒ–Š ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ•ǡ ‘Ž‘” ‹• ƒš‹— ‹ –Š‡ •’‡ –”— ‘ˆ ǡ –Š‡
ȋ”ƒ†‹—•̵”̵Ȍ‹•‹˜‡”•‡Ž›’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘ǣǦ ‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ‰”‡‡ ‘Ž‘—”‹•ƒš‹—‹–Š‡
•’‡ –”—‘ˆƒ†–Š‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ”‡† ‘Ž‘—”
ȋͳȌ”͵ ȋʹȌ”ʹ ȋ͵Ȍ” ȋͶȌ ”
‹•ƒš‹—‹–Š‡•’‡ –”—‘ˆǤ ˆǡ ƒ†
PTM295  ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•
4.  ‘‘ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ• ƒ– ƒ ’”‡••—”‡ ǡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ ‘ˆǡƒ†ǡ–Š‡‹– ƒ„‡ ‘ Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘
˜‘Ž—‡‡š’ƒ†•‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽŽ›–‘˜‘Ž—‡ʹ –Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ǣ
ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› –‘ ˜‘Ž—‡ ͳ͸Ǥ Š‡ ȋͳȌ ε ε ȋʹȌ δ δ
ͷ ȋ͵Ȍ δ δ ȋͶȌ ε ε
ˆ‹ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•ǣȋ–ƒ‡J α Ȍ PTM299
͵
8.  ƒ”‘– ‡‰‹‡ǡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‘ˆ

ȋͳȌ͸Ͷ ȋʹȌ͵ʹ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌͳ͸ ͳ
͸Ͷ Kα ƒ•Š‡ƒ–‡‰‹‡ǡ‹•—•‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”Ǥ
ͳͲ
PTM296
ˆ –Š‡ ™‘” †‘‡ ‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ‹• ͳͲ ǡ –Š‡
5.  –Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹  •›•–‡ —†‡”‰‘‡• › Ž‹ 
ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› ƒ„•‘”„‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡
’”‘ ‡••  ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ ˆ‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ™‘” ”‡•‡”˜‘‹”ƒ–Ž‘™‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ǣǦ
†‘‡„›–Š‡•›•–‡‹–Š‡ › Ž‡‹•ǣǦ ȋͳȌ ͻͻ ȋʹȌͻͲ ȋ͵Ȍͳ ȋͶȌͳͲͲ
PTM300

͵Ͳ
  
9. Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–• J ‹–‡”•

ʹͲ
‘ˆ†‡‰”‡‡•‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ȋȌ‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǣ
Ͳ 
 § · § ʹ·
ȋͳȌ ¨ ͳ  ¸ ȋʹȌ ¨ ͳ  ¸
© ͵¹ © ¹
Ͳ ʹͲ 
§ · § ͳ·
 ȋ͵Ȍ ¨ ͳ  ¸ ȋͶȌ ¨ ͳ  ¸
ȋͳȌͲͲ ȋʹȌʹͲͲ ȋ͵Ȍ Ͳ Ͳ ȋͶȌ‡”‘ © ʹ¹ © ¹
ʹ PTM301
PTM297

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
10. ‹‰—”‡ „‡Ž‘™ •Š‘™• –™‘ ’ƒ–Š• –Šƒ– ƒ› „‡ 14. Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ
–ƒ‡„›ƒ‰ƒ•–‘‰‘ˆ”‘ƒ•–ƒ–‡–‘ƒ•–ƒ–‡Ǥ ”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘” ‹• ͷǤ ˆ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹•‹†‡
ˆ”‡‡œ‡” ‹• ȂʹͲιǡ –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
•—””‘—†‹‰•–‘™Š‹ Š‹–”‡Œ‡ –•Š‡ƒ–‹•ǣ

  ȋͳȌʹͳι ȋʹȌ͵ͳι ȋ͵ȌͶͳι ȋͶȌͳͳι
͸έͳͲͶ ƒ
PTM306
15.  ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ‹• ‘’”‡••‡† –‘ ŠƒŽˆ ‹–• ‹‹–‹ƒŽ
˜‘Ž—‡„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǤŠ‹ Š
ʹέͳͲͶ ƒ ‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••”‡•—Ž–•‹–Š‡ƒš‹—™‘”
 †‘‡‘–Š‡‰ƒ•ǫ
ȋͳȌ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ȋʹȌ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹
ȋ͵Ȍ •‘„ƒ”‹ ȋͶȌ •‘ Š‘”‹
ʹέͳͲȂ͵ ͵ ͶέͳͲȂ͵ ͵ PTM307

16. Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ˜‘Ž—‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘
 ’”‘ ‡•• ǡ ͶͲͲ  ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ‹• ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆ ‰Ž› ‡”‹‡ ‹• ͷ έ ͳͲȂͶ ȂͳǤ Š‡ ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ
•›•–‡ ƒ† ‹ ’”‘ ‡•• ǡ ͳͲͲ  ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ‹• Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆ‰Ž› ‡”‹‡ ˆ‘”ƒ”‹•‡‘ˆ
ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡Ǥ Š‡ Š‡ƒ– ƒ„•‘”„‡† „› ͶͲ鋐‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ‹•ǣǦ
–Š‡•›•–‡‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ ȋͳȌ ͲǤͲͳͲ ȋʹȌͲǤͲͳͷ
ȋͳȌͷͲͲ  ȋʹȌͶ͸Ͳ  ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͲͲ  ȋͶȌ͵ͺͲ ȋ͵ȌͲǤͲʹͲ ȋͶȌͲǤͲʹͷ
PTM302 PTM308
11. Š‡–™‘‡†•‘ˆƒ‡–ƒŽ”‘†ƒ”‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† ƒ– NEET-I 2016
17. ”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”™‘”•„‡–™‡‡Ͷ郐†͵ͲιǤ –
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ͳͲͲ郐†ͳͳͲιǤŠ‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–
‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ”‡‘˜‡ ͸ͲͲ ƒŽ‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ–
ˆŽ‘™‹–Š‡”‘†‹•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡ͶǤͲ Ȁ•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‡†•
‡˜‡”›•‡ ‘†‹‘”†‡”–‘‡‡’–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ƒ”‡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ʹͲͲι ƒ†
‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‡†•’ƒ ‡ ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ Š‡’‘™‡”
ʹͳͲιǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–ˆŽ‘™™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ ”‡“—‹”‡†‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌͳ͸Ǥͺ Ȁ• ȋʹȌͺǤͲ Ȁ• ȋƒ‡ͳ ƒŽαͶǤʹ ‘—Ž‡•Ȍ
ȋ͵Ȍ ͶǤͲ Ȁ• ȋͶȌͶͶǤͲ Ȁ• ȋͳȌʹǤ͵͸ͷ ȋʹȌʹ͵Ǥ͸ͷ
PTM303 ȋ͵Ȍʹ͵͸Ǥͷ ȋͶȌʹ͵͸ͷ
Re-AIPMT 2015 PTM309
12. ™‘ ˜‡••‡Ž• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž› ‘–ƒ‹ –™‘ ‹†‡ƒŽ 18.  „Žƒ  „‘†›‹• ƒ– ƒ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ ͷ͹͸ͲǤ
‰ƒ•‡•  ƒ†  ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ Š‡‡‡”‰›‘ˆ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‡‹––‡†„›–Š‡„‘†›
’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ  „‡‹‰ –™‹ ‡ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ Ǥ †‡” ƒ– ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ʹͷͲ  ‹• ͳǡ ƒ– ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š
•— Š ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆ‹•ˆ‘—†–‘ ͷͲͲ‹•ʹ ƒ†–Šƒ–ƒ–ͳͲͲͲ‹•͵Ǥ‹‡̵•
‘•–ƒ–ǡ„αʹǤͺͺέͳͲ͸  ǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡
„‡ ͳǤͷ –‹‡• –Š‡ †‡•‹–› ‘ˆ Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ†‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌͳ αͲ ȋʹȌ͵ αͲ
ͳ ʹ ͵ ȋ͵Ȍͳ εʹ ȋͶȌʹ εͳ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌʹ
ʹ ͵ Ͷ PTM310
PTM304 19. ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ Ž‹‡ƒ” ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ „”ƒ•• ƒ†
13. ͶǤͲ‰‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‘ —’‹‡•ʹʹǤͶŽ‹–”‡•ƒ–ǤŠ‡ •–‡‡Ž”‘†•ƒ”‡Dͳ ƒ†DʹǤ‡‰–Š•‘ˆ„”ƒ••ƒ†
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰ƒ• ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– •–‡‡Ž”‘†•ƒ”‡Aͳ ƒ†Aʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ˆȋAʹ Ȃ AͳȌ
˜‘Ž—‡‹•ͷǤͲ Ȃͳ ‘ŽȂͳǤ ˆ–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—† ‹• ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† •ƒ‡ ƒ– ƒŽŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ
‹–Š‹•‰ƒ•ƒ–‹•ͻͷʹ•Ȃͳǡ–Š‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ– ™Š‹ Š ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• Š‘Ž†•
ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡‹• ‰‘‘†ǫ
ȋƒ‡‰ƒ• ‘•–ƒ–αͺǤ͵ Ȃͳ ‘ŽȂͳȌ ȋͳȌDͳAʹ αDʹAͳ ȋʹȌDͳAʹʹ αDʹAͳʹ
ȋͳȌ ͺǤͷ Ȃͳ‘ŽȂͳ ȋʹȌͺǤͲ Ȃͳ‘ŽȂͳ
ȋ͵ȌDͳʹAʹ αDʹʹAͳ ȋͶȌDͳAͳ αDʹAʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ͹Ǥͷ  ‘Ž
Ȃͳ Ȃͳ ȋͶȌ͹ǤͲ Ȃͳ‘ŽȂͳ
PTM305 PTM311

[ 120 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
20. Š‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ•• ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ• 24. „‘†› ‘‘Ž•ˆ”‘ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡͵–‘ʹ‹
Šƒ˜‡ ”ǤǤ•Ǥ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ ʹͲͲ Ȁ• ƒ– ʹ͹ι ƒ† ͳͲ ‹—–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ”‘‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• Ǥ
ͳǤͲέͳͲͷ Ȁʹ ’”‡••—”‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ••—‡ –Šƒ– ‡™–‘̵• Žƒ™ ‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰ ‹•
ƒ† ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰ƒ• ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‘†› ƒ–
ͳʹ͹郐†ͲǤͲͷέͳͲͷ Ȁʹǡ–Š‡”ǤǤ•Ǥ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› –Š‡‡†‘ˆ‡š–ͳͲ‹—–‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ Ǧ
‘ˆ‹–•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹Ȁ•‹•ǣ Ͷ ͹ ͵
ȋͳȌ  ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ 
ͶͲͲ ͳͲͲ ʹ ͳͲͲ ͵ Ͷ ʹ
ȋͳȌ ͳͲͲ ʹ ȋʹȌ  ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ PTM316
͵ ͵ ͵
25. ‡ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‘ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ•
PTM312 —†‡”‰‘‡•ƒ’”‘ ‡••†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
21.  ‰ƒ• ‹• ‘’”‡••‡† ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽŽ› –‘ ŠƒŽˆ ‹–• ͵ α ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ Š‡ Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰ƒ•
‹‹–‹ƒŽ ˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‰ƒ• ‹• ‘’”‡••‡† †—”‹‰–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••‹•
•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›–Š”‘—‰Šƒƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••—–‹Ž ͵ ͷ
‹–•˜‘Ž—‡‹•ƒ‰ƒ‹”‡†— ‡†–‘ŠƒŽˆǤŠ‡ǣ Ǧ ȋͳȌ ʹ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ 
ʹ ʹ
ȋͳȌ ‘’”‡••‹‰ –Š‡ ‰ƒ• ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽŽ› ™‹ŽŽ PTM317
”‡“—‹”‡‘”‡™‘”–‘„‡†‘‡Ǥ 26. Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‹†‡ƒ”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”‹•–ʹι
ȋʹȌ ‘’”‡••‹‰ –Š‡ ‰ƒ• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ƒ† –Š‡ ”‘‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹• –ͳιǤ Š‡
’”‘ ‡•• ™‹ŽŽ ”‡“—‹”‡ ‘”‡ ™‘” –‘ „‡ ƒ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†–‘–Š‡”‘‘ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š
†‘‡Ǥ Œ‘—Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‘•—‡† ‹†‡ƒŽŽ›
ȋ͵Ȍ ‘’”‡••‹‰ –Š‡ ‰ƒ• ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘” ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ Ǧ
ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ™‹ŽŽ ”‡“—‹”‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –  ʹ͹͵ – –
ȋͳȌ ʹ ȋʹȌ ͳ ʹ
ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™‘”Ǥ –ͳ  –ʹ – ͳ  ʹ͹͵
ȋͶȌ Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•‡ȋ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘’”‡••‹‘ –ͳ –  ʹ͹͵
–Š”‘—‰Š‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ‘”–Š”‘—‰Šƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ ͳ
–ͳ  –ʹ –ͳ  –ʹ
’”‘ ‡••Ȍ”‡“—‹”‡•‘”‡™‘”™‹ŽŽ†‡’‡†
—’‘–Š‡ƒ–‘‹ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•Ǥ PTM318
27.  ‰‹˜‡ •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ‘ —’‹‡• ƒ
PTM313
˜‘Ž—‡  ƒ– ƒ ’”‡••—”‡  ƒ† ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡
22. ’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‹ ‡ˆƒŽŽ•ˆ”‘ƒŠ‡‹‰Š–Š•‘–Šƒ–‹–
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡ƒ••‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‘Ž‡ —Ž‡‘ˆ
‡Ž–• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›Ǥ Ž› ‘‡Ǧ“—ƒ”–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡
–Š‡‰ƒ•‹•ǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‰‹˜‡•–Š‡
Š‡ƒ–’”‘†— ‡†‹•ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›–Š‡‹ ‡ƒ†ƒŽŽ †‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•ǫ
‡‡”‰›‘ˆ‹ ‡‰‡–• ‘˜‡”–‡†‹–‘Š‡ƒ–†—”‹‰ ȋͳȌ ȀȋȌ ȋʹȌ
‹–•ˆƒŽŽǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆŠ‹•ǣ ȋ͵ȌȀȋȌ ȋͶȌȀȋȌ
ȏƒ–‡– Š‡ƒ– ‘ˆ ‹ ‡ ‹• ͵ǤͶ έ ͳͲͷ Ȁ‰ ƒ† PTM319
‰αͳͲȀ‰Ȑ NEET(UG)-2017
ȋͳȌ͵Ͷ ȋʹȌͷͶͶ 28. ™‘ ”‘†•  ƒ†  ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ”‡
ȋ͵Ȍͳ͵͸ ȋͶȌ͸ͺ ™‡Ž†‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ Š‡‹”
PTM314 –Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ͳ ƒ† ʹǤ Š‡
NEET-II 2016 –Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’‘•‹–‡ ”‘†
23. ™‘‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡‘ˆƒƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ Ǧ
ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š  ͳ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹•ƒ–ͳͲͲιǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ͳ ʹ
–Š‡‘–Š‡”‘‡‹•ƒ–ͲιǤ ˆ–Š‡–™‘„‘†‹‡•ƒ”‡  ʹ
„”‘—‰Š–‹–‘ ‘–ƒ –ǡ–Š‡ǡƒ••—‹‰‘Š‡ƒ–
Ž‘••ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ ‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ǣǦ †
ȋͳȌ Ž‡••–ŠƒͷͲι„—–‰”‡ƒ–‡”–ŠƒͲι ͵ȋ ͳ   ʹ Ȍ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌͳ Ϊʹ
ȋʹȌ Ͳι ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ ͷͲι ͳ  ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍʹȋͳ ΪʹȌ ȋͶȌ
ȋͶȌ ‘”‡–ŠƒͷͲι ʹ
PTM315 PTM320

[Link] [ 121 ]
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29. Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹  ’”‘ ‡••‡• ƒ”‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‹ 34. Š‡’‘™‡””ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†„›ƒ„Žƒ „‘†›‹•ƒ†
–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰†‹ƒ‰”ƒǣ Ǧ ‹–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡•ƒš‹—‡‡”‰›ƒ–™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠOͲǤ

ˆ–Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „Žƒ  „‘†› ‹• ‘™
‹  Šƒ‰‡†•‘–Šƒ–‹–”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡•ƒš‹—‡‡”‰›
ˆ
͵
ˆ ƒ–™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š O Ͳ ǡ–Š‡’‘™‡””ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†„›‹–
ˆ Ͷ
͹ͲͲ
ˆ ͷͲͲ „‡ ‘‡•ǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹•ǣ Ǧ
͵ͲͲ
 ͵ Ͷ ʹͷ͸ ͺͳ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ƒ– Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ Ͷ ͵ ͺͳ ʹͷ͸
Column-1 Column-2 PTM326
Ǥ ”‘ ‡•• ƒǤ †‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ 35. Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ȋȌ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ• ˜ƒ”‹‡•
Ǥ ”‘ ‡•• „Ǥ •‘„ƒ”‹ ™‹–Š ‹–• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋȌǡ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡
Ǥ ”‘ ‡•• Ǥ •‘ Š‘”‹
‰”ƒ’ŠǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡‰ƒ•ǡ–‘
Ǥ ”‘ ‡••  †Ǥ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ
–Š‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”„‡†„›‹–ǡ™Š‡‹–—†‡”‰‘‡•ƒ
ȋͳȌo ǡo ƒǡo †ǡo „
ȋʹȌo ǡo †ǡo „ǡo ƒ Šƒ‰‡ˆ”‘•–ƒ–‡–‘•–ƒ–‡ǡ‹• ǣǦ
ȋ͵Ȍo †ǡo „ǡo ƒǡo 
ȋͶȌo ƒǡo ǡo †ǡo „
PTM321 

30. •’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ„Žƒ „‘†›™‹–Šƒ”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆͳʹ 
”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡•ͶͷͲ ™ƒ–– ’‘™‡”ƒ–ͷͲͲǤ ˆ–Š‡”ƒ†‹—•
 
™‡”‡ŠƒŽ˜‡†ƒ†–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‘—„Ž‡†ǡ–Š‡
’‘™‡””ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†‹™ƒ––™‘—Ž†„‡ǣ Ǧ ʹ ʹ ͳ ʹ
ȋͳȌͶͷͲ ȋʹȌͳͲͲͲ ȋ͵ȌͳͺͲͲ ȋͶȌʹʹͷ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ͷ ͵ ͵ ͹
PTM322
PTM327
ͳ
31.  ƒ”‘–‡‰‹‡Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ ƒ• 36. Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–‡‰‹‡™‘”‹‰
ͳͲ
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰’‘‹–ƒ†„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–
Š‡ƒ– ‡‰‹‡ǡ ‹• —•‡† ƒ• ƒ ”‡ˆ”‹‰‡”ƒ–‘”Ǥ ˆ –Š‡
™‘”†‘‡‘–Š‡•›•–‡‹•ͳͲ ǡ–Š‡ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǡ‹•ǣǦ
‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› ƒ„•‘”„‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡”˜‘‹” ƒ– ȋͳȌʹ͸ǤͺΨ ȋʹȌʹͲΨ
Ž‘™‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ǣǦ ȋ͵Ȍ͸ǤʹͷΨ ȋͶȌͳʹǤͷΨ
ȋͳȌ ͻͲ ȋʹȌͻͻ ȋ͵ȌͳͲͲ ȋͶȌͳ PTM328
PTM323 37. – ™Šƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™‹ŽŽ –Š‡ ”• •’‡‡† ‘ˆ
32.  ‰ƒ• ‹š–—”‡ ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ʹ ‘Ž‡• ‘ˆ ʹ ƒ† ‘š›‰‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• „‡ ‘‡ Œ—•– •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ˆ‘”
Ͷ‘Ž‡•‘ˆ” ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‡‰Ž‡ –‹‰ƒŽŽ
‡• ƒ’‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǫ
˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡•ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ
ȋ ‹˜‡ǣ ƒ•• ‘ˆ ‘š›‰‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡
–Š‡•›•–‡‹•ǣǦ
ȋͳȌ ͳͷ ȋʹȌͻ ȋ͵Ȍͳͳ ȋͶȌͶ ȋȌ α ʹǤ͹͸ έ ͳͲȂʹ͸ ‰ ‘Ž–œƒ̵• ‘•–ƒ–
PTM324  αͳǤ͵ͺέͳͲȂʹ͵ ȂͳȌǣǦ
NEET(UG)-2018 ȋͳȌʹǤͷͲͺέͳͲͶ  ȋʹȌͺǤ͵͸ͲέͳͲͶ
33.  •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ͲǤͳ ‰ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ– ͳͲͲ‘ ƒ† ȋ͵ȌͷǤͲͳ͸έͳͲͶ  ȋͶȌͳǤʹͷͶέͳͲͶ 
‘”ƒŽ’”‡••—”‡ȋͳǤͲͳ͵έͳͲͷȂʹȌ”‡“—‹”‡• PTM329
ͷͶ ƒŽ‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–‡‡”‰›–‘ ‘˜‡”––‘•–‡ƒƒ– NEET(UG) 2019
ͳͲͲιǤ ˆ–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–‡ƒ’”‘†— ‡†‹•
38.  ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ Š‡ƒ– ‹•
ͳ͸͹Ǥͳ ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡
•ƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹•ǣǦ ‡‹–Š‡”ƒ„•‘”„‡†‘””‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†„›ƒ•›•–‡ǫ
ȋͳȌͳͲͶǤ͵ ȋʹȌʹͲͺǤ͹ ȋͳȌ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ȋʹȌ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹
ȋ͵ȌͶʹǤʹ ȋͶȌͺͶǤͷ ȋ͵Ȍ‹•‘„ƒ”‹ ȋͶȌ‹•‘ Š‘”‹
PTM325 PTM330

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Thermal Physics ALLEN
39.  ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ• ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ‹ ƒ 45. ͳ‰ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž—‡ ͳ ͵ ƒ– ͳͲͲιǡ ‹•
‘–ƒ‹‡”™‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†–‘ǣ ‘˜‡”–‡† ‹–‘ •–‡ƒ ƒ– •ƒ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ȋͳȌ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹–•ƒ•• —†‡” ‘”ƒŽ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ’”‡••—”‡
ȋʹȌ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹–•‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰› ȋ؄ͳέͳͲͷƒȌǤ Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ •–‡ƒ ˆ‘”‡†
ȋ͵Ȍ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹–•’”‡••—”‡ ‡“—ƒŽ•ͳ͸͹ͳ ͵Ǥ ˆ–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ
ȋͶȌ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹–‡”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”†‹•–ƒ ‡ ˜ƒ’‘”‹•ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ‹• ʹʹͷ͸ Ȁ‰ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡
PTM331 Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•ǡ
40.  ‘’’‡””‘†‘ˆͺͺ ƒ†ƒƒŽ—‹—”‘† ȋͳȌʹͶʹ͵ ȋʹȌʹͲͺͻ
‘ˆ —‘™ Ž‡‰–Š Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ȋ͵Ȍͳ͸͹ ȋͶȌʹʹͷ͸
Ž‡‰–Š‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ PTM337
Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒŽ—‹—”‘†‹•ǣ NEET(UG) 2020
ȋD— αͳǤ͹έͳͲȂͷ Ȃͳ ƒ†DŽ αʹǤʹέͳͲȂͷ ȂͳȌ 46. Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ˆ‘” ƒ ‘‘Ǧ
ȋͳȌ͸Ǥͺ  ȋʹȌͳͳ͵Ǥͻ  ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•‹•ǣȋ‹•‘Ž–œƒ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ†ǡ
ȋ͵Ȍͺͺ  ȋͶȌ͸ͺ 
ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ȍ
PTM332
͹ ͳ
41. Š‡—‹–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›‹•ǣ ȋͳȌ    ȋʹȌ   
ȋͳȌ Ȃͳ ȋʹȌ Ȃͳ Ȃͳ ʹ ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ Ȃͳ ȋͶȌȂͳ Ȃͳ ͵ ͷ
ȋ͵Ȍ    ȋͶȌ   
PTM333 ʹ ʹ
NEET(UG) 2019 (Odisha) PTM338
42.  ‘„Œ‡ – ‡’– ‹ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ”‘‘ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ‹” 47. Š‡‡ƒˆ”‡‡’ƒ–Šˆ‘”ƒ‰ƒ•ǡ™‹–Š‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆʹͷι–ƒ‡•ͳʹ‹—–‡•–‘ ‘‘Ž †‹ƒ‡–‡” † ƒ† —„‡” †‡•‹–›  ƒ „‡
ˆ”‘ͺͲι–‘͹ͲιǤ ‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ•ǣ
Š‡ –‹‡ –ƒ‡ –‘ ‘‘Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘„Œ‡ – ͳ ͳ
ˆ”‘͹Ͳι–‘͸Ͳι™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ”Ž›ǣ Ǧ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ
ʹ S †
ʹ ʹ ʹ
ʹ S†
ȋͳȌͳͲ‹ ȋʹȌͳʹ‹
ȋ͵ȌʹͲ‹ ȋͶȌͳͷ‹ ͳ ͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
PTM334 ʹ S†ʹ
ʹ ʹ S†ʹ
43.  †‡‡’ ”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ” ’‘† ‘ˆ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ǡ PTM339
‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ™ƒ–‡” ȋ†‡•‹–› α Uǡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Š‡ƒ– 48. Š‡ “—ƒ–‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ– ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡
ƒ’ƒ ‹–› α •Ȍǡ‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹ƒ”‡‰‹‘™Š‡”‡–Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –™‘ •‘Ž‹† ‘’’‡” •’Š‡”‡• ‘ˆ
‘—–•‹†‡ƒ‹”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ƒ–ƒ•–‡ƒ†›˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹‹”ͳ ƒ†”ʹ ȋ”ͳ αͳǤͷ”ʹȌ–Š”‘—‰Šͳƒ”‡‹
Ȃʹ͸ιǤŠ‡–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‘œ‡‹ ‡Žƒ›‡”‹
–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ
–Š‹•’‘†ǡƒ–ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹‹•–ƒ–‹•šǤ
ͷ ʹ͹ ͻ ͵
ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ ‹ ‡ ƒ• ǡ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ƒ†‹–••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ–‘ˆˆ—•‹‘ƒ•ǡ–Š‡ ͵ ͺ Ͷ ʹ
”ƒ–‡‘ˆ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ‹ ‡Žƒ›‡”ǡƒ– PTM340
–Š‹•‹•–ƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡‰‹˜‡„›ǣǦ 49.  ›Ž‹†‡” ‘–ƒ‹•Š›†”‘‰‡‰ƒ•ƒ–’”‡••—”‡
ȋͳȌʹ͸ȀU”ȋȂͶ•Ȍ ȋʹȌʹ͸ȀȋUšʹȂȌ ‘ˆʹͶͻƒƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ʹ͹ιǤ
ȋ͵Ȍʹ͸ȀȋUšȌ ȋͶȌʹ͸ȀU”ȋΪͶ•Ȍ –•†‡•‹–›‹•ǣȋαͺǤ͵ ‘ŽȂͳ ȂͳȌ
PTM335 ȋͳȌͲǤͲʹ‰Ȁ͵ ȋʹȌͲǤͷ‰Ȁ͵
ȋ͵ȌͲǤʹ‰Ȁ ͵ ȋͶȌͲǤͳ‰Ȁ͵

§ ’·
44. Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ J ¨ ¸ ǡˆ‘”Š›†”‘‰‡ǡŠ‡Ž‹— PTM341
© ˜ ¹ 50. ™‘ ›Ž‹†‡”•ƒ†‘ˆ‡“—ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ”‡
ƒ† ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹†‡ƒŽ †‹ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ•  ȋ™Š‘•‡ ‘‡ –‡† –‘ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ˜‹ƒ ƒ •–‘’ ‘ Ǥ 
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ƒ”‡‘–”‹‰‹†„—–Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–ƒ‹•ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ–•–ƒ†ƒ”†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ȍǡƒ”‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‡“—ƒŽ–‘ǣ Ǧ ƒ†’”‡••—”‡Ǥ‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‡˜ƒ —ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡
͹ ͷ ͻ ͷ ͹ ͻ ‡–‹”‡•›•–‡‹•–Š‡”ƒŽŽ›‹•—Žƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡•–‘’
ȋͳȌ ǡ ǡ  ȋʹȌ ǡ ǡ
ͷ ͵ ͹ ͵ ͷ ͹ ‘ ‹••—††‡Ž›‘’‡‡†ǤŠ‡’”‘ ‡••‹•ǣ Ǧ
ͷ ͹ ͹ ͹ ͷ ͹ ȋͳȌ‹•‘„ƒ”‹ ȋʹȌ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ
ȋ͵Ȍ ǡ ǡ ȋͶȌ ǡ ǡ
͵ ͷ ͷ ͷ ͵ ͷ ȋ͵Ȍƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ȋͶȌ‹•‘ Š‘”‹
PTM336 PTM342

[Link] [ 123 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
NEET(UG) 2020 (COVID-19) NEET(UG) 2021
51. Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ”‘– ‡‰‹‡ †‡’‡†• 56.  —’ ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‡‡ ‘‘Ž• ˆ”‘ ͻͲι –‘ ͺͲ鋐 –
—’‘ ‹—–‡•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•ʹͲιǤ
ȋͳȌ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‘Ž› Š‡ –‹‡ –ƒ‡ „› ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” —’ ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆ‡‡ –‘
ȋʹȌ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—” ‡ƒ†•‹ ‘‘Žˆ”‘ͺͲι–‘͸Ͳιƒ–ƒ”‘‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
ȋ͵Ȍ–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ›Ž‹†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹‡ •ƒ‡ƒ–ʹͲι‹•ǣ Ǧ
ȋͶȌ–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘Ž› ͳ͵ ͳ͵ ͳͲ ͷ
ȋͳȌ – ȋʹȌ – ȋ͵Ȍ – ȋͶȌ –
PTM343 ͳͲ ͷ ͳ͵ ͳ͵
52. Š‡ ‡ƒ ˆ”‡‡ ’ƒ–Š A ˆ‘” ƒ ‰ƒ• ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ PTM348
57. ƒ– ŠColumn-I ƒ† Column-II ƒ† Š‘‘•‡
†‡’‡†•—’‘†‹ƒ‡–‡”ǡ†‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ƒ•ǣ –Š‡correct ƒ– Šˆ”‘–Š‡‰‹˜‡ Š‘‹ ‡•Ǥ
ͳ Column-I Column-I
ȋͳȌ v ʹ ȋʹȌA v †
† ȋȌ ‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡•’‡‡† ȋȌ ͳ
˜ ʹ
ͳ ‘ˆ‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ͵
ȋ͵ȌA v †ʹ ȋͶȌ v
† ȋȌ ”‡••—”‡ ‡š‡”–‡† „› ȋȌ ͵
PTM344 ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• 
53.  ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ „‡ ™”‹––‡ ƒ• ȋȌ ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‹‡–‹  ‡‡”‰› ȋȌ ͷ
U 
 ™Š‡”‡U ƒ†Ͳ ƒ”‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ‘ˆƒ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ʹ
Ͳ
ȋȌ ‘–ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ ȋȌ ͵
ȋͳȌƒ••†‡•‹–›ǡƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•  
ͳ‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ†‹ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ• ʹ
ȋʹȌ—„‡”†‡•‹–›ǡ‘Žƒ”ƒ•• ȋͳȌȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌ
ȋ͵Ȍƒ••†‡•‹–›ǡ‘Žƒ”ƒ•• ȋʹȌȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌ
ȋͶȌ—„‡”†‡•‹–›ǡƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ• ȋ͵ȌȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌ
PTM345 ȋͶȌȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌǡȋȌǦ ȋȌ
54. Š‡ Ǧ †‹ƒ‰”ƒ ˆ‘” ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ‹ ƒ ’‹•–‘ PTM349
›Ž‹†‡”ƒ••‡„Ž›—†‡”‰‘‹‰ƒ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹  NEET(UG) 2022
’”‘ ‡••‹••Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ǤŠ‡’”‘ ‡••‹• 58.  ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• —†‡”‰‘‡• ˆ‘—” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
’”‘ ‡••‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ•
‹–‹ƒŽ
•–ƒ–‡ •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡ „‡Ž‘™Ǥ Š‘•‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•
 ‹ƒŽ
ƒ”‡ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ǡ ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽǡ ‹•‘„ƒ”‹  ƒ†
•–ƒ–‡
‹•‘ Š‘”‹ Ǥ Š‡ —”˜‡ ™Š‹ Š ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡
ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••ƒ‘‰ͳǡʹǡ͵ƒ†Ͷ‹•ǣ Ǧ

 Ͷ
ȋͳȌƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ȋʹȌ‹•‘ Š‘”‹
͵
ȋ͵Ȍ‹•‘„ƒ”‹  ȋͶȌ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ʹ
PTM346 ͳ

55. Š”‡‡•–ƒ”•ǡǡŠƒ˜‡•—”ˆƒ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•
ǡǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ–ƒ”ƒ’’‡ƒ”•„Ž—‹•Šǡ ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌ͵ ȋ͵ȌͶ ȋͶȌͳ
•–ƒ”ƒ’’‡ƒ”•”‡††‹•Šƒ†•–ƒ”›‡ŽŽ‘™‹•ŠǤ PTM350
‡ ‡ǡ 59. Š‡‡‡”‰›–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡‹†‡ƒŽŽ›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡†„›ƒ
ͳͲͲ–”ƒ•‹––‡”‹ͳŠ‘—”‹•ǣ Ǧ
ȋͳȌ ε ε ȋʹȌ ε ε
ȋͳȌ͵͸έͳͲͶ ȋʹȌ͵͸έͳͲͷ
ȋ͵Ȍ ε ε ȋͶȌ ε ε ȋ͵ȌͳέͳͲͷ ȋͶȌ͵͸έͳͲ͹
PTM347 PTM351

[ 124 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
60. Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ —’‹‡† „› –Š‡ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• RE-NEET(UG) 2023
‘–ƒ‹‡† ‹ ͶǤͷ ‰ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ– ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ 65. ‘” –Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ › Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ™‘” †‘‡ †—”‹‰
‹–‡”‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”ˆ‘” ‡•˜ƒ‹•Šƒ™ƒ›‹•ǣ Ǧ ‹•‘„ƒ”‹ ’”‘ ‡••‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌͷǤ͸έͳͲ͵ ͵ ȋʹȌͷǤ͸έͳͲȂ͵ ͵ ȋȀʹȌ
ȋ͵ȌͷǤ͸͵ ȋͶȌͷǤ͸έͳͲ͸ ͵
͵έͳͲʹ  
PTM352
RE-NEET(UG) 2022
61. ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ƒ’”‘ ‡••†‡• ”‹„‡†„›–Š‡ ʹέͳͲʹ

‡“—ƒ–‹‘ʹ αˆ”‘–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽȋͳǡͳǡͳȌ–‘
ͳͲʹ 
ˆ‹ƒŽȋʹǡʹǡʹȌ–Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ ••–ƒ–‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡
‹•ƒ ‘•–ƒ–ǤŠ‡ǣ Ǧ ȋ͵Ȍ

ȋͳȌ ˆͳ εʹ –Š‡ͳ δʹ  ͳ ʹ ͵
ȋʹȌ ˆʹ εͳ –Š‡ʹ εͳ ȋͳȌʹͲͲ ȋʹȌ‡”‘
ȋ͵Ȍ ˆʹ εͳ –Š‡ʹ δͳ ȋ͵ȌͶͲͲ ȋͶȌ͸ͲͲ
PTM384
ȋͶȌ ˆͳ εʹ –Š‡ͳ εʹ
66.  ‘–ƒ‹‡” ‘ˆ ˜‘Ž—‡ ʹͲͲ ͵ ‘–ƒ‹•
PTM353
ͲǤʹ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š›†”‘‰‡ ‰ƒ• ƒ† ͲǤ͵ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ
62. ™‘ ”‘†• ‘‡ ƒ†‡ ‘ˆ ‘’’‡” ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
ƒ”‰‘ ‰ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ƒ–
ƒ†‡‘ˆ•–‡‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‡‰–Šƒ†•ƒ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ʹͲͲ  ȋ α ͺǤ͵ Ȃͳ ‘ŽȂͳȌ ™‹ŽŽ
”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ”‡ Œ‘‹‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ „‡ǣǦ
Š‡ –Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ ‘’’‡” ƒ† ȋͳȌ͸ǤͳͷέͳͲͷ ƒ ȋʹȌ͸ǤͳͷέͳͲͶ ƒ
•–‡‡Ž ƒ”‡ ͵ͺͷ •ȂͳȂͳ Ȃͳ ƒ† ͷͲ • ȂͳȂͳȂͳ ȋ͵ȌͶǤͳͷέͳͲͷ ƒ ȋͶȌͶǤͳͷέͳͲ͸ ƒ
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ˆ”‡‡ ‡†• ‘ˆ ‘’’‡” ƒ† PTM385
•–‡‡Žƒ”‡Š‡Ž†ƒ–ͳͲͲ郐†Ͳ锇•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ NEET(UG) 2024
Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ––Š‡Œ— –‹‘‹•ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›ǣ 67.  –Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹  •›•–‡ ‹• –ƒ‡ –Š”‘—‰Š
–Š‡ › Ž‡ ƒ„ †ƒǤ Š‡ ™‘” †‘‡ „› –Š‡ ‰ƒ•
ȋͳȌͳʹι ȋʹȌͷͲι
ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡’ƒ–Š„ ‹•ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ͹͵ι ȋͶȌͺͺǤͷι

PTM354
NEET(UG) 2023 †
͵ͲͲƒ
63. Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‰ƒ• ‹• ȂͷͲιǤ ‘ ™Šƒ–
ͳͲͲƒ „
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–Š‡‰ƒ••Š‘—Ž†„‡Š‡ƒ–‡†•‘–Šƒ– ƒ
–Š‡”••’‡‡†‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›͵–‹‡•ǫ ͵ ͵
ͳͲͲ  ͶͲͲ 
ȋͳȌ͵ʹͻͷι ȋʹȌ͵Ͳͻ͹ 
ȋ͵Ȍʹʹ͵ ȋͶȌ͸͸ͻι ȋͳȌœ‡”‘ ȋʹȌ͵Ͳ 
PTM382 ȋ͵ȌȂͻͲ ȋͶȌȂ͸Ͳ
64.  ƒ”‘– ‡‰‹‡ Šƒ• ƒ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‘ˆ ͷͲΨ PTM386
™Š‡ ‹–• •‘—” ‡ ‹• ƒ– ƒ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ͵ʹ͹ι Ǥ 68. Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‰”ƒ’Š ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ Ǧ
Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‹•ǣǦ —”˜‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ȋ™Š‡”‡  ‹• –Š‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ƒ†  –Š‡ ˜‘Ž—‡Ȍ ƒ– –Š”‡‡
ȋͳȌͳͷι ȋʹȌͳͲͲι
’”‡••—”‡•ͳǡʹ ƒ†͵ ‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š–Š‘•‡
ȋ͵ȌʹͲͲι ȋͶȌʹ͹ι
‘ˆŠƒ”Ž‡•̵•Žƒ™”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ•†‘––‡†Ž‹‡•Ǥ
PTM383

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ͳ 70. ƒ–‡”‹•—•‡†ƒ•ƒ ‘‘Žƒ–‹ƒ— Ž‡ƒ””‡ƒ –‘”
ʹ „‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•ǣ
͵ ȋͳȌŠ‹‰Š–Š‡”ƒŽ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–


ȋʹȌŠ‹‰Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
Ͳ ȋ͵ȌŽ‘™†‡•‹–›

ȋͶȌŽ‘™„‘‹Ž‹‰’‘‹–
Š‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –”‡Žƒ–‹‘‹•ǣ PTM389
ȋͳȌ ͵ εʹ εͳ ȋʹȌͳ ε͵ εʹ 71. Š‡ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ƒ –Š‡”‘†›ƒ‹ 
ȋ͵Ȍ ʹ εͳ ε͵ ȋͶȌͳ εʹ ε͵ •›•–‡‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†„›ǣ
PTM387 Ǥ”‡••—”‡ Ǥ‘–ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–
RE-NEET(UG) 2024 Ǥ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Ǥ‘Ž—‡
69. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‡ ‹• Ǥ‘”†‘‡
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion A ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹• Š‘‘•‡ the most appropriate ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ• Reason R. –Š‡‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
Assertion A : ‘—•‡•ƒ†‡‘ˆ ‘ ”‡–‡”‘‘ˆ• ȋͳȌǡƒ†‘Ž› ȋʹȌǡƒ†‘Ž›
‘˜‡”Žƒ‹† ™‹–Š ˆ‘ƒ ‡‡’ –Š‡ ”‘‘ Š‘––‡” ȋ͵Ȍǡƒ†‘Ž› ȋͶȌǡƒ†‘Ž›
†—”‹‰ •—‡”Ǥ PTM390
Reason R : Š‡ Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ ˆ‘ƒ ‹•—Žƒ–‹‘ 72.  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‘ˆ ‡“—‹’ƒ”–‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ
’”‘Š‹„‹–• Š‡ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‡”ǡ ƒ• ‹– ‘–ƒ‹• ƒ‹” ‡‡”‰›ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡•‘ˆƒ
’‘ ‡–•Ǥ
’
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ ’‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•‘ˆ ‘•–ƒ– J ‹• ȋ™Š‡”‡
˜
Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡ correct ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
’ ƒ†˜ ƒ”‡–Š‡•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
‰ƒ• ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ† ‘•–ƒ–
ȋͳȌA ‹•–”—‡„—–R ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ ˜‘Ž—‡ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ȍǣ
ȋʹȌA ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–R ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
Ͷ  ͵J ͵  ͶJ
ȋ͵Ȍ‘–ŠA ƒ†R ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†R ‹•–Š‡ ‘””‡ – ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ
J ͳ J ͳ
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆAǤ
Ͷ  ͵J ͵  ͶJ
ȋͶȌ ‘–Š A ƒ† R ƒ”‡ –”—‡ „—– R ‹•  –Š‡ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
J ͳ J ͳ
‘””‡ – ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆAǤ
PTM388 PTM391

EXERCISE-II (Previous Year Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 4 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2
Question 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Answer 3 3 4 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 4 4 4 1 3
Question 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Answer 1 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 3 1 2
Question 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Answer 3 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 3 4 2 3 1 4 3
Question 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
Answer 3 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 2 2 4 3

[ 126 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
Exercise - III
THERMAL EXPANSION ȋͳȌ ‘–Š ȋȌ ƒ† ȋȌ ƒ”‡–”—‡ ƒ† ȋȌ ‹• –Š‡
1. ƒ– Š–Š‡ ‘Ž—™‹–Š• ƒŽ‡‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆȋȌǤ
ƒ†‹–•”ƒ‰‡Ǧ ȋʹȌ ‘–ŠȋȌƒ†ȋȌƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†ȋȌ‹•
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆȋȌǤ
Column-1 Column-2
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋȌ‹•–”—‡„—–ȋȌ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
ȋȌ ‡Ž•‹—•• ƒŽ‡ ȋȌ ͵ʹι–‘ʹͳʹι
ȋͶȌ ȋȌ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–ȋȌ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
ȋȌ ƒŠ”‡Š‡‹–• ƒŽ‡ ȋȌ šι–‘ ›ι PTM357
ȋȌ ‡Ž˜‹• ƒŽ‡ ȋȌ Ͳι–‘ͳͲͲι CALORIMETRY
ȋȌ ‘™• ƒŽ‡ ȋȌ ʹ͹͵Ǥͳͷ–‘͵͹͵Ǥͳͷ 4. ˆŠ‡ƒ–‹••—’’Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ•‘Ž‹†ǡ‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣǦ
ȋͳȌo ǡo ǡo ǡo  ȋȌ—•–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
ȋȌƒ›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
ȋʹȌo ǡo ǡo ǡo 
ȋȌƒ›”‡ƒ‹ ‘•–ƒ–
ȋ͵Ȍo ǡo ǡo ǡo  ȋȌƒ›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡
ȋͶȌo ǡo ǡo ǡo  Š‘‹ ‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–ǣ Ǧ
PTM355 ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌǡ ȋ͵Ȍǡǡ ȋͶȌǡ
2. Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–ǣ Ǧ PTM358
ȋƒȌ Š‡ƒ„‹‡–ƒŽŽ‹ •–”‹’‹•Š‡ƒ–‡†‹–„‡†• 5. ‰‘‘† ‘‘‹‰—–‡•‹Ž•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ǣ Ǧ
ȋȌŽ‘™•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–
‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒƒ” Ǥ
ȋȌŠ‹‰Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–
ȋ„Ȍ –‹•—•‡†‹–Š‡”‘•–ƒ– ȋȌŽ‘™–Š‡”ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
ȋ Ȍ  „‹‡–ƒŽŽ‹  •–”‹’ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ˜‹‰ ȋȌŠ‹‰Š ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”ƒŽ ‘†— –‹˜‹–›
Ž‘™‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– Š‹ Š•–ƒ–‡‡–ƒ”‡ ‘””‡ –ǣ Ǧ
ƒŽ™ƒ›•‰‘‡•‘‘—–‡”•‹†‡Ǥ ȋͳȌǡǡ ȋʹȌǡǡ ȋ͵Ȍǡǡ ȋͶȌǡ
ȋ†Ȍ „‹‡–ƒŽŽ‹ •–”‹’‘Š‡ƒ–‹‰„‡†•‹–Š‡ PTM359
6. ‡ƒ– ‹• •—’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ƒ ‹ ‡ ƒ– ƒ ‘•–ƒ– ”ƒ–‡
ˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‡Ž‹š
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–‹‡‹•ƒ••Š‘™
ȋͳȌȋƒǡ„Ȍ ȋʹȌȋ„ǡ Ȍ ȋ͵Ȍȋƒǡ Ȍ ȋͶȌȋ„ǡ†Ȍ
‹ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ–Š‡Ȃ
PTM356
n
3. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘‡ ‹•  
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹• 
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R)Ǥ  –o

Assertion (A) : „”ƒ••†‹• ‹•Œ—•–ˆ‹––‡†‹ƒ
ȋȌ —”‹‰˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ ‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
Š‘Ž‡‹•–‡‡Ž’Žƒ–‡ǤŠ‡•›•–‡—•–„‡ ‘‘Ž‡†
ȋȌ —”‹‰˜‘Ž—‡‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ ‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•
–‘Ž‘‘•‡–Š‡†‹• ˆ”‘–Š‡Š‘Ž‡Ǥ ȋȌ ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–‘ˆ•—„•–ƒ ‡‹Ž‹“—‹†’Šƒ•‡
Reason (R) : Š‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘ˆ Ž‹‡ƒ” ‹• ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ ‘ˆ •Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ
‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ˆ‘” „”ƒ•• ‹• ‰”‡ƒ–‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‰”ƒ’Š
‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”‡š’ƒ•‹‘ˆ‘”•–‡‡ŽǤ ȋȌ ƒ–‡– Š‡ƒ– ‘ˆ ˆ—•‹‘ ‘ˆ •—„•–ƒ ‡ ‹•
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‰”ƒ’ŠǤ
Š‡ ‘””‡ –‘’–‹‘‹•Ǧ
–Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
ȋͳȌǡ ȋʹȌǡ ȋ͵Ȍǡǡ ȋͶȌǡ
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
PTM360

[Link] [ 127 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
7. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘‡ ‹• HEAT TRANSFER
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹• 9. ••—‡–”ƒ•‹––‹˜‹–› –αͲˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–Š‡ ƒ•‡•Ǧ
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R)Ǥ Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–‹• ‘””‡ –Ǧ
Assertion (A) :  Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡ˆ”‘•‘Ž‹† ȋȌƒ†ƒ„•‘”„‡”‹•„ƒ†‡‹––‡”
–‘ Ž‹“—‹† –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ —–‹Ž –Š‡ ȋȌƒ†ƒ„•‘”„‡”‹•‰‘‘†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘”
‡–‹”‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡•‘Ž‹†•—„•–ƒ ‡‡Ž–•Ǥ ȋȌƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘”‹•‰‘‘†‡‹––‡”
Reason (R) : Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘‘ˆ”‡ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ ȋȌƒ†‡‹––‡”‹•‰‘‘†ƒ„•‘”„‡”
‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‡Ž–‹‰Ǥ ȋͳȌǡǡǡ ȋʹȌǡǡ
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡ ȋ͵Ȍǡǡ ȋͶȌǡǡ
–Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ PTM363
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ 10. ƒ– Š –Š‡ ‘Ž— ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‘Ž—Ǧͳ ‰‹˜‡•
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‡– ƒ† ‘Ž—Ǧʹ ‹–• ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘
‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ „›™Š‹ ŠŽƒ™Ǥ
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹• Column-1 Column-2
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ ȋȌ Š‡ ƒ ’‡”•‘ ȋȌ ‡™–‘•Žƒ™
ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ ‡–‡”• ‹ ƒ ǤǤ ‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰
ȋͶȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ ”‘‘ –Š‡ Š‡
PTM361 ˆ‡‡Ž• ‘‘Ž‡”
8. ƒ– Š–Š‡ ‘Ž—ǣǦ ȋȌ ‘‘† ƒ„•‘”„‡” ȋȌ ‡‹̵•Žƒ™
Column-1 Column-2 ƒ”‡ ‰‘‘† ‡‹––‡”
ȋȌ ‡ƒ– ȋȌ ‡‰”‡‡‘ˆŠ‘–‡•• ‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–
‘” ‘‘Ž‡•• ‘ˆƒ ȋȌ ‘Ž‘—”‘ˆƒ•–ƒ”‹• ȋȌ ‹” ŠŠ‘ˆˆ̵•
•—„•–ƒ ‡ ƒ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ™
ȋȌ –‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰› ȋȌ ‘—–‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
”‡“—‹”‡†–‘”‹•‡ ȋȌ  Š‘– —’ ‘ˆ –‡ƒ ȋȌ ”‡˜‘•–
–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡† ‹ ƒ –Š‡‘”›‘ˆ
‘ˆ—‹–ƒ••‘ˆƒ ”‘‘‹• ‘‘Ž‡†‹ —–—ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–
•—„•–ƒ ‡„›ͳι •‘‡–‹‡ ‡š Šƒ‰‡
ȋȌ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ȋȌ ‡”‰›‹–”ƒ•‹– ȋͳȌo ǡo ǡo ǡo 
ȋȌ ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ– ȋȌ Š‡•—‘ˆ ȋʹȌo ǡo ǡo ǡo 
‡‡”‰›†—‡–‘
ȋ͵Ȍo ǡo ǡo ǡo 
ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡ˆ‘” ‡
ȋͶȌo ǡo ǡo ǡo 
„‡–™‡‡
PTM364
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ƒ†
11.  •’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ „Žƒ  „‘†› ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‹—• ” ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡•
†—‡–‘”ƒ†‘
’‘™‡”ƒ†‹–•”ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘‘Ž‹‰‹•–Š‡Ǧ
‘–‹‘
ȋƒȌv ” ȋ„Ȍv ”ʹ
ȋͳȌo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o 
ͳ
ȋʹȌo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o  ȋ Ȍv ”ʹ ȋ†Ȍ  v
”
ȋ͵Ȍo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o 
Š‘‹ ‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‘‡ǣǦ
ȋͶȌo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o 
ȋͳȌƒǡ„ ȋʹȌƒǡ ȋ͵Ȍ„ǡ† ȋͶȌƒǡ„ǡ†
PTM362
PTM365

[ 128 ] [Link]
Thermal Physics ALLEN
12. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘‡ ‹•  –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹• –Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R)Ǥ ‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
Assertion (A) : ‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡
‰ƒ•ǡƒ– ‘•–ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆ
’”‡••—”‡ƒ†˜‘Ž—‡‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
Reason (R) : Š‡”‘‘–‡ƒ•“—ƒ”‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•
‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹•‹˜‡”•‡Ž›’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘ –Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–Ǥ ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡
ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
–Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
PTM368
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡ 15. ƒ‹š–—”‡‘ˆ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ†Š‡Ž‹—‡’–ƒ–”‘‘
‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒŠ‡Ž‹—‘Ž‡ —Ž‡
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹• ‹–”‘‰‡‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•–”‹‡•‹–‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽȂ
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ ȋƒȌ™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†
ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ™‹–Š•ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†
ȋͶȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
PTM366 ȋ Ȍ™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›
13. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘‡ ‹• ȋ†Ȍ™‹–Š•ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹• Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣǦ
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R)Ǥ ȋͳȌƒǡ ȋʹȌ„ǡ† ȋ͵Ȍƒǡ† ȋͶȌ„ǡ
Assertion (A) : ‘”Š‹‰Š‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ–Š‡ PTM369
’‡ƒ ‡‹••‹‘ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ƒ „Žƒ  „‘†›
16. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘‡ ‹•
•Š‹ˆ–•–‘Ž‘™‡”™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š•Ǥ
Reason (R) : ‡ƒ‡‹••‹‘™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹•
„Žƒ  „‘†› ‹• ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R)Ǥ
’‘™‡”‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ Assertion (A) :  ‹†‡ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ‹• ‡ Ž‘•‡†
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡ ™‹–Š‹ƒ ‘–ƒ‹‡”ˆ‹––‡†™‹–Šƒ’‹•–‘ǤŠ‡
–Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
˜‘Ž—‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡ Ž‘•‡† ‰ƒ• ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ–
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡ ‘•–ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǤŠ‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‡š‡”–‡†
‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ „›‰ƒ•‘’‹•–‘†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹• Reason (R) : –Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‡
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ ‘ˆ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ’‡” —‹– ƒ”‡ƒ •–”‹‹‰ ‘ –Š‡
ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ ’‹•–‘†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡
PTM367
KTG –Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
14. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘‡ ‹• ‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹• ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R)Ǥ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
Assertion (A) : Š‡”••’‡‡†‘ˆŠ‡Ž‹—‰ƒ•
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•
‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘”••’‡‡†‘ˆŠ›†”‘‰‡‰ƒ•™Š‡
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŠ‡Ž‹—‹•–™‹ ‡–Šƒ–
‘ˆŠ›†”‘‰‡‰ƒ•Ǥ ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
Reason (R) : •’‡‡†‘ˆ‰ƒ•†‡’‡†•‘Ž› ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
‘–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•Ǥ PTM370

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17. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘‡ ‹• THERMODYNAMICS
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹• 19. ƒ– Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘Ž—Ȃ
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R)Ǥ Column-1 Column-2
ȋȌ †‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ „—Ž ȋȌ Ȃ Ȁ
Assertion (A) : ˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•ƒ ‘‘Ž‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ
‘†—Ž—•
Reason (R) : ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†ǡ•‘‡‘ˆ ȋȌ Ž‘’‡‘ˆ —”˜‡‹ ȋȌ ʹ
–Š‡ ˆƒ•–‡” —’™ƒ”† ‘˜‹‰ ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡•• J ͳ
‡‘—‰Š ‹‡–‹  ‡‡”‰› –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡ ȋȌ ‡‰”‡‡‘ˆˆ”‡‡†‘ ȋȌ J
ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‘–Š‡” ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡• ƒ† ‡• ƒ’‡ ȋȌ ‘Žƒ”Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ– ȋȌ J
ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‹“—‹†Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡•‡ˆƒ•–‡”‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•–Š‡ ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡ J ͳ
ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›Ž‡ˆ–„‡Š‹†‹•”‡†— ‡†Ǥ †‹˜‹†‡„›
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡ ȋͳȌo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o 
ȋʹȌo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o 
–Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
ȋ͵Ȍo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o 
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
ȋͶȌo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o 
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡ PTM373
‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ 20. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘‡ ‹•
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹• Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹•
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R)Ǥ
Assertion (A) :  ƒ ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ’”‘ ‡••ǡ
ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘
ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ ™‘”†‘‡ ‘–Š‡‰ƒ•‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
PTM371 Reason (R) : ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‰ƒ• ”‡ƒ‹•
18. ‘” ƒ ‘‘ƒ–‘‹  ‰ƒ• ƒ– –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ǡ ‘•–ƒ–‹ƒƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
ƒ– Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘Ž—Ȃ  –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡
–Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
Column-1 Column-2
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
ȋȌ ’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—† ȋȌ ʹ ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡
™ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•
ȋȌ  •’‡‡† ‘ˆ ‰ƒ• ȋȌ ͺ 
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ S ™ ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
ȋȌ ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ ‰ƒ• ȋȌ ͵ ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ PTM374
™
21. –Š‡U Ȃ ‰”ƒ’Šȋˆ‘”ˆ‹š‡†ƒ••‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ
ȋȌ ‘•–’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ ȋȌ J ‰ƒ•Ȍǡ•Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ƒ– Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
‰ƒ•‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ™ ȋU o †‡•‹–›ǡ o –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ȍ

ȋͳȌo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o 

ȋʹȌo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o  „

ȋ͵Ȍo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o  U

ȋͶȌo ǡ o ǡ o ǡ o  ƒ †
PTM372 ȋȌ

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Thermal Physics ALLEN
Column-1 Column-2 24. Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡ ”‡ƒ‹•
ȋȌ ”‘ ‡••ƒ„ ȋ’Ȍ ‹•‘ Š‘”‹  ‘•–ƒ–™Š‡‹–—†‡”‰‘‡•Ȃ
’”‘ ‡•• ȋƒȌ ƒ › Ž‹ ’”‘ ‡••
ȋȌ ”‘ ‡••„ ȋ“Ȍ 'αͲ ȋ„Ȍ ƒ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••
ȋȌ ”‘ ‡•• † ȋ”Ȍ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ȋ Ȍ ƒƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••
ȋȌ ”‘ ‡••†ƒ ȋ•Ȍ  †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ȋ†Ȍ ƒ›’”‘ ‡••‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ƒ–”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†„›–Š‡
ȋͳȌo “ǡ•ǡ o ’ǡ“ǡ o ’ǡ•ǡ o ”ǡ“ •›•–‡‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡™‘”†‘‡‘–Š‡
ȋʹȌo “ǡ”ǡ o ’ǡ o “ǡ•ǡ o ’
•›•–‡Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍo ’ǡ•ǡ o “ǡ”ǡ o ”ǡ•ǡ o •ǡ”
Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣǦ
ȋͶȌo ’ǡ“ǡ o “ǡ”ǡ o ”ǡ•ǡ o •ǡ’
ȋͳȌƒǡ„ǡ ȋʹȌ„ǡ ȋ͵Ȍƒǡ„ ȋͶȌƒǡ„ǡ†
PTM375
22. ƒ– Š–Š‡ ‘Ž—Ȃ PTM378
Column-1 Column-2 25. Š‡‘Žƒ”Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǧ
ȋȌ †α†‹•˜ƒŽ‹† ȋȌ †‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ȋƒȌ‹•œ‡”‘ˆ‘”ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
ˆ‘” ’”‘ ‡•• ȋ„Ȍ‹•‹ˆ‹‹–‡ˆ‘”ƒ‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••
ȋȌ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ȋȌ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ȋ Ȍ †‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‰ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ’”‘ ‡••
•›•–‡ ƒ Šƒ‰‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡‹–Š‡” ˜‘Ž—‡ ‘” ’”‡••—”‡ ‹•
‹ ‘•–ƒ–
ȋȌ α†Ϊ‹•˜ƒŽ‹† ȋȌ ‘Ž›–‘’‹  ȋ†Ȍ ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”
ˆ‘” ’”‘ ‡••
™‡‹‰Š– ƒ† ‰”ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
ȋȌ Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹ ȋȌ ”‡‡
ˆ‘”ƒ›’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ƒ– ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ
‡š Šƒ‰‡„‡–™‡‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣǦ
–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ† ȋͳȌƒǡ„ ȋʹȌ ǡ †
•—””‘—†‹‰‹• ȋ͵Ȍƒǡ„ǡ Ƭ† ȋͶȌ„ǡ ǡ†
œ‡”‘Ǥ PTM379
ȋͳȌoǡǡǡǢoǡǡǢoǡǡǡǢoǡ 26. ƒ– Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘Ž—Ȃ
ȋʹȌoǡǡǡǢoǡǢoǡǡǡǢoǡ Column-1 Column-2
ȋ͵ȌoǡǡǡǢoǡǢoǡǡǡǢoǡ ȋȌ †‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ȋȌ ‘™‘”†‘‡
ȋͶȌoǡǡǡǢoǡǢoǡǡǡǢoǡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘
PTM376
ȋȌ ‹•‘„ƒ”‹  ȋȌ ‘•–ƒ–
23. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘‡ ‹•
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹• ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‹–‡”ƒŽ
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R)Ǥ ‡‡”‰›
Assertion (A) : ‘”ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ• εǤ ȋȌ •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ȋȌ  ”‡ƒ•‡‹
Reason (R) : ‘”‹•†‘‡‹‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‹–‡”ƒŽ
‰ƒ•ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ‡‡”‰›
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡ ȋȌ •‘ Š‘”‹  ȋȌ ‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‹
–Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹–‡”ƒŽ
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
‡‡”‰›
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡
‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ ȋͳȌo ǡo ǡo ǡo 
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹• ȋʹȌo ǡo ǡo ǡo 
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ ȋ͵Ȍo ǡo ǡo ǡo 
ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ ȋͶȌo ǡo ǡo ǡo 
ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ PTM380
PTM377

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27. ‘Ž—‡˜‡”•—•’”‡••—”‡ —”˜‡•ˆ‘”‘‡‘Ž‡ Column-I Column-II
‘ˆƒ‹†‡ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡ˆ‘”ˆ‘—”’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ• ȋȌ ‘”’”‘ ‡•• ȋȌ ‘”†‘‡„›–Š‡
•Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ ‰ƒ•‹•’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ǥ
ȋ o †‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ’”‘ ‡••ǡ  o •‘–Š‡”ƒŽ ȋȌ ‘”’”‘ ‡•• ȋȌ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™‹ŽŽ
’”‘ ‡••Ȍ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡Ǥ
ȋȌ ‘”’”‘ ‡•• ȋȌ ‡ƒ–•—’’Ž‹‡†‹•
V
’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ǥ
ʹ ȋȌ ‘”’”‘ ‡•• ȋȌ Šƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒŽ
  ‡‡”‰›‹•‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ
 Š‡ ‘””‡ –‘’–‹‘‹•ǣǦ
ȋͳȌȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ 
ͳ
 ȋʹȌȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ 
ȋ͵ȌȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ 
P ȋͶȌȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ ǡȋȌȂ 
ʹ ͳ
PTM381

EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 2 1 1 4 1 4 4 1 4 3 3 2 3 3 4
Question 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Answer 1 1 4 1 3 2 1 1 4 3 1 4

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Chapter No. 02

OSCILLATIONS
Contents Page No.

–”‘†— –‹‘ ͳ͵ͷ

‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘ȋ Ȍƒ†‹–•‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ͳ͵ͷ

‡”‰›‹ Ȃ ‘–‡–‹ƒŽƬ‹‡–‹ ‡”‰‹‡• ͳͶ͸

• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ’”‹‰Ž‘ ›•–‡ ͳͶͻ

‹’Ž‡‡†—Ž— ͳͷ͸

—’‡”’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ  ͳ͸ͳ

š‡” ‹•‡Ǧ ȋ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ—‡•–‹‘•Ȍ ͳ͸͵

š‡” ‹•‡Ǧ ȋ”‡˜‹‘—•‡ƒ”•—‡•–‹‘•Ȍ ͳ͹ͳ

š‡” ‹•‡Ǧ ȋƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ—‡•–‹‘•Ȍ ͳ͹ͷ

NEET SYLLABUS
Periodic motion-period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic
motion (SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring-restoring force and force constant; energy in
SHM -Kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum-derivation of expression for its time period.

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ROBERT HOOKE (1635 – 1703 A.D.)

‘„‡”– ‘‘‡™ƒ•„‘”‘ —Ž›ͳͺǡͳ͸͵ͷ‹ ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”ǡ •Ž‡‘ˆ‹‰Š–Ǥ ‡
™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– „”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ– ƒ† ˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‡ •‡˜‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”› ‰Ž‹•Š
• ‹‡–‹•–•Ǥ ‡ƒ––‡†‡†šˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›„—–‡˜‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡†Ǥ‡–Š‡™ƒ•
ƒ‡š–”‡‡Ž›–ƒŽ‡–‡†‹˜‡–‘”ǡ‹•–”—‡–Ǧƒ‡”ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰†‡•‹‰‡”Ǥ
‡ƒ••‹•–‡†‘„‡”–‘›Ž‡‹–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ‘›Ž‡ƒƒ‹”’—’Ǥ ͳ͸͸ʹǡ
Š‡™ƒ•ƒ’’‘‹–‡†ƒ•—”ƒ–‘”‘ˆš’‡”‹‡–•–‘–Š‡‡™Ž›ˆ‘—†‡†‘›ƒŽ
‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ  ͳ͸͸ͷǡ Š‡ „‡ ƒ‡ ”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‘ˆ ‡‘‡–”› ‹ ”‡•Šƒ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡
™Š‡”‡Š‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–Š‹•ƒ•–”‘‘‹ ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡„—‹Ž–ƒ ”‡‰‘”‹ƒ
”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ –‡Ž‡• ‘’‡Ǣ †‹• ‘˜‡”‡† –Š‡ ˆ‹ˆ–Š •–ƒ” ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ’‡œ‹— ƒ† ƒ
ƒ•–‡”‹• ‹ –Š‡ ‘•–‡ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ”‹‘Ǣ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– —’‹–‡” ”‘–ƒ–‡• ‘ ‹–• ƒš‹•Ǣ ’Ž‘ ––‡† †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†
•‡– Š‡•‘ˆƒ”•™Š‹ Š™‡”‡Žƒ–‡”—•‡†‹–Š‡ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ǯ•”ƒ–‡‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǣ
•–ƒ–‡†–Š‡‹˜‡”•‡•“—ƒ”‡Žƒ™–‘†‡• ”‹„‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›‘–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‡™–‘‘†‹ˆ‹‡†Žƒ–‡”‡– Ǥ ‡™ƒ•
‡Ž‡ –‡† ‡ŽŽ‘™‘ˆ‘›ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†ƒŽ•‘•‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡‘ ‹‡–›ǯ•‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ˆ”‘ͳ͸͸͹–‘ͳ͸ͺʹǤ Š‹•
•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•’”‡•‡–‡†‹‹ ”‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ƒǡŠ‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†™ƒ˜‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†ˆ‹”•–—•‡†
–Š‡™‘”†Ǯ ‡ŽŽǯ‹ƒ„‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆŠ‹••–—†‹‡•‘ˆ ‘”Ǥ‘„‡”– ‘‘‡‹•„‡• –‘™
–‘’Š›•‹ ‹•–•ˆ‘”Š‹•†‹• ‘˜‡”›‘ˆŽƒ™‘ˆ‡Žƒ•–‹ ‹–›ǣ––‡•‹‘ǡ•‹ ˜‹•ȋŠ‹•‹•ƒƒ–‹‡š’”‡••‹‘ƒ†‹–
‡ƒ•ƒ•–Š‡†‹•–‘”–‹‘ǡ•‘–Š‡ˆ‘” ‡ȌǤŠ‹•Žƒ™Žƒ‹†–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”•–—†‹‡•‘ˆ•–”‡••ƒ†•–”ƒ‹ƒ†ˆ‘”
—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‡Žƒ•–‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ

HENDRIK ANTOON LORENTZ (1853 - 1928) DUTCH

Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ’Š›•‹ ‹•–ǡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ƒ– ‡‹†‡Ǥ ‡ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ǡƒ‰‡–‹•ǡƒ†‡ Šƒ‹ •Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘
‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡–‹  ˆ‹‡Ž†• ‘ ‡‹––‡”• ‘ˆ Ž‹‰Š–
ȋ‡‡ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ȍǡ Š‡ ’‘•–—Žƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡ –”‹  Šƒ”‰‡•Ǥ  –Š‡
ƒ–‘ǡˆ‘”™Š‹ ŠŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ™ƒ”†‡†–Š‡‘„‡Ž”‹œ‡ ͳͻͲʹǤ ‡†‡”‹˜‡†ƒ
•‡– ‘ˆ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• ȋ‘™ ƒˆ–‡” Š‹ ƒ• ‘”‡–œ
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘•Ȍ „› •‘‡ –ƒ‰Ž‡† ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡–•ǡ
„—– Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ™ƒ”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘• Š‹‰‡ ‘ ƒ ‡™ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ
•’ƒ ‡ƒ†–‹‡Ǥ

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 02 Oscillations

Introduction
(a) Periodic Motion: ›‘–‹‘™Š‹ Š”‡’‡ƒ–•‹–•‡Žˆƒˆ–‡””‡‰—Žƒ”‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–‹‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†’‡”‹‘†‹ 
‘–‹‘‘”Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ ‘•–ƒ–‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–‹‡ƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡‘–‹‘‹•”‡’‡ƒ–‡†‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ
Ex : (i) ‘–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ‡–•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡•—Ǥ (ii) ‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡†—Ž—Ǥ

(b) Oscillatory Motion: Š‡ ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ „‘†› ‹• •ƒ‹† –‘ „‡ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”› ‘” ˜‹„”ƒ–‘”› ‘–‹‘ ‹ˆ ‹–
‘˜‡•„ƒ ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šȋ–‘ƒ†ˆ”‘Ȍƒ„‘—–ƒˆ‹š‡†’‘‹–ƒˆ–‡” ‡”–ƒ‹‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ
Š‡ˆ‹š‡†’‘‹–ƒ„‘—–™Š‹ Š–Š‡„‘†›‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‘”‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
Ex : (i) ‹„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‹”‡‘ˆ̵‹–ƒ”̵Ǥ (ii) • ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘•’”‹‰Ǥ

(c) Harmonic Functions: Š‡–”‹‰‘‘‡–”‹ ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ†•‹‰Ž‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›

‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•Šƒ”‘‹ ˆ— –‹‘ȋƒ‘‰ƒŽŽ–Š‡–”‹‰‘‘‡–”‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘•‘Ž›•‹ƒ† ‘•ˆ— –‹‘•
ƒ”‡–ƒ‡ƒ•Šƒ”‘‹ ˆ— –‹‘‹„ƒ•‹ ˆ‘”ȌǤ
›α•‹T α•‹Z–
ƒ”‘‹  — –‹‘•
›α ‘•T α ‘•Z–

x ›‘–‹‘–Šƒ–”‡’‡ƒ–•‹–•‡Žˆƒˆ–‡””‡‰—Žƒ”‹–‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–‹‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†’‡”‹‘†‹ ‘–‹‘Ǥ

x Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ„‘†›‹••ƒ‹†–‘„‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”›‘”˜‹„”ƒ–‘”›‘–‹‘‹ˆ‹–‘˜‡•„ƒ ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š
ȋ–‘ƒ†ˆ”‘Ȍƒ„‘—–ƒˆ‹š‡†’‘‹–ƒˆ–‡” ‡”–ƒ‹‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ
x ‘‰ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ –”‹‰‘‘‡–”‹ ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘• ‘Ž› •‹ ƒ† ‘• ˆ— –‹‘• ƒ”‡ –ƒ‡ ƒ• Šƒ”‘‹ 
ˆ— –‹‘‹„ƒ•‹ ˆ‘”Ǥ

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation

Some basic terms
Mean Position: Š‡ ’‘‹– ƒ– ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ”‡•–‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹• œ‡”‘ ƒ† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‹•
‹‹—ǡ‹•‘™ƒ•‹–•‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

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Restoring Force:
x Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ –‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ™Š‹ Š –‡†• –‘ „”‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ‹–• ‡ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ‹•
‘™ƒ•”‡•–‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
x Š‹•ˆ‘” ‡‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•†‹”‡ –‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
x ‡•–‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒ –• ‹ ƒ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ –‘ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ Š‹•
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
x –‹•‰‹˜‡„› αȂšƒ†Šƒ•†‹‡•‹‘•ȏȂʹȐǤ
x ‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ†”‡•–‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‡ Šƒ‰‡ƒ–‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
Amplitude : Š‡ƒš‹—†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ
Time period (T) : Š‡‹‹—–‹‡ƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡‡’•‘”‡’‡ƒ–‹‰‹–•‘–‹‘‹•‘™ƒ•
ʹS ͳ
–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ –‹•‰‹˜‡„›  ǡ ™Š‡”‡Z ‹•ƒ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†‹•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
Z 
One Oscillation or Vibration
Š‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‰‘‡•–‘‘‡•‹†‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†”‡–—”•„ƒ  ƒ†–Š‡‹–‰‘‡•–‘‘–Š‡”•‹†‡ƒ†
ƒ‰ƒ‹”‡–—”•„ƒ –‘‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••‹•‘™ƒ•‘‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‘‡ ‘‡
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘
A
‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ȋšȌȌ

‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘
–‹‡ȋ–Ȍ


–A  
Frequency (n or f)
Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•’‡”•‡ ‘†‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
ͳ Z
–‹•‰‹˜‡„›  ǡ Ǥ
 ʹS
SI UNIT : ‡”–œȋ œȌǡͳ ‡”–œαͳ › Ž‡’‡”•‡ ‘†ȋ › Ž‡‹•ƒ—„‡”‘–ƒ†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ“—ƒ–‹–›ȌǤ
Dimension : ªͲͲͳ º
¬ ¼
Angular frequency (Z Z)
Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ’Šƒ•‡ƒ‰Ž‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–‹‡‹•†‡ˆ‹‡ƒ•‹–•ƒ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
SI UNIT : ”ƒ†‹ƒȀ•‡ ‘† Dimension : ªͲͲͳ º
¬ ¼
S.H.M. are of two types
(a) Linear S.H.M.
Š‡ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‘˜‡• –‘ ƒ† ˆ”‘ ƒ„‘—– ƒ ˆ‹š‡† ’‘‹– ȋ ƒŽŽ‡†
M
‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ’‘•‹–‹‘Ȍ ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ •–”ƒ‹‰Š– Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‹–• ‘–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†
Ž‹‡ƒ”•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘Ǥ
Example : ‘–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ•• ‘‡ –‡†–‘•’”‹‰Ǥ
(b) Angular S.H.M.
Š‡ ƒ •›•–‡ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡• ƒ‰—Žƒ”Ž› ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ ƒ ˆ‹š‡† ƒš‹• –Š‡ ‹–•
‘–‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‰—Žƒ”•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘Ǥ
Example :- ‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ„‘„‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—Ǥ
Necessary Conditions to execute S.H.M.
x ‘–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”›Ǥ
x ‘–ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘•‡”˜‡†
ȋ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›Ϊ‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›α ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ

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Oscillations ALLEN
x š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡™‡ŽŽ†‡ˆ‹‡†Ǥ
x  Ž‹‡ƒ” Ǥ Ǥ –Š‡ ”‡•–‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡ ȋ‘” ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ƒ –‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ •Š‘—Ž† ƒŽ™ƒ›• „‡
’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ††‹”‡ –‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
? v Ȃ š ‘” ƒv Ȃš
‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡•‹‰•Š‘™•–Šƒ–†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆˆ‘” ‡ƒ†ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•–‘™ƒ”†•‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†š
‹•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ˆ”‘‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
x ƒ‰—Žƒ”Ǥ ǤǤ–Š‡”‡•–‘”‹‰–‘”“—‡ȋ‘”ƒ‰—Žƒ”ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ –‹‰‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ™ƒ›•
„‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ‰—Žƒ”†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ††‹”‡ –‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—
’‘•‹–‹‘
? WvȂT ‘” Dv ȂT
Differential equation of SHM and Graphs
Linear S.H.M. Angular S.H.M.
v Ȃ š Ÿ αȂš W v  T Ÿ W T
Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡”‡•–‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ– Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡”‡•–‘”‹‰–‘”“—‡ ‘•–ƒ–
ʹ
 †š   †ʹT 
ƒ  šŸ ʹ š Ͳ D  TŸ ʹ T Ͳ
 †–  †–
–‹•‘™ƒ•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”Ǥ ǤǤ – ‹• ‘™ ƒ• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‰—Žƒ”
šα•‹Z– Ÿ ƒαȂZʹš Ǥ ǤǤ
™Š‡”‡ Z ‹•–Š‡ƒ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ T = T0 •‹ Zt Ÿ D = –ZT
  ʹS ʹS   ʹS
Zʹ ŸZ Ÿ Zʹ ŸZ ʹS
   Z 
™Š‡”‡‹•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†ƒ†‹•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
 ʹS
 
 ʹS
 ͳ 

ͳ  ʹ S

ʹS  Š‹• ‘ ‡’– ‹• ˜ƒŽ‹† ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‰—Žƒ”
Š‹• ‘ ‡’–‹•˜ƒŽ‹†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–›’‡•‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”Ǥ ǤǤ Ǥ ǤǤ
Illustration 1
Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ— –‹‘•”‡’”‡•‡–  ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍ•‹ʹZ– ȋ‹‹Ȍ•‹Z–Ϊʹ ‘•Z– ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ•‹Z–Ϊ ‘•ʹZ–
Solution:
ȋ‹Ȍ • › •‹ʹZ–
†› †ʹ›
Ÿ˜ ʹZ ‘•ʹZ– ǡ  ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ͶZʹ •‹ʹZ– ͶZʹ ›
†– †– ʹ
 ‘ǡ ›α•‹ʹZ–”‡’”‡•‡–•Ǥ ǤǤ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ › •‹ Z–  ʹ ‘• Z–
†›
 Ÿ˜ Z ‘• Z–  ʹZ •‹ Z– ǡ
†–
†˜
  ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ Zʹ •‹ Z–  ʹZʹ ‘• Z– Zʹ •‹ Z–  ʹ ‘• Z– Zʹ ›
†–
 ? Š‡‰‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘”‡’”‡•‡–• Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ › •‹ Z–  ‘•ʹZ–
†› †ʹ› ʹ ʹ
Ÿ Z ‘• Z–  ʹZ •‹ʹZ–ǡ ʹ Z •‹ Z–  ͶZ ‘•ʹZ–
†– †–
ʹ
†› †ʹ›
Zʹ
•‹ Z–  Ͷ ‘•ʹZ– Ÿ z › ȋǤ ǤǤ‹•‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡ȌǤ
†– ʹ †– ʹ

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Illustration 2
†ʹš
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹ ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ͳ͸ Ϊʹͷš α ͲǤ ‹†–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‘–‹‘ƒ†‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ
†– ʹ
Solution:
†ʹ š †ʹ š § ʹͷ ·
ͳ͸ ʹ Ϊʹͷš α Ͳ Ÿ ʹ Ϊ ¨ ¸ š α Ͳ
†– †– © ͳ͸ ¹
‘–‹‘‹•Ž‹‡ƒ” Ǥ
ʹͷ ͷ ʹS ͷ ͺS
‡‰‡– Zʹ Ÿ Z Ÿ Ÿ •
ͳ͸ Ͷ  Ͷ ͷ

BEGINNER’S BOX-1
1. Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆ–‹‡”‡’”‡•‡–ȋƒȌ ƒ†ȋ„Ȍ‡”‹‘†‹ „—–‘– ȋ Ȍ
‘Ǧ’‡”‹‘†‹ ‘–‹‘ǫ
ȋ‹Ȍ•‹Z–Ϊ ‘•Z– ȋ‹‹Ȍ•‹Z–Ϊ ‘•ʹZ–Ϊ•‹ͶZ– ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ‡ȂZ–
ȋ‹˜ȌŽ‘‰ȋZ–Ȍ ȋ˜Ȍ•‹Z–Ȃ ‘•Z– ȋ˜‹Ȍ•‹͵ Z–
POS168
2. Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘‹•ƒΪͳ͸S šαͲǤ –Š‹•
ʹ

‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ‹•–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ”ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‹Ȁ•ʹ ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ–ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–š‹‡–”‡Ǥ ‹†

–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ
POS169
§ S·
3. ‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰ ‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›  ͲǤͲͺ•‹ ¨ ͵S–  ¸ ‡–”‡ǤŠ‡
© Ͷ¹
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ǣ Ǧ
ȋƒȌ‹‡’‡”‹‘† ȋ„Ȍ ‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡
͹
ȋ Ȍ‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ”‘‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ– – •‡ Ǥ
͵͸
POS170

Explaining SHM with Phasor Diagram

Geometrical meaning of S.H.M.
ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‘˜‹‰™‹–Š—‹ˆ‘”•’‡‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ‹” —ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆƒ ‹” Ž‡–Š‡–Š‡•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡‘–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘‘–‘ˆ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”†”ƒ™ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘–Š‡†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹” Ž‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Ǥ ǤǤ
Description of S.H.M. based on circular motion.

ȋƒȌ ”ƒ™ƒ ‹” Ž‡ǡŠƒ˜‹‰”ƒ†‹—•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ȋȌǤ Z
ȋ„Ȍ —’’‘•‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‘˜‹‰™‹–Š—‹ˆ‘”•’‡‡†™‹–Šƒ‰—Žƒ”  –
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Z ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ‹” —ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹” Ž‡Ǥ ›  ȋ–αͲȌ
ȋ Ȍ Šƒ†‘™ȋˆ‘‘–‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡’‘•‹–‹‘Ȍ‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ I
̵  š 
’‡”ˆ‘”•Ǥ ǤǤ‘˜‡”–‹ ƒŽƒ†Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ ‹” Ž‡Ǥ
ȋ†Ȍ ‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡̵••Šƒ†‘™ ƒ„‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‘†‹ƒ‡–‡”ƒ–
–αͲ‘”ƒ›‹•–ƒ–ƒ†’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ‹” —Žƒ”
‘–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†„›†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ ̵
ȋ‡Ȍ › Œ‘‹‹‰ ‡–”‡ ‘ˆ ‹” Ž‡ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡̵• ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ‰Ž‡ T ‹•
†‡–‡”‹‡†ˆ”‘Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ‘”˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ†‹ƒ‡–‡”Ǥˆ–‡”–‹‡–”ƒ†‹—•˜‡ –‘”™‹ŽŽ–—”Z–Ǥ•‘T αZ–Ǥ

[ 138 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Ex. : ‡’‹ –•–™‘ ‹” —Žƒ”‘–‹‘•ǤŠ‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡ ›
‹” Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ › ȋ– α ͲȌ
’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ƒ”‡ –  α ͵Ͳ•
ȋ– α ͲȌ
‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡•Ǥ „–ƒ‹ –Š‡ •‹’Ž‡  
 α Ͷ• Ͷͷι š
Šƒ”‘‹  ‘–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ šǦ’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
 
”ƒ†‹—•˜‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‰’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹‡ƒ Š
ƒ•‡Ǥ
Sol. (a) ––αͲǡƒ‡•ƒƒ‰Ž‡‘ˆͶͷιαSȀͶ”ƒ† ȋƒȌ
ȋ„Ȍ
™‹–Š–Š‡ȋ’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆȌšǦƒš‹•Ǥˆ–‡”
ʹS ʹS S
–‹‡–ǡ‹– ‘˜‡”•ƒ – ‹–Š‡ƒ–‹ Ž‘ ™‹•‡•‡•‡ǡƒ†ƒ‡•ƒƒ‰Ž‡‘ˆ –  ™‹–Š–Š‡šǦ
  Ͷ
ƒš‹•Ǥ
Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‘–Š‡šǦƒš‹•ƒ––‹‡–‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǡ
§ ʹS S· § ʹS S·
šȋ–Ȍ  ‘• ¨ –  ¸ ‘” αͶ•ǡ šȋ–Ȍ  ‘• ¨ –  ¸
©  Ͷ ¹ © Ͷ Ͷ ¹
S
™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ ‘ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ǡ’‡”‹‘†Ͷ•ǡƒ†ƒ‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡ α Ǥ
Ͷ
S
(b) –Š‹• ƒ•‡ƒ––αͲǡƒ‡•ƒƒ‰Ž‡‘ˆͻͲια ™‹–Š–Š‡šǦƒš‹•Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ–‹‡–ǡ‹–– ‘˜‡”•ƒ
ʹ
ʹ S S ʹS
ƒ‰Ž‡‘ˆ – •‡•‡ƒ†ƒ‡•ƒƒ‰Ž‡‘ˆ  – ™‹–Š–Š‡šǦƒš‹•ǤŠ‡’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‘–Š‡
 ʹ 
šǦƒš‹•ƒ––‹‡–‹•‰‹˜‡„›
§ S ʹS · § ʹS · § S ·
šȋ–Ȍ  ‘• ¨  – ¸ •‹ ¨ – ¸ ‘” α͵Ͳ•ǡ šȋ–Ȍ •‹ ¨ – ¸
©ʹ  ¹ ©  ¹ © ͳͷ ¹
§ S S·
”‹–‹‰ –Š‹• ƒ• šȋ–Ȍ  ‘• ¨ –  ¸ Ǥ ‡ ˆ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‹• ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ   ‘ˆ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ǡ
© ͳͷ ʹ¹
S
’‡”‹‘†͵Ͳ•ǡƒ†ƒ‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ Ǥ
ʹ
Illustration 3
Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡š’”‡••‹‘•”‡’”‡•‡–•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘ǫ
ȋͳȌ š  •‹ȋZ –  IȌ ȋʹȌ š  ‘•ȋZ –  IȌ ȋ͵Ȍ š  –ƒȋZ –  IȌ ȋͶȌ š  •‹ Z –Ǥ ‘• Z –
Solution:
ȋͳȌ š •‹ Z–  I ȋʹȌ š  ‘• Z–  I
ʹ 
ȋͶȌ š ൌ  •‹ ɘ– ‘•ɘ– ൈ Ÿš •‹ ʹɘ–
ʹ ʹ
Illustration 4
Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹Ǥ ǤǤ‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„›‡“—ƒ–‹‘›αͳͲ•‹ȋʹͲ–ΪSȀ͵Ȍ™Š‡”‡›‹•‹‡–”‡•Ǥ
Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ȋ‹•‡ ‘†•Ȍǣ
Solution:
S
 ‘’ƒ”‹‰›αͳͲ•‹ȋʹͲ–Ϊ Ȍ™‹–Š›α•‹ȋZ–ΪIȌǡ
͵
ʹS ʹS S
™‡‰‡–Z αʹͲ Ÿ  •‡ Ǥ
Z ʹͲ ͳͲ

[Link] [ 139 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 5
Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘‹•šαͲǤ͵Ͷ ‘•ȋ͵ͲͲͲ–ΪͲǤ͹ͶȌǤŠ‡”‡šƒ†–ƒ”‡‹ƒ†•‡ Ǥ
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‘–‹‘‹•ȋ‹ ‡”–œȌǣ
Solution:
 ‘’ƒ”‹‰ǡšαͲǤ͵Ͷ ‘•ȋ͵ͲͲͲ–ΪͲǤ͹ͶȌ ™‹–Ššα ‘•ȋZ–ڍšȌ
͵ͲͲͲ ͳͷͲͲ
‡‰‡–ǡZ α͵ͲͲͲ ‘™ǡZ αʹSŸ ͵ͲͲͲαʹS Ÿ  Ÿ
ʹS S
Illustration 6
Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘˜‡”‡†„›ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰ ǡ‹‘‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ǣ
ȋͳȌ ‘—”–‹‡•–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ȋʹȌ™‘–‹‡•–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
ȋ͵Ȍ‡–‹‡•–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ȋͶȌ‹‰Š––‹‡•–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
Solution: (1)
Ȃ  Ϊ

 


Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘˜‡”‡†„›ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰ ‹‘‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•ͶǤ
Displacement in SHM
ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ž‹‡ƒ”Ǥ ǤǤƒ–ƒ›‹•–ƒ–‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ
–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ––Šƒ–‹•–ƒ–Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ – ƒ„‡‰‹˜‡„›”‡Žƒ–‹‘šα•‹Z–‘”šα ‘•Z–Ǥ
Š‡ˆ‹”•–”‡Žƒ–‹‘‹•˜ƒŽ‹†™Š‡–Š‡–‹‡‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡•‡ ‘†”‡Žƒ–‹‘
‹•˜ƒŽ‹†™Š‡–Š‡–‹‡‹•‡ƒ•—”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤƒŽ‘‰
ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–ǦŽ‹‡’ƒ–ŠǤ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•αr 


(x)o
‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ȋšȌo

‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ȋšȌ

 

A T
ʹ
Displacement

2ʹ T

–o
to

Ȃ
Zt
X = A SinZ X = A cosZt
Illustration 7
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‡•Ǥ ǤǤˆ”‘‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ† ‘˜‡”•ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‡“—ƒŽ–‘ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ‹–•ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‹ͳ•Ǥ
‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘–‹‘Ǥ
Solution:
‘”’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•–ƒ”–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤˆ”‘‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘
 S S ʹS ʹSu ͵
›  ‘• Z– Ÿ  ‘• Zu ͳ Ÿ ‘• Z ‘• Ÿ Z Ÿ ͸•
ʹ ͵ ͵ Z S
Illustration 8
‘„Œ‡ –’‡”ˆ‘”•Ǥ ǤǤ‘ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ͷ ƒ†–‹‡’‡”‹‘† Ͷ•Ǥ ˆ–‹‹‰‹••–ƒ”–‡†™Š‡–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹•ƒ–
–Š‡ ‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹Ǥ‡ǤǡšαͲ–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡Ȃ
ȋ‹Ȍ ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ȋ‹‹ȌŠ‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ–ͲǤͷ•‡ Ǥ
[ 140 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Solution:
ͳ ͳ
ȋ‹Ȍ ”‡“—‡ › ˆ ͲǤʹͷ œ
 Ͷ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ – š  •‹ Z–
S ͷ
‘ǡ ƒ– – ͲǤͷ• š ͷ•‹ ʹSu ͲǤʹͷ u ͲǤͷ ͷ•‹ 
Ͷ ʹ
Velocity in S.H.M.

‡Ž‘ ‹–›ȋ˜Ȍo
ȋ‹Ȍ –‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡–‹‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ 
T Z
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ–ƒ‰‹˜‡‹•–ƒ–Ǥ 2ʹ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹Ǥ ǤǤ‹•‰‹˜‡„›  –o
†š †
˜α α  •‹ Z– Ÿ ˜ α Z ‘•Z–
†– †–
šʹ
˜ r Z ͳ  •‹ʹ Z– Ÿ ˜ r Z ͳ  >? š  •‹ Z– @

ʹ Z
˜ rZ ʹ  š ʹ

˜ʹ
“—ƒ”‹‰„‘–Š–Š‡•‹†‡• ˜ʹ Zʹ ʹ  šʹ Ÿ ʹ ʹ  š ʹ
Z

˜ʹ šʹ šʹ ˜ʹ
ͳ  Ÿ  ͳ
Zʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹZʹ
Š‹•‹•‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ŽŽ‹’•‡Ǥ‘ǡ —”˜‡„‡–™‡‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ†˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ
‹•‡ŽŽ‹’•‡Ǥ ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡•™‹–Š—‹–ƒ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ › Z ͳ –Š‡ —”˜‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ†š™‹ŽŽ
„‡ ‹” Ž‡Ǥ
Note: ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹Ǥ ǤǤ‹•‡‹–Š‡”–‘™ƒ”†•‘”ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ –‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ȋšαͲȌǡ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•ƒš‹—ȋα ZȌƒ†ƒ–‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘ȋšαάȌǡ–Š‡
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‹•œ‡”‘Ǥ
Illustration 9
’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Šƒ”‘‹  ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘” ‹• ǡ ™Š‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹• ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ ƒš‹— ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ǡ –Š‡
†‡–‡”‹‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ
Solution:
Z Ͷʹ  ʹ ͵
˜ Z ʹ  šʹ Ÿ Z ʹ  šʹ Ÿ ʹ Ͷ ª¬ ʹ  šʹ º¼ Ÿ šʹ Ÿš r
ʹ Ͷ ʹ
Illustration 10
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ‹•ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹–•‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ––αͳ•‡ ƒ†‹–‹•ˆ‘—†–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ•’‡‡†‘ˆ
ͲǤʹͷȀ•ƒ––αʹ•‡ Ǥ ˆ–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹•ͺ•‡ ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Solution:
§ ʹS · S
šα•‹ȋZ–ΪIȌǡƒ––αͳ•‡ Ǥ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ–‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ Ͳ  •‹ ¨ u ͳ  I ¸ Ÿ I 
© ͺ ¹ Ͷ
§S S· Z ʹ
ƒ––αʹ•‡ Ǥ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ͲǤʹͷȀ• Ÿ ͲǤʹͷ Z ‘• ¨ u ʹ  ¸ Ÿ ͲǤʹͷ Ÿ
© Ͷ Ͷ ¹ ʹ S
Illustration 11
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‡š‡ —–‹‰–Š‡‘–‹‘ š  ‘• Z– T ǤŠ‡ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•
Solution:
‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰ ‹•‰‹˜‡„› ˜ Z ʹ  šʹ ǤǤǤȋͳȌ
‘”ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›™‡‡‡†šαͲǡ‘ǡ„›’—––‹‰šαͲ‹‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋͳȌ™‡Šƒ˜‡ǡ ƒš αZ
[Link] [ 141 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 12
§ S·
Š‡ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„› › ͵•‹ ¨ ͳͲͲ–  ¸ ‹•‰‹˜‡„›
© ͸¹
Solution:
˜ ƒš Z ͵ u ͳͲͲ ͵ͲͲ
Illustration 13
‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ–‡ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‹•˜ǡ–Š‡›˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‡“—ƒŽ
–‘ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ
Solution:
‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ ˜ Zǡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆŠƒŽˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ
ʹ ͵ ͵
˜ ̵ Z ʹ  šʹ Z ʹ  Z ˜
Ͷ ʹ ʹ
Illustration 14
§ Ɏ·
Š‡‹•–ƒ–ƒ‡‘—•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”‹•‰‹˜‡„› š α  ‘• ¨ ɘ– Ϊ ¸ Ǥ –••’‡‡†
© Ͷ¹
™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒš‹—ƒ––‹‡ǫ
Solution:
§ S· †š § S·
š  ‘• ¨ Z–  ¸ ƒ† ˜  Z •‹ ¨ Z–  ¸
© Ͷ¹ †– © Ͷ¹
§ S· S S S S S
‘”ƒš‹—•’‡‡†ǡ •‹ ¨ Z  ¸ ͳ Ÿ Z–  ‘” Z–  Ÿ–
© Ͷ ¹ Ͷ ʹ ʹ Ͷ Ͷ Z
Acceleration in S.H.M.
ȋ‹Ȍ –‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡–‹‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡‹•–ƒ–Ǥ

Zʹ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ  ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‹Ǥ ǤǤ‹•‰‹˜‡„›
 ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ȋƒȌo

†˜ † T
ƒα α Z ‘•Z– Zʹ
†– †– ʹ2

ƒ Zʹ •‹ Z–  –o

ƒ Zʹš
ȂZʹ

ƒ
Zʹ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š „‡–™‡‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Ϊ
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‹• ƒ •–”ƒ‹‰Š– Ž‹‡ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹
Ȃ š
ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ
ȂZʹ


Ꮓ
Zʹ
ˆ‘” ‡ȋ Ȍo


ȋ‹˜Ȍ ‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆ‘” ‡ȋ Ȍƒ†–‹‡ȋ–Ȍ
ʹ
Ÿ ƒ Zʹ  •‹ Z–  –o



[ 142 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN

ʹ
Z 
ȋ˜Ȍ ‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆ‘” ‡ȋ Ȍƒ†
Ϊ
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ȋšȌŸ αȂZʹš
Ȃ š
ʹ
Ȃ Z 

Note: ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•†‹”‡ –‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‹•ƒš‹—ƒ–‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘ȋάZʹȌƒ†
‹‹—ƒ–‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ȋαœ‡”‘ȌǤ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•άZʹǤ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ ƒš‹—˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆˆ‘” ‡‹•άZʹǤ

Graphical Representation
Graphical study of displacement, velocity, acceleration and force in S.H.M.
S. No. Graph In form of t In form of x Maximum value
1. ‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– šα•‹Z– šαš šαΪ
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ȋšȌ



ʹ 
–

2. ‡Ž‘ ‹–› ˜αZ ‘•Z– ˜ rZ ʹ  šʹ ˜ rZ

˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ȋ˜Ȍ

 Z
ʹ
 –

3.  ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒαȂZʹ•‹Z– ƒαȂZʹš ƒα Zʹ

ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ȋƒȌ


ʹ Zʹ
–

4. ‘” ‡ȋ ᏃȌ αȂ Zʹ•‹Z– αȂ Zʹš α Zʹ

α ƒ
Zʹ


ˆ‘” ‡ȋ Ȍ

ʹ
–

[Link] [ 143 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics

Ȉ Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•

‘˜‹‰ˆ”‘‘” ‘‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
Ȉ Ž‹‡ƒ”Ǥ ǤǤǡ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆǤ ǤǤ’ƒ–ŠαʹǤ
Ȉ Ǥ ǤǤǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ™‘”†‘‡ƒ††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹‘‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹•œ‡”‘„—––‘–ƒŽ
–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†Ž‡‰–Š‹•ͶǤ
Ȉ  Ǥ ǤǤǡ –Š‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ƒ† ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˜ƒ”‹‡• •‹’Ž‡ Šƒ”‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ƒ•
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ
S
Ȉ ‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–„›’Šƒ•‡ƒ‰Ž‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒǤ
ʹ
Ȉ  ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–„›’Šƒ•‡ƒ‰Ž‡S ”ƒ†‹ƒ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‘’’‘•‹–‡–‘†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ
S
Ȉ  ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘Ž‡ƒ†•–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›„›’Šƒ•‡ƒ‰Ž‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒǤ
ʹ

Illustration 15
‘„Œ‡ –’‡”ˆ‘”•Ǥ ǤǤ‘ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ͷ ƒ†–‹‡’‡”‹‘† Ͷ•Ǥ ˆ–‹‹‰‹••–ƒ”–‡†™Š‡–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‹•ƒ–
–Š‡ ‡–”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹Ǥ‡ǤšαͲ–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡
ȋ‹Ȍ ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ȋ‹‹ȌŠ‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ–ͲǤͷ•‡ Ǥ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ Š‡ƒš‹—ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –Ǥ ȋ‹˜Ȍ Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ–ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ͵ Ǥ
Solution:
ͳ ͳ
ȋ‹Ȍ ”‡“—‡ › ˆ α α α ͲǤʹͷ œ
 Ͷ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘„Œ‡ –šα•‹Z–
S ͷ
•‘ƒ––αͲǤͷ• šαͷ•‹ȋʹS έͲǤʹͷέͲǤͷȌ α ͷ•‹ α 
Ͷ ʹ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ƒš‹—ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒƒš αZʹαȋͲǤͷS Ȍʹ έͷαͳʹǤ͵ Ȁ•ʹ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ ‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ–šα͵ ‹• ˜ rZ  ʹ  š ʹ rͲǤͷS ͷʹ  ͵ʹ r ͸Ǥʹͺ  Ȁ •‡
Illustration 16
 ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‰ Ǥ ǤǤ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ͲǤͲͳ  ƒ† ˆ”‡“—‡ › ͸Ͳ œǤ ‡–‡”‹‡ ƒš‹—
ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ
Solution:
ƒš‹—ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒƒšǤαZʹαͶSʹʹ α ͶSʹȋ͸ͲȌʹ έȋͲǤͲͳȌ αͳͶͶSʹ Ȁ•‡
Illustration 17
Š‹ Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•–”—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡‡†˜ƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰
•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘ǫ
ȋͳȌŠ‡˜‹•ƒš‹—ǡƒ‹•ƒš‹—
ȋʹȌƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ‹•œ‡”‘ǡ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”ƒ›„‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ˜
ȋ͵ȌŠ‡˜‹•œ‡”‘ǡƒ‹•œ‡”‘
ȋͶȌŠ‡˜‹•ƒš‹—ǡƒ‹•œ‡”‘
Solution: (4)
Ǥ ǤǤ ˜ Z ƒʹ  šʹ ƒ† ƒ  Zʹ š ™Š‡ š ƒ
Ÿ ˜ ‹ Ͳ ƒ† ƒƒš Zʹƒ ǡƒ†ƒ–›αͲŸ ƒš αZǡƒ‹ αͲ

[ 144 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Illustration 18
•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡–‘‹–•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡‹•ƒ
‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ
ȋͳȌ’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ– ȋʹȌ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ › ȋ͵Ȍȋ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ȍʹ ȋͶȌ‡•–‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‡
Solution: (3)
ƒ
ƒ Zʹ š Ÿ Zʹ
š

BEGINNER’S BOX-2
1.  ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‰ •‹’Ž‡ Šƒ”‘‹  ‘–‹‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡• ͳʹͲͲ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘• ’‡” ‹—–‡ ƒ†
’ƒ••‡• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ ͵ǤͳͶ•ȂͳǤ ‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ƒš‹—
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ˆ”‘‹–•‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŽ•‘‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹ˆ‹–•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–„‡œ‡”‘ƒ––Š‡‹•–ƒ––αͲǤ
POS171
§ S·
2. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡šȂƒš‹•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘šαͲǤͲͷ •‹ ¨ ͷ–  ¸ ™Š‡”‡š‹•‹
© ͸ ¹
‡–”‡ƒ†–‹•‹•‡ ‘†Ǥ ‹†‹–•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ––αͲ•‡ ‘†Ǥ
POS172
3. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‡š‡ —–‹‰ ‰‹˜‡„›šα•‹ȋS–ΪIȌǤŠ‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ͳ 
ƒ†‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•S Ȁ•‡ Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ‘–‹‘ƒ†‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ
POS173
4. „‘†›‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤŠƒ•‹–•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ͳͲ Ȁ•‡ ƒ†͹ Ȁ•‡ ™Š‡‹–•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡
‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ”‡͵ ƒ†Ͷ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ–ŠǤ
POS174
5. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‘ˆ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ͷ•ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡–‹‡–ƒ‡„›‹––‘‘˜‡ˆ”‘–Š‡
ȋƒȌ ‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ
POS175
6. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡—†‡”‰‘‡••‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘Šƒ˜‹‰–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–‹‡–ƒ‡–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡
͵
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ͺ
POS176
S
7. Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡„››αͳͲ•‹ȋ͸–Ϊ ȌǤ ‡”‡
͵
›‹•‹‡–”‡ƒ†–‹•‹•‡ ‘†Ǥ ‹†‹‹–‹ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ƭ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ
POS177
8. ‘”ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ ™Š‹ Š’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘
ȋƒȌ  ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘•—’’‘”–•–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ ȋ„Ȍ  ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘’’‘•‡•–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ
POS178
9. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‹Ž‹‡ƒ”•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–™‘’‘‹–•ƒ†ǡͳͲ ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥƒ‡
–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘–‘ƒ•–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ†‰‹˜‡–Š‡•‹‰•‘ˆ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ǡƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†ˆ‘” ‡‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡™Š‡‹–‹•
ȋƒȌ ƒ––Š‡‡†Ǥ ȋ„Ȍ ƒ––Š‡‡†Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ ƒ––Š‡‹†Ǧ’‘‹–‘ˆ‰‘‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•Ǥ ȋ†Ȍ ƒ–ʹ ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‰‘‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•Ǥ
ȋ‡Ȍ ƒ–͵ ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‰‘‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•ǡƒ† ȋˆȌ ƒ–Ͷ ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‰‘‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•Ǥ
POS179
10. Š‡’‹•–‘‹–Š‡ ›Ž‹†‡”Š‡ƒ†‘ˆƒŽ‘ ‘‘–‹˜‡Šƒ•ƒ•–”‘‡ȋ–™‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ȍ‘ˆͳǤͲǤ ˆ
–Š‡’‹•–‘‘˜‡•™‹–Š•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘™‹–Šƒƒ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆʹͲͲ”ƒ†Ȁ‹Ǥǡ™Šƒ–‹•
‹–•ƒš‹—•’‡‡†ǫ
POS180
[Link] [ 145 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Energy in SHM – Potential & Kinetic Energies
Potential Energy in S.H.M.
(i) In terms of displacement
Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ˆ‘” ‡„›–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘ 1ͳ 2
†  Uƒš
max ൌ kAʹ
2ʹ 
 Ÿ ³ †  ³ †š
†š
‘”Ǥ ǤǤ αȂ š
ͳ ʹ
‘ǡ ³ †  ³ š †š ³ š †š Ÿ  š  
ʹ š
Ȃ Ϊ
ͳ
–šαͲǡαͲ Ÿ αͲ ‘ǡα šʹ ΪͲ
ʹ
ͳ
Š‡”‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ƒ–‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘αͲ ™Š‡Ͳ αͲ–Š‡—α šʹ
ʹ
(ii) In terms of time
ͳ
‹ ‡ǡšα•‹ȋZ–ΪIȌǡα ʹ•‹ʹȋZ–ΪIȌ
ʹ
ͳ ͳ
ˆ‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡ȋIȌ‹•œ‡”‘–Š‡α ʹ•‹ʹZ– α Zʹʹ•‹ʹZ–
ʹ ʹ
ƒš ͳ ଶ
୫ୟ୶ ൌ 
ʹ
‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›

Ͳ   ͵  –‹‡ȋ–Ȍ
Ͷ ʹ ʹ
Note: ȋ‹Ȍ Ǥ ǤǤ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•ƒ’ƒ”ƒ„‘Ž‹ ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǣ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•
‹‹—ƒ––Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ȋšαͲȌƒ†ƒš‹—ƒ–‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘ȋšαrȌ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‹ ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ
 ͵  ͵ ͷ
–‹•‹‹—ƒ– – Ͳǡ ǡǡ ǤǤǤǤ ƒ†ƒš‹—ƒ– – α ǡ ǡ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ʹ ʹ Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ
Kinetic Energy (K) ͳ
 ୫ୟ୶ ൌ ɘଶ ଶ
(i) In terms of displacement ʹ
ˆƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‹•ƒ† –•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•˜
–Š‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ƒ–ƒ›‹•–ƒ–Ǥ
ͳ ͳ ͳ
ǤǤ α ˜ʹ α Zʹ ȋʹ Ȃ šʹȌα š
ʹ ʹ ʹ Ȃ Ϊ

ȋʹ Ȃ šʹȌ  ͳ
୫ୟ୶ ൌ ɘଶ ଶ
(ii) In terms of time ʹ
˜αZ ‘•ȋZ–ΪIȌ
‹‡–‹ 
‡‡”‰›

ͳ
? ǤǤ α Zʹʹ ‘•ʹ ȋZ–ΪIȌ
ʹ
ˆ‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡I ‹•œ‡”‘ǡ Ͳ   ͵  –‹‡ȋ–Ȍ
ͳ Ͷ ʹ Ͷ
ǤǤ α Zʹʹ ‘•ʹZ–
ʹ

[ 146 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Note: ȋ‹Ȍ Ǥ ǤǤ–Š‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‹•ƒ‹˜‡”–‡†’ƒ”ƒ„‘Ž‹ ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ǤŠ‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›
§ͳ ·
‹•ƒš‹— ¨  ʹ ¸ ƒ–‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ȋšαͲȌƒ†‹‹—ȋœ‡”‘Ȍƒ–‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘ ȋšαr ȌǤ
© ʹ ¹
 ͵
ȋ‹‹Ȍ Š‡‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‹•–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‹ ˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ –‹•ƒš‹—ƒ– – α Ͳǡ ǡǡ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ʹ ʹ
 ͵ ͷ
ƒ†‹‹—ƒ–ǤǤǤ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ
Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ
Illustration 19
 ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ •–ƒ”–• ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰ •‹’Ž‡ Šƒ”‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ ‹–• ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ’‘•‹–‹‘ ™‹–Š –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† Ǥ

‡–‡”‹‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆǤǤƒ†ǤǤ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ––‹‡–α Ǥ
ͳʹ
Solution:
 ʹS  S 
ƒ––α šα  •‹ u  •‹
ͳʹ  ͳʹ ͸ ʹ
ͳ ͵ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ǤǤ ͵
•‘ǤǤα ȋʹ Ȃ šʹȌα u  ʹ ƒ†ǤǤα šʹ α u  ʹ ? ƒ–‹‘
ʹ Ͷ ʹ ʹ Ͷ ʹ ǤǤ ͳ
Illustration 20
Šƒ”‘‹ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”‘ˆˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–ͶέͳͲ͸ Ȃͳ ƒ†ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ͲǤͲͳŠƒ•–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ʹͶͲ ǤŠƒ–‹•
ƒš‹—‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ƒ†‹‹—’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ǫ
Solution:

αͶέͳͲ͸ Ȁǡ αͲǤͲͳǡǤǤαʹͶͲ ǡ• Zʹ

ͳ ͳ ʹ ͳ
ƒš‹—‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›α Zʹ ʹ  u Ͷ u ͳͲ͸ u ȋͲǤͲͳȌʹ αʹͲͲ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
‹‹—’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›α‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ȃ ƒš‹—‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›αͶͲ
Illustration 21
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‡••‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡™‹–Šƒƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ǤŠ‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›
‹•ƒš‹—™Š‡–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•
Solution:
ͳ
ǤǤ Zʹšʹ ǡ‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”ǤǤ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒš‹—™Š‡š™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒš‹—‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡƒ– š r 
ʹ
Illustration 22
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘™‹–Šƒƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆͶ Ǥ–™Šƒ–†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ”‘
–Š‡‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ‹–•‡‡”‰›‹•ŠƒŽˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†ŠƒŽˆ‹‡–‹ Ǥ
Solution:
ͳ ͳ
‡–š„‡–Š‡’‘‹–™Š‡”‡ǤǤαǤǤ Ÿ Zʹ ȋʹ  šʹ Ȍ Zʹš ʹ Ÿ ʹšʹ ʹ Ÿ š ʹ ʹ 
ʹ ʹ
Illustration 23
Š‡ƒš‹—ǤǤ‘ˆƒ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰•’”‹‰‹•ͷŒ‘—Ž‡•ƒ†‹–•ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ͳͲ ǤŠ‡ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡
•’”‹‰‹•ǣ
Solution:
ʹ
ͳ ͳ § ͳͲ · ͳ
ƒš‹—ǤǤα ʹ Ÿ ͷ u u¨ ¸ Ÿ ͷ u ʹ  u ͳͲͲ Ÿ  ͳͲͲͲ  Ȁ 
ʹ ʹ © ͳͲͲ ¹

[Link] [ 147 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Total Energy in SHM and Graphs
‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹Ǥ ǤǤ‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǣǦ
α’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›Ϊ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›αΪǤǤ
ͳ ͳ ª ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ º
«  ʹ š ǡǤǤ ʹ    š »
ʹ
ȋ‹Ȍ ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ’‘•‹–‹‘ ǣ α šʹ Ϊ ȋʹ Ȃ šʹȌ
ʹ ʹ ¬ ¼
ͳ
Ÿ α ʹ α ‘•–ƒ–
ʹ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ–‹‡  ͳ ଶ  ͳ ଶ
 
ͳ ͳ ʹ ʹ
 Zʹʹ •‹ʹZ–Ϊ Zʹʹ ‘•ʹZ–
ʹ ʹ
ͳ
  Zʹ ʹ •‹ʹ Z–  ‘•ʹ Z–
ʹ
ͳ ͳ ʹ
 Zʹ  ʹ  α ‘•–ƒ– †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– –‹‡
ʹ ʹ

ƒš ‘”ƒš ‘””

ǡ

ǤǤ

ǤǤ

ɘ–
ሬሬሬሬԦ
Note: ȋ‹Ȍ ‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹Ǥ ǤǤ‹••ƒ‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ‹•–ƒ–ƒ†ƒ–ƒŽŽ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›†‡’‡†•—’‘ƒ••ǡƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰
Ǥ ǤǤ
Average energy in S.H.M.
Š‡–‹‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆǤǤƒ†ǤǤ‘˜‡”‘‡ › Ž‡‹•
ͳ ͳ ͳ §ͳ· ͳ ͳ ʹ
ȋƒȌ   ! –  Zʹ  ʹ ‘•ʹ Z– ! Zʹ  ʹ  ‘•ʹ Z– ! Zʹ  ʹ ¨ ¸ Zʹ  ʹ 
ʹ ʹ ʹ ©ʹ¹ Ͷ Ͷ
ͳ ͳ ͳ §ͳ· ͳ ͳ ʹ
ȋ„Ȍ   ! –  Zʹ  ʹ •‹ʹ Z– ! Zʹ  ʹ  •‹ ʹ Z– ! Zʹ  ʹ ¨ ¸ Zʹ  ʹ   Ͳ
ʹ ʹ ʹ ©ʹ¹ Ͷ Ͷ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ʹ
ȋ Ȍ   ! –  Zʹ ʹ  Ͳ ! Zʹ ʹ  Ͳ   Ͳ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
Illustration 24
 ƒ•‡‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘Ȃ
ȋƒȌ Šƒ–ˆ”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•‹‡–‹ ƒ†™Šƒ–ˆ”ƒ –‹‘‹•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ™Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•‘‡ŠƒŽˆ
‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ –™Šƒ–†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡––Š‡‹‡–‹ ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰‹‡•ƒ”‡‡“—ƒŽǤ
Solution:
ͳ ͳ ͳ
Ǥ ǤǤ ŸǤǤα ȋʹ Ȃ šʹȌǡǤǤα šʹ ǡǤǤα ʹ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
ǤǤ   š
ʹ ʹ
ǤǤ šʹ
ȋͳȌ ˆǤǤ α ƒ† ˆ ǤǤ α
ǤǤ ʹ Ǥ ʹ
   Ͷ ͵
ʹ ʹ
ʹ Ͷ ͳ
ƒ–šα ˆǤǤ α  ƒ† ˆ ǤǤ α
ʹ ʹ Ͷ ʹ Ͷ
ͳ ͳ 
ȋʹȌ ǤǤαǤǤ Ÿ ȋʹ Ȃ šʹȌα šʹ Ÿ ʹšʹ αʹ Ÿ šα r
ʹ ʹ ʹ

[ 148 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Illustration 25
Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‹•ʹǤͷ ǡ™Š‡‹–•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ǡ
–Š‡†‡–‡”‹‡–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ
Solution:
ͳ ͳ ʹ ͳ
ǤǤα šʹŸ  αʹǤͷŸ ‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›α ʹ αʹǤͷέͶαͳͲ
ʹ ʹ Ͷ ʹ
Illustration 26
Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰‘šǦƒš‹•‹•αʹͲΪȋšȂ ʹȌʹǤ ‡”‡‹•‹Œ‘—Ž‡•ƒ†š‹‡–‡”•Ǥ
‘–ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•͵͸ Ǥ
ȋͳȌ –ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹••‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘”‘–Ǥ
ȋʹȌ ‹†–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹—‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ
Solution:
†
ȋͳȌ  αȂʹȋšȂ ʹȌ ›ƒ••—‹‰šȂ ʹαǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ αȂʹ
†š
‹ ‡ǡ v  Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹••‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹
ȋʹȌ Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•αͲŸ šȂ ʹαͲǡ™Š‹ Š‰‹˜‡•šαʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ ƒš‹—‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ǡƒš αȂ ‹ α͵͸Ȃ ʹͲαͳ͸

BEGINNER’S BOX-3
1.  ’‘‹– ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‘ˆƒ••ͲǤͳ ‰‹• ‡š‡ —–‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ͲǤͳǤ Š‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡
’ƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ‹–•‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›‹•ͺέͳͲȂ͵ ‘—Ž‡Ǥ„–ƒ‹–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹•ͶͷιǤ
POS181
2.  ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ   ™Šƒ– ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –‘–ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‹• ‹‡–‹  ƒ† ™Šƒ– ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ ‹• ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǡ ™Š‡
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•‘‡ˆ‘—”–Š‘ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ
POS182
3.  ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‡š‡ —–‡ Ǥ ǤǤ ™‹–Š ˆ”‡“—‡ › ˆǤ ‹† ˆ”‡“—‡ › ™‹–Š ™Š‹ Š ‹–• ‹‡–‹  ‡‡”‰›
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡•ǫ
POS183
4. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘ˆƒ••ͳͲ‰‹•’Žƒ ‡†‹’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†‰‹˜‡„›αȋͷͲš ʹ ΪͳͲͲȌ‡”‰Ȁ‰ǤŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǫ
POS184
Oscillations of Spring Block System
Spring Block System
ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡•’”‹‰‹•‰‹˜‡•ƒŽŽ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–„›•–”‡– Š‹‰‘” ‘’”‡••‹‰‹–ǡ–Š‡”‡•–‘”‹‰‡Žƒ•–‹ 
ˆ‘” ‡‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹‹–™Š‹ Š‘„‡›• ‘‘̵•Žƒ™Ǥ
v Ȃ š Ÿ αȂ š ȋ ‡”‡‹••’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–ȋȌ

ȋ‹‹Ȍ ’”‹‰ ‹• ƒ••—‡† ƒ••Ž‡••ǡ •‘ ”‡•–‘”‹‰ ‡Žƒ•–‹  ˆ‘” ‡ ‹ •’”‹‰ ‹• ͳ
‫ן‬
ƒ••—‡†•ƒ‡‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥ κ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–ȋȌ†‡’‡†•‘Ž‡‰–ŠȋAȌǡ”ƒ†‹—•ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘ˆ™‹”‡
—•‡†‹•’”‹‰Ǥ
‘”•’”‹‰ǡA α ‘•–ƒ– ‡‰–Š‘ˆ•’”‹‰ȋAȌ

[Link] [ 149 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Spring Pendulum
ȋ‹Ȍ Š‡ƒ•ƒŽŽƒ••‹••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘ƒƒ••ǦŽ‡•••’”‹‰–Š‡–Š‹•ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‹•‘™
ƒ••’”‹‰’‡†—Ž—Ǥ ‘”•ƒŽŽŽ‹‡ƒ”†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡––Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ•’”‹‰’‡†—Ž—‹•
•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ Ǥ 
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘”ƒ•’”‹‰’‡†—Ž— 
†ʹš †ʹš 
αȂ šŸ  αȂ šȏ' ᏃᏠȐ
†– ʹ †– ʹ
†ʹš 
Ÿ ʹ
 š
†– 
†ʹš 
ʹ
 ʹš Ÿ Zʹ
Z
†– 
Š‹•‹••–ƒ†ƒ”†‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”Ǥ ǤǤ
ʹS  ͳ 
‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǣ  ʹS Ǥ ”‡“—‡ ›α
Z  ʹS 
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ƒ •’”‹‰ ’‡†—Ž— ‹• ‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ †—‡ –‘
‰”ƒ˜‹–›ǤŠ‹•‹•™Š›ƒ Ž‘ „ƒ•‡†‘‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’”‹‰’‡†—Ž—™‹ŽŽ‡‡’ 
’”‘’‡”–‹‡‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡‘ƒŠ‹ŽŽ‘”‘‘‘”‹ƒ•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’Žƒ ‡•
‘ˆ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ ˆƒ•’”‹‰’‡†—Ž—‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡•‹ƒ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ’Žƒ‡‹•ƒ†‡–‘‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡‘ƒ
Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘” ‘ ƒ ‹ Ž‹‡† ’Žƒ‡ –Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ™‹ŽŽ ”‡ƒ‹ T
— Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ
ȋ˜Ȍ ›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡ƒ••ǡ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•’”‹‰’‡†—Ž—‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ȋ v Ȍ ǡ „—–„›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡
ª ͳ º
ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ– ‘ˆ •’”‹‰ ȋȌǡ –• –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• « v » ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
¬ ¼
ȋ v  Ȍ
ȋ˜‹Ȍ ˆ–™‘ƒ••‡•ͳ ƒ†ʹ ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†„›ƒ•’”‹‰ƒ† 
P ͳ ʹ
ƒ†‡–‘‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†  ʹS

ͳ  ʹ
‡”‡ǡ P ᔇ†— ‡†ƒ••
ͳ   ʹ
ȋ˜‹‹Ȍ ˆ –Š‡•–”‡– Š‹ ƒ ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽŽ› Ž‘ƒ†‡†•’”‹‰‹• ›Ͳ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ‘ˆ 
›Ͳ
ƒ••Ǥ
›Ͳ
›Ͳ Ꮙ
 ›Ͳ
‘ǡ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†  ʹS ʹS
 ‰
—–”‡‡„‡”–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•’”‹‰’‡†—Ž—‹•‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘†—‡
–‘‰”ƒ˜‹–›Ǥ
ȋ˜‹‹‹Ȍ ˆ–™‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ”‡ƒ––ƒ Š‡†™‹–Š•’”‹‰‹™Š‹ Š‘Ž›‘‡‹•‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰–Š‡–Š‡

ƒ•• ‘ˆ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ͳ

‹‡’‡”‹‘†α ʹS ʹS
ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ– 

[ 150 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Illustration 27
„‘†›‘ˆƒ••ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘ƒ•’”‹‰™Š‹ Š‹•‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰™‹–Š–‹‡’‡”‹‘† Ͷ•‡ ‘†•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡
„‘†›‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›Ͷ‰ǡ‹–•–‹‡”’‡”‹‘†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•„›ʹ•‡ Ǥ‡–‡”‹‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ••Ǥ
Solution:
  Ͷ
 •– ƒ•‡ǣ  ʹS Ÿ Ͷ ʹS ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍƒ†‹ † ƒ•‡ǣ ͸ ʹS  ǤǤǤȋ‹‹Ȍ
  
Ͷ  ͳ͸ 
‹˜‹†‡ȋ‹Ȍ„›ȋ‹‹Ȍ Ÿ Ÿ α͵Ǥʹ‰
͸   Ͷ ͵͸ Ͷ
Illustration 28
„Ž‘ ‘ˆƒ••‹•ƒ––ƒ Š‡†ˆ”‘ƒ•’”‹‰‘ˆ•’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ††”‘’’‡†ˆ”‘‹–•ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ‡‰–ŠǤ ‹†
–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆǤ ǤǤ ////////////// //////////
Solution:
‡–ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆǤ ǤǤ„‡–Š‡„›™‘”‡‡”‰›–Š‡‘”‡
α 'ǤǤ
ͳ ʹ‰
‰šͲ Ȃ šʹͲ Ͳ Ÿ šͲ š α Ͳǡ˜ α Ͳ 
ʹ 
‰
‘ǡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡α
 š α šͲǡ˜ α Ͳ 
Illustration 29
™‘•’”‹‰•™‹–Š•’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–•ͳ αͳͷͲͲȀƒ†ʹ α͵ͲͲͲȀƒ”‡•–”‡– Š‡†„›–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘” ‡ǤŠ‡
”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›•–‘”‡†‹•’”‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡
Solution:
ʹ
ͳ ͳ ʹ
 Ÿv Ÿ ʹ
ʹ  ʹ ͳ
Illustration 30
Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆƒƒ•••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘ƒ•’”‹‰ ‹•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡•’”‹‰‹• —–‹–‘ˆ‘—”‡“—ƒŽ’ƒ”–•ƒ†–Š‡
•ƒ‡ƒ••‹••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–•ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‡™–‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ„‡
Solution:
§ ͳ·
› —––‹‰•’”‹‰‹ˆ‘—”‡“—ƒŽ’ƒ”–•ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–ȋȌ‘ˆ‡ƒ Š’ƒ”–•„‡ ‘‡•ˆ‘—”–‹‡• ¨  v ¸ •‘„›
© ¹

—•‹‰  ʹS Ǣ –‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ„‡ŠƒŽˆ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ̵  Ȁ ʹ

Illustration 31
ˆƒ„‘†›‘ˆƒ•• ͲǤͻͺ‰‹•ƒ†‡–‘‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡‘ƒ•’”‹‰‘ˆˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–ͶǤͺͶȀǡ–Š‡ƒ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›
‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›‹•
Solution:
ͶǤͺͶ
Z  Ȁ ʹǤʹʹ ”ƒ† Ȁ •‡
ͲǤͻͺ
Illustration 32
•’”‹‰‡š‡ —–‡• ™‹–Šƒ••‘ˆͳͲ‰ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘‹–ǤŠ‡ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–‘ˆ•’”‹‰‹•ͳͲȀǤ ˆƒ–ƒ›
‹•–ƒ–‹–•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•ͶͲ Ȁ•‡ ǡ–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡ȋ™Š‡”‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‹•ͲǤͷȌ
Solution:
§· § ͳͲ ·
¨ ͳͲ ¸ ͳ ”ƒ†‘™ǡ — Z   › „›•‘Ž˜‹‰ǡ ™‡‰‡– › ͲǤ͵
ʹ ʹ
Z ¨¸
© ¹ © ¹
[Link] [ 151 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 33
„Ž‘ ‘ˆƒ••‹•‘ƒŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ•Žƒ„‘ˆƒ••™Š‹ Š‹•‘˜‹‰Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤŠ‡
‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹ ˆ”‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡„Ž‘ ƒ†•Žƒ„‹•ρǤ ˆ„Ž‘ ‹•‘–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘•Žƒ„ –Š‡†‡–‡”‹‡
ƒ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Solution:
ˆ„Ž‘ ‹•‘–•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘•Žƒ„–Š‡”‡•–‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‡†—‡–‘Ǥ ǤǤ•Š‘—Ž†„‡Ž‡••–Šƒˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡
„‡–™‡‡•Žƒ„ƒ†„Ž‘ Ǥ ρ

P‰
”‡•–‘”‹‰ d ˆ”‹ –‹‘ Ÿ ƒƒšǤ d P‰Ÿ ƒƒšǤd P‰Ÿ Zʹd P‰Ÿ Z d 

Series and Parallel Combinations of Springs
Series combination of springs /////////////
•‡”‹‡• ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ‡”‡•–‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‡‡š‡”–•
‹ƒŽŽ•’”‹‰•„—–‡š–‡•‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ
ͳ
‘–ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–šαšͳ Ϊšʹ 
‘” ‡ƒ –‹‰‘„‘–Š•’”‹‰• αȂͳšͳ αȂ ʹšʹ
' šͳ αȂ ƒ† šʹ 
////////////
ͳ ʹ
ͳ ʹ
m
ª º //////////////////////////////////////
////////// /// ʹ
?šαȂ «  » ǥȋ‹Ȍ
¬ ͳ  ʹ ¼
ˆ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–‹•• –Š‡ αȂ •š
m
•‘„›‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹Ȍ   
• ͳ ʹ
1 1 1 ͳ  ʹ
Ÿ = + Ÿ •
k s k1 k 2 ͳ   ʹ
 ͳ • •
‹‡’‡”‹‘†α ʹS ”‡“—‡ ›α ǡ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ › Z
• ʹS  
Parallel Combination of springs
////////////////
////////////////
ͳ

////////////////

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ


ʹ
//

\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 

////////////////

’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘‡ƒ Š•’”‹‰‹••ƒ‡„—–”‡•–‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‡‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ

‘” ‡ƒ –‹‰‘–Š‡•›•–‡ α ͳ Ϊ ʹŸ αȂ ͳšȂ ʹš ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍ

ˆ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–‹• –Š‡ǡ αȂ šǡ•‘„›‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹ȌȂ šαȂ ͳšȂ ʹšŸ kP = k1 + k2

  ͳ  ͳ   ʹ
‹‡’‡”‹‘† α ʹS ʹS Ǣ ”‡“—‡ ›α Ǣ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ › Z
 ͳ  ʹ ʹS  

[ 152 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Illustration 34
ˆ‹‹–‡•’”‹‰•™‹–Šˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–•ǡʹǡͶǡͺǡǤǤǤǤǤ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†‹•‡”‹‡•ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•’”‹‰Ǥ
Solution:
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ƒ
    ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤf ȋ ‘”‹ˆ‹‹–‡ ǤǤf α ™Š‡”‡ƒα ‹”•––‡”ǡ”α ‘‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ
 ‡ˆˆ  ʹ Ͷ ͺ ͳ”
ª º
ͳ ͳª ͳ ͳ ͳ º ͳ« ͳ » ʹ 
«ͳ     ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ» « ͳ» •‘‡ˆˆ α
 ‡ˆˆ ¬ ʹ Ͷ ͺ ¼  «ͳ  »  ʹ
¬ ʹ¼
Illustration 35
”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ„‘†›‹•͸ œ™Š‡ˆ‘” ‡ ͳ ‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ƒ†ͺ œ™Š‡ ʹ ‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†Ǥ ˆ„‘–Šˆ‘” ‡•
ͳ Ƭ ʹ ƒ”‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡ˆ‹†‘—––Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Solution:
 ‘”†‹‰–‘“—‡•–‹‘ ͳ αȂ ͳšƬ ʹ αȂ ʹš
ͳ ͳ ͳ ʹ
‘ ͳ α α͸ œǢʹ α αͺ œ
ʹS  ʹS 
ͳ ͳ   ʹ
‘™ α ͳ Ϊ ʹαȂ ȋͳ ΪʹȌšŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡α
ʹS 
ͳ ͶSʹ ͳʹ   ͶSʹ ʹʹ 
Ÿ α ͳʹ  ʹʹ ͺʹ  ͸ʹ α ͳͲ œ
ʹS 
Illustration 36
‡”‹‘†‹ –‹‡‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ͳ ‹•‘„–ƒ‹‡†™Š‡ƒƒ••‹••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘ƒ•’”‹‰Ǥ ˆƒ‘–Š‡”•’”‹‰‹•—•‡†
™‹–Š •ƒ‡ ƒ•• –Š‡ ’‡”‹‘†‹  –‹‡ ‘ˆ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‹•  ʹǤ ‘™ ‹ˆ –Š‹• ƒ•• ‹• •—•’‡†‡† ˆ”‘ •‡”‹‡•
‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ„‘˜‡•’”‹‰•–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ
Solution:
  ͶSʹ
ͳ ʹS Ÿ ͳʹ ͶSʹ Ÿ ͳ ƒ†
ͳ ͳ ͳʹ
ͳ ʹ ͳ
  ͶSʹ
ʹ ʹS Ÿ ʹʹ ͶSʹ Ÿ ʹ
ʹ ʹ ʹʹ
ͶSʹ   ʹ
 ‡“Ǥ ʹ
‡“Ǥ
•‡”‹‡• ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘Ȃ
ʹ
ͳ ͳ ͳ ‡“Ǥ ͳʹ ʹʹ 
 Ÿ  Ÿ ‡“Ǥ ͳʹ  ʹʹ
 ‡“Ǥ ͳ  ʹ ͶSʹ ͶSʹ ͶSʹ
Illustration 37
Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡•’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–‘ˆ–™‘•’”‹‰•›•–‡ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡

ͳ ʹ

[Link] [ 153 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Solution:
Š‡‡š–‡”ƒŽˆ‘” ‡‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǡ‘‡•’”‹‰‰‡–•‡š–‡†‡† ƒ†ƒ‘–Š‡”‘‡‰‡–• ‘–”ƒ –‡†„›–Š‡•ƒ‡
†‹•–ƒ ‡Š‡ ‡ˆ‘” ‡†—‡–‘–™‘•’”‹‰•ƒ –‹•ƒ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ͳ  ʹ
Ÿ  š  ͳš  ʹš Ÿ  ͳ  ʹ
Illustration 38
Š‡•’”‹‰••Š‘™ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ ƒŽǤŠ‡αͶ‰ǡ–Š‡‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’”‹‰‹•ͳ Ǥ ˆα͸‰ǡ–Š‡‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘
’”‘†— ‡†„›‹–‹•
Solution:
š Ÿ ‰ š Ÿ  v š  
ͳ  ͳ šͳ Ͷ  ͳ
‡ ‡ u Ÿ u 
ʹ  ʹ šʹ ͸  Ȁ ʹ šʹ 
Ÿ šʹ ͵  Ǥ

Illustration 39
ƒ••‹••—•’‡†‡†„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ–™‘ ‘‹Ž‡†•’”‹‰ ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‡‰–Š‹
—•–”‡– Š‡† ‘†‹–‹‘ƒ•‹ˆ‹‰—”‡ǤŠ‡‹”ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ”‡ͳ ƒ†ʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡
•‡–‹–‘˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ„‡  
Solution: ͳ ʹ
‹˜‡•’”‹‰•›•–‡Šƒ•’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‘

 ‡“ ͳ   ʹ ƒ†–‹‡’‡”‹‘†  ʹS 
ȋ ͳ   ʹ Ȍ
Illustration 40
ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‰‹˜‡‹ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡„Ž‘ ‘ˆƒ••‹•†‹•’Žƒ ‡†ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•‰‹˜‡„›

 

ͳ ʹ

Solution:
‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–Š‡„Ž‘ –Š‡•’”‹‰•ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†‹’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ͳ ͳ  ʹ
? ‘„‹‡†•–‹ˆˆ‡••αͳڍʹ ƒ† 
ʹS 
Illustration 41
™‘‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ•’”‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†‹•‡”‹‡•ƒ†’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Žƒ•
•Š‘™ ‹ ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ  ƒ••  ‹• •—•’‡†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
  
ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡
Solution:
§·  
ͳ     ¨ʹ¸ ͳ
 Ÿ  Ÿ •
© ¹ ȋȌ
ʹS    ’ ʹ ʹ

ȋȌ
Illustration 42
‡„‘†›‹••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘ƒ•’”‹‰‘ˆŽ‡‰–Šlǡ•’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–ƒ†Šƒ•–‹‡’‡”‹‘† Ǥ‘™‹ˆ•’”‹‰‹•
†‹˜‹†‡† ‹ –™‘ ‡“—ƒŽ ’ƒ”–• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ Œ‘‹‡† ‹ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ƒ† –Š‡ •ƒ‡ „‘†› ‹• •—•’‡†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‹•
ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡––Š‡†‡–‡”‹‡‡™–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ

[ 154 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Solution:
’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–‹’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘̵αʹΪʹαͶ
   ͳ  
? ̵α ʹS ʹS ʹS u
̵ Ͷ  Ͷ Ͷ ʹ

BEGINNER’S BOX-4
1. ƒ™‹–Šƒ™”‹•–™ƒ– Š ‘Š‹•Šƒ†ˆƒŽŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘’‘ˆƒ–‘™‡”Ǥ‘‡•–Š‡™ƒ– Š‰‹˜‡ ‘””‡ –
–‹‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‡‡ˆƒŽŽǫ
POS185
2. ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•›•–‡Ǥ

ʹ
 
ʹ
͵
POS186
3. „‘†›‘ˆƒ••̵̵‹••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘ƒ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ•’”‹‰‘ˆŽ‡‰–Š̵̵Ǥ –‡š‡ —–‡ Ǥ ǤǤ™‹–Šƒ–‹‡
’‡”‹‘†Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹ˆ
ȋƒȌ ‡‰–Š‘ˆ•’”‹‰‹•ƒ†‡ŠƒŽˆǤ ȋ„Ȍ ƒ••‘ˆ„‘†›‹•ƒ†‡ŠƒŽˆǤ
POS187
4. Š‡ƒƒ••‘ˆͳ‰‹••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘ƒ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ•’”‹‰ǡ‹–•Ž‡‰–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•„›ͲǤͻͺǤ ˆ–Š‹•
ƒ••‹•’—ŽŽ‡††‘™™ƒ”†•ƒ†–Š‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǡ™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡’‡”‹‘†‹ –‹‡‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’”‹‰ǫ
ȋ‰ α ͻǤͺȀ•ʹȌǤ
POS188
5.  „Ž‘  ‘ˆ ƒ•• Ǯǯ ‘˜‹‰ ™‹–Š ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ȋ˜Ȍ ‘ŽŽ‹†‡• ’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› ‹‡Žƒ•–‹ ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š ƒ‘–Š‡”
‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ„Ž‘ ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘•’”‹‰‘ˆˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–ǤŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–‹‰
 ǫ
POS189
6. •’”‹‰Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ•’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–ͳʹͲͲ ‹•‘—–‡†‘ƒŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥƒ••‘ˆ͵‰‹•
Ȃͳ

ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’”‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ƒ•• ‹• –Š‡ ’—ŽŽ‡† –‘ ƒ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ʹǤͲ  ƒ†
”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ‡–‡”‹‡ƒš‹—ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ••Ǥ
POS190
7. •’”‹‰„ƒŽƒ ‡Šƒ•ƒ• ƒŽ‡–Šƒ–”‡ƒ†•ˆ”‘Ͳ–‘ͷͲ‰ǤŠ‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡• ƒŽ‡‹•ʹͲ Ǥ„‘†›
•—•’‡†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‹• „ƒŽƒ ‡ǡ ™Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡† ƒ† ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǡ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡• ™‹–Š ƒ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ͲǤ͸ •Ǥ
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›ǫ
POS191
8. –”‘ŽŽ‡›‘ˆƒ••͵ǤͲ‰ǡƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰Ǥǡ‹• ‘‡ –‡†–‘–™‘•’”‹‰•ǡ‡ƒ Š‘ˆ•’”‹‰Šƒ••’”‹‰
‘•–ƒ– ͸ͲͲ ȂͳǤ ˆ –Š‡ –”‘ŽŽ‡› ‹• †‹•’Žƒ ‡† ˆ”‘ ‹–• ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ’‘•‹–‹‘ „› ͷǤͲ  ƒ†
”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǡ ™Šƒ– ‹• ȋƒȌ –Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ‡•—‹‰ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ȋ„Ȍ –Š‡ ƒš‹— •’‡‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡
–”‘ŽŽ‡›ǫ ‘™ — Š ‡‡”‰› ‹• †‹••‹’ƒ–‡† ƒ• Š‡ƒ– „› –Š‡ –‹‡ –Š‡ –”‘ŽŽ‡› ‘‡• –‘ ”‡•– †—‡ –‘
†ƒ’‹‰ˆ‘” ‡•ǫ

͸ͲͲȂͳ ͵ǤͲ‰ ͸ͲͲȂͳ

POS192

[Link] [ 155 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Simple Pendulum
ˆƒŠ‡ƒ˜›’‘‹–ƒ••‹••—•’‡†‡†„›ƒ™‡‹‰Š–Ž‡••ǡ‹‡š–‡•‹„Ž‡ƒ†’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž›ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡•–”‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ”‹‰‹†
•—’’‘”–ǡ–Š‡–Š‹•ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—
Expression for time period
Method-I (Force Method)
‘”•ƒŽŽƒ‰—Žƒ”†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ǡ•‹T | T  •‘–Šƒ–
T
αȂ‰•‹T αȂ‰T 
A
§ ‰ · ‰ ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡
¨ ¸ › ›› Ÿ 
© ¹ Ž‡‰–Š
„‡ ƒ—•‡›α ATǡŠ—•ǡ–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–Š‡•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹• ›

– ʹS Ÿ  ʹS  ‰
 ‰
Method-II (Torque Method)
‘„ ‘ˆ ’‡†—Ž— ‘˜‡• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ”  ‘ˆ ‹” Ž‡ ‹ ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ ’Žƒ‡Ǥ ‡”‡ ‘–‹‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹• ƒ‰—Žƒ” ƒ†
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”›™Š‡”‡”‡•–‘”‹‰–‘”“—‡‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
W αȂȋ‰ȌȋA•‹TȌ ȋ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡•‹‰•Š‘™•‘’’‘•‹–‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆW ƒ†ƒ‰—Žƒ”†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ȍ
W αȂ‰AȋTȌ ȋ ˆƒ‰—Žƒ”†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹••ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡•‹T # TȌ
D αȂ‰AȋTȌ
‰ ʹ
D ȋ TȌ ȋ™Š‡”‡ Ꮡ‡–‘ˆ‹‡”–‹ƒȌŸ , α 

‰ ‰ †ʹ T ‰
‘™ D   TŸTŸD  T Ͳ
 ʹ †– ʹ
–‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰—Žƒ” ‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—Ǥ
§ †ʹT ·
‘’ƒ”‹‰™‹–Š•–ƒ†ƒ”††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰—Žƒ”  ¨ ʹ  ZʹT Ͳ ¸
© †– ¹
ʹS
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡  ʹS
Z ‰
Note: ‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹•–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ „—–‘Ž›™Š‡‹–•ƒ‰—Žƒ”†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•˜‡”›•ƒŽŽǤ

1. Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹•‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆ”‘ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡„‘„„—–‹–†‡’‡†•‘•‹œ‡
‘ˆ„‘„ȋ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ ‡–”‡‘ˆƒ••ȌǤ‘‹•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—™Š‡ƒ•‘Ž‹†‹”‘„‘„‹•”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›
Ž‹‰Š–ƒŽ—‹‹—„‘„‘ˆ•ƒ‡”ƒ†‹—•–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†”‡ƒ‹•— Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ
2. ‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹•†‹”‡ –Ž›’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘•“—ƒ”‡”‘‘–‘ˆŽ‡‰–ŠǤ

 

A  Aǯ ǯ 'Aǯε A

?ǯε

A ξκ

Š‡ƒ’‡”•‘•‹––‹‰‘ƒ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰•™‹‰ ‘‡•‹•–ƒ†‹‰’‘•‹–‹‘–Š‡ ‡–”‡‘ˆƒ••
”ƒ‹•‡•—’™ƒ”†•ƒ†Ž‡‰–Š†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ•‘–‹‡’‡”‹‘††‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‡ƒ•
•™‹‰‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡•ˆƒ•–‡”Ǥ
[ 156 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
3. Š‡ƒŠ‘ŽŽ‘™•’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ„‘„‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”ƒ†ƒ•ƒŽŽ
Š‘Ž‡‹•ƒ†‡‹„‘––‘‘ˆ‹–ǡ–Š‡ƒ•™ƒ–‡”†”ƒ‹‘—–ǡƒ–ˆ‹”•–‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǡƒˆ–‡”–Šƒ–
‹–†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ†™Š‡•’Š‡”‡„‡ ‘‡•‡’–›–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–„‡ ‘‡•ƒ•„‡ˆ‘”‡ȋȌǤ
4. ˆ •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‹• •Š‹ˆ–‡† –‘ ’‘Ž‡•ǡ ‡“—ƒ–‘” ‘” Š‹ŽŽ› ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ –Š‡ ‹–• –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ƒ› „‡
§ ͳ ·
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ¨  v ¸
¨ ‰ ¸¹
©
5. ˆƒ Ž‘ „ƒ•‡†‘‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹••Š‹ˆ–‡†ˆ”‘‡ƒ”–Š–‘‘‘–Š‡‹–„‡ ‘‡•
•Ž‘™ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–• –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ƒ† „‡ ‘‡• ͸ –‹‡• ‘’ƒ”‡ –‘ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
‰ ͳ
Ÿ  ͸
‰ ͸

Cases of Effective Acceleration in Simple Pendulum

Periodic time of simple pendulum in reference system

 ʹS
‰ ‡ˆˆ
˜
™Š‡”‡ǡ‰‡ˆˆǤ α‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‰”ƒ˜‹–›ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‹”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•›•–‡
‘”–‘–ƒŽ†‘™™ƒ”†ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
(a) If reference system is lift
ȋ‹Ȍ ˆ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ–ȋ˜Ȍ α ‘•–ƒ– ‰‡ˆˆ α‰
ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒαͲƒ†‰‡ˆˆǤ α‰

?  ʹS
‰

ȋ‹‹Ȍ ˆŽ‹ˆ–‹•‘˜‹‰—’™ƒ”†•™‹–Šƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘̵ƒ̵   ƒ


‰‡ˆˆǤ α‰Ϊƒ

 ʹS Ÿ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‰‡ˆˆ α‰Ϊƒ

‰ƒ

ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ˆŽ‹ˆ–‹•‘˜‹‰†‘™™ƒ”†•™‹–Šƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘̵ƒ̵

‰‡ˆˆǤ α‰Ȃ ƒ ƒ

?  ʹS Ÿ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
‰ ƒ
‰‡ˆˆ α‰Ȃ ƒ

ȋ‹˜Ȍ ˆŽ‹ˆ–ˆƒŽŽ•†‘™™ƒ”†•ˆ”‡‡Ž›
‰‡ˆˆǤ α‰Ȃ ‰αͲ Ÿ αf
•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—™‹ŽŽ‘–‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡Ǥ
Note: ˆ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹••Š‹ˆ–‡†–‘–Š‡ ‡–”‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Šǡˆ”‡‡Ž›ˆƒŽŽ‹‰Ž‹ˆ–ǡ‹ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡–Š‡‹–™‹ŽŽ
‘–‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡ƒ†‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•‹ˆ‹‹–‡ȋ ‰‡ˆˆǤαͲȌǤ
(b) A simple pendulum is mounted on a moving truck
ȋ‹Ȍ ˆ–”— ‹•‘˜‹‰™‹–Š ‘•–ƒ–˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ǡ‘’•‡—†‘ˆ‘” ‡ƒ –•‘–Š‡’‡†—Ž—ƒ†–‹‡’‡”‹‘†

”‡ƒ‹••ƒ‡  ʹS
‰

[Link] [ 157 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ˆ –”—  ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡• ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ™‹–Š ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ –Š‡ ƒ
’•‡—†‘ˆ‘” ‡ƒ –•‹‘’’‘•‹–‡†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
ƒ A
‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ

‰‡ˆˆǤ α ‰ ʹ  ƒʹ ƒ†̵ αʹS ඥ‰ ଶ ൅ ƒଶ ‰

‰ ‡ˆˆ Ǥ ƒ

‹‡’‡”‹‘† ' ʹS Ÿ ̵ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ

‰ ʹ  ƒʹ
(c) If a simple pendulum of density V is made to oscillate in a liquid of density
„
U then its time period will increase as compare to that of air and is given by
˜
‡– α ‰ Ȃ „ V U
‰ ‡– ‰ U‰  U‰ § U· ‰
 ǡ‰‡– α‰Ȃ ‰ ¨ ͳ  ¸ ǡ  ʹS
   V © V¹ ª Uº
«ͳ  V » ‰
¬ ¼
(d) If the bob of simple pendulum has positive charge q and
pendulum is placed in uniform electric field which is in
downward direction then time period decreases
ሬԦ  Ϊ“

 ʹS ‰Ϊ“
“
‰

(e) If the bob of simple pendulum has positive charge q and is made
oscillate in uniform electric field acting in upward direction then
time period increases ሬԦ  Ϊ“

 ʹS ‰Ȃ “
“
‰


(f) T = 2S is valid when length of simple pendulum (A) is negligible as compare to radius of
g
earth (A<< R) but if A is comparable to radius of earth
 ͳ
–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†  ʹS ʹS ʹS
ʹS
ª º ª º ªͳ ͳ º
«ͳ  » ‰ ‰ «ͳ  » «  »‰
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ ¬ ¼
Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‘ˆ‹ˆ‹‹–‡Ž‡‰–ŠǤ

 ʹS ؄ ͺͶǤ͸‹—–‡ | ͳǤͷ Š‘—”‹–‹•ƒš‹—–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥ
‰
(g) Second's pendulum
ˆ –Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ƒ •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‹• ʹ •‡ ‘† –Š‡ ‹– ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† •‡ ‘†̵• ’‡†—Ž—Ǥ ‡ ‘†̵•
’‡†—Ž—–ƒ‡•‘‡•‡ ‘†–‘‰‘ˆ”‘‘‡‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘–‘‘–Š‡”‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
‘”•‡ ‘†̵•’‡†—Ž—ǡ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†αʹα ʹS
‰
––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š‰αͻǤͺȀ•ʹ | Sʹ Ȁ•ʹǡ
‘ǡ Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ•‡ ‘†’‡†—Ž—ƒ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š | ͳ‡–”‡
[ 158 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
(h) When a long and short pendulum start oscillation simultaneously then both will be in same
phase in minimum time when short pendulum complete one more oscillation compare to
long pendulum.
ˆ–‡”•–ƒ”–‹‰ǡ‹ˆŽ‘‰’‡†—Ž— ‘’Ž‡–‡•‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘–‘ ‘‡‹•ƒ‡
’Šƒ•‡‹‹‹—–‹‡–Š‡•Š‘”–™‹ŽŽ ‘’Ž‡–‡ȋΪͳȌ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ
A• •
–    ͳ 
AA A
§ · § ·
 ¨¨ ʹS   ͳȌ¨¨ ʹS • ¸¸
¸¸ ȋ
© ‰ ¹ © ‰ ¹

 ȋ  ͳȌ •

Illustration 43
Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ƒ •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‡ƒ•—”‡† ‹•‹†‡ ƒ •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”› Ž‹ˆ– ‹• ˆ‘—† –‘ „‡ Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹ˆ– •–ƒ”–•
ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‰—’™ƒ”†•™‹–Šƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰Ȁ͵–Š‡–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–Š‡’‡†—Ž—‹• ǫ
Solution:
Ž
‘”•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›Ž‹ˆ– ͳ ʹS
‰
‰
‰
Ž  ‰ƒ ͵ Ͷ ͵
‘”ƒ• ‡†‹‰Ž‹ˆ–™‹–Šƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒǡ ʹ ʹS Ÿ ͳ Ÿ Ÿ ʹ 
‰ƒ ʹ ‰ ‰ ͵ ʹ
Illustration 44
•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹•˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ‡˜ƒ —ƒ–‡† Šƒ„‡”ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡™‹–Š
ȋͳȌ  ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ȋʹȌ‘•–ƒ–ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
ȋ͵Ȍ‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ȋͶȌ ‹”•–ȋ͵Ȍ–Š‡ȋͳȌ
Solution: (2)
• ‹– ‹• Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ‹ ˜ƒ ——ǡ –Š‡ „‘„ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ› ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ ‘
†‹••‹’ƒ–‹‘–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡™‹–Š ‘•–ƒ–ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ
Illustration 45
Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ•‡ ‘†ǯ•’‡†—Ž—‹• ǫ
Solution:
‰ʹ ͻǤͺ u Ͷ
 ʹS Ž Ȁ ‰ Ÿ Ž ͻͻ 
ʹ
ͶS Ͷ u Sʹ
Illustration 46
Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—™Š‡‹–‹•ƒ†‡–‘‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‘‘
ȋͳȌ  ”‡ƒ•‡• ȋʹȌ‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ȋ͵Ȍ‡ƒ‹•— Šƒ‰‡† ȋͶȌ‡ ‘‡•‹ˆ‹‹–‡
Solution: (1)
§ ͳ ·
––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‘‘ǡ‰†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Š‡ ‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ¨  v ¸
¨ ‰ ¸¹
©
Illustration 47
ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† „› ͶͶΨǡ –Š‡ ™Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ
’‡†—Ž—
Solution:
l  lʹ ͳͶͶ ͳʹ  
 ʹS Ÿ ʹ Ÿ ʹ αͳǤʹͳǤ ‡ ‡Ψ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ʹ ͳ u ͳͲͲ ʹͲΨ
‰ ͳ lͳ ͳͲͲ ͳͲ ͳ
Illustration 48
Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ–™‘’‡†—Ž—•ƒ”‡ʹǣ͵ǡ–Š‡–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰–Šƒ”‡‹”ƒ–‹‘ǫ

[Link] [ 159 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Solution:
ͳ ͳ lʹ l ʹʹ ͵ʹ ͻ
”‡“—‡ ›  v Ÿ Ÿ ͳ
l ʹ lͳ lʹ ͳʹ ʹʹ Ͷ
Illustration 49
•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—Šƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‡‹Ž‹‰‘ˆƒ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›Ž‹ˆ–Šƒ•ƒ–‹‡’‡”‹‘† ͳǤŠ‡–Š‡Ž‹ˆ–‘˜‡•
†‘™™ƒ”†™‹–Š ‘•–ƒ–˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ǡ–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•ʹǡ–Š‡
ȋͳȌ ʹ ‹•‹ˆ‹‹–› ȋʹȌ ʹ ! ͳ ȋ͵Ȍ ʹ  ͳ ȋͶȌ ʹ 
Solution: (4)
ͳ
v ƒ†‰‹••ƒ‡‹„‘–Š ƒ•‡••‘–‹‡’‡”‹‘†”‡ƒ‹•ƒ‡Ǥ
‰
Illustration 50
ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ’‡†—Ž—‹•ƒ†‡ͻ–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡„‘„‹•ƒ†‡Ͷ–‹‡•–Š‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–‹‡
’‡”‹‘†„‡ ‘‡•
Solution:

 ʹS Ÿ v ǡ Š‡ ‡‹ˆA ƒ†‡ͻ–‹‡•„‡ ‘‡•͵–‹‡•Ǥ

‰
Ž•‘ǡ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—†‘‡•‘–†‡’‡†‘–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡„‘„Ǥ
Illustration 51
•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‡Ǥ –•’‡”‹‘†
ȋͳȌ‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ȋʹȌ  ”‡ƒ•‡• ȋ͵Ȍ Šƒ‰‡† ȋͶȌ‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
Solution: (1)
• ™‡ ‰‘ ˆ”‘ ‡“—ƒ–‘” –‘ ’‘Ž‡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ‰ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž—
§ ͳ · § ͳ ·
¨¨  v ¸¸ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ ¨¨  v ¸
© ‰¹ © ‰ ¸¹

BEGINNER’S BOX-5
1. Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡ ƒ†‡ „› –Š‡ •–”‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ †‡’‡†• —’‘ –‹‡ ƒ•
S
T α •‹S–Ǥ ‹†–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡’‡†—Ž—‹ˆ‰αSʹ•Ȃͳ
ͻͲ
POS193
2. Š‡„‘„‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹•ƒŠ‘ŽŽ‘™•’Š‡”‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”Ǥš’Žƒ‹Š‘™™‹ŽŽ–Š‡’‡”‹‘†
‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ Šƒ‰‡‹ˆ–Š‡™ƒ–‡”„‡‰‹•–‘†”ƒ‹‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘ŽŽ‘™•’Š‡”‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž‡
‹–Š‡„‘––‘ǫ
POS194
3. ‰‹”Ž‹••™‹‰‹‰‘–Š‡•™‹‰‹–Š‡•‹––‹‰’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠƒ–•ŠƒŽŽ„‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹ˆ•Š‡•–ƒ†•—’ǫ
POS195
4. Š›ƒ’‡†—Ž— Ž‘ †‘‡•‘–™‘”†—”‹‰ˆ”‡‡ˆƒŽŽ‘”‹ƒƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ǫ
POS196
5. ‹† –Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ƒ† ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ƒ •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‘ˆ ͳȉͲͲͲ  ƒ– ƒ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡”‡
‰αͻȉͺͲͲȀ•ʹǤ
POS197
6. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—™Š‘•‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•ƒŽŽƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•
‡“—ƒŽ•ʹȉͲ•‡ ‘†•
POS198
7. Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‘—–‡†‹ƒ ƒ„‹–Šƒ–‹•ˆ”‡‡Ž›ˆƒŽŽ‹‰
—†‡”‰”ƒ˜‹–›ǫ
POS199
[ 160 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Oscillations of General Bodies
Various Formulae of S.H.M.
ȋͳȌ S.H.M. of a liquid in U tube: ˆƒŽ‹“—‹†‘ˆ†‡•‹–›U ‘–ƒ‹‡†‹ƒ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ
–—„‡’‡”ˆ‘”•Ǥ ǤǤ‹‹–•–™‘ Ž‹„•ǤŠ‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†
Š
 Š
 ʹS ʹS
ʹ‰ ‰
™Š‡”‡α‘–ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆŽ‹“—‹† ‘Ž—ǡ
Šα ‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ—†‹•–—”„‡†Ž‹“—‹†‹‡ƒ ŠŽ‹„ȋ α ʹŠȌ
l
ȋʹȌ S.H.M. of a floating cylinder : ˆǮlǯ‹•–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ ›Ž‹†‡”†‹’’‹‰‹Ž‹“—‹†
l
–Š‡‹‡’‡”‹‘†  ʹS
‰

ȋ͵Ȍ S.H.M. of a body in a tunnel dug along any chord of earth

 
 ʹS αͺͶǤ͸‹—–‡•
‰

Superposition of SHM
ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ƒ –‡†—’‘„›–™‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ˆ‘” ‡•‡ƒ Š‘ˆ™Š‹ Š ƒ’”‘†— ‡ƒ ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–‘–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–™‘ ̵•Ǥ
Example: - šͳαͳ •‹Z–ǡšʹ αʹ •‹ȋZ– ΪGȌ
ȏšαšͳ ΪšʹȐ
’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ‡•—Ž–ƒ– ǡ  ͳʹ  ʹʹ  ʹ ͳ ʹ ‘• G
Illustration 52
ª Sº
ˆ–™‘Ǥ ǤǤƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›‡“—ƒ–‹‘• › ͳ ͳͲ•‹ «͵S–  » ƒ† › ʹ ͷ ª•‹ȋ͵S–Ȍ  ͵ ‘•ȋ͵S–Ȍº –Š‡ˆ‹†
¬ Ͷ¼ ¬ ¼
–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ƒ†’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ǥ
Solution:
• ›ʹ ͷ ª•‹ ͵S–  ͵ ‘• ͵S– º ǥȋ‹Ȍ
¬ ¼
‘ǡ ‹ˆ ͷ  ‘• I ƒ† ͷ ͵ •‹ I
ʹ
ʹ
Š‡  ͷʹ  ͷ ͵ ͳͲ

ͷ ͵ S ͷξ͵ሾ•‹ሺ ͵Ɏ– ൅ ɎȀʹሻሿ

ƒ† –ƒ I ͵ •‘ I
ͷ ͵
–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹Ȍ„‡ ‘‡•
I α͸Ͳι
›ʹ  ‘• I •‹ ͵S–  •‹ I ‘• ͵S–
ͷ•‹ȋ͵S–Ȍ
Ÿ ›ʹ •‹ ͵ S–  I
›ʹ αͳͲ•‹ȋ͵S–ΪIȌ
ª § S ·º
—– › ʹ ͳͲ•‹ «͵ S–  ¨ ¸ »
¬ © ͵ ¹¼
ͳ ͳͲ
‘ǡ Ÿ ͳ ǣ ʹ ͳ ǣ ͳǡ
ʹ ͳͲ
S S S
Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡  ”ƒ†Ǥ
͵ Ͷ ͳʹ

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ALLEN NEET : Physics

BEGINNER’S BOX ANSWER KEY

BEGINNER'S BOX-1
1. ȋ‹ȌȂ ȋƒȌǡ ȋ‹‹ȌȂ ȋ„Ȍǡ ȋ‹‹‹ȌȂ ȋ Ȍǡ ȋ‹˜ȌȂ ȋ Ȍǡ ȋ˜ȌȂ ȋƒȌǡ ȋ˜‹ȌȂ ȋ„Ȍ
S
2. ͲǤͷ• 3. ȋƒȌͲǤ͸͹•ǡ ȋ„Ȍ ”ƒ† ǡ ȋ ȌͲǤͲͶ‡–”‡
Ͷ
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
͵ S
1. ͲǤͲʹͷǡ›αͲǤͲʹͷ•‹ȋͶͲS–Ȍ 2. •Ȃͳ 3. ʹ ƒ† ”ƒ†
ͺ Ͷ
ͳ ʹ ͷ
4. ͻǤͷʹ  5. ȋƒȌ •ǡȋ„Ȍ • 6.
͵ ͵ ͳʹ
7. ͷ ͵ ǡ͵ͲȀ•
8. ȋƒȌŠ‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘˜‡•ˆ”‘‡š–”‡‡–‘‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘
ȋ„ȌŠ‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘˜‡•ˆ”‘‡ƒ–‘‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘
9. ȋƒȌͲǡΪǡΪǢ ȋ„ȌͲǡȂǡȂǢ ȋ ȌȂǡͲǡͲǢ ȋ†ȌȂǡȂǡȂ Ǣ ȋ‡ȌΪǡΪǡΪǢ ȋˆȌȂǡΪǡΪ
10. ͳͲͲȀ‹
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
ª Sº ͳͷ ͳ ͷ Ȃͳ
1. αͲǤͳ•‹ « Ͷ–  » 2. ƒ† 3. ʹˆ 4. •
¬ Ͷ¼ ͳ͸ ͳ͸ S
BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1. ™ƒ– Š™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡ ‘””‡ ––‹‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–†‡’‡†•‘•’”‹‰ƒ –‹‘ƒ††‘‡•‘–†‡’‡†‘‰”ƒ˜‹–›Ǥ
   
2. ʹS 3. ȋƒȌ ̵ α ǡȋ„Ȍ̵ α 4. ʹ• 5.  ˜
 ʹ ʹ ʹ
6. ͺȀ• 7. ʹͳͺǤ͹ 8. ȋƒȌͲǤ͵ͳͶ•ǡȋ„ȌͳȀ•ǡͳǤͷ
BEGINNER'S BOX-5
1. ͳ
2. Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ–ˆ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡—–‹Ž–Š‡•’Š‡”‡‹•‡’–›ƒ “—‹”‡‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ
3. ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
4.  „‘–Š ƒ•‡• ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ †—‡ –‘ ‰”ƒ˜‹–› „‡ ‘‡• œ‡”‘Ǥ  ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Ǯ‰ ‡ˆˆǯ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘
”‡•–‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‡ƒ†’‡†—Ž—†‘‡•‘–‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡Ǥ
5. ʹ•ǡͲǤͷ œ
6. Ͳȉͻͻ
7. œ‡”‘

[ 162 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Exercise - I
PERIODIC MOTION AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS 7Ǥ Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘‹•
1.  ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ••  ‹• ‡š‡ —–‹‰ Ǥ ǤǤ ˆ šαͲǤ͵Ͷ ‘•ȋ͵ͲͲͲ–ΪͲǤ͹ͶȌǤŠ‡”‡šƒ†–ƒ”‡
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‹•ƒƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǡ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ‹ƒ†•‡ Ǥ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ
–Š‡‘–‹‘‹•ǣ
‹–•ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋͳȌ͵ͲͲͲ ȋʹȌ͵ͲͲͲȀʹS
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌͶʹƒʹ ȋ͵ȌͲǤ͹ͶȀʹS ȋͶȌ͵ͲͲͲȀS
ȋ͵Ȍƒʹ ȋͶȌͶSʹʹ POS007
POS001 8. Š‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‹•
2. Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰ ȋͳȌŽ™ƒ›•†‹”‡ –‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—
’‘•‹–‹‘
Ǥ ǤǤ™Š‡”‡Ž‡––‡”•Šƒ˜‡—•—ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰‹•ǣ ȋʹȌŽ™ƒ›•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‘‡‡†
†ʹš  †ʹš ȋ͵Ȍ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› Šƒ‰‹‰‹†‹”‡ –‹‘
ȋͳȌ αȂ š ȋʹȌ αΪZʹš ȋͶȌƒš‹—ƒ––Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘
†– ʹ  †– ʹ
POS008
†ʹš †ʹš 9. Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘˜‡”‡†„›ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰
ȋ͵Ȍ αȂZʹšʹ ȋͶȌ αȂš
†– ʹ
†– ʹ  ǡ‹‘‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ǣ
ȋͳȌ ‘—”–‹‡•–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
POS002
ȋʹȌ™‘–‹‡•–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
3. Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰ ȋ͵Ȍ‡–‹‡•–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
§ †ʹš · ȋͶȌ‹‰Š––‹‡•–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
 ‹• ¨ ʹ ¸ ڍšαͲǤŠ‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–Š‡ POS009
¨ †– ¸
© ¹ 10. Š‡’Šƒ•‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹Ǥ ǤǤ‹•SȀʹǡ–Š‡ǣ
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ ȋͳȌ –•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒš‹—Ǥ
ȋͳȌʹSȀ  ȋʹȌʹSȀ ȋʹȌ –•ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡‹‹—Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ‡•–‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‡‘‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡‹‹—Ǥ
ȋ͵ȌʹS ȋͶȌʹS  ȋͶȌ –•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒš‹—Ǥ
POS003 POS010
4Ǥ Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ †‘‡• ‘– 11. Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹ Ǥ ǤǤ ‹•
‹†‹ ƒ–‡† „› ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ › α ͳͲ •‹ȋʹͲ– Ϊ SȀ͵Ȍ
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘ǣ
™Š‡”‡›‹•‹‡–”‡•ǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒš‹—
ȋͳȌ›αƒ•‹Z– ȋʹȌ›α„ ‘•Z– ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ›αƒ•‹Z–Ϊ„ ‘•Z– ȋͶȌ›αƒ–ƒZ– ȋͳȌͳͲͲȀ•‡ Ǥ ȋʹȌͳͷͲȀ•‡ Ǥ
POS004 ȋ͵ȌʹͲͲȀ•‡ Ǥ ȋͶȌͶͲͲȀ•‡ Ǥ
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM) AND ITS POS011
12.  –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ “—‡•–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ’Šƒ•‡
EQUATION
‘•–ƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
5. Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹ Ǥ ǤǤ ‹• ȋͳȌ‡”‘ ȋʹȌͶͷι ȋ͵Ȍ͸Ͳι ȋͶȌ͵Ͳι
‹†‹ ƒ–‡† „› ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ › α ͳͲ •‹ȋʹͲ– Ϊ SȀ͵Ȍ POS012
™Š‡”‡›‹•‹‡–”‡•ǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–‹‡’‡”‹‘† 13. Š‡’Šƒ•‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹ ƒ––‹‡–‹•SȀ͸Ǥ
‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ȋ‹•‡ ‘†•Ȍǣ Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•†”ƒ™ˆ”‘–Š‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹• ƒ– š α ƒȀʹ ƒ† ‘˜‹‰ ‹
ȋͳȌͳͲȀS ȋʹȌSȀͳͲ ΪǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘
ȋ͵ȌʹSȀͳͲ ȋͶȌͳͲȀʹS ȋʹȌ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹• ƒ– š α ƒȀʹ ƒ† ‘˜‹‰ ‹
POS005 Ȃ Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘
6. Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’Šƒ•‡ƒ–ƒš‹—†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ȋ͵Ȍ Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ƒ–šαȂƒȀʹƒ†‘˜‹‰‹
ΪǦ†‹”‡ –‹‘
ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹Ǥ ǤǤ‹•ǣ
ȋͶȌ Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ƒ–šαȂƒȀʹƒ†‘˜‹‰‹
ȋͳȌSȀʹ ȋʹȌS ȋ͵Ȍ‡”‘ ȋͶȌS Ȃ Ǧ†‹”‡ –‹‘
POS006 POS013

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
14. ™‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‡š‡ —–‡Ǥ ǤǤƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•ƒ‡ 22. – ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’‘•‹–‹‘ –Š‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ
Ž‹‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ Š‡› ‘˜‡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹ ™‹–Šƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ‹• ͵ Ȁʹ–Šƒ–
‘’’‘•‹–‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ––Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ƒ– ‹–• ‡ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ  –Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ‹–•
’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌʹS ȋʹȌʹSȀ͵ ȋ͵ȌS ȋͶȌSȀʹ
POS014 ȋͳȌƒȀʹ ȋʹȌ ͵ ƒȀʹ ȋ͵Ȍƒ ʹ ȋͶȌ ʹƒ
15. Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ POS022
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹ ƒ–͵•‡ ‘†•‹• ͵ Ȁʹ ‘ˆ–Š‡ 23. Š‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹   ƒ– ͷ 
ˆ”‘‹–•‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‹• ʹͲ Ȁ•‡ ʹǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ –•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
‘ˆƒ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹”ƒ†‹ƒ•Ȁ•‡ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋͳȌͳͺ•‡ Ǥ ȋʹȌ͸ ͵ •‡ Ǥ
ȋͳȌʹ ȋʹȌͶ ȋ͵ȌͳͲ ȋͶȌͳͶ
ȋ͵Ȍͻ•‡ Ǥ ȋͶȌ͵ ͵ •‡ Ǥ POS023
POS015 24. Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹ ‹•ͷ ƒ†
16.  ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‡š‡ —–‡•   ‘ˆ –›’‡ š α ƒ•‹Z–Ǥ ‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•SǤ–ƒ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ͵ 
ƒ ˆ”‘‹–•‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹ Ȁ•‡ 
––ƒ‡•–‹‡–ͳ ˆ”‘šαͲ–‘šα ƒ†–ʹ ˆ”‘
ʹ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ƒ ȋͳȌͺ ȋʹȌͳʹ ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌͳ͸
šα –‘šαƒǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–ͳ ǣ–ʹ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ʹ POS024
ȋͳȌͳǣͳ ȋʹȌͳǣʹ 25. Š‡ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ†ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ
ȋ͵Ȍͳǣ͵ ȋͶȌʹǣͳ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹ Ǥ ǤǤ ƒ”‡ ͳͲͲ Ȁ•‡  ƒ†
POS016 ͳͷ͹ Ȁ•‡ ʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹
17. Š‡ –‹‡ –ƒ‡ „› ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹   ˆ‘” •‡ ‘†•™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ƒš‹—†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌͶ ȋʹȌͳǤͷ͹ ȋ͵ȌͲǤʹͷ ȋͶȌͳ
ȋͳȌȀͺ ȋʹȌȀ͸ ȋ͵ȌȀʹ ȋͶȌȀͶ
POS025
POS017
26. ˆ–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ǡ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ†ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘
18. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‡• ™‹–Š’‡”‹‘†‹ –‹‡‘ˆ
‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹   ƒ”‡ ͳ ǡ ͳ Ȁ•‡ ǡ
͸ •‡ ‘†•Ǥ Š‡ –‹‡ –ƒ‡ ˆ‘” –”ƒ˜‡”•‹‰ ƒ
ͳ Ȁ•‡ ʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ„‡
†‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ŠƒŽˆ –Š‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ
’‘•‹–‹‘‹•ǣ ȋ‹•‡ ‘†•Ȍǣ
ȋͳȌ͵•‡ Ǥ ȋʹȌʹ•‡ Ǥ ȋͳȌS ȋʹȌͲǤͷS ȋ͵ȌʹS ȋͶȌͳǤͷS
ȋ͵Ȍͳ•‡ Ǥ ȋͶȌͳȀʹ•‡ Ǥ POS026
POS018 27. Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‘ƒŽ‹‡Ͷ 
19. Š‡’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– Ž‘‰Ǥ ˆ ‹–• ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ƒ– ‡ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹•
ƒ†ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ ͳʹ Ȁ•‡ ǡ‹–•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹ ‡”–œ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
‹”ƒ†‹ƒ‹•ǣ ʹS ͵ S ͵
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ȋͳȌSȀͶ ȋʹȌSȀʹ ȋ͵ȌS ȋͶȌʹS ͵ ʹS ͵ S
POS019 POS027
20. Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ ”ƒ†‹ƒ• „‡–™‡‡ 28. Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–‹•‹ ‘””‡ –
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ†˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹Ǥ ǤǤ‹•ǣ ˆ‘”ƒ‘„Œ‡ –‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤǣ
ȋͳȌSȀͶ ȋʹȌSȀʹ ȋ͵ȌS ȋͶȌʹS ȋͳȌ Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒš‹—ƒ–
POS020 –Š‡‡š–”‡‡’‘‹–•
21. ˆ–Š‡ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹  ȋʹȌ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ™‘” †‘‡ ˆ‘” ‘’Ž‡–‹‰ ‘‡
‹• ˜ͲǤ –Š‡ ‹–• ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ƒ– ŠƒŽˆ –Š‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹•œ‡”‘Ǥ
ˆ”‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•–™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ ȋ͵Ȍ Š‡ ‡‡”‰› Šƒ‰‡• ˆ”‘ ‘‡ ˆ‘” –‘
ȋͳȌ˜ͲȀʹ ȋʹȌ˜Ͳ
ƒ‘–Š‡”
ȋ͵Ȍ˜Ͳ ͵Ȁʹ ȋͶȌ˜Ͳ ͵ Ȁʹ ȋͶȌ Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ––Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‹•œ‡”‘
POS021 POS028

[ 164 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
29. Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ȋƒȌ ƒ† 34. Š‹ Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹•–”—‡
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ȋšȌ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‰ ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡‡†̵˜̵ƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘̵ƒ̵‘ˆƒ
 ‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ —”˜‡ǣ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘
ƒ ƒ ȋͳȌƒŽ—‡‘ˆ̵ƒ̵‹•œ‡”‘ǡ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”ƒ›„‡–Š‡
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ̵˜̵
š š ȋʹȌŠ‡̵˜̵‹•œ‡”‘ǡ̵ƒ̵‹•œ‡”‘
ȋ͵ȌŠ‡̵˜̵‹•ƒš‹—ǡ̵ƒ̵‹•œ‡”‘
ƒ ƒ ȋͶȌŠ‡̵˜̵‹•ƒš‹—ǡ̵ƒ̵‹•ƒš‹—
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ POS034
š š 35. ‘” ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‰ •‹’Ž‡ Šƒ”‘‹ 
‘–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •–ƒ–‡‡– ‹•
POS029 ‘– ‘””‡ –ǣ
30. Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ƒ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰ „‘†›
ȋͳȌ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›•
‡š‡ —–‹‰ ‹•ͲǤͲͷ•‡ ƒ†‹–•ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‹•
”‡ƒ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡
ͶͲ ǤŠ‡ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ǣ
ȋʹȌ Š‡ ”‡•–‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡ ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• †‹”‡ –‡†
ȋͳȌͳ͸S •Ȃͳ ȋʹȌʹS •Ȃͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ͵Ǥͳ• Ȃͳ ȋͶȌͶS Ȁ• –‘™ƒ”†•ƒˆ‹š’‘‹–Ǥ
POS030 ȋ͵Ȍ Š‡ ”‡•–‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡ ‹• ƒš‹— ƒ– –Š‡
31Ǥ „‘†›‘ˆƒ••ͷ‰‹•‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤƒ„‘—– ‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ
ƒ’‘‹–™‹–Šƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ͳͲ Ǥ –•ƒš‹— ȋͶȌ Š‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹• ƒš‹—
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‹• ͳͲͲ Ȁ•‡ Ǥ –• ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ––Š‡‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ
ͷͲ Ȁ•‡ ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ǣ POS035
ȋͳȌͷ  ȋʹȌ ͷ ʹ  36.  ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•ƒš‹—ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ ͷ ͵  ȋͶȌ ͳͲ ʹ  ȋͳȌ–‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘
POS031 ȋʹȌŠ‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
32Ǥ Š‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǧ–‹‡ †‹ƒ‰”ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ Šƒ”‘‹  ȋ͵Ȍ––Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘” ‹• •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰ ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ ͳ
Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹•ǣ ȋͶȌŠ‡‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹• ‘ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
ʹ
ȋȀ•‡ Ȍ POS036
ΪͶ 37. „‘†›‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡•™‹–Š ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡
Ϊʹ
ͲǤͲʹ ͲǤͲͶ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘šαͷǤͲ ‘•ȋʹS–ΪSȌǤ––‹‡–αͳǤͷ•ǡ
Ͳ
ͲǤͲͳ ͲǤͲ͵ –ȋ‹•‡ ǤȌ
Ȃʹ ‹–• †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ǡ •’‡‡† ƒ† ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘
ȂͶ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌʹͷ œ ȋʹȌͷͲ œ ȋͳȌͲǡȂͳͲS ΪʹͲSʹ ȋʹȌͷǡͲǡȂʹͲSʹ
ȋ͵ȌͳʹǤʹͷ œ ȋͶȌ͵͵Ǥ͵ œ ȋ͵ȌʹǤͷǡΪʹͲSǡͲ ȋͶȌȂͷǤͲǡΪͷSǡȂͳͲSʹ
POS032 POS037
33. ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡™Š‹ Š‹•‡š‡ —–‹‰ 38. Š‡ ƒš‹— ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ •‹’Ž‡ Šƒ”‘‹ 
Ǥ ǤǤǡ ‹• †‘—„Ž‡†ǡ –Š‡ ™Š‹ Š “—ƒ–‹–› ™‹ŽŽ § S·
„‡ ‘‡†‘—„Ž‡ǫ ‘–‹‘”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„› › ͵•‹ ¨ ͳͲͲ–  ¸ ‹•
© ͸¹
ȋͳȌ ”‡“—‡ ›
ȋʹȌ‹‡’‡”‹‘† ‰‹˜‡„›
ȋ͵Ȍ‡”‰› ͵S S
ȋͳȌ͵ͲͲ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵ȌͳͲͲ ȋͶȌ
ȋͶȌ ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ͸ ͸
POS033 POS038

[Link] [ 165 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
39. Š‡ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ‡š‡ —–‹‰ 46.  ’”‡˜‹‘—• “—‡•–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š
•‹’Ž‡ Šƒ”‘‹  ‘–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ „‡–™‡‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ†–‹‡‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
͹‹•ͶǤͶȀ•ǤŠ‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹•ǣ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ȋͳȌͳͲͲ• ȋʹȌͲǤͲͳ• ȋ͵ȌͳͲ• ȋͶȌͲǤͳ• POS046
POS039 47.  —‡•–‹‘ Ͷͷ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š „‡–™‡‡
40. ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰
‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ƒ†–‹‡‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
 ‹‘‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•ǣǦ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
Z Z ʹZ
ȋͳȌ‡”‘ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ POS047
ʹ ʹS S
48.  —‡•–‹‘ Ͷͷ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š „‡–™‡‡
POS040
41. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ™‹–Šƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ƒ†–‹‡‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
 ƒ† ‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† Ǥ ‹‡ –ƒ‡ „› –Š‡ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
 POS048
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡–‘”‡ƒ Šˆ”‘‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ 49.  —‡•–‹‘ Ͷͷ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š „‡–™‡‡
ʹ
    ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‹‡‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
͸ ͳʹ ͵ Ͷ
POS041 POS049
42. ‘–ƒŽ™‘”†‘‡‘ƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹‘‡ 50.  —‡•–‹‘ Ͷͷ ‹ˆ –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ
‘’Ž‡–‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰ ‹•šαƒ ‘•Z–ǡ™Š‹ Š
ͳ ͳ ‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ’Š„‡–™‡‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ†–‹‡
ȋͳȌ šʹ ȋʹȌ ʹ
ʹ ʹ ‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌ‡”‘ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
POS042 POS050
43.  Ǥ ǤǤ Š‹ Š ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
51.  “—‡•–‹‘ ͷͲ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š „‡–™‡‡
“—ƒ–‹–‹‡• Šƒ• ‘•–ƒ– ”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ†–‹‡‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣǦ
ȋͳȌ‹‡ ȋʹȌ‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ȋ͵Ȍ‡Ž‘ ‹–› ȋͶȌƒ•• POS051
POS043 52.  “—‡•–‹‘ ͷͲ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š „‡–™‡‡
44. Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ›‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡• ™‹–Š ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‹‡‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
–‹‡–ǡ‹•‡ ‘†•ǡƒ• ›αʹ ‘•ȋS–ΪSȀ͸ȌǤ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–Š‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•‹• POS052
ȋͳȌʹ• ȋ͵ȌͶ• ȋ͵Ȍͳ• ȋͶȌͲǤͷ•
53.  “—‡•–‹‘ ͷͲ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š „‡–™‡‡
POS044
ENERGY IN SHM-KINETIC AND POTENTIAL ǤǤƒ†–‹‡‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
ENERGIES ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
45. Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹ Ǥ ǤǤ ‹• POS053
š α ƒ•‹Z–Ǥ Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‰”ƒ’Š 54.  “—‡•–‹‘ ͷͲ ™Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š „‡–™‡‡
„‡–™‡‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ†–‹‡‹• ‘””‡ –ǣ ǤǤƒ†–‹‡‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
   POS054
– – –
55. Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰ 
ȋȌ ȋȌ ȋ Ȍ ‹• †‹”‡ –Ž› ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ •“—ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
   ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰“—ƒ–‹–›ǣ
– – –
ȋͳȌ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ȋʹȌ’Ž‹–—†‡
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ ȋ͵Ȍ‹‡’‡”‹‘† ȋͶȌƒ••
POS045 POS055

[ 166 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
56. Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹  64. ‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–„‡–™‡‡ƒšǤǤǤ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†
‹• Ǥ ˆ ‹–• ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ƒ† –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ƒ”‡ ƒšǤ ǤǤ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‰
†‘—„Ž‡†ǡ‹–•–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ •‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌͳ͸ ȋʹȌͺ ȋ͵ȌͶ ȋͶȌ ƒ
ȋͳȌά ȋʹȌΪƒ ȋ͵Ȍάƒ ȋͶȌȂ ͳ
POS056 ʹ
57. Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹ POS064
Ǥ ǤǤ ‹• Ǥ –• ‹‡–‹  ‡‡”‰› ƒ– ŠƒŽˆ –Š‡ 65. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•†‡• ”‹„‹‰ ™‹–Šƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ˆ”‘‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ ̵ƒ̵Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹•
ȋͳȌȀʹ ȋʹȌȀ͵ ȋ͵ȌȀͶ ȋͶȌ͵ȀͶ ‘‡ ˆ‘—”–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒš‹— ‡‡”‰› †—”‹‰
POS057 ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹–•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ”‘‡ƒ
58. ˆ–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹ ‹•ǡ–Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ–ŠƒŽˆ–Š‡ ƒ ƒ ƒ ʹƒ
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
Ͷ ͵ ʹ ͵
ȋͳȌȀʹ ȋʹȌȀͶ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ȀͶ ȋͶȌȀͺ
POS065
POS058
66. Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ǤǤ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ƒ– ‡ƒ
59. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‡• ‘ƒŽ‹‡ͺ Ž‘‰Ǥ
’‘•‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡’‘‹–™Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡‹•ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ
–• ǤǤ ƒ† ǤǤ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‡“—ƒŽ ™Š‡ ‹–•
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‹•ǣ
ͳ ʹ Ͷ ͵
ȋͳȌͶ  ȋʹȌʹ  ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
͵ ͵ ͵ ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍʹ ʹ  ȋͶȌ ʹ 
POS066
POS059
67. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤǡ ˆ‹–•ǤǤƬǤǤ
60. Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǤǤ‘ˆƒ„‘†›‡š‡ —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ‹•ǣ
‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –Š‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– Ƭ
ͳ ͳ
ȋͳȌ ƒʹ ȋʹȌ ƒʹ ȋ͵Ȍƒʹ ȋͶȌ‡”‘ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ʹ Ͷ
ͳ ͳ ͵
POS060 ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ʹ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
61. Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ –‘–ƒŽ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ ƒ
POS067
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹Ǥ ǤǤ‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌŽ™ƒ›• ‘•–ƒ– 68. Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‹• ‘•–ƒ– †—”‹‰
ȋʹȌ‡’‡†‘–‹‡  ǣ
ȋͳȌ‡Ž‘ ‹–› ȋʹȌ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘
ͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ ʹ ‘•ʹȋZ–ΪIȌ ȋ͵Ȍ‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰› ȋͶȌŠƒ•‡
ʹ
POS068
ͳ
ȋͶȌ ʹ ‘•ʹȋZ–ΪIȌ 69. ˆ δε ƒ† δε †‡‘–‡• –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‹‡–‹ 
ʹ
ƒ† ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‡‡”‰‹‡• ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›
POS061
‘ˆƒ••†‡• ”‹„‹‰ƒ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘
62. Š‡ ƒš‹— ǤǤ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰ •’”‹‰ ‹•
‘˜‡”‘‡’‡”‹‘†–Š‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –”‡Žƒ–‹‘‹•ǣ
ͷ Œ‘—Ž‡• ƒ† ‹–• ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ͳͲ Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡
ȋͳȌδεαδε ȋʹȌδεαʹδε
‘•–ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•’”‹‰‹•ǣ
ȋ͵ȌδεαȂʹδε ȋͶȌδεαȂ δε
ȋͳȌͳͲͲ‡™–‘ȀǤ ȋʹȌͳͲͲͲ‡™–‘Ȃ
POS069
ȋ͵ȌͳͲͲͲ‡™–‘ȀǤ ȋͶȌͳͲͲͲ™ƒ––•Ǥ
70. Š‡ ‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •’”‹‰ ‹• ͳ  ƒ† ‹–•
POS062
63. Š‡ˆ‘” ‡ƒ –‹‰‘ƒͶ‰ƒ••‹–Š‡‡‡”‰› ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡•’”‹‰‹•‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‡†
”‡‰‹‘αͺšʹ ƒ–šαȂʹ ‹•ǣ „›͵ –Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
ȋͳȌͺ†›‡ ȋʹȌͶ†›‡  
ȋͳȌ͵ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍͻ ȋͶȌ
ȋ͵Ȍͳ͸†›‡ ȋͶȌ͵ʹ†›‡ ͵ ͻ
POS063 POS070

[Link] [ 167 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
71. Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆƒ•’”‹‰™Š‡•–”‡– Š‡† 76. Š‡•’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–•‘ˆ–™‘•’”‹‰•‘ˆ•ƒ‡
„›ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡š‹•ǤŠ‡‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•’”‹‰ Ž‡‰–Šƒ”‡ͳ ƒ†ʹ ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡Ǥ ˆƒ
™Š‡•–”‡– Š‡†„›šȀʹ‹• ‘„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ ƒ••  ‹• •—•’‡†‡† ƒ† •‡–
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌȀʹ ȋ͵ȌȀͶ ȋͶȌȀ͸ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
POS071
OSCILLATIONS OF A SPRING
72.  •—•’‡†‹‰ ƒ ƒ••  ˆ”‘ ƒ •’”‹‰ ‘ˆ ͳ ʹ
ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ– ǡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ ‹•
‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ 
ˆ ƒ •‡ ‘† •’”‹‰ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ ‹•
ƒ””ƒ‰‡†–Š‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ  ͳ 
ȋͳȌʹS  ȋʹȌʹS
ʹ ͳʹ
 


ȋ͵ȌʹS ȋͶȌʹS Ȁ ͳ  ʹ
ͳ   ʹ
ȋͳȌˆ ʹ ȋʹȌˆȀ ʹ ȋ͵Ȍʹˆ ȋͶȌˆ POS076
POS072 77. Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ •’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •›•–‡ ƒ•
73.  –Š‡ ƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰ ˆ‹‰—”‡ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ •Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒƒ••™‹ŽŽ„‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ 
–‘ǣ ȋͳȌ ͳ Ϊʹ 
ʹ
ͳ ʹ ͳ
 ª ͳ ͳ º ͳ ͳ
ȋʹȌ «  »
¬ ʹͳ  ʹ ¼
ͳ ͳ
ȋͳȌͳʹ ȋʹȌͳ Ϊʹ ȋ͵Ȍ Ϊ 
ʹ ͳ ʹ ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ ͳ  ʹ ȋͶȌ ͳȀͳ  ʹ ͳ
ª ʹ ͳ º 
POS073 ȋͶȌ «  »
¬ ͳ  ʹ ¼
74.  ‘„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ ƒ••  ‹• •—•’‡†‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ
•’”‹‰ƒ†‹–‡š‡ —–‡•Ǥ ǤǤ™‹–Šˆ”‡“—‡ › POS077
XǤ ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•• ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† Ͷ –‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‡™ 78. •’”‹‰‹•ƒ†‡–‘‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡ƒˆ–‡”•—•’‡†‹‰ƒ
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ ƒ••ˆ”‘‘‡‘ˆ‹–•‡†•ǤŠ‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†
ȋͳȌʹX ȋʹȌXȀʹ ȋ͵ȌX ȋͶȌXȀͶ ‘„–ƒ‹‡†‹•ʹ•‡ ‘†•Ǥ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡ƒ••
POS074 „›ʹ‰ǡ–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›
75. • •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‰—”‡ǡ –™‘ Ž‹‰Š– •’”‹‰• ‘ˆ ͳ•‡ ‘†ǤŠ‡‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ••™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ– ͳ ƒ† ʹ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡ ƒ „Ž‘  ‘ˆ ȋͳȌʹ‰ ȋʹȌͳ‰
ƒ••Ǥ –•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋ͵ȌͲǤͷ‰ ȋͶȌͳǤ͸‰
POS078
ͳ ʹ
 79. Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ƒ •’”‹‰ ’‡†—Ž— ‘
‡ƒ”–Š‹•Ǥ ˆ‹–‹•–ƒ‡‘–Š‡‘‘ǡƒ†ƒ†‡
ȋͳȌͳʹ ȋʹȌͳ Ϊʹ –‘‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ͳ ͳ  ͳ ʹ ȋͳȌ‡••–Šƒ ȋʹȌ“—ƒŽ–‘
ȋ͵Ȍ  ȋͶȌ
ͳ  ʹ ͳ   ʹ ȋ͵Ȍ‘”‡–Šƒ ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
POS075 POS079

[ 168 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
80.  Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ ƒ •’”‹‰ ™‹–Š „‘„ǡ ‹–• ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ 86Ǥ Š‡•’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–‘ˆƒ•’”‹‰‹•ǤŠ‡‹–
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹ƒ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ’Žƒ‡‹•Ǥ ˆ–Š‹••’”‹‰ ‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘‡“—ƒŽ’ƒ”–•ǡ–Š‡™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡
’‡†—Ž—‹•–‹‡†™‹–Š‘‡‡†–‘–Š‡ƒˆ”‹ –‹‘ •’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–‘ˆ‘‡’ƒ”–ǣ
Ž‡••–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†ƒ†‡–‘‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡‹ƒŠ‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌȀ
’Žƒ‡ǡ‹–•’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ  ȋ  ͳȌ
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ȋͳȌ ȋ  ͳȌ 
ȋʹȌʹ POS086
ȋ͵ȌȀʹ 87. ƒ••‘ˆͳͲ‰‹• ‘‡ –‡†–‘ƒƒ••Ž‡•• •’”‹‰
ȋͶȌ™‹ŽŽ‘–‡š‡ —–‡Ǥ ǤǤ –Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‹•
POS080
ͳͲ•‡ ‘†Ǥ ˆͳͲ‰ƒ••‹•”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›ͶͲ‰ƒ••
81.  ƒ ™‹†‹‰ ȋ•’”‹‰Ȍ ™ƒ– Šǡ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰› ‹•
‹•ƒ‡•’”‹‰ǡ–Š‡‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
•–‘”‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆǣ
ȋͳȌͷ• ȋʹȌͳͲ• ȋ͵ȌʹͲ• ȋͶȌͶͲ•
ȋͳȌ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰› ȋʹȌ‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›
POS087
ȋ͵ȌŽ‡ –”‹ ƒŽ‡‡”‰› ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
SIMPLE PENDULUM
POS081
88. Š‡ ƒ•• ‘ˆ ƒ „‘„ǡ •—•’‡†‡† ‹ ƒ •‹’Ž‡
82. ƒƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ǡ–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –—•‡†‹•ǣ
’‡†—Ž—ǡ‹•ŠƒŽ˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ••ǡ‹–•
ȋͳȌ’”‹‰™ƒ– Š
–‹‡’‡”‹‘†™‹ŽŽǣ
ȋʹȌ‡†—Ž—™ƒ– Š
ȋͳȌ‡Ž‡•• ȋʹȌ‡‘”‡
ȋ͵Ȍƒ– Š‡•‘ˆ„‘–Š•’”‹‰ƒ†’‡†—Ž—
ȋ͵Ȍ‡ƒ‹— Šƒ‰‡† ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
POS088
POS082
89. ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‹•
83. ƒ••Ǯǯ‹••—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘ƒ•’”‹‰‘ˆˆ‘” ‡
‘•–ƒ–Ǥ’”‹‰‹• —–‹–‘–™‘‡“—ƒŽ’ƒ”–• †‘—„Ž‡†ǡŠ‘™ƒ›–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹–•
ƒ† •ƒ‡ ƒ•• ‹• •—•’‡†‡† ˆ”‘ ‹–ǡ –Š‡ ƒš‹— ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› „‡ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒš‹—
‡™ˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹‹‹–‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡ǣ
Q ͳ ͳ
ȋͳȌʹQ ȋʹȌ ʹ Q ȋ͵ȌQ ȋͶȌ ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵ȌͶ ȋͶȌ
ʹ ʹ Ͷ
POS083 POS089
84. Š‡•’”‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–‘ˆ–™‘•’”‹‰•ƒ”‡ͳ ƒ† 90. Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹•͵ͻǤʹȀSʹǤ
ʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›•’”‹‰•ƒ”‡•–”‡– Š—’–‘–Šƒ– ˆ‰αͻǤͺȀ•‡ ʹǡ–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•ǣ
Ž‹‹–™Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ„‘–Š„‡ ‘‡• ȋͳȌͶ• ȋʹȌͺ• ȋ͵Ȍʹ• ȋͶȌ͵•
‡“—ƒŽǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’’Ž‹‡†ˆ‘” ‡ȋ ͳ ƒ† ʹȌ‘ POS090
–Š‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ 91. Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†
ȋͳȌͳ ǣʹ ȋʹȌʹ ǣͳ ˆ‘—”–‹‡•‘ˆ‹–•‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†
ȋ͵Ȍ ͳ ǣ ʹ ȋͶȌ ʹ ǣ ͳ ™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘‹–•’”‡˜‹‘—•˜ƒŽ—‡™‹ŽŽǣ
POS084 ȋͳȌ‡ ‘‡–™‹ ‡ ȋʹȌ‘–„‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
85. ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–‘ˆƒ•’”‹‰‹•Ǥ ˆ‘‡ˆ‘—”–Š ȋ͵Ȍ‡ŠƒŽ˜‡† ȋͶȌ‡ ʹ –‹‡•
’ƒ”– ‹• †‡–ƒ Š –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ– ‘ˆ POS091
”‡ƒ‹‹‰•’”‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ 92. Š‡–‹‡–ƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒ•‡ ‘†’‡†—Ž—ˆ”‘
͵ Ͷ ‘‡‡š–”‡‡’‘‹––‘ƒ‘–Š‡”‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌ  ȋʹȌ  ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌͶ
Ͷ ͵ ȋͳȌͳ• ȋʹȌʹ• ȋ͵ȌͳȀʹ• ȋͶȌͶ•
POS085 POS092

[Link] [ 169 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
93. Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ƒ •‡ ‘†• ’‡†—Ž— ‹• 98.  ƒ •‹’Ž‡ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰ ’‡†—Ž—ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”
ȋƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ȍ ǣ †‘‡„›–Š‡•–”‹‰‹‘‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋͳȌͳ ȋʹȌͳ  ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌʹ  ȋͳȌ“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ–Š‡’‡†—Ž—
POS093 ȋʹȌ“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ǤǤ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡†—Ž—
94Ǥ Š‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ †—‡ –‘ ‰”ƒ˜‹–› ƒ– Š‡‹‰Š–  ȋ͵Ȍ“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ǤǤ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡†—Ž—
ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ‹• ‰ȀͶǤ Š‡ ȋͶȌ‡”‘
’‡”‹‘†‹  –‹‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‹ ƒ POS098
ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ƒ––Š‹•Š‡‹‰Š–™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ 99. Ž‹ˆ–‹•ƒ• ‡†‹‰™‹–Šƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‰Ȁ͵ǤŠƒ–
™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—
ȋͳȌαʹS ʹl Ȁ ‰ ȋʹȌαʹS l Ȁʹ‰
•—•’‡†‡†ˆ”‘‹–• ‡‹Ž‹‰‹ˆ‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹
ȋ͵Ȍ‡”‘ ȋͶȌ ˆ‹‹–› •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›Ž‹ˆ–‹•ǫ
POS094  ͵ ͵ 
95.  ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰ ’‡†—Ž— •–‘’•ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–• ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ʹ ʹ Ͷ Ͷ
‡‡”‰› POS099
ȋͳȌŠƒ‰‡•‹–‘‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰› 100Ǥ  Š‹Ž† •™‹‰‹‰ ‘ ƒ •™‹‰ ‹ •‹––‹‰
ȋʹȌŠƒ‰‡‹–‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰› ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ •–ƒ†• —’ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ –Š‡
ȋ͵ȌŠƒ‰‡‹–‘Š‡ƒ–‡‡”‰› •™‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋͶȌ •†‡•–”‘›‡† ȋͳȌ  ”‡ƒ•‡
POS095 ȋʹȌ‡ ”‡ƒ•‡
96. ‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‹• ƒ†‡ ȋ͵Ȍ‡ƒ‹•ƒ‡
‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤ –•’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ ȋͶȌ  ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ˆ Š‹Ž† ‹• Ž‘‰ ƒ† †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ˆ
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ Š‹Ž†‹••Š‘”–
ȋͳȌͺͶǤ͸‹Ǥ ȋʹȌͷͻǤͺ‹Ǥ POS100
ȋ͵ȌͶʹǤ͵‹Ǥ ȋͶȌʹͳǤͳͷ‹Ǥ 101.  •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‹• •—•’‡†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡
POS096 ‡‹Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ǡ ‹–• –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‹• Ǥ
97. Š‡ƒš‹—–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ‡Š‹ Ž‡‹•‘˜‹‰™‹–Š ‘•–ƒ–˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ǡ–Š‡
•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡Ž‡‰–Š‹•ǣ –‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋͳȌ ˆ‹‹–› ȋʹȌʹͶŠ‘—”• ȋͳȌ‡••–Šƒ ȋʹȌ“—ƒŽ–‘
ȋ͵ȌͳʹŠ‘—”• ȋͶȌͳΦŠ‘—”• ȋ͵Ȍ‘”‡–Šƒ ȋͶȌƒ‘–’”‡†‹ –
POS097 POS101

EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 4 1 1 4 2 1 2 1 1 4 3 3 1 3 1
Question 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Answer 2 4 4 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 1 1
Question 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Answer 3 1 4 3 4 3 2 1 2 1 1 4 2 1 1
Question 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Answer 2 4 3 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 2 3 2
Question 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Answer 1 3 4 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 4
Question 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Answer 4 2 4 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 1
Question 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101
Answer 1 1 1 4 3 2 4 4 2 2 2

[ 170 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Exercise - II (Previous Year Questions) AIPMT/NEET
AIPMT 2014 4. ™‘ •‹‹Žƒ” •’”‹‰•  ƒ†  Šƒ˜‡ •’”‹‰
1. Š‡ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ „‘†› ‘ ƒ •‘‘–Š ‘•–ƒ–• ƒ†ǡ•— Š–Šƒ– εǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡
Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‹• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ •–”‡– Š‡†ǡ ˆ‹”•– „› –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ‘—– ȋ ƒ•‡ ƒȌ
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡„›–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘” ‡ȋ ƒ•‡„ȌǤŠ‡™‘”†‘‡
α ‘•ȋZ–Ȍ „›–Š‡•’”‹‰• ƒ†ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ•ǡ‹ ƒ•‡
™Š‡”‡ ᆋ•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ––‹‡– ȋƒȌƒ† ƒ•‡ȋ„Ȍǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǣ
Z ა‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ȋͳȌ  α Ǣ α
Š‹ Š ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‰”ƒ’Š• •Š‘™• ȋʹȌ ε Ǣ ε
‘””‡ –Ž› –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ̵ƒ̵ ™‹–Š ȋ͵Ȍ  δ Ǣ δ
–‹‡̵–̵ǫ ȋͶȌ  α Ǣ ε
POS122
ȋͳȌ ƒ RE-AIPMT 2015

 – 5.  ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹• ‡š‡ —–‹‰ ƒ •‹’Ž‡ Šƒ”‘‹ 
‘–‹‘Ǥ –• ƒš‹— ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• D ƒ†
ȋʹȌ ƒ ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•EǤŠ‡‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†
 ‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
 –
ʹSE Eʹ D Eʹ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
D Dʹ E D
ȋ͵Ȍ ƒ POS123

 – NEET-II 2016
6. „‘†›‘ˆƒ••‹•ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‡†
ȋͶȌ ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ •’”‹‰ ™Š‘•‡ —’’‡” ‡† ‹• ˆ‹š‡†Ǥ Š‡
 •’”‹‰Šƒ•‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ƒ••ǤŠ‡–Š‡ƒ••
 –
‹• •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ’—ŽŽ‡† †‘™ ƒ† ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ǡ ‹–
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡•™‹–Šƒ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ͵•ǤŠ‡–Š‡
POS119
AIPMT 2015 ƒ••‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ͳ‰ǡ–Š‡–‹‡ ’‡”‹‘†
2. Š‡ –™‘ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› ‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•„‡ ‘‡•ͷ•ǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹
›ͳ α ƒ•‹ȋZ–Ȍ ƒ† ›ʹ α „ ‘•ȋZ–Ȍ ƒ”‡ ‰‹•ǣǦ
•—’‡”‹’‘•‡†–Š‡‘–‹‘‹•ǣ ͳ͸ ͻ ͵ Ͷ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ƒ ͻ ͳ͸ Ͷ ͵
ȋͳȌ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ™‹–Šƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ POS124
„
NEET(UG) 2017
ȋʹȌ •‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ™‹–Šƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ƒʹ  „ʹ 7. •’”‹‰‘ˆˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–‹• —–‹–‘Ž‡‰–Š•
ȋƒ  „Ȍ ‘ˆ”ƒ–‹‘ͳǣʹǣ͵ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†‹•‡”‹‡•
ȋ͵Ȍ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ™‹–Šƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
ʹ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡™ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ– ‹• ̵Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡›
ȋͶȌ‘–ƒ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹  ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†‹’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Žƒ†ˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–‹•
POS120 sǤŠ‡̵ǣs ‹•ǣǦ
3.  ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹• ‡š‡ —–‹‰   ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ •–”ƒ‹‰Š– ȋͳȌͳǣͻ ȋʹȌͳǣͳͳ ȋ͵ȌͳǣͳͶ ȋͶȌͳǣͳ͸
Ž‹‡Ǥ –•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡•ƒ–†‹•–ƒ ‡•šͳ ƒ†šʹ ˆ”‘ POS125
–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ”‡ͳ ƒ†ʹǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ 8.  ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‡š‡ —–‡• Ž‹‡ƒ” •‹’Ž‡ Šƒ”‘‹ 
–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•ǣǦ ‘–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ͵ Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡
š ʹʹ Ȃ šͳʹ ͳʹ  ʹʹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ƒ–ʹ ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡
ȋͳȌ ʹS ȋʹȌʹS ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ‹–•
ͳʹ Ȃ ʹʹ šͳʹ  š ʹʹ
ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‹–•–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‹•‡ ‘†•‹•ǣǦ
ͳʹ Ȃ ʹʹ šͳʹ  š ʹʹ ͷ ͶS ʹS ͷ
ȋ͵Ȍ ʹS ȋͶȌʹS ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
šͳʹ Ȃ š ʹʹ ͳʹ  ʹʹ ʹS ͷ ͵ S
POS121 POS126

[Link] [ 171 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
NEET(UG) 2018 NEET(UG) 2019 (Odisha)
9.  ’‡†—Ž— ‹• Š—‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‘‘ˆ ‘ˆ ƒ 13. Š‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘˜‡”‡† „› ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡
•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›Š‹‰Š„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†‹•‘˜‹‰ˆ”‡‡Ž› —†‡”‰‘‹‰   ‹ ‘‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‹•
–‘ ƒ† ˆ”‘ Ž‹‡ ƒ •‹’Ž‡ Šƒ”‘‹  ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”Ǥ ȋƒ’Ž‹–—†‡αȌǣǦ
Š‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡„‘„‘ˆ–Š‡’‡†—Ž— ȋͳȌœ‡”‘ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌͶ
‹•ʹͲȀ•ʹ ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆͷ ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ POS131
’‘•‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹•ǣǦ 14. ƒ••ˆƒŽŽ•ˆ”‘ƒŠ‡‹‰Š–̵Š̵ƒ†‹–•–‹‡‘ˆ
ȋͳȌʹS • ȋʹȌS • ȋ͵Ȍʹ• ȋͶȌͳ• ˆƒŽŽ̵–̵‹•”‡ ‘”†‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ
POS127 ƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—Ǥ–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š‹–
‹•ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––αʹǤŠ‡‡–‹”‡•‡–—’‹•–ƒ‡
NEET(UG) 2019
‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”’Žƒ‡–™Š‘•‡ƒ••
10. Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‰
‹• ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ† ”ƒ†‹—• –Š‡ •ƒ‡Ǥ
•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡„›
ƒ‡‡š’‡”‹‡–‹•”‡’‡ƒ–‡†ƒ† ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰
›αͲ Ϊ•‹Z–Ϊ ‘•Z–Ǥ
–‹‡•‘–‡†ƒ•–̵ƒ†̵ǡ–Š‡
Š‡–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ‹–•‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡
ȋͳȌ – ̵ ʹ̵ ȋʹȌ – ̵ ! ʹ̵
„›ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ – ̵  ʹ̵ ȋͶȌ – ̵ ʹ̵
ȋͳȌ Ͳ  ʹ  ʹ ȋʹȌ ʹ  ʹ
POS132
ȋ͵Ȍ   ȋ  Ȍ
ʹ
Ͳ
ʹ
ȋͶȌΪ NEET(UG) 2020
15. Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–
POS128
ƒ† ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹ ƒ •‹’Ž‡
11. ˜‡”ƒ‰‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰ 
Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘‹•ǣ
‹‘‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‹•ǣ
ȋͳȌ‡”‘ ȋʹȌS ”ƒ†
Z  Zʹ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌZ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ‡”‘ ͵S S
ʹ ʹ ȋ͵Ȍ ”ƒ† ȋͶȌ ”ƒ†
ʹ ʹ
POS129
POS133
12. Š‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ ‹” Ž‡ǡ–Š‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ
NEET(UG) 2020 (Covid-19)
‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ƒ”‡ 16. †‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ˆ— –‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ
‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰Ǥ ’‡”‹‘†‹ ‘–‹‘
›
ȋ–αͲȌ ȋͳȌ‡Z– ȋʹȌŽ‘‰‡ ȋZ–Ȍ
αͶ•
ȋ͵Ȍ•‹Z–Ϊ ‘•Z– ȋͶȌ‡ȂZ–
š POS134
͵ NEET(UG) 2021
17. „‘†›‹•‡š‡ —–‹‰•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘
›Ǧ’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹—• ˜‡ –‘” ‘ˆ ”‘–ƒ–‹‰ ™‹–Š ˆ”‡“—‡ › ̵̵ǡ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ‹–•
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ǣ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•ǣ Ǧ
ȋͳȌ›ȋ–ȌαȂ͵ ‘•ʹS–ǡ™Š‡”‡›‹ ȋͳȌ  ȋʹȌʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌͶ
§ S– ·
ȋʹȌ ›ȋ–Ȍ Ͷ•‹ ¨ ¸ ǡ ™Š‡”‡›‹ POS135
© ʹ¹
18. •’”‹‰‹••–”‡– Š‡†„›ͷ „›ƒˆ‘” ‡ͳͲǤ
§ ͵S– · Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡ ƒ
ȋ͵Ȍ ›ȋ–Ȍ ͵ ‘• ¨ ¸ ǡ ™Š‡”‡›‹
© ʹ ¹ ƒ••‘ˆʹ‰‹••—•’‡†‡†„›‹–‹•ǣ
§ S– · ȋͳȌͲǤͲ͸ʹͺ• ȋʹȌ͸Ǥʹͺ•
ȋͶȌ ›ȋ–Ȍ ͵ ‘• ¨ ¸ ǡ ™Š‡”‡›‹
© ʹ¹ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ǤͳͶ• ȋͶȌͲǤ͸ʹͺ•
POS130 POS136

[ 172 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
NEET(UG) 2022 ȋ†Ȍ ȋ‹˜Ȍ ‘„‘ˆƒ
19. ™‘’‡†—Ž—•‘ˆŽ‡‰–Šͳʹͳ ƒ†ͳͲͲ  ’‡†—Ž—‹•
•–ƒ”–˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰‹’Šƒ•‡Ǥ–•‘‡‹•–ƒ–ǡ–Š‡ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰
–™‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ– –Š‡‹” ‡ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š
’Šƒ•‡ǤŠ‡‹‹——„‡”‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ ƒ‹”ˆ”‹ –‹‘
–Š‡•Š‘”–‡”’‡†—Ž—ƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡–™‘ƒ”‡ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –ƒ•™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’–‹‘•
ƒ‰ƒ‹‹’Šƒ•‡ƒ––Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‹•ǣ ‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
ȋͳȌͻ ȋʹȌͳͲ ȋ͵Ȍͺ ȋͶȌͳͳ ȋͳȌȋƒȌǦ ȋ‹˜Ȍǡȋ„ȌǦ ȋ‹‹Ȍǡȋ ȌǦ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍǡȋ†ȌǦ ȋ‹Ȍ
POS137 ȋʹȌȋƒȌǦ ȋ‹˜Ȍǡȋ„ȌǦ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍǡȋ ȌǦ ȋ‹‹Ȍǡȋ†ȌǦ ȋ‹Ȍ
RE-NEET(UG) 2022 ȋ͵ȌȋƒȌǦ ȋ‹Ȍǡȋ„ȌǦ ȋ‹˜Ȍǡȋ ȌǦ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍǡȋ†ȌǦ ȋ‹‹Ȍ
20. Š‡ ”‡•–‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •’”‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ „Ž‘  ȋͶȌȋƒȌǦ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍǡȋ„ȌǦ ȋ‹‹Ȍǡȋ ȌǦ ȋ‹Ȍǡȋ†ȌǦ ȋ‹˜Ȍ
ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’”‹‰ ‹•
POS139
”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ǣ
22. †‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘™Š‹ Š”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ‘Ǧ
š š
’‡”‹‘†‹ ‘–‹‘Ǥ
ȋͳȌ ‡Z– ȋʹȌ•‹Z–
ȋͳȌ š
ȋʹȌ š ȋ͵Ȍ•‹Z–Ϊ ‘•Z– ȋͶȌ•‹ȋZ– Ϊ SȀͶȌ
POS140
NEET(UG) 2023
š š 23. Š‡šǦ –‰”ƒ’Š‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰•‹’Ž‡
Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘‹••Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ǤŠ‡
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
š š ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ––αʹ•‹•ǣ

ͳ
POS138 Ͷ ͸ –ȋ•Ȍ
šȋȌ Ͳ
21. ƒ– Š‹•–Ǧ ™‹–Š‹•–Ǧ ǣ ʹ ͺ
List –I List-II Ȃͳ

(x-y graphs) (Situations)

Sʹ Sʹ
ȋƒȌ ȋ‹Ȍ ‘–ƒŽ ȋͳȌ Ȃ •Ȃʹ ȋʹȌ •Ȃʹ
ͺ ͳ͸
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ
‡‡”‰›‹• Sʹ Sʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ Ȃ •Ȃʹ ȋͶȌ •Ȃʹ
‘•‡”˜‡† ͳ͸ ͺ
ȋ„Ȍ ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‘„‘ˆƒ POS164
’‡†—Ž—‹• NEET(UG) 2024
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰ § S·
24. ˆšαͷ•‹ ¨ S–  ¸ ”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ
—†‡” © ͵¹
‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ƒ‹” ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘ǡ
ˆ”‹ –‹‘ –Š‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ƒ† –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ‘–‹‘
ȋ Ȍ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ‡•–‘”‹‰ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡƒ”‡ǣ
ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆƒ ȋͳȌ ͷ ǡʹ• ȋʹȌͷǡʹ•
•’”‹‰ ȋ͵Ȍ ͷ ǡͳ• ȋͶȌͷǡͳ•
POS165

[Link] [ 173 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
25. ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡„‘„‹ƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—‹• RE-NEET(UG) 2024
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† –‘ –Š”‹ ‡ ‹–• ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ƒ•• ƒ† ‹–• 26. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š‡ —–‹‰•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘
Ž‡‰–Š ‹• ƒ†‡ ŠƒŽˆ ‹–• ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ Ž‡‰–Šǡ –Š‡ ™‹–Šƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Šƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†
š ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰‹‡•ƒ––Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ǣ
–Š‡‡™–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹• –‹‡•
ʹ 
ȋͳȌ ʹ  ȋʹȌ
‹–•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†ǤŠ‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆš‹•ǣ ʹ
ȋͳȌ ͵ ȋʹȌ ʹ 
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ  ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ ʹ ͵ ȋͶȌͶ ʹ
POS166 POS167

EXERCISE-II (Previous Year Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2
Question 16 17 18 ͳͻ 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Answer 3 2 4 Ͷ 4 2 1 3 2 2 3
[ 174 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
Exercise - III
1. Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‰ 4. •’”‹‰Šƒ•ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ‡‰–ŠͶͲ ƒ†•’”‹‰
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‰‹˜‡„› ‘•–ƒ– ͷͲͲ ȀǤ  „Ž‘  ‘ˆ ƒ•• ͳ ‰ ‹•
šα͵•‹ͶS–ΪͶ ‘•ͶS– ƒ––ƒ Š‡†ƒ–‘‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•’”‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”•
™Š‡”‡ š ‹• ‹  ƒ† – ‹• ‹ •‡ Ǥ Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’”‹‰ ‹• ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ –Š‡ ™ƒŽŽ ‹
Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ „Ž‘  ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ˆ”‘
‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ
–Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ •’”‹‰ Šƒ• Ž‡‰–Š
ȋƒȌ –Š‡‘–‹‘‹••‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹
Ͷͷ –Š‡ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ
ȋ„Ȍ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‰‹•ͷ 
ȋȌ Š‡„Ž‘ ™‹ŽŽ’‡”ˆ‘” ‘ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
ȋ Ȍ ‘–‹‘‹•’‡”‹‘†‹ ͷ 
ȋͳȌƒǡ„ǡ ȋʹȌŽ›ƒǡ„ ȋȌ Š‡ „Ž‘  ™‹ŽŽ Šƒ˜‡ ƒš‹— ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
ȋ͵ȌŽ›„ǡ ȋͶȌŽ›„ ͷͲ ͷ Ȁ•‡ Ǥ
POS141 ȋȌ Š‡„Ž‘ ™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒš‹—ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘
2. ‘”ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‡š —–‹‰Ǥ ǤǤ ƒ–”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†’‘•‹–‹‘
˜ ƒ š ȋȌ Š‡ ‹‹— ǤǤ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’”‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ „‡
œ‡”‘
š š  – ȋͳȌ‘Ž›ȋȌ ȋʹȌ‘Ž›ȋȌ
Ȃ   
ȋ͵Ȍ„‘–ŠȋȌƬȋȌ ȋͶȌȋȌǡȋȌǡȋȌǡȋȌ
POS144
ȋƒȌ ȋ„Ȍ ȋ Ȍ 5.  •‹’Ž‡ ’‡†—Ž— ‹• •—•’‡†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‡Ž‡ ––Š‡ ‘””‡ –‰”ƒ’ŠǤ ‡ŽŽ‹‰‘ˆƒŽ‹ˆ–ǤŠ”‡‡ ƒ•‡•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ–ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡
ȋͳȌ‘Ž›ƒ ȋʹȌ‘Ž›„ ȋƒȌ ȋ„Ȍ ȋ Ȍ
ȋ͵Ȍ„‘–ŠȋƒȌƬȋ„Ȍ ȋͶȌƒŽŽȋƒȌǡȋ„ȌƬȋ Ȍ
POS142
3. ƒ– Š–Š‡ ‘Ž—
Column-I Column-II ‹ˆ–‹•ƒ–”‡•– ‹ˆ–‹•‘˜‹‰ ‹ˆ–‹•‘˜‹‰
†‘™™ƒ”†™‹–Š †‘™™ƒ”†™‹–Š
ȋ‹Ȍ –αͲ ȋƒȌ šα ‘•Z– ‘•–ƒ–•’‡‡† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰•’‡‡†

ǤǤ  ™Š‹ Š ƒ•‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ’‡†—Ž— ‹•

ȋ‹‹Ȍ –αͲ ȋ„Ȍ šα•‹Z–  ʹS

‰
ǤǤ Ϊ
ȋͳȌ ‘Ž›‹ȋƒȌ ȋʹȌ‘Ž›‹ȋ„Ȍ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ –αͲ ȋ Ȍ šαȂ•‹Z– ȋ͵Ȍ ‘Ž›‹ȋ Ȍ ȋͶȌ‹„‘–ŠȋƒȌƬȋ„Ȍ
POS145
ǤǤ 6.  ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹• ‡š‡ —–‹‰ Ž‹‡ƒ”  Ǥ ‘” –Š‹•
ƒ– Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣǦ
ȋ‹˜Ȍ –αͲ ȋ†Ȍ šαȂ ‘•Z–
‹ ˆƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ ‡”‰›‘ˆ
Ȃ ǤǤ „Ž‘ ‹•†‘—„Ž‡† ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘
Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‘’–‹‘ǣ ȋ‡‡’‹‰‘–Š‡” „‡ ‘‡•Ͷ–‹‡•
ȋͳȌ o „ǡ‹‹ o †ǡ‹‹‹ o ƒǡ‹˜ o ˆƒ –‘” ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
‹‹ ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ „ ƒšǤ•’‡‡†‘ˆ
ȋʹȌ o ǡ‹‹ o †ǡ‹‹‹ o „ǡ‹˜ o ƒ
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‹• –Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡
ȋ͵Ȍ o „ǡ‹‹ o ƒǡ‹‹‹ o ǡ‹˜ o †
†‘—„Ž‡†ȋ‡‡’‹‰ „‡ ‘‡•ŠƒŽˆ
ȋͶȌ o ƒǡ‹‹ o ǡ‹‹‹ o †ǡ‹˜ o „ ‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘” –‹‡•
POS143 ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ

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‹‹‹ ˆˆ‘” ‡ ‘•–ƒ–‹• ‹‡’‡”‹‘† 9. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‡ ‹•
†‘—„Ž‡† „‡ ‘‡ ʹ Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹•
ȋ‡‡’‹‰‘–Š‡” –‹‡• Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R).
ˆƒ –‘” ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ
Assertion (A) : ŽŽ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘
‹˜ ˆƒ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“Ǥ‹• † ƒšǤ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ
ŠƒŽ˜‡†ȋ‡‡’‹‰ ‡‡”‰›„‡ ‘‡• ƒ”‡’‡”‹‘†‹ Ǥ
ƒ•• ‘•–ƒ–Ȍ ʹ–‹‡• Reason (R) : ‡”‹‘†‹ ‘–‹‘‹•–Š‡‘–‹‘‹
ȋͳȌ‹Ȃ ǡ‹‹Ȃ ƒǡ‹‹‹Ȃ †ǡ‹˜Ȃ „ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–• ‹–• ‘–‹‘ ‹ ƒ
ȋʹȌ‹Ȃ ǡ‹‹Ȃ ƒǡ‹‹‹Ȃ „ǡ‹˜Ȃ † ˆ‹š‡†–‹‡‹–‡”ƒŽǤ
ȋ͵Ȍ‹Ȃ ƒǡ‹‹Ȃ ǡ‹‹‹Ȃ „ǡ‹˜Ȃ †
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡
ȋͶȌ‹Ȃ ǡ‹‹Ȃ „ǡ‹‹‹Ȃ †ǡ‹˜Ȃ ƒ
POS146 –Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
7. ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ™‹–Š–‹‡’‡”‹‘† ‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘šα•‹Z––Š‡ ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡
ƒ– Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣǦ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
‹ –‹‡ –ƒ‡ –‘ †‹•’Žƒ ‡ ƒ  ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•
ˆ”‘šαͲ–‘šαȀʹ ʹͶ
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
‹‹ –‹‡ –ƒ‡ –‘ †‹•’Žƒ ‡ „ 
ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
ˆ”‘šαȀʹ–‘šα ͺ
ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
‹‹‹ –‹‡–ƒ‡–‘‰‘ˆ‘” 
POS149
šαȀ ʹ –‘šα ͵ Ȁʹ ͳʹ
10. ‹˜‡„Ž‘™ƒ”‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ
‹˜ –‹‡ –ƒ‡ –‘ †‹•’Žƒ ‡ † 
ˆ”‘šαȀ ʹ –‘šα Statement I : Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡’‡†—Ž—
͸
ȋͳȌ‹Ȃ ǡ‹‹Ȃ ƒǡ‹‹‹Ȃ †ǡ‹˜Ȃ „ ‹••‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘Ž›‹ˆƒδδAǤ
ȋʹȌ‹Ȃ ǡ‹‹Ȃ ƒǡ‹‹‹Ȃ „ǡ‹˜Ȃ †
ȋ͵Ȍ‹Ȃ ǡ‹‹Ȃ †ǡ‹‹‹Ȃ ƒǡ‹˜Ȃ „ T
ȋͶȌ‹Ȃ ǡ‹‹Ȃ „ǡ‹‹‹Ȃ †ǡ‹˜Ȃ ƒ
A
POS147 ˜αͲ
8. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‡ ‹•
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹• ƒ
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R).
Statement II : Š‡ ‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ •‹’Ž‡
Assertion (A) : ‡‡”ƒŽ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹ 
‘Ž‡ —Ž‡ ƒ„‘—– ‹–• ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹— ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• ’‡†—Ž—‹••‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡ƒ‰—Žƒ”
’‡”‹‘†‹ „—–‘– Ǥ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ
Reason (R) : ’‡”‹‘†‹ ‘–‹‘ ƒƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡ Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ ƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡– Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‘•–
‡š’”‡••‡† ƒ• ƒ •— ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‹‹–‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ appropriate ƒ•™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡
Šƒ”‘‹  ‘–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡
„‡Ž‘™ǣ
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡ ȋͳȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ”‡
–Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• ‘””‡ – ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ‹•
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡ ‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡– ‹•‹ ‘””‡ – ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‡– ‹•
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ ȋͶȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ”‡
ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ ‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
POS148 POS150

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Oscillations ALLEN
11. ‹˜‡„Ž‘™ƒ”‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡– ‹•‹ ‘””‡ –ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‡– ‹•
Statement I :   ‹• ‘– ƒ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
—‹ˆ‘”Ž›ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†‘–‹‘Ǥ ȋͶȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ”‡
Statement II :   ‹• –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
—‹ˆ‘” ‹” —Žƒ” ‘–‹‘ ƒŽ‘‰ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ POS153
†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹” Ž‡Ǥ 14. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‡ ‹•
Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡– Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‘•– Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹•
appropriate ƒ•™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡ Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R)Ǥ
„‡Ž‘™ǣ Assertion (A) : •ƒŽŽ„‘†›•—•’‡†‡†„›ƒ
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ”‡ Ž‹‰Š–•’”‹‰’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ǤŠ‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡
‘””‡ –Ǥ •›•–‡ ‹• ‹‡”•‡† ‹ ƒ ‘Ǧ˜‹• ‘—• Ž‹“—‹†
ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• ‘””‡ – ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‰†‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ Reason (R) : •‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘–Š‡
ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡– ‹•‹ ‘””‡ –ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‡– ‹• ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒŽ™ƒ›•‹ƒ†‹”‡ –‹‘‘’’‘•‹–‡
‘””‡ –Ǥ –‘ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ
’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
ȋͶȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ”‡
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡
‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
–Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
POS151
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
12. ‹˜‡„Ž‘™ƒ”‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡
Statement I : Ž‹‡ƒ” ‡–ˆ‘” ‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•
‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
ƒ –‹–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•
Statement II :  Ž‹‡ƒ”   †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡– Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‘•–
ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
appropriate ƒ•™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡ POS154
„‡Ž‘™ǣ 15. ‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ„ƒŽŽ„‡ƒ”‹‰‹•‹†‡ƒ•‘‘–Šˆ‹š‡†
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ”‡ „‘™Žǡ ™Š‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ ’‘‹– •Ž‹‰Š–Ž›
‘””‡ –Ǥ ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡Ž‘™‡”’‘‹–‹•
ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• ‘””‡ – ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• ȋȌ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘Ǥ
‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ ȋȌ‘Ǧ’‡”‹‘†‹ ‘–‹‘Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡– ‹•‹ ‘””‡ –ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‡– ‹• ȋȌ’‡”‹‘†‹ ‘–‹‘Ǥ
‘””‡ –Ǥ ȋȌ‘Ǧ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”›‘–‹‘
ȋͶȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ”‡ ȋͳȌǡ  ȋʹȌǡ  ȋ͵Ȍǡ  ȋͶȌ‘‡
‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ POS155
POS152 16.  ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘˜‡••— Š –Šƒ– ‹–• ’‘•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘
13. ‹˜‡„Ž‘™ƒ”‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘”‹‰‹ ‹• ‰‹˜‡ „› š α ʹ Ϊ ͵ •‹ʹZ–Ǥ Š‘‘•‡
Statement I : †ƒ’‡†‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ CORRECT •–ƒ–‡‡–ȋ•Ȍƒ„‘—–‹–•‘–‹‘ǣǦ
‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š ͵
ȋȌ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡’‡”ˆ‘”•Ǥ ǤǤ‘ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ 
–‹‡Ǥ ʹ
Statement II : ˆ‘” ‡†‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ Z
ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›
‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ƒ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† ‘•–ƒ– ™‹–Š S
–‹‡Ǥ ȋȌ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡’‡”ˆ‘”•‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•„—–‘Ǥ ǤǤ
Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡– Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‘•– ȋȌ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”• Ǥ ǤǤ ƒ„‘—– ‡ƒ
appropriate ƒ•™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡ ͹
„‡Ž‘™ǣ ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ–šα 
ʹ
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ”‡ ȋȌ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡’‡”ˆ‘”•‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
‘””‡ –Ǥ ͵
ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• ‘””‡ – ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• ȋͳȌǡ  ȋʹȌǡ  ȋ͵Ȍǡ ǡ  ȋͶȌ‘‡
‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ POS156
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ALLEN NEET : Physics
17. STATEMENT – I :    Ž‡– š „‡ –Š‡ ȋͳȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• –”—‡ǡ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• –”—‡
ƒš‹— •’‡‡†ǡ › –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• ‘””‡ – ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ƒ† œ –Š‡ ƒš‹— ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ Ǥ
§ š› · ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• –”—‡ǡ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• –”—‡
–Š‡ ¨ ¸ ‹•ƒ ‘•–ƒ–“—ƒ–‹–›Ǥ ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹•  –Š‡ ‘””‡ –
© œ ¹
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ Ǥ
and
ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ ‹•–”—‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
§ š› ·
STATEMENT – II : Š‹• ‹• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ¨ ¸ ȋͶȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
© œ ¹
POS159
„‡ ‘‡•ƒ†‹‡•‹‘Ž‡••“—ƒ–‹–›
20. Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š ’Ž‘––‡† „‡–™‡‡ ’Šƒ•‡ ƒ‰Ž‡ ȋIȌ
ȋͳȌ–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• –”—‡ǡ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• –”—‡ ƒ† †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ˆ”‘
ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• ‘””‡ – ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘ȋ›Ȍ‹•ƒ•‹—•‘‹†ƒŽ —”˜‡
ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ Ǥ ƒ••Š‘™„‡Ž‘™ǤŠ‡–Š‡„‡•–ƒ– Š‹‰‹•
ȋʹȌ–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• –”—‡ǡ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹• –”—‡ ›
ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ  ‹•  –Š‡ ‘””‡ –
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ Ǥ
S ͵SȀʹ ʹS
ȋ͵Ȍ–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ ‹•–”—‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ  SȀʹ  Z–
ȋͶȌ–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡‡–Ǧ ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
POS157 Column A Column B
18. Statement–I : ‘–ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‹   ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ȋƒȌ ǤǤ ȋ‹Ȍ
ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‘” ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˜‡”•—•
‡‡”‰›Ǥ ’Šƒ•‡
ʹS
ƒ‰Ž‡  SȀʹ S ͵SȀʹ Z–
and
—”˜‡
Statement–II : ‘–ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‹   ™‹ŽŽ „‡
ȋ„Ȍ ǤǤ ȋ‹‹Ȍ
ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘”‡–Šƒ‘”‡“—ƒŽ–‘‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›Ǥ
˜‡”•—•
ȋͳȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡ǡ–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡Ǣ
’Šƒ•‡
–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ  ‹• ƒ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ʹS
ƒ‰Ž‡  SȀʹ S ͵SȀʹ Z–
–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ Ǥ —”˜‡
ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡ǡ–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡Ǣ ȋ Ȍ ǤǤ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ
–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•‘–ƒ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ˜‡”•—•
ˆ‘”–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ Ǥ ’Šƒ•‡
ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡ǡ–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹• ƒŽ•‡Ǥ ƒ‰Ž‡  Z–
ȋͶȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹• ƒŽ•‡ǡ–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡Ǥ —”˜‡
POS158 ȋ†Ȍ ‡Ž‘ ‹–› ȋ‹˜Ȍ
19.  ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ •’”‹‰ „Ž‘  •›•–‡ ‹• ƒ†‡ –‘ ˜‡”•—•
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡Ǥ ’Šƒ•‡ S ʹS
Statement I ǣ –•–‹‡’‡”‹‘† ‘‡ƒ”–Š‹•‘”‡ ƒ‰Ž‡  SȀʹ ͵SȀʹ Z–
–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘–Š‡‘‘Ǥ —”˜‡
and ȋͳȌȋƒȌǦȋ‹Ȍǡȋ„ȌǦȋ‹‹Ȍǡȋ ȌǦȋ‹‹‹ȌƬȋ†ȌǦȋ‹˜Ȍ
Statement II ǣ –• ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ ‡ƒ”–Š ȋʹȌȋƒȌǦȋ‹‹Ȍǡȋ„ȌǦȋ‹Ȍǡȋ ȌǦȋ‹‹‹ȌƬȋ†ȌǦȋ‹˜Ȍ
ȋ͵ȌȋƒȌǦȋ‹‹Ȍǡȋ„ȌǦȋ‹Ȍǡȋ ȌǦȋ‹˜ȌƬȋ†ȌǦȋ‹‹‹Ȍ
ȋ‹ ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—Ȍ ‹• ‘”‡ –Šƒ –Šƒ– ‘ –Š‡
ȋͶȌȋƒȌǦȋ‹‹Ȍǡȋ„ȌǦȋ‹‹‹Ȍǡȋ ȌǦȋ‹˜ȌƬȋ†ȌǦȋ‹Ȍ
‘‘Ǥ
POS160
[ 178 ] [Link]
Oscillations ALLEN
21. Statement I ǣ ‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ȃ–‹‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ ȋͳȌͳ
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘˜‹‰ƒŽ‘‰šȂƒš‹•‹•š α ͶΪ͸•‹Z–Ǥ ȋʹȌͳ 
†‡”–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•‘– ȋ͵Ȍ ͳͲ
•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ Ǥ ȋͶȌ ͳͲ 
and POS162
ʹ
† š 23. Statement–I : ƒ˜ƒŽ”›–”‘‘’•ƒ”‡ƒ•‡†‘––‘
Statement II :ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ” Š‹ ƒ†‡ ‡ƒ ”‘••ƒ•—•’‡•‹‘„”‹†‰‡
†– ʹ
‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„”‹†‰‡ƒ› ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡Ǥ
‘–’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘ȂšǤ
ȋͳȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡ǡ–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡Ǣ Statement–II : ˆ –Š‡ •‘Ž†‹‡”• ƒ” Š ‹
–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ  ‹• ƒ ‘””‡ – ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ†‡ ‡ǡ ‹ ‡˜‡”› •–‡’ –Š‡› •–‡’ †‘™ ƒ–
–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ Ǥ ‡šƒ –Ž› –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹•–ƒ– ’”‘†— ‹‰ ƒ ˜‡”›
ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡ǡ–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡Ǣ Žƒ”‰‡‹’—Ž•‡‘–Š‡„”‹†‰‡ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ› ƒ—•‡
–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ  ‹• ‘– ƒ ‘””‡ – ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‹––‘ ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡Ǥ
ˆ‘”–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ Ǥ ȋͳȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•–”—‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•–”—‡Ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡ǡ–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹• ƒŽ•‡Ǥ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ  ‹• ƒ ‘””‡ – ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘”
ȋͶȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹• ƒŽ•‡ǡ–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•”—‡Ǥ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ Ǥ
POS161 ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•–”—‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•–”—‡Ǣ
22. Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡ ƒ†‡ „› –Š‡ •–”‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ •‹’Ž‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•‘–ƒ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘
’‡†—Ž— ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ †‡’‡†• —’‘ ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•–”—‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
S
–‹‡ƒ• T α •‹S–Ǥ ‹†–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ȋͶȌ –ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡ǡ•–ƒ–‡‡–Ȃ ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
ͻͲ
POS163
’‡†—Ž—‹ˆ‰αSʹ•Ȃͳ

EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 1 4 3 4 4 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 1
Question 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Answer 2 2 3 4 2 4 1 3

[Link] [ 179 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics

Importantt Notess

[ 180 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN

Chapter No. 03

WAVE MOTION
Contents Page No.

–”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ˜‡• ͳͺ͵

ƒ˜‡“—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆƒ˜‡• ͳͺ͹

‘—†ƒ˜‡•ƒ†‹–ǯ•Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ͳͻ͵

”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ—’‡”’‘•‹–‹‘ ʹͲͳ

–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ˜‡•ǡ–ƒ†‹‰ƒ˜‡•‹•–”‹‰•Ƭ‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆƒ˜‡• ʹͳͲ

‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ˜‡•‹”‰ƒ‹’‡ ʹͳͻ

š‡” ‹•‡Ǧ ȋ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ—‡•–‹‘•Ȍ ʹ͵ͳ

š‡” ‹•‡Ǧ ȋ”‡˜‹‘—•‡ƒ”•—‡•–‹‘•Ȍ ʹͶͲ

š‡” ‹•‡Ǧ ȋƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ—‡•–‹‘•Ȍ ʹͶ͵

NEET SYLLABUS
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a
progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ
pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats.

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ALLEN NEET : Physics

CHRISTIAN DOPPLER (1803 - 1853)

Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘’’Ž‡” ™ƒ• ƒ —•–”‹ƒ ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ‹ƒ ƒ† ’Š›•‹ ‹•– „‡•–
‘™ˆ‘”ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‹‰ƒ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘™ƒ•–Š‡̵‘’’Ž‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –̵ǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ
†”‡ƒ• ‘’’Ž‡” ™ƒ• „‘” ‘ ‘˜‡„‡” ʹͻǡ ͳͺͲ͵ǡ ‹ ƒŽœ„—”‰ǡ —•–”‹ƒǤ
‘’’Ž‡”•–—†‹‡† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‹ƒŽœ„—”‰ǡƒ† ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ •ƒ† ’Š›•‹ •ƒ–
–Š‡‹‡ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹‡ƒǤ ͳͺͶʹǡ
‘’’Ž‡”‰ƒ˜‡ƒ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‘›ƒŽ‘Š‡‹ƒ‘ ‹‡–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡•ǤŠ‡
’ƒ’‡”–Š‡‘”‹œ‡†–Šƒ–•‹ ‡–Š‡’‹– Š‘ˆ•‘—†ˆ”‘ƒ‘˜‹‰•‘—” ‡˜ƒ”‹‡•
ˆ‘”ƒ •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›‘„•‡”˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ ‘Ž‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–ˆ”‘ƒ•–ƒ”•Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡•–ƒ”̵•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ –‘ ƒ”–ŠǤŠ‹• ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ ƒ‡ –‘ „‡‘™ƒ• –Š‡̶‘’’Ž‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –̶ǤŠ‡ ‘’’Ž‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –Šƒ•
„‡‡—•‡†–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡‹‰ƒ‰Š‡‘”›ƒ†‹•‘ˆ–‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡†‹™‡ƒ–Š‡”ˆ‘”‡ ƒ•–‹‰ǡ”ƒ†ƒ”ƒ†
ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

PIERRE-SIMON LAPLACE (1749 - 1827)

‡™ƒ•„‘”‘ƒ” Šʹ͵ǡͳ͹Ͷͻƒ–‡ƒ—‘–Ǧ‡Ǧ—‰‡ǡ‘”ƒ†›ǡ ”ƒ ‡Ǥ

‹‡””‡Ǧ‹‘ƒ’Žƒ ‡™ƒ•ƒ’”‘‹‡– ”‡ Šƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ’Š›•‹ ‹•–ƒ†
ƒ•–”‘‘‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›ǡ ™Š‘ ƒ†‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡
ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ’Žƒ‡–ƒ”› ‘–‹‘ „› ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ ‹” •ƒƒ  ‡™–‘̵• –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ
‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ •‘Žƒ” •›•–‡Ǥ ‹• ™‘” ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ
’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ’‹‘‡‡”‹‰ ƒ† Šƒ• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† ƒ
™Š‘Ž‡‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ‹ƒ•Ǥƒ’Žƒ ‡‹ͳͺͳ͸™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘
’‘‹–‘—––Šƒ––Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡™–‘̵•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ–Š‡‘”›
‰ƒ˜‡–‘‘Ž‘™ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–†‘‡•‘––ƒ‡ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹  ‘’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹”™Š‹ Š
”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ”‹•‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡••—”‡Ǥ

[ 182 ] [Link]
 03 Wave Motion

Introduction and Classification of Waves

What is wave motion?
™ƒ˜‡‹•ƒ†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡™Š‹ Š–”ƒ•’‘”–•‡‡”‰›ƒ†‘‡–—„‘–Šˆ”‘‘‡’‘‹––‘ƒ‘–Š‡”™‹–Š‘—–
–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆƒ––‡”Ǥ
Few examples of waves:
Š‡”‹’’Ž‡•‘ƒ’‘†ȋ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ˜‡•Ȍǡ–Š‡•‘—†™‡Š‡ƒ”ǡ˜‹•‹„Ž‡Ž‹‰Š–ǡ”ƒ†‹‘ƒ†ǤǤ•‹‰ƒŽ•‡– Ǥ
Wave Classification According to

‡ ‡••‹–›‘ˆ‡†‹— ”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡”‰› ‹‡•‹‘• ‹„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡

ȋ‹ȌŽƒ•–‹ ‘”‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡• ȋ‹Ȍ”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ȋ‹Ȍ‡†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ȋ‹Ȍ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡

ȋ‹‹ȌǤǤ™ƒ˜‡•‘”‘Ǧ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ȋ‹‹Ȍ–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”› ȋ‹‹Ȍ™‘†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ȋ‹‹Ȍ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ
ȋ‹‹‹ȌŠ”‡‡†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ

(i) Based on necessity of medium: ™ƒ˜‡ƒ›‘”ƒ›‘–”‡“—‹”‡‡†‹—ˆ‘”‹–•’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘

1. Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ™Š‹ Š †‘ ‘– ”‡“—‹”‡ ‡†‹— ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡† non-mechanical ‘”
‡Ž‡ –”‘ƒ‰‡–‹ ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
Examples : ‹‰Š–ǡ”ƒ†‹‘™ƒ˜‡•‡– Ǥ
2. Š‡™ƒ˜‡™Š‹ Š”‡“—‹”‡‡†‹—ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†mechanical ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
Examples : ƒ˜‡•‹•–”‹‰‡– Ǥ
Note: ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•‡Žƒ•–‹ ‹–›ƒ††‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—’Žƒ›ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•‡Žƒ•–‹ ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
(ii) Based on energy propagation: ƒ˜‡ ƒ „‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ –™‘ ’ƒ”–• ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰›
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
1. Progressive Wave: Š‡™ƒ˜‡•‹™Š‹ Š‡‡”‰›’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡‹ƒ‡†‹—‘”•’ƒ ‡™‹–Š ‘•–ƒ–
•’‡‡†Ǥ
2. Stationary wave: Š‡™ƒ˜‡•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ‡†‹—˜‹„”ƒ–‡•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
„—–‡‡”‰›†‘‡•‘–’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡Ǥ
(iii) Based on dimensions: ƒ˜‡ ƒ „‡ ‘‡ǡ –™‘ ‘” –Š”‡‡ †‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ
†‹‡•‹‘•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡‡‡”‰›Ǥ
1. One dimensional wave (1-D): ƒ˜‡•‘˜‹‰ƒŽ‘‰•–”‹‰•ƒ”‡‘‡†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
2. Two dimensional wave (2-D): —”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ˜‡•‘””‹’’Ž‡‘™ƒ–‡”‹•–™‘†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
3. Three dimensional wave (3-D): ‘—†™ƒ˜‡•ǡŽ‹‰Š–™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
(iv) Based on vibration of particle: ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–™‘–›’‡•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ‘–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‡†‹—Ǥ

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
(1) Transverse wave : –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡™ƒ˜‡–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘–Š‡
†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ

‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘
‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ
†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘

x ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡’”‘†— ‡†‹•— Š–›’‡‘ˆ‡†‹—™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡•Š‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘’‡”–›ǡ

•‘–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘™ƒ••Š‡ƒ”™ƒ˜‡‘”Ǧ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
x Š‡ƒ”‹‰‹•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆƒ„‘†›„›™Š‹ Š‹– Šƒ‰‡•‹–••Šƒ’‡‘ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
x ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘Ž› ‹ •‘Ž‹†• ƒ† •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹“—‹†Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ˜‡
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡•‹ˆ‘”‘ˆ ”‡•–ƒ†–”‘—‰ŠǤ
”‡•– ‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ˜‡Ž

“—‹Ž‹„”‹—
’‘•‹–‹‘
”‘—‰Š

(2) Longitudinal Wave : –Š‹•™ƒ˜‡–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ

‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡ ‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘

x • ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”›‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•’”‘†— ‡•”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ‘’”‡••‹‘ȋŠ‹‰Š’”‡••—”‡Ȍƒ†
”ƒ”‡ˆƒ –‹‘ȋŽ‘™’”‡••—”‡Ȍ™Š‹ Š’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡†‹‡†‹—™‹–Š–‹‡Ǥ
x Š‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‰Š’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡†‡•‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ‘’”‡••‹‘•ƒ†”‡‰‹‘‘ˆŽ‘™’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡†‡•‹–‹‡•
ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†”ƒ”‡ˆƒ –‹‘•Ǥ
‘’”‡••‹‘•

”ƒ”‡ˆƒ –‹‘•
Illustration 1
‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ƒ”‡•‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‘–‹‘Ǥ–ƒ–‡‹‡ƒ Š ƒ•‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡™ƒ˜‡‘–‹‘‹•–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ǡ
‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ‘”ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‘–Šǫ
ȋͳȌ‘–‹‘‘ˆ‹‹ƒŽ‘‰ ‘‹Ž•’”‹‰’”‘†— ‡†„›†‹•’Žƒ ‹‰‘‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•’”‹‰•‹†‡™ƒ›•Ǥ
ȋʹȌ ƒ˜‡’”‘†— ‡†‹ƒ ›Ž‹†‡” ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ƒŽ‹“—‹†„›‘˜‹‰‹–•’‹•–‘„ƒ ƒ†ˆ‘”–ŠǤ
ȋ͵Ȍƒ˜‡’”‘†— ‡†„›ƒ‘–‘”„‘ƒ–•ƒ‹Ž‹‰‹™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
ȋͶȌŽ–”ƒ•‘‹ ™ƒ˜‡•‹ƒ‹”’”‘†— ‡†„›ƒ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰“—ƒ”–œ ”›•–ƒŽǤ
Solution:
ȋͳȌ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ƒ†Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ȋʹȌ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ
ȋ͵Ȍ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ƒ†Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ȋͶȌ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ

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Illustration 2
‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•‹‰ƒ•‡‘—•‡†‹—ƒ”‡ǣ
ȋͳȌ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ȋʹȌ‡‹–Š‡”–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡‘”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ
ȋ͵Ȍ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ȋͶȌ‹–Š‡”–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡‘”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ
Solution:
 ™ƒ˜‡ ‘˜‹‰‹ ƒ‰ƒ•—•– „‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‘– –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ •‘—† ™ƒ˜‡ ƒ
–”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‰ƒ•Ǥ ‡ ‡ȋ͵Ȍ‹• ‘””‡ –Ǥ
Illustration 3
ƒ–‡”™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”‡ǣ
ȋͳȌ ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡
ȋʹȌ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ
ȋ͵Ȍ ‘‡–‹‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ƒ†Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ„‘–ŠǤ
ȋͶȌ ‡‹–Š‡”–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡‘”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ
Solution:
ƒ–‡”‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•†‹•’Žƒ ‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒŽ‘‰’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‡ ‡
„‘–ŠŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽƒ†–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡Ǥ ‡ ‡ȋ͵Ȍ‹• ‘””‡ –Ǥ
Illustration 4
Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–‹• ‘””‡ –ǫ
ȋͳȌ‘–ŠŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•‹ƒ‹”ƒ”‡–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡Ǥ
ȋʹȌŠ‡•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•‹ƒ‹”ƒ”‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ‘–ŠŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•‹ƒ‹”ƒ”‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ
ȋͶȌ ‘–ŠŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†•‘—†™ƒ˜‡• ƒ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹˜ƒ ——Ǥ
Solution:
‹‰Š–™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡ǤǤ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
‘—†™ƒ˜‡‹•Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ ‡ ‡ȋʹȌ‹• ‘””‡ –Ǥ
Some important terms connected with wave motion.
(1) Wave length ሺૃሻ : –‹•–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘•— ‡••‹˜‡ ”‡•–‘”–™‘•— ‡••‹˜‡–”‘—‰Š•Ǥ – ƒ
ƒŽ•‘„‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡†„›–Š‡™ƒ˜‡†—”‹‰–Š‡–‹‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‹™Š‹ Šƒ›‘‡
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘ˆ‡†‹— ‘’Ž‡–‡•‘‡ › Ž‡ƒ„‘—–‹–•‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š
”‡•–
’Ž‹–—†‡

“—‹Ž‹„”‹—
’‘•‹–‹‘

”‘—‰Š
(2) Frequency (f/n) : —„‡”‘ˆ › Ž‡ȋ—„‡”‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡–‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š•Ȍ ‘’Ž‡–‡†„›ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹
—‹––‹‡Ǥ
(3) Time Period (T) : ‹‡–ƒ‡„›™ƒ˜‡–‘–”ƒ˜‡Žƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠǤ
(4) Amplitude (A) : ƒš‹—†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ˆ”‘‹–•‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

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ʹS
(5) Angular frequency (ω) : –‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ǡ Z ʹS .

(6) Phase: Šƒ•‡ ‹• ƒ “—ƒ–‹–› ™Š‹ Š ‘–ƒ‹• ƒŽŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ› ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹ ƒ
™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
‘”‡“—ƒ–‹‘› α •‹ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌǢ™Š‡”‡ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌ o Šƒ•‡Ǥ
ʹS
(7) Angular wave number (k) : ‰—Žƒ”™ƒ˜‡—„‡”‘”’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–ƒ–‹•†‡‘–‡†„›  Ǥ
O
Š‡ Ǥ Ǥ—‹–‘ˆ‘’ ‹•”ƒ†‹ƒȀ‡–‡”Ǥ
(8) Wave number ሺૅതሻ: –‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•—„‡”‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•‹—‹–Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ˜‡’ƒ––‡”Ǥ
ͳ 
Q
O ʹS
(9) Wave velocity (‫)ܞ‬:
Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›™‹–Š™Š‹ Š–Š‡†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡†‹—‹• ƒŽŽ‡†™ƒ˜‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ
O


„‘˜‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ ƒ„‡™”‹––‡ƒ•ǣ
O § ʹS ·
˜
ʹS ¨Z  ¸
© ¹
Z
Z Z § S·
ʹS
ʹ
˜ Ÿ ˜ ¨ O ¸
ʹS  © ¹
O
Graph between angular frequency (Z Z) and wave number (ૅത):
ͳ Z
Q
™ƒ˜‡ Ž‡‰–Š O
•™‡‘™–Šƒ–ǡ
ɘ ൌ ʹSǢ˜αO
˜ ͳ
Z ʹS Ÿ Zv Ÿ Zv Q
O O
Illustration 5
–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡Š—ƒŠ‡ƒ”–‹•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡ƒ–͹ͷ–‹‡•‹ƒ‹—–‡ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡‹–•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŠ‡ƒ”–ƒ†‹–•
’‡”‹‘†ǫ
Solution:
͹ͷ ͳ ͳ
Š‡„‡ƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŠ‡ƒ”– ͳǤʹͷ œ ƒ† ‹‡’‡”‹‘†  ͲǤͺ •‡
͸Ͳ ˆ ͳǤʹͷ
Illustration 6
ˆƒ‰—Žƒ”™ƒ˜‡—„‡”‹•‰‹˜‡͸S ”ƒ†ȀǤ ‹†‘—–Ǥ
ȋͳȌƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ȋʹȌ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ › ȋ͵Ȍˆ”‡“—‡ › ȋͶȌ‹‡’‡”‹‘†
ˆ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡͵ͲͲȀ•Ǥ
Solution:
‡‘™–Šƒ–
ʹS ʹS ͳ
ȋͳȌ  ȋ‰‹˜‡ α ͸ɎȌ Ÿ ͸Ɏ α Ÿ O .
O O ͵
Z
ȋʹȌ ˜ Ÿ Z ˜u Ÿ ɘ α ȋ͵ͲͲȌȋ͸ɎȌ α ͳͺͲͲ Ɏ”ƒ†‹ƒȀ•‡

ȋ͵Ȍ ɘ α ʹɎˆ Ÿ ͳͺͲͲɎ α ʹɎˆ Ÿ ˆ α ͻͲͲ œ
ͳ ͳ
ȋͶȌ  Ÿ  •‡
ˆ ͻͲͲ

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Important Points:
ȋͳȌ Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›™‹–Š™Š‹ Šƒ™ƒ˜‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž•‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡™‹–Š™Š‹ Š–Š‡›
˜‹„”ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ
ȋʹȌ ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ ™ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‡†‹— —•– Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‹‡”–‹ƒǡ
‡Žƒ•–‹ ‹–›Ƭ‹‹—ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒ‘‰‹–•’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡ ƒ„‡–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ȋ™ƒ˜‡‘•–”‹‰Ȍƒ†Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽȋ•‘—†™ƒ˜‡Ȍƒ†„‘–ŠǤ
ȋͶȌ ‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ ”‡•–‘”–™‘ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡–”‘—‰Š•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡
™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
ȋͷȌ Š‡‡‡”‰›‘”†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡’ƒ••‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›‡–†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ‡†‹—Ǥ

Wave Equation and Characteristics of Waves

Equation of Plane Progressive Wave:
š
ˆƒ™ƒ˜‡‹•–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™‹–Š ‘•–ƒ–•’‡‡†˜ –Š‡‹–—•–”‡ƒ Š–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹–‹‡ ˆ”‘
˜
š
‘”‹‰‹Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ƒ– ‘”‹‰‹ ™ƒ• ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ •‹‹Žƒ”Ž› –‘ –Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ƒ– –‹‡ ̵–  ̵ Ǥ ‘ǡ ‹–•
˜
‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•‰‹˜‡ƒ•ǣǦ
§ § š· · ›
›  •‹ ¨ Z ¨ –  ¸  I ¸ ˜
© © ˜¹ ¹
§ Zš · Z
›  •‹ ¨ Z–   I ¸ ǡ™Š‡”‡  š
© ˜ ¹ ˜ š
› α •‹ȋɘ– Ȃ š ΪԄȌ
› α •‹ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌȋ™Š‡I αͲȌ
Š‹•‹•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ™ƒ˜‡–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ƒŽ‘‰ښ†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
Note: ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹• ƒŽ‘‰ Ȃš †‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡”‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’Ž—• •‹‰ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‹—• •‹‰ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡
„”ƒ ‡–•‹–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
› ൌ •‹ሺɘ– ൅ šሻ
Understand the Equation of Progressive Wave
–‹‡ƒ–™Š‹ Š†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†

‰—Žƒ”™ƒ˜‡—„‡”‘”’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–ƒ–

‡’”‡•‡––Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ†ƒŽ•‘ƒš‹•‘ˆ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘

› ൌ •‹ ሺɘ– െ šሻ
‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›

’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡

‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒš‹•‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡

› ൌ •‹ሺɘ– െ šሻ › ൌ •‹ ሺɘ– െ šሻ

ˆ •‹‰ ‘ˆ „‘–Š Z– ƒ† š ƒ”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒš‹• ƒ”‡
–Š‡™ƒ˜‡‹•’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‰‘ژ‡ šǦƒš‹•Ǥ ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–Š‡™ƒ˜‡‹•”ƒ•˜‡”•‡Ǥ
ˆ•‹‰‘ˆ„‘–Š Z–ƒ†š ƒ”‡•ƒ‡–Š‡ ˆ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒš‹• ƒ”‡
™ƒ˜‡‹•’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‰‘Ȃ˜‡ šǦƒš‹•Ǥ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–Š‡™ƒ˜‡‹•‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽǤ

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Particle Velocity ሺ‫ ܘܞ‬ሻ in Plane Progressive Wave
Particle velocity: - Š‡”ƒ–‡‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹‘ȋ›Ȍ™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–‹‡ȋ–Ȍ‹•‘™ƒ•’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ
‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ™ƒ˜‡ǡ › α •‹ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌ ǥȋ‹Ȍ
w›
Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ǡ α ɘ ‘•ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌ ǥȋ‹‹Ȍ
w–
˜’ α ɘ ‘•ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌǡ™Š‡”‡˜’ ‹•–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ
Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹• ”‘••‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‹–•˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•ƒš‹—Ǥ˜’ α ɘǡ ȋƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ȍ
Slope of S.H.W. (Simple Harmonic Wave)
w›
› α •‹ ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌ α Ȃ ‘•ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌ ǥȋ‹‹‹Ȍ
wš
w›
Z ‘• Z–  š w› § Z ·§ w› · § w› · § Z·
‘™ǡˆ”‘ȋ‹‹Ȍƒ†ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ w– Ÿ  ¸¨ ¸ ˜ ’  ˜ ¨ ¸ ¨ ˜
w›   ‘• Z–  š ¨
w– ©  ¹© wš ¹ © wš ¹ ©  ¸¹
wš
ƒ”–‹ Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›αȂȋƒ˜‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ȌέȋŽ‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ‰‡–ƒ––Šƒ–’‘‹–‘–Š‡™ƒ˜‡ƒ––Šƒ–‹•–ƒ–Ȍ

Relation between phase difference, path difference & Time difference

Šƒ•‡‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ Ͳ Ɏ Ɏ ͵Ɏ ʹɎ
ሺοԄሻ ʹ ʹ
ƒ–Š‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ Ͳ ɉ ɉ ͵ɉ ɉ S ʹS
ሺοšሻ Ͷ ʹ Ͷ Ͳ
Ȁʹ 
OȀʹ
‹‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ Ͳ   ͵ 
ሺο–ሻ Ͷ ʹ Ͷ O

'I 'š '–


ʹS O 
Acceleration of particle in plane progressive wave
‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ™ƒ˜‡
w› wʹ›
› α •‹ȋZ– Ȃ šȌ Ÿ Z ‘• Z–  š Ÿ  Zʹ •‹ Z–  š
w– w– ʹ
ƒ’ α Ȃɘʹ •‹ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌ Ÿ ƒ’ α Ȃɘʹ › ǥȋ‹Ȍ
Differential equation of wave
› α •‹ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌ › α •‹ȋɘ– Ȃ šȌ
w› w›
  ‘• Z–  š Z ‘• Z–  š
wš w–
wʹ› wʹ›
ʹ
  ʹ •‹ Z–  š ǥȋ‹Ȍ ʹ
 Zʹ •‹ Z–  š ǥȋ‹‹Ȍ
wš w–
‹˜‹†‡„‘–Š–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘‘„–ƒ‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡
wʹ›
wšʹ   ʹ •‹ Z–  š wʹ› Zʹ wʹ› wʹ› wʹ›
ˆ–‡”•‘Ž˜‹‰ǡ Ÿ ˜ʹ
wʹ›  Zʹ •‹ Z–  š w– ʹ  ʹ wšʹ w– ʹ wšʹ
w– ʹ
wʹ› § ͳ · § wʹ› ·
¨ ʹ ¸ ¨¨ ʹ ¸¸ ‹•‘™ƒ•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‘–‹‘Ǥ
wšʹ © ˜ ¹ © w– ¹

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x “—ƒ–‹‘› ൌ •‹ሺɘ– െ šሻ ”‡’”‡•‡–•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ‡†‹—’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ–ƒ›–‹‡Ǯ–ǯ‹

‘–Š‡”™‘”†•‹– ƒ‰‹˜‡—•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ–‡ƒ Šƒ†‡˜‡”›–‹‡•‘‹–‹•
ƒŽŽ‡†‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
w› ͳ § w› ·
x ‘”ƒ’Žƒ‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡›α•‹ȋZ–ȂšȌ’”‘†— ‹‰–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘  ¨ ¸
wš ˜ © w– ¹
‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ƒ–‰‹˜‡’‘‹–αȂ ™ƒ˜‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›έ•Ž‘’‡‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡ƒ––Šƒ–’‘‹–Ǥ
wʹ› ͳ § wʹ› ·
x  ¨ ¸ ‹•‘™ƒ•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‘–‹‘Ǥ
wšʹ ˜ʹ ¨© w– ʹ ¸¹
ʹS
x ‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǣɘ ൌ ʹɎǡ ˜ ൌ ɉ ǡ α ǡ ɘ ൌ ˜
O
x –Š‡”ˆ‘”‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣǦ
§ ʹSš · § § ˜– š · · § ʹS ·
› ൌ •‹ ¨ ʹSˆ–  ¸ ሺ‫ ˜ ׶‬ൌ ˆɉሻ Ÿ› ൌ •‹ ¨ ʹS ¨  ¸ ¸ Ÿ › ൌ •‹ ¨ ˜–  š ¸ Ǥ
© O ¹ © © O O ¹¹ © O ¹

Illustration 7
Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ— –‹‘•”‡’”‡•‡––”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ˜‡ǫ
మ ͳ
ȋͳȌȋš Ȃ ˜–Ȍʹ ȋʹȌκሺš െ ˜–ሻ ȋ͵Ȍ ‡ିሺ୶ି୴୲ሻ ȋͶȌ
š  ˜–
Solution:
Ž–Š‘—‰ŠƒŽŽˆ‘—”ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ”‡™”‹––‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”ˆሺƒš േ „–ሻǡ‘Ž›ȋ͵Ȍƒ‘‰–Š‡ˆ‘—”ˆ— –‹‘‹•ˆ‹‹–‡
‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ–‹‡•Ǥ ‡ ‡‘Ž›ȋ͵Ȍ”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
Illustration 8
ª Sš º
ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’Žƒ‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡‹•‰‹˜‡„› › ͳͲ•‹ «ʹͲͲS–  » , ™Š‡”‡š‹•‹ ƒ†–‹•‡ ‘†•
¬ ͻ¼
‹†‘—–
ȋƒȌ ȋ„Ȍƒ–—”‡ ȋ Ȍ’Ž‹–—†‡ ȋ†Ȍ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›
ȋ‡Ȍ‹‡’‡”‹‘† ȋˆȌƒ˜‡•’‡‡† ȋ‰Ȍƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ȋŠȌƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
Solution:
ª Sš º
› α ͳͲ •‹ «ʹͲͲS–  »
¬ ͻ¼
ȋƒȌȋښȌ†‹”‡ –‹‘ ȋ„Ȍ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ȋ ȌͳͲ  ȋ†ȌZ αʹͲͲS
ʹS ʹS ͳ Z ʹͲͲS 
ȋ‡Ȍ  ͲǤͲͳ• ȋˆȌ ˜ ͳͺͲͲ
Z ʹͲͲS ͳͲͲ  S •
ͻ
S ʹS S
ȋ‰Ȍ α Ÿ Ÿ ɉ ൌ ͳͺ  ȋŠȌ ୫ୟ୶ ൌ ɘ ൌ ͳͲ ൈ ʹͲͲɎ ൌ ʹɎ ൈ ͳͲଷ Ȁ•
ͻ O ͻ
Illustration 9
‹†‘—–ǡƒ†ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
ȋƒȌ›α•‹ȋZ–Ȃ šȌ ȋ„Ȍ ›α•‹ȋZ–Ȃ ›Ȍ ȋ Ȍ ›α•‹ȋȂZ–Ȃ œȌ
ȋ†Ȍšα ‘•ȋZ–ڍšȌ ȋ‡Ȍ›α•‹ȋšȂ Z–Ȍ
Solution:
ȋƒȌ ›α•‹ȋZ–Ȃ šȌ ȋ„Ȍ ›α•‹ȋZ–Ȃ ›Ȍ ȋ Ȍ ›α•‹ȋȂZ–Ȃ œȌ
αښ αΪ› αȂœ
α±› α±› α±›
”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡

[Link] [ 189 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
ȋ†Ȍ šα ‘•ȋZ–ڍšȌ ȋ‡Ȍ αښ
αȂš  ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡
α±š ›α•‹ȋšȂ Z–Ȍ
‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ  α›±
Illustration 10
‘”ƒ•‘—†™ƒ˜‡’ƒ–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆͶͲ ‹•‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡––‘’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ͳǤ͸S ”ƒ†Ǥ ˆ•’‡‡†‹•͵͵ͲȀ•Ǥ
‹†Ǥ
Solution:
'I 'š ͳǤ͸S ͶͲ ͶͲ u ʹ u ͳͲ ͳ
Ÿ ŸO ŸO 
ʹS O ʹS O u ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ u ͳ͸ ʹ
? ˜αO Ÿ α͵͵ͲέʹŸ α͸͸Ͳ œ

BEGINNER’S BOX-1
1. ™ƒ˜‡Šƒ•ƒ•’‡‡†‘ˆ͵ͲͲȀ•‡ ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͷͲͲ œǤŠ‡’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘
ƒ†Œƒ ‡–’‘‹–•‹•SȀ͵”ƒ†‹ƒǤŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡’ƒ–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ǫ
PWA177
2. •–‘‡†”‘’’‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘’‘ˆƒ–‘™‡”‘ˆŠ‡‹‰Š–͵ͲͲŠ‹‰Š•’Žƒ•Š‡•‹–‘–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‘ˆƒ’‘†
‡ƒ”–Š‡„ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‘™‡”ǤŠ‡‹•–Š‡•’Žƒ•ŠŠ‡ƒ”†ƒ––Š‡–‘’ǡ‰‹˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†
‹ƒ‹”‹•͵ͶͲ•Ȃͳǫ ȋ‰αͻǤͺ•ȂʹȌ
PWA178

Energy Power and Intensity of Waves

Energy : ƒ˜‡ –”ƒ•’‘”– ‡‡”‰› ™Š‡ –Š‡› ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‡†‹—Ǥ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‹‡–‹  ‡‡”‰› 
ͳ ʹ
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘˜‹‰’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹‘‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‹•  ρO Z
Ͷ
ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ǡ‡ƒ Š‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹‰Šƒ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹–†—‡–‘‹–•
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡”‡•–‘”‹‰ˆ‘” ‡•ˆ”‘‡‹‰Š„‘—”‹‰‡Ž‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡–‘–ƒŽ
ͳ ʹ
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†‹‘‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‹•‡šƒ –Ž›–Š‡•ƒ‡”‡•—Ž–  ρO Z
Ͷ
‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹•‘‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ˜‡‹•–Š‡•—‘ˆ–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰‹‡•ǣ
ͳ ʹ
  ρO Z
ʹ
Illustration 11
ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹‘‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‹•ͳͲ Ǥ ‹†‹–•‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ƒ†–‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›‹‘‡™ƒ˜‡
Ž‡‰–Šǫ
Solution:
αͳͲ •‘ǡǤǤαͳͲ ƒ†ǤǤαͳͲΪͳͲ αʹͲ
Power (P): •–Š‡™ƒ˜‡‘˜‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•–”‹‰ǡ–Š‹•ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡‡”‰›’ƒ••‡•„›ƒ‰‹˜‡ ’‘‹–‘–Š‡
•–”‹‰†—”‹‰ƒ–‹‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‘ˆ‘‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ–Š‡‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡’‘™‡”ǡ‘””ƒ–‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰›–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ǡ
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡™ƒ˜‡‹•
ͳ ʹ ͳ ʹ ʹ
ρO Z ρ Z O
'  ͳ O
 Ÿ ʹ ʹ Ÿ  ρ˜ʹZʹ ' ˜
'–    ʹ 

[ 190 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Illustration 12
ˆ‡‡”‰›‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹•ʹͲ Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–‹‡™Š‡‹–•’‘™‡”‹•ͳͲ™ƒ––•ǫ
Solution:
  ʹͲ
 Ÿ– Ÿ– Ÿ –αʹ•‡ Ǥ
–  ͳͲ
Intensity
Intensity ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†–‘„‡–Š‡’‘™‡”’‡”—‹–ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ””‹‡†„›ƒ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ‘™‡”‹•–Š‡”ƒ–‡ƒ–™Š‹ Š‡‡”‰›‹•
–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†„›–Š‡™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
ͳ
ρ˜ʹZʹ ͳ
‘™‡” ʹ
Ÿ Ÿ U˜ ʹZʹ
”‡ƒ ”‡ƒ ʹ
”‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡”‡•—Ž–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ ƒ„‡ƒ†‡
ȋƒȌ ˆ‡†‹—”‡ƒ‹••ƒ‡–Š‡U ƒ† ˜ ‹• ‘•–ƒ– v ʹZʹ Ÿ v ʹʹ ȋZ ʹSȌ
ȋ„Ȍ ˆ‡†‹—ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›„‘–Šƒ”‡ ‘•–ƒ––Š‡ v ʹ
Illustration 13
™‘‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡• ›ͳ αʹ•‹ʹɎ ͷͲ– Ȃʹš ƒ† ›ʹ α Ͷ•‹ʹɎ ƒš ΪͳͲͲ– ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡‹‡†‹—™‹–Š•ƒ‡
•’‡‡†ǡ‹–‡•‹–‹‡•”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
Solution:
ʹ
ͳʹˆͳʹ ȋʹȌʹ ȋͷͲȌʹ Ͷ §ͳ· ͳ
ͳ
Ÿ ͳ
Ÿ ͳ

ʹ  ʹʹˆʹʹ ʹ ȋͶȌʹ ȋͳͲͲȌʹ ͳ͸ ¨© ʹ ¸¹ ʹ ͳ͸

Illustration 14
ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡–”ƒ‹–‘™ƒ˜‡–”ƒ‹Ǥ
Solution:
ƒ˜‡–”ƒ‹ ƒ˜‡–”ƒ‹

ʹ ͳ

Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵
ͳ ͵ ͷ
ʹ ʹ ʹ

ʹ ʹ
ʹ ʹ ͳʹˆͳʹ §ʹ· §ͳ· ͳ
–‡•‹–› v  ˆ Ÿ 
¨ ͳ ¸ ¨ ʹ ¸ Ÿ


 ʹʹˆʹʹ © ¹ © ¹  ͳ

ͳ ʹ
x ‹‡–‹ ‡‡”‰›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š  ρO Z
Ͷ
ͳ ʹ
x ‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š  ρO Z
Ͷ
ͳ ʹ
x ‘–ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š     ρO Z
ʹ
‡‰›
x ‘™‡”
‹‡
ͳ
x ‘™‡”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡™ƒ˜‡  ρ˜ʹZʹ
ʹ

[Link] [ 191 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
‘™‡”
x ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–‡•‹–›α
”‡ƒ
x ˆ‡†‹—‹••ƒ‡ƒ†˜‹• ‘•–ƒ––Š‡ǡ‹–‡•‹–›ȋIȌ v Zʹ  ʹ
x ˆ‡†‹—ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›„‘–Š ‘•–ƒ––Š‡ v ʹ

x –‡•‹–›†—‡–‘’‘‹–•‘—” ‡
ͶS”ʹ

Speed of Mechanical Wave on String

Velocity of Transverse Mechanical Waves: ‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‰ ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ •–”‹‰

Šƒ˜‹‰–‡•‹‘ƒ†ƒ••’‡”—‹–Ž‡‰–Šρǡ‹•‰‹˜‡„› ˜
ρ
ˆ” ‹•–Š‡”ƒ†‹—• ‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹‰ǡ ‹•‹–•Ž‡‰–Šƒ† U ‹•‹–•†‡•‹–›ǡ–Š‡
US”ʹ  
ρ US”ʹ
U Ÿ˜
ρ S”ʹU
Illustration 15
—‹ˆ‘””‘’‡‘ˆƒ••‰ƒ†Ž‡‰–Š A Šƒ‰•ˆ”‘ƒ ‡‹Ž‹‰ƒ••Š‘™ǡ–Š‹•”‘’‡‹•
—†‡”–‡•‹‘†—‡–‘‹–•‘™™‡‹‰Š–ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡™ƒ˜‡•’‡‡†ƒ–Ǯšǯ†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡
„‘––‘‘–Š‡”‘’‡Ǥ
Solution: š

†š
š

ρ ‹•–Š‡ƒ••’‡”—‹–Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ”‘’‡Ǥ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡šˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‡†–Š‡–‡•‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ǡ
§·
 ¨ ¸ š‰ Ÿ  ρš‰
©¹
 ρš‰
ƒ˜‡•’‡‡† ˜ α α š‰
ρ ρ
Illustration 16
ͷ
‘”–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–”‹‰•”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•‹• . ˆ„‘–Š•–”‹‰•Šƒ˜‡•ƒ‡
Ͷ
Ž‹‡ƒ”ƒ••†‡•‹–›–Š‡ˆ‹†”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–‡•‹‘‹•–”‹‰•ǫ
Solution:
ͳ
˜ͳ ͷ ρ ͳ ˜ ρͳ ͷ ͳ  ʹͷ
Ǣ ͳ Ÿ ͳ Ÿ Ÿ ͳ Ǥ
˜ʹ Ͷ ρʹ ͳ ˜ʹ ʹ Ͷ ʹ ʹ ͳ͸
ρʹ
Illustration 17
§ ʹɎ ·
•–”‹‰‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”†‡•‹–›Ͷ‰Ȁ ‹•˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǡ › α  •‹ ¨ ͳʹͲɎ– Ȃ š , Š‡”‡š
© ͷ ¸¹
Ƭ›‹•‹ Ƭ–‹•‡ Ǥ ‹†–‡•‹‘ȋ Ȍ‹•–”‹‰Ǧ

[ 192 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Solution:
Z ͳʹͲSu ͷ
˜ ͵ͲͲ  Ȁ •
 ʹS

˜ Ÿ α˜ʹ P αͻέͳͲͶ έͶ‰Ȁ α͵͸έͳͲͶ †›‡ Ÿ α͵Ǥ͸
P

BEGINNER’S BOX-2
1. –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ˜‡‹•–”‡– Š‡†•–”‹‰‹•‰‹˜‡„›–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ǣ ›αͶͲ ‘•ȋ͵šȂ ͷ–Ȍ ™Š‡”‡–‹•
‹•‡ Ǥ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡ƒš‹—•’‡‡†‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ‡†‹—Ǥ
PWA179
ͳͲ § Sš ·
2. Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–’”‘†— ‡†„›ƒ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ™ƒ˜‡‹•›α •‹ ¨ ʹͲͲS–  ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†
S © ͳ͹ ¸¹
–Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†ƒ†ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥȋšo ǡ›o ǡ–o •‡ ǤȌ
PWA180
3. ‘—Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ”––Šƒ–ƒ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ˜‡‹‘‡†‹‡•‹‘‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ƒˆ— –‹‘›αˆȋšǡ–Ȍ
™Š‡”‡šƒ†–—•–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹–Š‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘šȂ ˜–‘”šΪ˜–ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ›α ȋšr ˜–ȌǤ •–Š‡ ‘˜‡”•‡
–”—‡ǫšƒ‹‡‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ— –‹‘•ˆ‘”› ƒ’‘••‹„Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ˜‡ǣ
ȋƒȌȋšȂ ˜–Ȍʹ ȋ„Ȍ Ž‘‰ȏȋšΪ˜–ȌȀšͲȐ
ȋ Ȍ ‡š’ȏȂȋšΪ˜–ȌȀšͲȐ ȋ†Ȍ ͳȀȋšΪ˜–Ȍ
PWA181
4. –Š‡‰‹˜‡ˆ‹‰—”‡–Š‡•–”‹‰Šƒ•ƒ••ͶǤͷ‰Ǥ ‹†–Š‡–‹‡–ƒ‡
„›ƒ–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡’—Ž•‡’”‘†— ‡†ƒ––Š‡ˆŽ‘‘”–‘”‡ƒ Š–Š‡’—ŽŽ‡›Ǥ ʹͷ 
ȋ‰αͳͲ•ȂʹȌǤ ʹ
PWA182
ʹ‰
5. ™ƒ˜‡‘˜‡•™‹–Š•’‡‡†͵ͲͲ•Ȃͳ ‘ƒ™‹”‡™Š‹ Š‹•—†‡”ƒ
–‡•‹‘‘ˆͷͲͲǤ ‹†Š‘™— Š–Š‡–‡•‹‘—•–„‡ Šƒ‰‡†
ˆŽ‘‘”
–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡•’‡‡†–‘͵͸Ͳ•ȂͳǤ
PWA183
6. •–”‹‰‘ˆƒ••ʹǤͷͲ‰‹•—†‡”ƒ–‡•‹‘‘ˆʹͲͲǤŠ‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‡– Š‡†•–”‹‰‹•ʹͲǤͲǤ
ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡Œ‡”‹••–”— ƒ–‘‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹‰ǡŠ‘™Ž‘‰†‘‡•–Š‡†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡–ƒ‡–‘
”‡ƒ Š–Š‡‘–Š‡”‡†ǫ
PWA184

7.  —‹ˆ‘” ”‘’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ•• ͲǤͳ ‰ ƒ† Ž‡‰–Š ʹǤͶͷ  Šƒ‰• ˆ”‘ ƒ
‡‹Ž‹‰ ƒ••Š‘™‹†‹ƒ‰”ƒǤ
ȋƒȌ ˆ‹† •’‡‡† ‘ˆ –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ ”‘’‡ ƒ– ƒ ’‘‹– ͲǤͷ  A
†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡”‡†Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ –‹‡ –ƒ‡ „› ƒ –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ™ƒ˜‡ –‘ –”ƒ˜‡Ž –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ
Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ”‘’‡Ǥ šαͲǤͷ
PWA185
Sound Waves and it’s Characteristics
Classification of sound waves
‘—†™ƒ˜‡• ƒ„‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹–Š”‡‡‰”‘—’•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹””ƒ‰‡‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•Ǥ

[Link] [ 193 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
(1) Infrasonic Waves: ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡Šƒ˜‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•„‡Ž‘™ʹͲ œƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†‹ˆ”ƒ•‘‹ ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
Š‡› ƒ‘–„‡Š‡ƒ”†„›Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡’”‘†— ‡††—”‹‰‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ ˆ”ƒ•‘‹ ™ƒ˜‡•
ƒ„‡Š‡ƒ”†„›•ƒ‡•Ǥ
(2) Sonic Waves/Audible Waves: ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•Šƒ˜‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•Ž›‹‰„‡–™‡‡ʹͲ œǦʹͲͲͲͲ œ
ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ—†‹„Ž‡™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
(3) Ultrasonic Waves: ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•Šƒ˜‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•ƒ„‘˜‡ʹͲͲͲͲ œƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†—Ž–”ƒ•‘‹ 
™ƒ˜‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡’”‘†— ‡†ƒ†Š‡ƒ”†„›„ƒ–•ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒŽƒ”‰‡‡‡”‰› ‘–‡–Ǥ
Equations of sound wave
Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡ ƒ„‡†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–™‘™ƒ›•ǣ
‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽƒ˜‡

(A) Displacement wave form : Š‡•‘—†™ƒ˜‡‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†‹–‡”‘ˆŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–

•—ˆˆ‡”‡†„›’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—ǡ‹–‹• ƒŽŽ‡††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–™ƒ˜‡Ǥ • •ƒš ‘•ȋš  Z–Ȍ
Š‡”‡ Dz•dz ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ƒ† Dz •ƒš ” ‹• –Š‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‘”
ƒš‹—†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ
(B) Pressure Wave Form : Š‡ •‘—† ™ƒ˜‡ ‹• †‡• ”‹„‡† ‹ –‡” ‘ˆ ‡š ‡•• ’”‡••—”‡ †—‡ –‘
‘’”‡••‹‘ƒ†”ƒ”‡ˆƒ –‹‘ ƒŽŽ‡†’”‡••—”‡™ƒ˜‡Ǥ '’ '’ƒš •‹ȋš  Z–Ȍ Ÿ '’ƒš •ƒš
ȋ α —Ž ‘†—Ž—•ǡ  α ”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–ƒ–ǡ •ƒš α ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‘” ƒš‹—
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ȍ
ƒš‹—’”‡••—”‡‹‡†‹—α ƒ–  '’ƒš
‹‹—’”‡••—”‡‹‡†‹—α ƒ– Ȃ '’ƒš
”‡••—”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹‡†‹—α ʹ'’ƒš •
Note: Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” ƒ† •ƒš
O
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–™ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”‹•ͻͲ郐†’ƒ–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹• Ǥ š
Ͷ
‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒš‹— ™Š‡ ’”‡••—”‡ ‹•
‹‹—ƒ†˜‹ ‡˜‡”•ƒǤ
'’
Ȉ Š‡™‡ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ•‘—†ƒ•
'’ƒš
’”‡••—”‡™ƒ˜‡–Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘ Šƒ‰‡‹’Šƒ•‡™Š‡
”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘ƒDz”‹‰‹†„‘—†ƒ”›dz„—–Šƒ˜‡ƒ’Šƒ•‡ š
Šƒ‰‡‘ˆS ™Š‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘ˆ”‡‡‡†Ǥ
Ȉ •‘—†•‡•‘”Ǧ‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒ”ǡ‹‡‘”Ž‹•–‡‡”ǡ‘„•‡”˜‡”
†‡–‡ –• Šƒ‰‡‹’”‡••—”‡Ǥ‘ǡ‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡™‡’”‡ˆ‡” '’ƒš α Ȃ
ୢ୷
ୢ୶
’”‡••—”‡™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
Illustration 18

•‘—†™ƒ˜‡‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠS ‹•–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‹‡†‹—‘ˆ„—Ž‘†—Ž—• ͳͲͷ ƒ†‹– ”‡ƒ–‡•’”‡••—”‡
ʹ

˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ͲǤͲͺ ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡’”‡••—”‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
ʹ
[ 194 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Solution:
”‡••—”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘α ʹ'’ƒš ͲǤͲͺ Ÿ '’ƒš ͲǤͲͶ  Ȁ ʹ
ʹS § ʹS ·
'’ƒšα•ƒš Ÿ ͲǤͲͶ ͳͲͷ u u •ƒš ¨  Ÿ •ƒš ʹ u ͳͲ͹ 
S © O ¸¹
Speed of Sound Wave
’‡‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ™ƒ˜‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡†‹— †‡’‡†• ‘ –Š‡ ‡Žƒ•–‹  ƒ† ‹‡”–‹ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡†‹—Ǥ
Žƒ•–‹ ’”‘’‡”–› 
˜α ˜
‹‡”–‹ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–› U

ȋƒȌ ‘Ž‹†• ǣ ˜ • α Ǣ α‘—‰ǯ•‘†—Ž—•‘ˆŽƒ•–‹ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†•ƒ†U ᆇ•‹–›Ǥ
U

ȋ„Ȍ ‹“—‹†• ǣ α
˜ α ; α—Ž‘†—Ž—•‘ˆŽƒ•–‹ ‹–›‘ˆ Ž—‹†ƒ†U ᆇ•‹–›Ǥ
U
Velocity of sound wave in air according to Newton
Š‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ ˆ‘” ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ƒ‹” ™ƒ• ˆ‹”•– ‘„–ƒ‹‡† „› ‡™–‘Ǥ ‡ ƒ••—‡† –Šƒ– ™Š‡ •‘—†
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‹”ǡ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹•‹•‘–Š‡”ƒŽȌǤ
In isothermal process B (Bulk modulus) = P (Atmospheric pressure)
  ‰
˜‰ α –ǡ  ͳǤͲͳ u ͳͲͷ ʹ
Ǣ Uƒ‹” ͳǤ͵
ɏ  ͵
 ͳǤͲͳέͳͲͷ
˜• α α ʹ͹ͻ  Ȁ •‡
ɏ ͳǤ͵
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ƒ‹” ‹• ͵͵ʹ Ȁ• ™Š‹ Š ‹• — Š Š‹‰Š‡” –Šƒ –Šƒ– ‰‹˜‡ „›
‡™–‘ǯ•ˆ‘”—ŽƒǤ
Laplace’s Correction
 ‘”†‡” –‘ ”‡‘˜‡ –Š‡ †‹• ”‡’ƒ › „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—†ǡ
ƒ’Žƒ ‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†‡™–‘ǯ•ˆ‘”—Žƒƒ••—‹‰–Šƒ–’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”‹•ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ
 J
B γP  ‰ ͹
vs = = –ǡ  ͳǤͲͳ u ͳͲͷ ʹ
Ǣ Uƒ‹” ͳǤ͵ ͵
Ǣ J ƒ‹”
ρ ρ   ͷ

J ͹ u ͳǤͲͳ u ͳͲͷ
˜• ͵͵ʹ Ȁ•‡
U ͷu ͳǤ͵
Š‹ Š‹•‹‰‘‘†ƒ‰”‡‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡ȋ͵͵ʹȀ•ȌǤŠ‹•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡•–Šƒ–•‘—†’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡•
ƒ†‹ƒ„ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›–Š”‘—‰Š‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ
Note: Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”ƒ–‹•͵͵ʹȀ•™Š‹ Š‹•— ŠŽ‡••‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆŽ‹‰Š–ƒ†”ƒ†‹‘Ǧ
™ƒ˜‡•ȋα ͵ έ ͳͲͺ Ȁ•ȌǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–Ȃ
x ˆ™‡•‡–‘—”™ƒ– Š„›–Š‡•‘—†‘ˆƒ†‹•–ƒ–•‹”‡‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡•Ž‘™Ǥ
x ˆ™‡”‡ ‘”†–Š‡–‹‡‹ƒ”ƒ ‡„›Š‡ƒ”‹‰•‘—†ˆ”‘•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‡••‡”–Šƒƒ –—ƒŽǤ
x  ƒ Ž‘—†ǦŽ‹‰Š–‡‹‰ǡ –Š‘—‰Š Ž‹‰Š– ƒ† •‘—† ƒ”‡ ’”‘†— ‡† •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› „—– ƒ•  ε ˜ǡ Ž‹‰Š–
’”‡ ‡†‡–Š—†‡”Ǥ
J J Jρ J
x ˜•
U   ™

[Link] [ 195 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Effect of various quantities on speed of sound wave:
(a) Effect of temperature: -
 Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†ƒŽ•‘†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—Ǥ
ɀ
˜• Ÿ ˜• v  ȋ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋȌ‹•‹‡Ž˜‹Ȍ
™

˜ʹ ʹ ˜– –  ʹ͹͵
Ÿ ȋ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ–Ȍ‹•‹†‡‰”‡‡ ‡Ž•‹—•Ȍ
˜ͳ ͳ ˜Ͳ ʹ͹͵
ͳ ͳ
ª – ºʹ ª – ºʹ
˜ – ˜Ͳ «ͳ  » Ÿ ˜ – ˜Ͳ «ͳ  » ȋƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ›‡†‹—Ȍ
¬ ʹ͹͵ ¼ ¬ ʹ͹͵ ¼
‘”ƒ‹”˜‘ α͵͵ʹȀ•ƒ†ȋ–δδδʹ͹͵Ȍ
ª – º
˜– ˜ Ͳ «ͳ  » Ÿ ˜– αȋ͵͵ʹΪͲǤ͸ͳ–Ȍ Ȁ•
¬ ͷͶ͸ ¼
‘”‡˜‡”›ͳι †‡‰”‡‡”‹•‡‹–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ—’–‘͵ͲιȌǡ•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•„›ͲǤ͸ͳȀ•Ǥ
(b) Effect of Relative Humidity: - ‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹Š—‹†‹–›ǡ†‡•‹–›‘ˆƒ‹”
J
†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡••‘ˆ”‘ ˜ •
U
™‡ ‘ Ž—†‡–Šƒ–™‹–Š”‹•‡‹Š—‹†‹–›˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‹•
‹•™Š›•‘—†–”ƒ˜‡Ž•ˆƒ•–‡”‹Š—‹†ƒ‹”ȋ”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘Ȍ–Šƒ‹†”›ƒ‹”
ȋ•—‡”Ȍƒ–•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
—‡–‘–Š‹•‹”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘–Š‡•‘—†‘ˆˆƒ –‘”‹‡••‹”‡ƒ†™Š‹•–Ž‡‘ˆ–”ƒ‹ ƒ„‡Š‡ƒ”†‘”‡–Šƒ
•—‡”Ǥ
J J
(c) Effect of Pressure: - ˜•
U 
‘ǡ’”‡••—”‡Šƒ•‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‘˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‰ƒ•ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡ƒ‹ ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
Š‹•‹•™Š›™Š‹Ž‡‰‘‹‰—’‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‘—‰Š„‘–Š’”‡••—”‡ƒ††‡•‹–›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ǡ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
‘ˆ•‘—†”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ
(d) Effect of Wind: - ˆƒ‹”‹•„Ž‘™‹‰–Š‡–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—† Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹•˜
ƒ†–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆƒ‹”‹•™ǡ–Š‡–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‹™Š‹ Šƒ‹”‹•„Ž‘™‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡
ȋ˜Ϊ™Ȍǡƒ†‹–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡ȋ˜Ȃ ™ȌǤ
(e) Effect of Frequency: - Š‡”‡‹•‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ
•‘—†Ǥ ‘—†™ƒ˜‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•–”ƒ˜‡Ž™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡•’‡‡†
‹ƒ‹”ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‹ƒ‹”ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ ˆ–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†
™‡”‡ †‡’‡†‡– ‘ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǡ –Š‡ ™‡ ‘—Ž† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ‡Œ‘›‡†
‘” Š‡•–”ƒǤ
Illustration 19
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†™ƒ˜‡‹ ‡Ž‹—‰ƒ•ƒ–ͷ͹ιǤ
Solution:
J ͷ u ʹͷ u ͵͵Ͳ u ͳͲͲͲ § ʹͷ ͳ ·
˜ Ÿ ˜ Ÿ ˜ ͳͲ͹ͲǤͶ Ȁ • ¨  ‘Ž ͳ ¸
 ͵u ͵u Ͷ © ͵ ¹

[ 196 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Illustration 20
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†™ƒ˜‡‹‘š›‰‡‰ƒ•ƒ–ͳƒ–’”‡••—”‡ƒ††‡•‹–›ͶͲ‰Ȁଷǫ
Solution:
J ͹ u ͳͲͷ
˜ Ÿ ˜ Ÿ ˜ ͷͻǤͳͷ Ȁ •
U ͷu ͶͲ
Illustration 21
‹†‘—––Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹‘š›‰‡Ƭ ‡Ž‹—‰ƒ•ƒ–•ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
Solution:
J ‘ʹ 
§ ͹ ·
‘ ¨ ͷ u ͵ʹ ¸
’‡‡† ‘ˆ ‘š›‰‡ ˜ ‘š›‰‡ ʹ
Ÿ
˜ ‘š›‰‡ © ¹ Ÿ ˜ š›‰‡ ʹͳ
’‡‡† ‘ˆ ‡Ž‹— ˜ ‡Ž‹—
J ‡  ˜ ‡Ž‹— § ͷ · ˜ ‡Ž‹— ʹͲͲ
¨ ͵u Ͷ ¸
 ‡ © ¹
Illustration 22
’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†™ƒ˜‡‹ƒ‹”ƒ–Ͳι‹•͵͵ʹȀ•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†ƒ–ʹͲ୭ Ǥ
Solution:
˜– ˜Ͳ  ͲǤ͸ͳ – Ÿ ˜ – ͵͵ʹ  ͲǤ͸ͳ ʹͲ Ÿ ˜ – ͵ͶͶǤʹ  Ȁ •
Wavefront
–‹•–Š‡Ž‘ —•‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡•ƒ‡’Šƒ•‡Ǥ
Spherical Wavefront
ͳǤ ’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡ˆ”‘–‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘’‘‹–•‘—” ‡Ǥ
ͳ ͳ
ʹǤ –‡•‹–›ȋ Ȍ v ? v ʹ ȋ”‡ƒ ͶS”ʹ Ȍ
”‡ƒ ”
ͳ ͳ
͵Ǥ –‡•‹–›v ȋ’Ž‹–—†‡Ȍʹ ? v ʹ Ÿ v
”ʹ ”
Illustration 23
Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‹–‡•‹–›ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆͺˆ”‘–Š‡’‘‹–•‘—” ‡‘ˆ•‘—†‘ˆ’‘™‡”ʹͷǤͳʹƒ––Ǥ
Solution:
‘™‡” ʹͷǤͳʹ ͳ
–‡•‹–› Ÿ ʹ
Ÿ ƒ–– Ȁ ʹ
”‡ƒ ͶSu ͺ ͵ʹ
Illustration 24
–‡•‹–›ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆͷˆ”‘’‘‹–•‘—” ‡‘ˆ•‘—†‹• ,ͲǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹–‡•‹–›ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ͵Ͳ
ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—” ‡ǫ
Solution:
ʹ ʹ
ͳ § ”ʹ · Ͳ § ͵Ͳ · Ͳ
¨ ¸ Ÿ
” ¨ ͷ ¸ ͵͸ Ÿ ʹ ͵͸
ʹ © ͳ¹ ʹ © ¹
Characteristics of Sound
‘—†‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š”‡‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ǣ
Ȉ Loudness • Pitch • Quality/Timbre
x Loudness: Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ™Š‹ Šǡ•‘—†‹••ƒ‹†–‘„‡Š‹‰Š‘”Ž‘™Ǥ
–†‡’‡†•‘ǡ ȋƒȌŠƒ’‡ƒ†•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—” ‡ ȋ„Ȍ –‡•‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†
 ‘”†‹‰–‘‡„‡”Ǧ ‡ Š‡”–Š‡Ž‘—†‡••‘ˆƒ•‘—†‘ˆ‹–‡•‹–› ‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǣ
‫‰‘Ž ן‬ଵ଴
[Link] [ 197 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics

ʹ
ʹ  ͳ ' ͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ ‰
ͳ Ϊ
Ͳ š
‹–‘ˆŽ‘—†‡••Ǧ †‡ ‹„‡Žȋ†Ȍ Ȃ

‘”œ‡”‘†‡ ‹„‡ŽȋͲ†Ȍ‘—†‡••ǡ –‡•‹–›‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†‘ˆ

Š‡ƒ”‹‰ȋ ͲȌǤ ‰ Ϊ

ʹ
ʹ  ͳ ' ͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ Ͳ š
ͳ

Ȃ
  Ͳ ͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ
Ͳ

 ͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ Š‡”‡ Ͳ ͳͲͳʹ  Ȁ ʹ

Ͳ

Note: ȋͳȌ ˆ αͳͲȂͳʹ Ȁʹ –Š‡‘—†‡••ȋȌαͲ†ȋŠ”‡•Š‘Ž†‘ˆŠ‡ƒ”‹‰Ȍ

ȋʹȌ ˆ αͳȀʹ –Š‡‘—†‡••ȋȌαͳʹͲ†ȋ‘Ǧ‘Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡Ȍ
Illustration 25
‹†•‘—†‹–‡•‹–›ˆ‘”͹Ͳ†Ž‘—†‡••ǫ
Solution:
§ · § ·
 ͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ ¨ ¸ Ÿ ͹Ͳ ͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ ¨ ¸Ÿ ͳͲ͹ Ÿ ͳͲ͹ Ͳ
© Ͳ¹ © Ͳ¹ Ͳ

Illustration 26
Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ•‘—†ˆ”‘ƒ•’‡ƒ‡”‹•ʹ͹Ǥ›–—”‹‰–Š‡‘„‘ˆ–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡ǡ–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ•‘—†‹•
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ʹ͹ͲǤŠ‡’‘™‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹†‡ ‹„‡Ž•Ž‡˜‡Ž•‹•ǣǦ
Solution:
§ ·
'αͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ ¨ ʹ ¸  ȋ –‡•‹–›ȋ Ȍv ‘™‡”ȋȌȌ
© ͳ ¹
§ ʹ͹Ͳ ·
'αͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ ¨ ¸ Ÿ 'αͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ ͳͲ Ÿ 'αͳͲȏͳȐαͳͲ†
© ʹ͹ ¹
Illustration 27
‘—†‡••‘ˆ•‘—†•‘—” ‡‹•͸Ͳ†ƒ–͵ˆ”‘ƒ’‘‹–•‘—” ‡ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒš‹—†‹•–ƒ ‡—’–‘™Š‹ Š
–Š‹••‘—† ƒ„‡Š‡ƒ”†‹ˆ–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†‘ˆŠ‡ƒ”‹‰‹•ʹͲ†„Ǥ
Solution:
§ ʹ· § ͳ ·
' ͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ ¨ ¸ ¨ v ʹ ˆ‘” ƒ ’‘‹– •‘—” ‡ ¸
© ͳ¹ © ” ¹
ʹ
§” · §” ·
ʹ  ͳ ͳͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ ¨ ͳ ¸ Ÿ ͸Ͳ  ʹͲ ʹͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ ¨ ͳ ¸ Ÿ ͶͲ ʹͲŽ‘‰ͳͲ §¨ ”ͳ ·¸
© ”ʹ ¹ © ”ʹ ¹ ©͵¹

§” · ”
ʹ Ž‘‰ͳͲ ¨ ͳ ¸ Ÿ §¨ ͳ ·¸ ͳͲʹ ‡–‡” Ÿ ”ͳ ͵ͲͲ 
©͵¹ ©͵¹

[ 198 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Pitch: –‹•–Š‡•‡•ƒ–‹‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡†„›–Š‡‡ƒ”†—‡–‘ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†‹•–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ™Š‹ Š†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡•
ƒ•Š”‹ŽŽȋ‘”•Šƒ”’Ȍ•‘—†ˆ”‘ƒ‰”ƒ˜‡ȋ‘”ˆŽƒ–Ȍ•‘—†Ǥ•’‹– Š†‡’‡†•‘ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǡŠ‹‰Š‡”–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›
Š‹‰Š‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡’‹– Šƒ†•Š”‹ŽŽ‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡•‘—†Ǥ
For example: Š‡ „—œœ‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ „‡‡ ‘” Š—‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ
‘•“—‹–‘Šƒ•Š‹‰Š’‹– Š„—–Ž‘™Ž‘—†‡••™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‘ƒ”
‘ˆƒŽ‹‘Šƒ•Žƒ”‰‡Ž‘—†‡••„—–Ž‘™’‹– ŠǤ
—‡–‘‘”‡Šƒ”‘‹ •—•—ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡’‹– Š‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡˜‘‹ ‡
‹•Š‹‰Š‡”–ŠƒƒŽ‡Ǥ
Quality (or timbre): - – ‹• –Š‡ •‡•ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† „› –Š‡ ‡ƒ” †—‡ –‘ ̵™ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”ǯǤ ™‘ •‘—†• ‘ˆ •ƒ‡
‹–‡•‹–›ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰—”‡™‹ŽŽ’”‘†— ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡•ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡‡ƒ”‹ˆ–Š‡‹”™ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”•
ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ
‹‡

“—ƒ”‡

”‹ƒ‰Ž‡

ƒ™–‘‘–Š

Illustration 28
ȋƒȌ ’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”‹•͵͵ʹȀ•ƒ–ǤŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹Š›†”‘‰‡ƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡
†‡•‹–›‘ˆŠ›†”‘‰‡ƒ–‹•ȋͳȀͳ͸Ȍ–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ‹”Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ‡‘ –‘ –Šƒ– ‹ ™ƒ–‡” ˜ƒ’‘—” ƒ– ƒ› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ
ȏ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ‡‘αʹǤͲʹέͳͲȂʹ ‰Ȁ‘Žƒ†ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”•αͳǤͺέͳͲȂʹ ‰Ȁ‘ŽȐ
Solution:
 J J
Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”‹•‰‹˜‡„›˜α α α
U U ™

˜  Uƒ‹” U
ȋƒȌ –‡”•‘ˆ†‡•‹–›ƒ†’”‡••—”‡α α u α ƒ‹” ȏƒ•ƒ‹” α Ȑ
˜ ƒ‹” U ƒ‹” U

Uƒ‹” ͳ͸
Ÿ ˜ ˜ ƒ‹” u ͵͵ʹ u αͳ͵ʹͺȀ•
U ͳ

˜ ‡ J ‡ ™
ȋ„Ȍ –‡”•‘ˆ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‘Ž‡ —Žƒ”™‡‹‰Š– u ȏƒ•‡ α™Ȑ
˜™ ‡ J ™
§ ͷ· § Ͷ·
‘™ƒ•‡‘‹•‘‘ƒ–‘‹  ¨ J ¸ ™Š‹Ž‡™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”•’‘Ž›ƒ–‘‹  ¨ J
© ͵ ¹ © ͵ ¸¹

§ͷ· ʹ
˜ ¨ ͵ ¸ u ͳǤͺ u ͳͲ ͷ ͳǤͺ
‘ǡ ‡ © ¹ α u αͳǤͲͷͷǤ
˜™ §Ͷ· ʹ Ͷ ʹǤͲʹ
¨ ͵ ¸ u ʹǤͲʹ u ͳͲ
© ¹

[Link] [ 199 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 29
‘—† ƒ„‡Š‡ƒ”†ƒ–‰”‡ƒ–†‹•–ƒ ‡ƒˆ–‡””ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤš’Žƒ‹ǫ
Solution:
ƒ”ƒ‹›†ƒ›ǡƒ‹” ‘–ƒ‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”ǤŠ‹•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆƒ‹”Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ•‘—†
–”ƒ˜‡Ž•ˆƒ•–‡”‹ƒ‹”ƒ† ƒ„‡Š‡ƒ”†‘˜‡”Ž‘‰‡”†‹•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ

x Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆƒ•‘Ž‹†‹•— ŠŽƒ”‰‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•„—––Š‡‡Žƒ•–‹ ‹–›‹•Žƒ”‰‡”„›ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”

ˆƒ –‘”Ǥ ‡ ‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•‹ƒ•‘Ž‹†–”ƒ˜‡Ž— Šˆƒ•–‡”–Šƒ–Šƒ–‹ƒ‰ƒ•Ǥ
x ƒŽ‹“—‹†–Š‡•’‡‡†Ž‹‡•‹„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘‹Ǥ‡Ǥ˜•‘Ž‹† ε˜Ž‹“—‹† ε˜‰ƒ•

x ’‡‡†‘ˆŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•‹ƒ•‘Ž‹†”‘†ǣ ˜
U
x Š‡’”‘’‡”–›–Šƒ–†‡–‡”‹‡•–Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹ Šƒ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆƒ‡†‹— Šƒ‰‡•‹˜‘Ž—‡
'
™Š‡–Š‡’”‡••—”‡‘‹– Šƒ‰‡•‹•–Š‡„—Ž‘†—Ž‡•ȋȌ 
'

'
α ”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡‹˜‘Ž—‡’”‘†— ‡†„›ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹’”‡••—”‡ '


x ’‡‡†‘ˆŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•‹ƒŽ‹“—‹† ˜ Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡„—Ž‘†—Ž—•‘ˆ‡Žƒ•–‹ ‹–›Ǥ
U
x Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•‘”•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•‹‰ƒ•‡•‹•‰‹˜‡„›ǣ
J
˜ ȋ™Š‡”‡α”‡••—”‡ǡU ᇐ•‹–›Ȍ
U
J ᔃ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Š‡ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ•ƒ– ‘•–ƒ–’”‡••—”‡ƒ† ‘•–ƒ–˜‘Ž—‡Ǥ
Š‹•‹•‘™ƒ•ƒ’Žƒ ‡̵•ˆ‘”—ŽƒǤ

BEGINNER’S BOX-3
1. ͳͲͲͲŽ‘‰”‘†‘ˆ†‡•‹–›ͳͲǤͲέͳͲͶ ‰Ȁ͵ ƒ†Šƒ˜‹‰›‘—‰̵•
‘†—Ž—•αͳͲͳͳ ƒǡ‹• Žƒ’‡†ƒ–‘‡‡†Ǥ –‹•Šƒ‡”‡†ƒ––Š‡
‘–Š‡”ˆ”‡‡‡†ƒ••Š‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ǤŠ‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ’—Ž•‡‰‘‡•
–‘”‹‰Š–‡†ǡ‰‡–•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹”‡–—”•–‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‡†Ǥ ‘™— Š–‹‡ȋ‹•‡ Ȍ–Š‡’—Ž•‡
™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡–‘‰‘„ƒ –‘‹‹–‹ƒŽ’‘‹–ǫ
PWA186
2. ˆ–Š‡„—Ž‘†—Ž—•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹•ͶͲͲͲƒǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹™ƒ–‡”ǫ
PWA187
3. Š‡ ‹‹— ‹–‡•‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ—†‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹• ͳͲ ™ƒ––Ȁ Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡•‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹•
Ȃͳʹ ʹ

ͳͲȂͻ ™ƒ––Ȁʹǡ–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‡•‹–›Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‹••‘—†‹†‡ ‹„‡Ž•Ǥ

PWA188
4. ‘—† ƒ„‡Š‡ƒ”†ƒ–‰”‡ƒ–†‹•–ƒ ‡•ƒˆ–‡””ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤš’Žƒ‹Ǥ
PWA189

[ 200 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
5. •‘—†™ƒ˜‡‹•’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‰‹‰‹˜‡‰ƒ•‡‘—•‡†‹—–Š‡’Ž‘–‰”ƒ’Š„‡–™‡‡
ȋƒȌ˜‰ƒ• Ƭ ȋ„Ȍ ˜‰ƒ• Ƭ ȋ Ȍ ˜‰ƒ• Ƭ T
ȏ˜‰ƒ• α’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†ǡᔇ••—”‡ǡᇏ’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȐŽ•‘™”‹–‡†‘™’”‘’‡”—‹–•‘ƒš‹•Ǥ
PWA190
6. Š›ƒ”‡–‡’Ž‡„‡ŽŽ•ƒ†‡‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡•‹œ‡ǫ
PWA191
7Ǥ š’Žƒ‹™Š›•‘—†–”ƒ˜‡Ž•ˆƒ•–‡”‹™ƒ”ƒ‹”–Šƒ‹ ‘‘Žƒ‹”ǫ
PWA192
8. š’Ž‘•‹‘‘‘–Š‡”’Žƒ‡–•ƒ”‡‘–Š‡ƒ”†‘‡ƒ”–ŠǤš’Žƒ‹™Š›ǫ
PWA193
9. ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹‹š–—”‡‘ˆͳ‘Ž‡ ‡ƒ†ͳ‘Ž‡ʹ ƒ–ͳʹ͹ιǤ
PWA194
J
10. •‡–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ ˜ –‘‡š’Žƒ‹™Š›–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”
U
ȋƒȌ‹•‹†‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ȋ„Ȍ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ 
ȋ Ȍ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–ŠŠ—‹†‹–›Ǥ
PWA195

Principle of Superposition
Š‡–™‘‘”‘”‡™ƒ˜‡•ƒ””‹˜‡ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–‹–Š‡‡†‹—ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ
‡†‹—’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‹•–Š‡˜‡ –‘”ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–•†—‡–‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•
ƒŽŽ‡†•—’‡”’‘•‹–‹‘’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ

ሬԦ୬ୣ୲ ൌ ›
ሬԦଵ ൅ ›
ሬԦଶ ൅ ›
ሬԦଷ

‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡ˆ‘”‡

ˆ–‡” ˆ–‡”

Principle of superposition
Note: š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ‘‡™ƒ˜‡‹•‘–ƒˆˆ‡ –‡††—‡–‘’”‡•‡ ‡‘”ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ˜‡‹–Š‡‡†‹—ǡ
™ƒ˜‡•‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‡†‹—Ǥ

[Link] [ 201 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 30
‹†‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–ƒ–™ƒ˜‡‹ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡„‡Ž‘™‡–‹‘‡†™ƒ˜‡•—’‡”‹’‘•‡ƒ–ƒ’‘‹– ͳ αͻ•‹ȋZ–Ȃ šȌǢ
ʹα͸ ‘•ȋZ–Ȃ šȌǢ͵αΫͷ•‹ȋZ–Ȃ šȌǢͶαΫ͵ ‘•ȋZ–Ȃ šȌ
Solution:
Ϊ ‘•

͸ ͵
ͷ
Ȃ•‹ Ϊ•‹
ͷ ͻ Ͷ
͵
͵
–ƒD ൌ ֜ Ƚ ൌ ͵͹ι
Ͷ
Ȃ ‘•

›”‡• αͷ•‹ȋZ–Ȃ šΪIȌαͷ•‹ȋZ–Ȃ š Ϊ͵͹ιȌ

Illustration 31
ˆ‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹•‰‹˜‡› ൌ ͵•‹ሺZ– െ šሻ ൅ Ͷ ‘•ሺZ– െ šሻǤ ‹†–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–ƒ–™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
Solution:
ª͵ Ͷ º
› ͷ u « •‹ Z–  š  ‘• Z–  š » › ͷ ª¬ ‘•ͷ͵q •‹ Z–  š  •‹ͷ͵q ‘• Z–  š º¼
¬ͷ ͷ ¼
› ͷ ª¬• ‹ Z–  š  ͷ͵q º¼  ǤǤǤȋ‹Ȍ ›  ª¬•‹ Z–  š  ͷ͵q º¼  ǥȋ‹‹Ȍ
‘’ƒ”‹‰ȋ‹Ȍƒ†ȋ‹‹Ȍǡ’Ž‹–—†‡αͷǤ
Alternative method:
› ͵•‹ Z–  š  Ͷ ‘• Z–  š

’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡ǡ ʹ  ʹ α ͵ʹ  Ͷʹ α ʹͷ αͷ
Interference of Waves
Interference for Sound Waves : Š‡–Š‡™ƒ˜‡•‡‹––‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘Š‡”‡–•‘—” ‡•’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‰‹•ƒ‡
†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡•—’‡”’‘•‡†‘˜‡”‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡”‰›–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡‹–Š‡•’ƒ ‡ƒ†–Š‹•
’Š‡‘‡‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ•‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ
– ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡‡”‰› ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡Ǥ ‘–ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–ǡ ‘Ž›
”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡”‰›–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡Ǥ ‡”‡‹–‡•‹–›˜ƒ”‹‡•ƒ•–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
Coherent source
¾ ‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡”‡ƒ‹• ‘•–ƒ–™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–‹‡
ƒ”‡‘™ƒ• ‘Š‡”‡–•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
¾ ™‘™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡•ƒ‹†–‘„‡ ‘Š‡”‡–‹ˆ–Š‡‹”’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡†‘‡•‘–†‡’‡†
‘–‹‡Ǥ
Mathematical Analysis
‡––Š‡–™‘™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡ ›ͳ ͳ •‹ Z–  šͳ ƒ† ›ʹ ʹ •‹ Z–  šʹ
ʹS
'I Z–  šͳ  Z–  š ʹ  šʹ  šͳ 'š
O
”‡• ͳʹ  ʹʹ  ʹͳ ʹ ‘• 'I Ÿ ʹ”‡• ͳʹ  ʹʹ  ʹͳ ʹ ‘• 'I

‡‘™–Šƒ–ǡ v ʹ Ÿ ͳ  ʹ ʹ ͳ ʹ ‘• 'I

[ 202 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN

Constructive Interference Destructive Interference

οš ൌ Ͳǡ ɉǡ ʹɉǡ ͵ɉ ǥ ǥ ɉ ɉ ͵ɉ ͷɉ ሺʹ ൅ ͳሻɉ

οš ൌ ǡ ǡ ǥ ǥ
‡”‡ α Ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǥǥǤ ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
‡”‡ α Ͳǡ ͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǥǥǤ

οԄ ൌ Ͳǡ ʹɎǡ ͶɎ ǥ ǥ ʹɎ οԄ ൌ Ɏǡ ͵Ɏǡ ͷɎ ǥ ǥ ሺʹ ൅ ͳሻɎ

୫ୟ୶ ൌ ටଶଵ ൅ ଶଶ ൅ ʹଵ ଶ ‘• Ͳι ୫୧୬ ൌ ටଶଵ ൅ ଶଶ ൅ ʹଵ ଶ ‘• Ɏ

୫ୟ୶ ൌ ଵ ൅ ଶ  ୫୧୬ ൌ ଵ െ ଶ 
ଶ ଶ
୫ୟ୶ ൌ ൫ඥ ଵ ൅ ඥ ଶ ൯ ୫୧୬ ൌ ൫ඥ ଵ െ ඥ ଶ ൯

ʹ ʹ ʹ
ͳ § ͳ · §  ƒš · ƒš
§ ͳ  ʹ
·
ƒš
¨ ¸ Ÿ ¨ ¸ Ÿ ¨
¨
¸
¸
ʹ © ʹ ¹ ‹ ©  ‹ ¹ ‹ © ͳ  ʹ ¹
 ‹ ƒš
˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡’ƒ––‡”α ͳ ʹ
ʹ
Degree of interference pattern (f) = ˆ”‡’”‡•‡–• ‘–”ƒ•–‡ˆˆ‡ –ȋ Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡’ƒ––‡”Ȍ

ˆ ƒš ‹ u ͳͲͲΨ
ƒš  ‹

Constructive Interference Destructive Interference

Illustration 32
ˆO α͵ƒ†–Š‡–™‘ ‘Š‡”‡–•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ•ƒ‡‹–‡•‹–›ƒ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ƒ••Š‘™ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–ƒ–
‹–‡•‹–›ƒ–’‘‹–ƒ†‹–Š‡‰‹˜‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǫ
Solution: 
'šα͹Ȃ ͵αͶ
͵

ʹS ʹS ͺS
'I u 'š u Ͷ Ÿ 'I S S 
O ͵ ͵
Ͷ ͵
 ͳ  ʹ ʹ ͳ ʹ ‘• 'I

§ ͳ· ’
  ʹ ¨ʹ¸ Ÿ  Ÿ ͳ
© ¹ 

[Link] [ 203 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 33
͸Ͷ ͳ
ˆ‹ƒ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡’ƒ––‡” ƒš
–Š‡ˆ‹† ͳ
ƒ† ǫ
‹ Ͷͻ ʹ ʹ
Solution:
ʹ
§ ͳ   ʹ · ͸Ͷ   ʹ ͺ  ͳͷ ͳ ͳʹ ʹʹͷ
¨ ¸ Ÿ ͳ Ÿ ͳ Ÿ I v ʹ Ÿ
© ͳ   ʹ ¹ Ͷͻ ͳ   ʹ ͹ ʹ ͳ ʹ ʹʹ ͳ
Illustration 34
•‘—” ‡‡‹––‹‰•‘—†‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͳͺͲ œ‹•’Žƒ ‡†‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆƒ™ƒŽŽƒ–ƒ’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆʹ
ˆ”‘‹–Ǥ†‡–‡ –‘”‹•ƒŽ•‘’Žƒ ‡†‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒŽŽƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘‹–Ǥ ‹†–Š‡‹‹—†‹•–ƒ ‡
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‘—” ‡ƒ†–Š‡†‡–‡ –‘”ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡†‡–‡ –‘”†‡–‡ –•ƒƒš‹—‘ˆ•‘—†Ǥ’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†
‹ƒ‹”α͵͸ͲȀ•ǫ
Solution: S šଶ
ª šʹ º ඨ ൅Ͷ
Ͷ
'š «ʹ  Ͷ  š»
« Ͷ »
¬ ¼
š
'šαͲǡOǡʹO ǥǤǤǤOǡˆ‘”–Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘ ‘•‹†‡”‹‰'šαO ʹ
˜ ͵͸Ͳ ª š ʹ º
O ʹ Ÿ ʹ «ʹ  Ͷ  š»
 ͳͺͲ « Ͷ » šଶ
¬ ¼ D ඨ ൅Ͷ
Ͷ
„›•‘Ž˜‹‰™‡‰‡–ǡšα͵
Illustration 35
’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ–™‘™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡ƒͳ ƒ†ƒʹǡ™Š‡”‡ƒͳ αƒʹ Ⴣ†„‘–Šƒ”‡•—’‡”‹’‘•‡†ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–™Š‡”‡’ƒ–Š
O
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹• Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–ƒ–™ƒ˜‡ǫ
ʹ
Solution:
O
'š Ÿ 'I S ͳͺͲq ǡ  ”‡• ƒͳʹ  ƒʹʹ  ʹƒͳƒʹ ‘• I Ÿ  ”‡• ƒʹ  ƒʹ  ʹƒƒ ‘•ͳͺͲq Ͳ Ǥ
ʹ
Illustration 36
 ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ ‹ˆ –Š‡ †‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹• ͸ͲΨ –Š‡ ˆ‹† –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹–› ƒ†
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•‘ˆ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‹‰™ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”ǫ
Solution:
ƒš  ‹ ͸Ͳ ͵ ƒš ͷ͵ Ͷ
Ÿ
ƒš  ‹ ͳͲͲ ͷ ‹ ͷ͵ ͳ
ƒͳ  ƒ ʹ ʹ ƒ ʹͳ ͵ ͻ
Š—• ƒ† ͳ –Š—• ͳ
ƒͳ  ƒ ʹ ͳ ƒʹ ʹͳ ͳ ʹ ͳ
Illustration 37
™‘Ž‘—†•’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰Ǥ„‡Ž‘™•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡
͵ǡƒ”‡‹’Šƒ•‡Ǥ••—‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—†ˆ”‘
–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•‹•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›•ƒ‡ƒ––Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ‹•–‡‡”ǡ ͵
™Š‘‹•ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡ͶǤͲ‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•Ǥ ‘”™Šƒ–
‹•–‡‡”
ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•†‘‡•–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”Š‡ƒ”‹‹—•‹‰ƒŽǫ ‹˜‡–Šƒ–
Ͷ
–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”‹•͵͵Ͳ•ȂͳǤ
Solution:
ʹ ʹ
Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†•’‡ƒ‡” α ͵  Ͷ α ʹͷ αͷ
ƒ–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡αȋͷȂ ͶȌαͳ

[ 204 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
O § ʹ ·
‘”ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡•–”— –‹˜‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ͳαȋʹΪͳȌ ‡ ‡ǡ O ¨ ¸
ʹ © ʹ  ͳ ¹
͵͵Ͳ u ȋʹ  ͳȌ
Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡„›  œ ǡ ˆ‘”αͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ʹ
αͳ͸ͷȋʹΪͳȌ œǡ ˆ‘”αͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶǡǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”™‘—Ž†Š‡ƒ”ƒ‹‹—‹–‡•‹–›ͳ͸ͷ œǤͶͻͷ œǡͺʹͷ œǡǤǤǤǤ

x —’‡”’‘•‹–‹‘’Š‡‘‡ƒ‹•ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–›’‡•‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
x ‘” –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–ƒ– ™ƒ˜‡ ‹ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š Ƭ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‹•
‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ–‘‹‹–‹ƒŽ‘”•—’‡”Ǧ’‘•‹‰™ƒ˜‡•„—–ǡ‹–•ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ†‹‹–‹ƒŽ’Šƒ•‡‹• Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
ƒš
§ ͳ  ʹ
· ƒͳ  ƒ ʹ § ƒͳ ·
x ͳ
¨ ¸ α ƒ† ¨ ¸
¨ Ȃ ¸ ƒͳ  ƒ ʹ
ʹ
© ƒʹ ¹
‹ © ͳ ʹ ¹ ʹ

x ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡’ƒ––‡”
ƒš  ‹
ƒ˜ ‘”  ! ‘” ƒ˜ ͳ  ʹ
ʹ
ƒ˜ α•—‘ˆ‹–‡•‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•

x Degree of interference pattern (f) = ˆ ”‡’”‡•‡–• ‘–”ƒ•– ‡ˆˆ‡ – ȋ Žƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡

’ƒ––‡”Ȍ ˆ ƒš ‹ u ͳͲͲΨ
ƒš  ‹

x ‘†‹–‹‘ˆ‘”’‡”ˆ‡ –‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡
ˆ ƒͳ ƒʹ ƒ ƒ† ͳ ʹ Ǣ ƒš Ͷ Ǣ ‹ Ͳ
x Interference: - ‡”ƒ‡–‹–‡•‹–›’ƒ––‡”ƒ†‹–‹•–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ > ˆȋšȌ@

Quincke’s tube experiment

ƒŽ–‘̵•
Š‹•–Ž‡ ‘˜ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”–
‹š‡†ƒ”–
 ƒŽ‡

Žƒ‡‡–‡ –‘”

ȋͳȌ –‰‹˜‡•’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ’”‘‘ˆ‘ˆ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ•‘—†Ǥ

ȋʹȌ —‹ ‡ǯ•–—„‡‹•’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”ˆ‹†‹‰–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹‰ƒ•‡‘—•‡†‹—Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋƒȌ•™‡•Ž‹†‡‘˜ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–—„‡„›A —‹–’ƒ–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡ʹA •‘'šαʹAǤ
O
ȋ„Ȍ ˆ†‡–‡ –‘”†‡–‡ –•ƒš‹—–‘‹‹—‘”‹‹—–‘ƒš‹—–Š‡ 'š Ǥ
ʹ
ȋ Ȍ—‹ ‡ǯ•–—„‡‹•—•‡†ƒ•ƒ•‘—†ˆ‹Ž–‡”Ǥ

[Link] [ 205 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 38
 —‹ ‡̵• –—„‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– –Š‡ ‘˜ƒ„Ž‡ ’ƒ”– ‹• •Š‹ˆ–‡† „› ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ͳǤͷ ǡ –Š‡ ‘—† †‡–‡ –‘”
”‡ ‡‹˜‡•‹–‡•‹–›ˆ”‘ƒš‹—–‘‹‹—Ǥ ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ•‘—” ‡‹•͵Ͳ œǡˆ‹†•’‡‡†‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡Ȃ
Solution:
O O
'š ʹ ' ͳǤͷ Ÿ 'šα͵  Ÿ ͵  Ÿ O α͸ 
ʹ ʹ
˜αˆO Ÿ ˜α͵ͲέͳͲ͵ έ͸έͳͲȂ͵Ÿ ˜αͳͺͲȀ•
Illustration 39
 —‹ ‡̵• –—„‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– –Š‡ ‘˜ƒ„Ž‡ ’ƒ”– ‹• •Š‹ˆ–‡† „› ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ͳǤͷ ǡ –Š‡ ‘—† †‡–‡ –‘”
”‡ ‡‹˜‡•‹–‡•‹–›ˆ”‘ƒš‹—–‘ƒš‹—Ǥ ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ•‘—” ‡‹•͵Ͳ œǡˆ‹†•’‡‡†‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡Ȃ
Solution:
'šαO α ʹ Ÿ O α͵α͵έͳͲȂ͵  ‘ǡ˜αˆO α͵ͲέͳͲ͵ έ͵έͳͲȂ͵ α͸ͲȀ•
Beats
Š‡–™‘•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›‡“—ƒŽȋ„—–‘–‡šƒ –Ž›‡“—ƒŽȌˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹•ƒ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ǡƒ–ƒ
‰‹˜‡’‘‹–†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”•—’‡”’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ‹–‡•‹–›ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ††‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•’‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‹•
’‡”‹‘†‹ ™ƒš‹‰ƒ†™ƒ‹‰‘ˆ•‘—†ƒ–ƒ‰‹˜‡’‘•‹–‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†„‡ƒ–•Ǥ
Mathematical Analysis
›ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ
›ͳ •‹ Zͳ– ǡ ›ʹ •‹ Zʹ–
‘”•—’‡”’‘•‹–‹‘ › ›ͳ  ›ʹ •‹ Zͳ–  •‹ Zʹ– ‹‡

§ § Z  Zʹ · · § Zͳ  Zʹ · ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ ͸ ͹ ͺ ͻ ͳͲ ͳͳ ͳʹ
› ¨ ʹ ‘• ¨ ͳ ¸ – ¸ •‹ ¨ ¸– ›ʹ
© © ʹ ¹ ¹ © ʹ ¹ ‹‡
ª § ˆ ˆ · º § ˆ ˆ ·
› «ʹ ‘•ʹS ¨ ͳ ʹ ¸ – » •‹ʹS ¨ ͳ ʹ ¸ –
¬ © ʹ ¹ ¼ © ʹ ¹
‡ƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡ › 'ˆ ȁˆʹ  ˆͳ ȁ ›

‹‡
ͳ
‡ƒ–‹‡’‡”‹‘† „‡ƒ–
ȁˆʹ  ˆͳ ȁ ƒ‹– ƒ‹–
ˆͳ  ˆʹ ‘—† ‘—†
ˆ”‡•
ʹ
„‡ƒ– ͳ
‹‡ˆ‘” ƒš –‘ ‹ ǡ –
ʹ ʹȁ ˆʹ  ˆͳ ȁ
Illustration 40
™‘•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•›ͳαʹ•‹ȋͶ͹͸Sȋ–Ȃ šȀ͵͵ͲȌȌƒ†›ʹαͳǤ͸•‹ȋͶͺ͸Sȋ–Ȃ šȀ͵͵ͲȌȌ’”‘†— ‡„‡ƒ–’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ
–Š‡ˆ‹†ǣ
ȋͳȌ‡ƒ– ”‡“—‡ › ȋʹȌ‹‡–ƒ‡–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡ͳͲ„‡ƒ–•
Solution:
›ͳ ʹ•‹ȋͶ͹͸Sȋ–  š Ȁ͵͵ͲȌȌ ›ʹ ͳǤ͸•‹ȋͶͺ͸Sȋ–  š Ȁ͵͵ͲȌȌ
Zͳ Ͷ͹͸S Ÿ ʹSͳ Ͷ͹͸S Zʹ Ͷͺ͸S Ÿ ʹSʹ Ͷͺ͸S
ͳ ʹ͵ͺ œ ʹ ʹͶ͵ œ
ȋͳȌ ' ʹ  ͳ ͷ „‡ƒ–• Ȁ•‡
ͳ ͳͲ
ȋʹȌ  •‡ ዏ‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆͳ„‡ƒ– ‘ǡ–‹‡–ƒ‡„›ͳͲ„‡ƒ–•αͳͲα αʹ•‡
ͷ ͷ

[ 206 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Illustration 41
™‘•‘—†™ƒ˜‡• ›ͳ αʹ •‹ȋͶ͹͸Sȋ–Ȃ šȀ͵ͲͲȌȌǢ›ʹ αͳǤ͸ •‹ȋͶͺͺSȋ–Ȃ šȀ͵ͲͲȌǡ ’”‘†— ‡„‡ƒ–’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ
–Š‡ˆ‹†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–ƒ–™ƒ˜‡ǫ
Solution:
ͳ  ʹ ʹͶͶ  ʹ͵ͺ
ˆ”‡• Ÿ ˆ”‡• Ÿ ˆ”‡• ʹͶͳ œ
ʹ ʹ
Illustration 42
™‘•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•›ଵ ൌ ʹ•‹൫Ͷ͹͸πሺ– െ šȀ͵͵Ͳሻ൯Ǣ ›ଶ ൌ ͳǤ͸•‹൫Ͷͺ͸πሺ– െ šȀ͵͵Ͳሻ൯ǡ ’”‘†— ‡„‡ƒ–’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ
–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ†—”‹‰™Š‹ Š‹–‡•‹–›„‡ ‘‡•ƒš‹—–‘‹‹—ǫ
Solution:
§ͳ·
 ¨ͷ¸ ͳ
‹‡ „ © ¹ •‡
ʹ ʹ ͳͲ
Illustration 43
™‘•‘—†›ଵ ൌ Ͷ•‹൫Ͷ͹͸πሺ– െ šȀ͵͵Ͳሻ൯Ǣ ›ଶ ൌ ͵•‹൫Ͷͺ͸πሺ– െ šȀ͵͵Ͳሻ൯ǡ ’”‘†— ‡„‡ƒ–’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†
ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒš‹—–‘‹‹—‹–‡•‹–›ǫ
Solution:
ʹ ʹ
ƒš §  ƒš · § Ͷ͵· Ͷͻ
¨ ¸ ¨ Ͷ ͵ ¸
‹ ©  ‹ ¹ © ¹ ͳ
Illustration 44
—‘™–—‹‰ˆ‘”’”‘†— ‡͸„‡ƒ–•™‹–Šƒ–—‹‰ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›–‘ʹ͸Ͳ œƒ†ͳͶ„‡ƒ–•™‹–Šƒ
–—‹‰ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›ʹͺͲ œǤ ‹†‘—–ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ—‘™–—‹‰ˆ‘”Ǥ
Solution:
”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘™–—‹‰ˆ‘”
”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ—‘™–—‹‰ˆ‘”αʹ͸͸ œ
Important terms
ͳǤ ‘ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–—‹‰ˆ‘”֜ ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–—‹‰ˆ‘”†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
ʹǤ ‹Ž‹‰‘ˆ–—‹‰ˆ‘”֜ ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–—‹‰ˆ‘”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
͵Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆ –™‘ ‘–‡• ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ —•‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜ƒŽǤ
‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ‡• ‘ˆ•‘‡—•‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•Ǥ
 
‹•‘ǡ ʹ α ͳ Ǣ  –ƒ˜‡ ǡ ʹ α ʹ
ͳ ͳ
Illustration 45
—‹‰ˆ‘”Šƒ˜‹‰ˆαͶͲͲ œ’”‘†— ‡•ͺ„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡ ™‹–Šƒ‘–Š‡”–—‹‰ˆ‘”Ǥ ˆ‘™–—‹‰ˆ‘”‹•Ž‘ƒ†‡†
™‹–Š™ƒšǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ„‡ƒ–•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‹†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ—‘™Ǥ
Solution:
Ϊͺ Ȃͺ
”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘™–—‹‰ˆ‘”‹•ͶͲͲ œǤ ͶͲͺ œ ͶͲͲ œ ͵ͻʹ œ
ˆ–‡”Ž‘ƒ†‹‰™‹–Š™ƒšˆ”‡“—‡ ›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ†‹–ƒ‡•Ž‡••—„‡”‘ˆ„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡ ™‹–Š͵ͻʹ œǤ
? 392 Hz ‹•–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡—‘™–—‹‰ˆ‘”Ǥ
Illustration 46
—‹‰ˆ‘”Šƒ˜‹‰ˆαͳ͸ͷ œ’”‘†— ‡•ͷ„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡ ™‹–Šƒ‘–Š‡”–—‹‰ˆ‘”Ǥ ˆ—‘™–—‹‰ˆ‘”‹•
ˆ‹Ž‡†ǡ–Š‡„‡ƒ–•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ ‹†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ—‘™Ǥ

[Link] [ 207 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Solution:
”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘™–—‹‰ˆ‘”‹•ͳ͸ͷ œ
Ϊͷ Ȃͷ
ͳ͹Ͳ œ ͳ͸ͷ œ ͳ͸Ͳ œ

ˆ–‡” ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ƒ† ‹– ƒ‡• ˆ–‡” ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ƒ† ‹– ƒ‡• ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› Ž‡••
‘”‡—„‡”‘ˆ„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡ ™‹–Šͳ͹Ͳ œǤ —„‡” ‘ˆ „‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡  ™‹–Š ͳ͸Ͳ œ –Š‡ ƒˆ–‡” ‹– ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘†— ‡
‘”‡—„‡”‘ˆ„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡ ™‹–Šͳ͸Ͳ œǤ
ͳ͹Ͳ œƒ†ͳ͸Ͳ œƒ”‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ—‘™™Š‹ Šƒ‡‘”‡„‡ƒ–•ƒˆ–‡”ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰Ǥ
Illustration 47
ͺͳ–—‹‰ˆ‘”•ƒ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†‡ƒ Š–—‹‰ˆ‘”’”‘†— ‡Ͷ„‡ƒ–•’‡”•‡ Ǥ
‹–Š‹–•‡ƒ”„›–—‹‰ˆ‘”Ǥ ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŽƒ•––—‹‰ˆ‘”‹•‘ –ƒ˜‡‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆˆ‹”•––—‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡
ˆ‹†–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŽƒ•––—‹‰ˆ‘”Ǥ
Solution:
ͳ ʹ ͵ ͺͳ
 ‘”†‹‰–‘“—‡•–‹‘
ΪͺͲ„αʹ ȋ‘ –ƒ˜‡αʹ–‹‡•Ȍ
αͺͲέͶα͵ʹͲ œ ȋ„αͶ„‡ƒ–•Ȍ
Žƒ•– αΪͺͲ„α͵ʹͲΪ͵ʹͲ ȋȌ ȋΪ„Ȍ ȋΪʹ„Ȍ ȋΪͺͲ„Ȍ
Žƒ•– α͸ͶͲ œ
Illustration 48
–—‹‰ˆ‘”Šƒ˜‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡ ›͵ͲͲ œ’”‘†— ‡ǡˆ‘—”„‡ƒ–•’‡”•‡ ™‹–ŠǤ ˆ™‡ˆ‹Ž‡ƒ”‘ˆ—‘™ƒ†
ƒ‰ƒ‹˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹–ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ„‡ƒ–•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ‡–‡”‹‡ǫ   
Solution: Ͷ„‡ƒ–• Ͷ„‡ƒ–•
‡––—‹‰ˆ‘”Šƒ˜‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡ ›α͵ͲͲ œ
– ’”‘†— ‡• Ͷ „‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡  ™‹–Š —‘™ –—‹‰ ˆ‘”  –Š‡
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‹• ʹͻ͸ ͵ͲͲ ͵ͲͶ
‘ǡƒ•™‡”‹•ʹͻ͸ œ
Illustration 49 ‡ƒ–•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‹Ž‹‰„‡ƒ–•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
Š”‡‡•‘—†•‘—” ‡•‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͳͷͳ œǡͳͷʹ œǡͳͷ͵ œƒ”‡˜‹„”ƒ–‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ†„‡ƒ–•ƒ”‡’”‘†— ‡†Ǥ
‹†„‡ƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
Solution:

ͳͷʹƬͳͷ͵Ÿ ͳ„‡ƒ–Ȁ•‡ Ÿ ͳ•‡

ͳͷͳƬͳͷʹŸ ͳ„‡ƒ–Ȁ•‡ Ÿ ͳ•‡ ‘‘

ͳͷͳƬͳͷ͵Ÿ ʹ„‡ƒ–Ȁ•‡ Ÿ ǡ

ͳ„‡ƒ– ͳ„‡ƒ–
ʹ„‡ƒ–Ȁ•‡
Illustration 50
™‘’Žƒ‡Šƒ”‘‹ •‘—†™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡‡š’”‡••‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘•
›ͳȋšǡ–Ȍα•‹ȋͲǤͷSšȂ ͳͲͲS–Ȍ ›ʹȋšǡ–Ȍα•‹ȋͲǤͶͺSšȂ ͻ͸S–Ȍ
ȋŽŽ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•ƒ”‡‹•›•–‡Ȍ
ȋƒȌ ‘™ƒ›–‹‡•†‘‡•ƒ‘„•‡”˜‡”Š‡ƒ”ƒš‹—‹–‡•‹–›‹ͳ•‡ ‘†ǫ
ȋ„Ȍ Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—†ǫ
ȋ Ȍ Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ›ͳ Ϊ›ʹ ƒ–šαͲƒ†–αͲǤʹͷ•ǫ

[ 208 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Solution:
ͳ
ȋƒȌ ‡ƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡ ›αˆͳ Ȃ ˆʹ α ȏͳͲͲS Ȃ ͻ͸SȐαʹ
ʹS
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‘„•‡”˜‡”Š‡ƒ”†ƒš‹—‹–‡•‹–›–™‹ ‡‹‘‡•‡ ‘†Ǥ
Z ͳͲͲS
ȋ„Ȍ ’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—†™ƒ˜‡α ͳ α αʹͲͲȀ•‡
ͳ ͲǤͷS
ȋ Ȍ –šαͲƒ†–αͲǤʹͷ•
›ͳ αͲƒ†›ʹ αͲ•‘›ͳ Ϊ›ʹ αͲ

x ‹Ž‹‰–Š‡’”‘‰•‘ˆ–—‹‰ˆ‘””ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†Ž‘ƒ†‹‰†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ

x Vibration of tuning fork:™Š‡–—‹‰ˆ‘”‹••‘—†‡†„›•–”‹‹‰‹–•‘‡‡†‘”—„„‡”’ƒ†ǡ
–Š‡–Š‡‡†•‘ˆ’”‘‰•˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹ƒ†‘—–™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•–‡˜‹„”ƒ–‡•—’ƒ††‘™‘”˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡’”‘‰•ƒ”‡–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ƒ†–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•–‡‹•Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽǤ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›–—‹‰ˆ‘”’”‘†— ‡•
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ–‘‡Ǥ

BEGINNER’S BOX-4
1. ™‘™ƒ˜‡•Šƒ˜‹‰•ƒ‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†•ƒ‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ”‡•—’‡”‹’‘•‡†ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–Ǥ ‹†–Š‡
’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘™ƒ˜‡•‹ˆ”‡•—Ž–ƒ–ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‹•ǣ
ȋ‹Ȍʹƒ ȋ‹‹Ȍ ʹƒ  ȋ‹‹‹Ȍƒ ȋ‹˜Ȍ‡”‘
PWA196
2. —”‹‰ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‘ˆ –™‘ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹– ‹• ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– ƒš‹— ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ –‘
‹‹—ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•ͻǣ͹Ǥ ‹†–Š‡‹–‡•‹–›”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
PWA197
3. —”‹‰‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡’Š‡‘‡‘‘ˆ–™‘™ƒ˜‡‹–‹•‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•‹•
ͷǣͶǤ ‹†–Š‡ƒš‹—–‘‹‹—‹–‡•‹–›”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–‹‰™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
PWA198
4. ™‘•‘—† ™ƒ˜‡• ‡‹––‡† „› ‘‡ •‘—†•‘—” ‡ ‹• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰ƒ– ƒ ’‘‹– –Š”‘—‰Š –™‘ ’ƒ–ŠǤ
Š‡’ƒ–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•͵͸ ‘”͸Ͳ ǡ–Š‡’‘‹–•ƒ”‡•‹Ž‡ ‡’‘‹–‹ˆ•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”
͵͵ͲȀ•‡ –Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ•‘—†•‘—” ‡Ǥ
PWA199
5. ƒ—‹ ‡̵•–—„‡–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘’‘•‹–‹‘•™Š‡”‡•‘—†„‡ ‘‡•‹‹—ǡ–Š‡•Ž‹†‹‰†‹•–ƒ ‡
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹•ͳ͸Ǥ͸ Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ˆ”‡“Ǥ‘ˆ•‘—†•‘—” ‡Ǥȋ‘—†˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹ƒ‹”α͵͵ʹȀ•‡ ǤȌ
PWA200
6.  –—‹‰ ˆ‘” Šƒ˜‹‰ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ͵ͲͲ œ ’”‘†— ‡ǡ ˆ‘—” „‡ƒ–• ’‡” •‡  ™‹–Š šǤ ˆ ™‡ ˆ‹Ž‡ ƒ” ‘ˆ
—‘™ƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹˜‹„”ƒ–‡ǡ—„‡”‘ˆ„‡ƒ–•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ‡–‡”‹‡šǤ
PWA201
7. ͺͳ ƒ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†‡ƒ Š ’”‘†— ‡Ͷ„‡ƒ–•’‡”
•‡ Ǥ™‹–Š‹–•‡ƒ”„› Ǥ ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŽƒ•– ‹•‘ –ƒ˜‡‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆˆ‹”•– –Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŽƒ•– Ǥ
PWA202
8. ™‘•‘—†™ƒ˜‡• ›ͳ α͵‹ͶͲͲS–Ǣ ›ʹαͶ‹ͶͲʹS–
ȋƒȌ ‹†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–ƒ–™ƒ˜‡ ȋ„Ȍ‡ƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡ ›
ȋ Ȍ –‡•‹–›”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•
PWA203

[Link] [ 209 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
9. –ƒ†ƒ”†–—‹‰ˆ‘” ‘–ƒ‹•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ͳǡƒ‘–Š‡”  Šƒ˜‡ʹͲ؏‘”‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Ͳǡ
͵Ͳ؏‘”‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Ͳǡ Ƭ Šƒ˜‡„‡ƒ–”‡Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ͸„‡ƒ–Ȁ•‡ ǤŠ‡†‡–‡”‹‡Ͳǡǡ
PWA204
10. ™‘–—‹‰ˆ‘”Šƒ˜‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡ ›͵ʹͲ œƬ͵ʹͶ œ’”‘†— ‡„‡ƒ–’Š‡‘‡ƒǤ‡–‡”‹‡Ȃ
ȋƒȌ ‡ƒ––‹‡’‡”‹‘†
ȋ„Ȍ ‹‹—–‹‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‹™Š‹ Šƒš‹—‹–‡•‹–›„‡ ‘‡‹‹—Ǥ
ȋ Ȍ —„‡”‘ˆ„‡ƒ–’‡”–Š”‡‡•‡ ‘†•Ǥ
PWA205
11. ™‘ƒ—†‹‘•’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ”‡‡’–•‘‡†‹•–ƒ ‡ƒ’ƒ”–ƒ†ƒ”‡†”‹˜‡„›–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡”•›•–‡Ǥ
’‡”•‘‹••‹––‹‰ƒ–ƒ’Žƒ ‡͸ǤͲˆ”‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•ƒ†͸ǤͶˆ”‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ ˆ–Š‡
•‘—†•‹‰ƒŽ‹• ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›˜ƒ”‹‡†ˆ”‘ͷͲͲ œ–‘ͷͲͲͲ œǡ™Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š
–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‡•–”— –‹˜‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ––Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”ǫ’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”α͵ʹͲȀ•Ǥ
PWA206
12. ͷͳ–—‹‰ˆ‘” ƒ”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ•‡”‹‡•‹•— Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–‡ƒ Šˆ‘”’”‘†— ‡ˆ‹˜‡„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡ ™‹–Š
‡‹‰Š„‘—”‹‰–—‹‰ ˆ‘”Ǥ ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŽƒ•–‹••‹š–‹‡‘ˆˆ‹”•––Š‡†‡–‡”‹‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ
ˆ‹”•–ǡͳͳ–Šǡͳ͹–Šǡʹ͹–Šǡ͵͵–Š ƒ†Žƒ•––—‹‰ ˆ‘”Ǥ
PWA207

Stationary Waves, Standing Waves in strings & Reflection of Waves

Stationary/Standing Waves
x Š‡ –™‘ ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ ™ƒ˜‡• ȋ–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ‘” Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽȌ
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ •—’‡”‹’‘•‡ ‹ „‘—†‡†
‡†‹— –Š‡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–ƒ– ™ƒ˜‡ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”› ™ƒ˜‡ ‘”
•–ƒ†‹‰™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
x –‹•‘ˆ–™‘–›’‡•Ǧ
ȋ‹Ȍ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡• ȋ‹‹Ȍ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡•
x  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†•—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡‘ˆ–™‘–›’‡•ǡ
ȋ‹Ȍ‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘”‹‰‹†‡† ȋ‹‹Ȍ‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘ˆ”‡‡‡†
(I) Reflection from Rigid end:
x Š‡‡˜‡”ƒ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ˜‡”‡ƒ Š‡•ƒ„‘—†ƒ”›ǡ
’ƒ”–‘”ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ˜‡™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†Ǥ
x ‘•‹†‡” ƒ ’—Ž•‡ –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ ƒ •–”‹‰ ˆ‹š‡† ƒ–
‘‡‡†ǤŠ‡–Š‡’—Ž•‡”‡ƒ Š‡•–Š‡ˆ‹š‡†™ƒŽŽǡ
‹– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†Ǥ †‡ƒŽŽ› ‹– †‘‡• ‘– –”ƒ•‹–
ƒ›’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡™ƒŽŽǤŠ‹•—•–
„‡‘–‡†–Šƒ–‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†’—Ž•‡‹•‹˜‡”–‡†Ǥ
(II) Reflection from free end:
x ‘™ ‘•‹†‡” ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ•‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ’—Ž•‡
ƒ””‹˜‡•ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆƒ•–”‹‰–Šƒ–‹•ˆ”‡‡–‘‘˜‡
˜‡”–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‰ƒ‹ǡ–Š‡’—Ž•‡™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ǡ„—–
–Š‹•–‹‡‹–•†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹•‘–‹˜‡”–‡†Ǥ•–Š‡
’—Ž•‡ ”‡ƒ Š‡• –Š‡ ’‘•–ǡ ‹– ‡š‡”–• ƒ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘ –Š‡
ˆ”‡‡‡†ǡ ƒ—•‹‰–Š‡”‹‰–‘ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡—’™ƒ”†Ǥ

[ 210 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Mathematical Analysis
(a) Rigid End: Ǧ •— Š–›’‡‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‹ ‹†‡– (b) Free End: Ǧ •— Š–›’‡‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‹ ‹†‡–
ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ˜‡•Šƒ˜‡’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡‹’Šƒ•‡ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘
S ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘’’‘•‹–‡Ǥ ‘ˆ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘’’‘•‹–‡Ǥ

 ‹†‡–™ƒ˜‡  ‹†‡–™ƒ˜‡

› ‹ ƒ•‹ Z–  š › ‹ ƒ•‹ȋZ–  šȌ

‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ˜‡
‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ˜‡
ȋŠ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘”‡˜‡”•‡•ǤŽ•‘ǡƒ
ȋŠ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘”‡˜‡”•‡•Ǥ—–‘
’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆSȌ
’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ǤȌ
› ” ƒ•‹ Z–  š  S α ƒ•‹ Z–  š
› ” ƒ•‹ȋZ–  šȌ
› ”‡• ›‹  ›”
› ”‡• ›‹  ›”
› ”‡• ƒ ª¬•‹ Z–  š  •‹ Z–  š º¼
› ”‡• ƒ ^•‹ Z–  š  •‹ Z–  š `
­ §  · §    ·½
®•‹   •‹ ʹ•‹ ¨ ¸ ‘• ¨ ¸¾ ­ § · §    ·½
¯ © ʹ ¹ © ʹ ¹¿ ®•‹   •‹ ʹ•‹ ¨ ¸ ‘• ¨ ¸¾
¯ © ʹ ¹ © ʹ ¹¿
› ”‡• ʹƒ •‹ š ‘• Z– › ”‡• ʹƒ ‘•š •‹ Z–
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡
‡–αʹƒ•‹š ‡–αʹƒ ‘•š
•‘ǡƒ–šαͲǡαͲ •‘ǡƒ–šαͲǡαʹƒ

› ǤǤ
ʹ
 
 š

ǤǤ
Important Points:
x ‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘•— ‡••‹˜‡‘†‡•‘”•— ‡••‹˜‡ƒ–‹‘†‡•‹•ɉȀʹǤ
x ‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡•— ‡••‹˜‡‘†‡–‘ƒ–‹‘†‡‘”ƒ–‹‘†‡–‘‘†‡‹•ɉȀͶǤ
x ŽŽ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•„‡–™‡‡–™‘•— ‡••‹˜‡‘†‡•˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹•ƒ‡’Šƒ•‡™Š‹Ž‡‡‹–Š‡”•‹†‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ
ƒ‘†‡ƒ”‡‹‘’’‘•‹–‡’Šƒ•‡Ǥ

[Link] [ 211 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
x  ƒ •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”› ™ƒ˜‡ ’ƒ––‡”ǡ ƒŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‡š‡ —–‡ Ǥ ǤǤ ‘ˆ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† „—– ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ǥ
x ŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•”‡ƒ Šƒ––Š‡‹”‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›„—–‹–‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ‘”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ǥ
x ‹–Š‡”•‹†‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘†‡ƒ”‡‹•ƒ‡’Šƒ•‡Ǥ
x ‘‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘•–”‹‰ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–”ƒ‹‰Š––™‹ ‡Ǥ
x ‹ ‡Ž‘‘’’ƒ––‡”†‘‡•‘––”ƒ•ˆ‡”‹•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡•ǡ•‘•’‡‡†‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡‹•œ‡”‘Ǥ
Special properties of stationary waves
x Zero wave velocity: - ‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ‡‡”‰›„‡–™‡‡–™‘’‘‹–•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•‘Ǧœ‡”‘„—–
™ƒ˜‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•œ‡”‘Ǥ
x ‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ–‹‘†‡•ƒ†‘†‡•‹–Š‹•’ƒ––‡””‡ƒ‹•ˆ‹šǤ
x ŽŽ ‡†‹— ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• †‘‹‰ •‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹  ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† „—–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡‹”ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ–‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ
x ŽŽ‡†‹—’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•’ƒ••–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›„—–™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒš‹—
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ
x  –Š‹• ’ƒ––‡” ƒ– ƒ–‹‘†‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ƒ† ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‹• ƒš‹— „—– ™ƒ˜‡ •–”ƒ‹ ‹•
‹‹—Ǥ
§ †› ·
x –”ƒ‹α•Ž‘’‡‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡’ƒ––‡” ¨ ¸
© †š ¹
–‘†‡’‘•‹–‹‘†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ†˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹•‹‹—„—–™ƒ˜‡•–”ƒ‹‹•ƒš‹—Ǥ
Illustration 51
•–ƒ†‹‰™ƒ˜‡‹• ”‡ƒ–‡†‘ƒ•–”‹‰‘ˆŽ‡‰–ŠͳʹͲ ƒ†‹–‹•˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰‹͸–ŠŠƒ”‘‹ Ǥƒš‹—’‘••‹„Ž‡
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ› ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹• ͳͲ  ƒ† ƒš‹— ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ͳͲ Ȁ•Ǥ Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡ ‘””‡ –
•–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ
S
ȋͳȌ‰—Žƒ”™ƒ˜‡—„‡”‘ˆ–™‘™ƒ˜‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ Ǥ
ʹͲ
ȋʹȌ‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆƒ›’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡̵• ™‹ŽŽ„‡ͶS •‡ Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‹‰™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡ͳͲ ‡ƒ ŠǤ
Solution:
͵λ ൌ ͳʹͲ  Ÿ ɉ ൌ ͶͲ 
‘™ǡ  ƒš ͳͲ  ƒ† ˜ ƒš ͳͲ  Ȁ •‡ Ÿ  ƒš Z ˜ ƒš Ÿ ͳͲα ZȋͳͲȌ Ÿ Z αͳ”ƒ†Ȁ•‡
ʹS ʹS S
 α ʹS •‡ Ÿ  α α α ’‡”‡–”‡
O ͶͲ ʹͲ
Illustration 52
‹ ‹†‡–™ƒ˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘›α•‹ȋšȂ Z–Ȍǡ‹ˆƒ–šαͲ‘†‡‹•ˆ‘”‡†ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ˜‡ǫ
Solution:
–šαͲǡ‘†‡‹•ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–‹•ƒ”‹‰‹†‡†Ǥ
‘”‹ ‹†‡–™ƒ˜‡ǣ ›‹  •‹ ª¬  Z–  š º¼ Ÿ › ‹ •‹ >Z–  š @
‘””‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ˜‡ǣ ›” •‹ >Z–  š  S@ Ÿ ›”   ª¬  •‹ Z–  š º¼ α •‹ Z–  š
Illustration 53
§ S ·
‘”ƒ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ › ʹͲ ‘• ¨ š ¸ ‘•ȋͳ͸S–Ȍ ™Š‡”‡šƒ†›‹ ƒ†–‹•‡ ‘†Ǥ ‹†ǫ
© ʹͶ ¹
ȋƒȌ›’‡‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘” ȋ„Ȍ“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹ ‹†‡–ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ˜‡

[ 212 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Solution:
‘’ƒ”‡–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š•–ƒ†ƒ”†‡“—ƒ–‹‘› ൌ ʹ ‘•š ‘•ɘ–
§ S ·
? ʹ ‘•š ʹͲ ‘• ¨ š ¸ ƒ† Z ͳ͸S
© ʹͶ ¹
ȋƒȌ –šαͲƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‹•ƒš‹—–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–”‡’”‡•‡–• ”‡‡‡†
S
ȋ„Ȍ › ‘’ƒ”‹‰  ͳͲ ǡ Z ͳ͸Sǡ 
ʹͶ
›‹  ‘• Z–  š › ”  ‘• Z–  š
§ S · § S ·
› ‹ ͳͲ ‘• ¨ ͳ͸S–  š ¸ ›” ͳͲ ‘• ¨ ͳ͸S–  š
© ʹͶ ¹ © ʹͶ ¸¹
Illustration 54
§ S ·
‘” ƒ •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”› ™ƒ˜‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ › ʹͲ ‘• ¨ š ¸ ‘• ͳͶS– ǡ ™Š‡”‡ š ƒ† › ‹  ƒ† – ‹ •‡ ‘†Ǥ ‹†
© ʹͺ ¹
’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡ƒ–šα͹ ǫ
Solution:
§ S · § S · ʹͲ
’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡ › ƒš ʹͲ ‘• ¨ š ¸ Ÿ › ƒš ʹͲ ‘• ¨ u ͹ ¸ Ÿ › ƒš ͳͲ ʹ 
© ʹͺ ¹ © ʹͺ ¹ ʹ
Illustration 55
§ Ɏ ·
‘”ƒ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ › α ʹͲ ‘• ¨ š ¸ ‘• ͳͶɎ– ǡ™Š‡”‡šƒ†›‹ ƒ†–‹•‡ ‘†Ǥ ‹†
© ʹͺ ¹
ȋƒȌ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ–‘†‡ƒ†ƒ–‹‘†‡’‘•‹–‹‘• ȋ„Ȍ‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘•— ‡••‹˜‡‘†‡•
Solution:
ȋƒȌ ‘†‡o ‹‹—’Ž‹–—†‡αͲ –‹‘†‡o ƒš‹—’Ž‹–—†‡αʹͲ 
S ʹS S O ͷ͸
ȋ„Ȍ  Ÿ Ÿ O ͷ͸  ‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡‘†‡ƒ†‘†‡ ʹͺ 
ʹͺ O ʹͺ ʹ ʹ
Illustration 56
§ Ɏ ·
‘”ƒ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ › α ʹͲ ‘• ¨ š ¸ ‘• ͳͶɎ– ǡ™Š‡”‡šƒ†›‹ ƒ†–‹•‡ ‘†Ǥ ‹†ǣ
© ʹͺ ¹
ȋƒȌ‡‰–Š‘ˆͳŽ‘‘’ ȋ„Ȍ’‡‡†‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡ ȋ Ȍ•’‡‡†‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡
Solution:
S ʹS
ȋƒȌ ”‘–Š‡‰‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘  Ÿ O ͷ͸ 
ʹͺ O
›
O ͷ͸
‡‰–Š‘ˆ‘‡Ž‘‘’ ʹͺ 
ʹ ʹ 
   
Z ͳͶS š
ȋ„Ȍ ˜ ʹͺ u ͳͶ ͵ͻʹ  Ȁ •Ǥ
 § S ·
¨ ʹͺ ¸ OȀʹ
© ¹
ȋ Ȍ ’‡‡†‘ˆ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›ƒ˜‡αͲ
Transverse Stationary Waves
Important terms
x Fundamental frequency – ‹‹—ˆ”‡“—‡ ›’”‘†— ‡ „›ƒ›•‘—” ‡Ǥ
x Overtone frequency – ”‡“—‡ ›Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
x Harmonic frequency – –‡‰‡”—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ

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Transverse stationary wave (Standing Waves in a String Fixed at Both Ends):
x ‘•‹†‡”ƒ•–”‹‰‘ˆŽ‡‰–Šˆ‹š‡†ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•ƒ†•–ƒ†‹‰
™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡•‡–—’‹–Š‡•–”‹‰„›ƒ ‘–‹—‘—••—’‡”’‘•‹–‹‘ (a) N N N
‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•‹ ‹†‡–‘ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡”‹‰‹†‡†•Ǥ t=0
x Š‡ ‡†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”‹‰ ƒ”‡ ˆ‹š‡† ȋ”‹‰‹† ‡†Ȍ —•– Šƒ˜‡ œ‡”‘
(b)
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡––Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘†‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†•Ǥ
x Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› ‘†‹–‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ –Š‡ •–”‹‰ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ t = T/8
—„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ’ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒŽŽ‡† ‘”ƒŽ (c)
‘†‡•Ǥ t = T/4

x ‹‰—”‡ •Š‘™• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‘†‡• ‘ˆ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ
(d)
•–”‹‰ˆ‹š‡†ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•ˆ‘”ŠƒŽˆ–‹‡’‡”‹‘†Ǥš ‡’–ˆ‘”–Š‡
t = 3T/8
‘†‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›ǡ ƒŽŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡
•–”‹‰‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡˜‡”–‹ ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›„—–™‹–Š (e)
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘Ǥ t = T/2
x Š‡”‡†ƒ””‘™••Š‘™–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ
–Š‡•–”‹‰ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•–‹‡•Ǥ
x ŽŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹‰Šƒ˜‡œ‡”‘˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ––Š‡‡š–”‡‡’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ†‡Ž‡‡–•Šƒ˜‡˜ƒ”›‹‰
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡•ƒ–‘–Š‡”’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ
First Normal Mode/First Harmonic:
Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‘”ƒŽ ‘†‡ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘•‹•–‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ „‘—†ƒ”› l
‘†‹–‹‘•Šƒ•‘†‡•ƒ–‹–•‡†•ƒ†‘‡ƒ–‹‘†‡‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡Ǥ
§ 
O ˜ ·
Ÿ O ʹ ‘ǡ ˜ ˆ O Ÿ ˜ ˆ ʹ Ÿˆ ¨¨ ˜ ¸
ʹ ʹ © P ¸¹  

ͳ  ͳ 
Ÿ ˆͳ Š‹•‹•–Š‡Ž‘‰‡•–Ǧ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘†‡Ǥ
ʹ P ʹ S”ʹU
Š‹•‘†‡‹•ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•first harmonic ƒ†‹–•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•‘™ƒ•fundamental frequency.

Ž— †‹•–ƒ ‡α ȋᗏ„‡”‘ˆŽ‘‘’•Ȍǡ —’’‘”–†‹•–ƒ ‡α ȋᗏ„‡”‘ˆŽ‘‘’•Ȍ

ʹ 
Other Modes of vibration:
Mode of vibration Plucking distance is Overtone Harmonic Node Antinode
x(frequency)
A Oͳ
 ʹ
 
˜ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͳ
Ÿ Oͳ ʹ ǡ ˆͳ
š ʹ
ʹOʹ
  
  ʹ ͳ ʹ ͵ ʹ
ʹ ʹ˜
š Ÿ Oʹ ǡ ˆʹ
ʹ ʹ

[ 214 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
§O ·
  ͵¨ ͵ ¸
     © ʹ ¹ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͵

š ʹ ͵˜
Ÿ O͵ ǡ ˆ͵
͵ ʹ
Ž‘‘’ § O’ ·
¨ ¸
 © ʹ ¹ Ǧͳ  Ϊͳ 
š ʹ 
Ÿ O’ ǡ ˆ’
 ʹ

Illustration 57
•–ƒ†‹‰™ƒ˜‡Šƒ˜‹‰ͷ‘†‡•ƒ†Ͷƒ–‹‘†‡•‹•ˆ‘”‡†„‡–™‡‡ʹ%†‹•–ƒ ‡–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Šǫ
Solution:

Illustration 58
•–”‡– Š‡†•–”‹‰‹•ʹŽ‘‰Ǥ –•ƒ••’‡”—‹–Ž‡‰–Š‹•ʹ‰ȀǤ –‹••–”‡– Š‡†™‹–Šƒˆ‘” ‡‘ˆ͹ʹͲǤ ˆ‹–‹•
’Ž— ‡†ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆͳͲ ˆ”‘‘‡‡†–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘–‡‡‹––‡†„›‹–ǫ
Solution:
 ͹ʹͲ ǡ ʹǡ P ʹ u ͳͲ͵ ‰ Ȁ 
ʹ
ͳ
Ž— †‹•–ƒ ‡ Ÿ  ͳͲ Ž‘‘’•
ǡ
ʹ ʹ ͳͲ
˜ ͳͲ  ͳͲ ͹ʹͲ u ͳͲ͵ ͷ
ˆ Ÿˆ u ͸ u ͳͲʹ ͳͷͲͲ œ
ʹ ʹ P ʹu ʹ ʹ ʹ
Illustration 59
•–”‹‰™‹–Šƒƒ••†‡•‹–›‘ˆͻέͳͲΫ͵ ‰Ȁ‹•—†‡”–‡•‹‘‘ˆ͵͸Ͳƒ†‹•ˆ‹š‡†ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•Ǥ‡‘ˆ‹–•
”‡•‘ƒ ‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•‹•Ͷ͹Ͳ œǤŠ‡‡š–Š‹‰Š‡””‡•‘ƒ ‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•ͷ͸Ͳ œǤ ‹†–Š‡ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡
•–”‹‰Ǥ
Solution:
ˆͳ αˆ ˆʹ αʹˆ ˆ͵ α͵ˆ
ˆ ˆ

ͳ  ͳ ͵͸Ͳ ͳͲ
ˆαͷ͸ͲȂ Ͷ͹ͲαͻͲ œ Ÿ ˆ ͻͲ Ÿ ͻͲ ͵
Ÿ 
ʹ P ʹ ͻ u ͳͲ ͻ
ͳͲ
αP έA Ÿ  ͻ u ͳͲ͵ u Ÿ  ͳͲʹ ‰
ͻ

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Illustration 60
™‘ ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ ™‹”‡• —†‡” –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‡•‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ͵ͷͲ œǤ Šƒ– ˆ”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡–‡•‹‘‘ˆ‘‡™‹”‡™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡͹„‡ƒ–•’‡”•‡ ‘†ǫ
Solution:
ͳ
ͳ  'ˆ ͳ § ' ·
ˆ Ÿ ˆ v  v ʹ Ÿ ”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡‹–‡•‹‘
ʹ P ˆ ʹ ¨©  ¸¹
͹ ͳ § ' · ' ͳ ͳ
Ÿ ƒ† ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡ Šƒ‰‡ u ͳͲͲ ͶΨ
͵ͷͲ ʹ ¨©  ¸¹  ʹͷ ʹͷ
Illustration 61
•–”‡– Š‡†™‹”‡‘ˆŽ‡‰–Š ͳʹͺ ‹•†‹˜‹†‡‹–‘–Š”‡‡•‡‰‡–•™Š‘•‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡
”ƒ–‹‘ͷǣ͸ǣͳͷǡ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‰‡–•—•–„‡‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘
Solution:
ͳ  ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
ˆͳ ǣˆʹ ǣ ˆ͵ ͷ ǣ ͸ ǣ ͳͷ Ÿ ˆ Ÿˆ v Ÿ ͳǣ ʹǣ ͵ ǣ ǣ ǣ ǣ Ÿ ͳǣ ʹǣ ͵ ͸ ǣͷ ǣ ʹ
ʹ P ˆͳ ˆʹ ˆ͵ ͷ ͸ ͳͷ

Sonometer
Ȉ ‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ
•–”‹‰ǡ ‡•‹‘ ‹ •–”‹‰ ƒ† Ž‹‡ƒ” ƒ•• ‘—†„‘šȋŠ‘ŽŽ‘™Ȍ
†‡•‹–› ‘ˆ •–”‹‰ ƒ „‡ ˆ‹† ‘—–
‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š–Š‹•‹•–”—‡–‘™ ‡‹‰Š–
ƒ••‘‘‡–‡”Ǥ
Ȉ Š‡’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡™‹”‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘˜ƒ„Ž‡
„”‹†‰‡•ˆ‘”•–Š‡̶•–”‹‰̶ˆ‹š‡†ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•Ǥ
› •Ž‹†‹‰ –Š‡•‡ „”‹†‰‡•ǡ –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘—†„‘šȋŠ‘ŽŽ‘™Ȍ
‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ™‹”‡ ƒ „‡ Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ Š‡
–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ™‹”‡ ƒ „‡
Šƒ‰‡† „› Šƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ™‡‹‰Š–• ‘ –Š‡ ‡‹‰Š–

Šƒ‰‡”Ǥ ‡ ƒ ”‡‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ

™‹”‡‹–•‡Žˆƒ†’—–ƒ‘–Š‡”™‹”‡‹‹–•’Žƒ ‡–Š‡”‡„› Šƒ‰‹‰–Š‡ƒ••’‡”—‹–Ž‡‰–ŠǤ
˜   ͳ ͳ
ˆ ƒ™‘ˆŽ‡‰–Š Ÿ ˆ v ; ƒ™‘ˆ–‡•‹‘ Ÿ ˆ v  ; ƒ™‘ˆƒ•• Ÿ ˆ v
ʹ ʹ P P
Illustration 62
Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡ Šƒ‰‡‹–‡•‹‘‘ˆ•‘‘‡–‡”™‹”‡ǡ•‘–Šƒ–‹– ƒ˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹–™‘‘ –ƒ˜‡
Š‹‰Š‡”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǫ
Solution:
‡ –ƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š‡”‡ƒ•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‰‡–†‘—„Ž‡•‘–™‘‘ –ƒ˜‡™‘—Ž†‡ƒˆ‘—”–‹‡•Ǥ
ˆͳ ͳ ˆ 
›Žƒ™‘ˆ–‡•‹‘ Ÿ ˆ v  Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ ʹ ͳ͸
ˆʹ ʹ Ͷˆ ʹ
ˆ  ‹ ͳ͸  
‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡ Šƒ‰‡ u ͳͲͲ u ͳͲͲ αͳͷͲͲΨ
‹ 

[ 216 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Illustration 63
ˆ–Š‡–‡•‹‘ƒ††‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆƒ•‘‘‡–‡”™‹”‡‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›ȋˆȌ‹•–”‹’Ž‡†ƒ††‡•‹–›‹•ͳȀ͵–‹‡•
‘ˆ‹‹–‹ƒŽ†‡•‹–›–Š‡ˆ‹†‹–•‡™ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
Solution:
ͳ  ͳ  ͳ ̵ ͳ ̵
ˆ ʹ
ǥȋ‹Ȍ ˆ̵ ǥȋ‹‹Ȍ
ʹ P ʹ S” uU ʹ P ʹ ʹ
S ”̵ uU ̵

ͳ
 ̵ ͵ Ÿ ”̵ ͵” Ÿ U ̵ U
͵

ˆ̵ ͵ ”ʹ U ˆ̵
“ȋ‹‹Ȍί“ȋ‹Ȍǡ u u Ÿ ͳ
ˆ  ͵” ʹ §U· ˆ
¨͵¸
© ¹
Illustration 64
”‹†‰‡• ‘ˆ ƒ •‘‘‡–‡” ™‹”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ””ƒ‰‡† ‹ •— Š ƒ ™ƒ› –Šƒ– ‹–• Ž‡‰–Š •‡‰‡–• ƒ”‡ ‹ ”ƒ–‹‘
͵ǣʹǣͳǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡•‡‰‡–•Ǥ
Solution:
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
ˆv Ÿ ˆͳ ǣˆʹ ǣ ˆ͵ ǣ ǣ Ÿ ˆͳ ǣˆʹ ǣ ˆ͵ ǣ ǣ Ÿ ˆͳ ǣˆʹ ǣ ˆ͵ ʹ ǣ͵ǣ͸
lͳ lʹ l͵ ͵ ʹ ͳ
Illustration 65
Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ƒ •‘‘‡–‡” ™‹”‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• „› ͻ œǡ ‹ˆ ‹–• –‡•‹‘ ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† „› ͸ͻΨǡ
‡‡’‹‰–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡‹ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‘‡–‡”™‹”‡ǡ™Š‡–Š‡
Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ™‹”‡‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ͷͲΨǡ‡‡’‹‰–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ–‡•‹‘‹–Š‡™‹”‡Ǥ
Solution:
͸ͻ ˆ ͻ ͳǤ͸ͻ 
̵    ͳǤ͸ͻ Ÿ ˆ ‫ ן‬ξ Ÿ
ͳͲͲ ˆ 

ͳ  ˆ  ͲǤͷ
ͲǤǤͷ ͵Ͳ
ˆ ൅ ͻ ൌ ͳǤ͵ ˆ Ÿ ˆ ൌ ͵Ͳ œ‘™ǡ ˆ Ÿ ͳ ʹ Ÿ ˆʹ ʹͲ œ
ʹ P ˆʹ ͳ ͳǤͷ
Šƒ‰‡‹ˆ”‡“—‡ ›α͵ͲȂ ʹͲαͳͲ œ
Illustration 66
‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ•‘‘‡–‡”™‹”‡‹•‡‹–Š‡”ͺͲ ‘”ͳͲͲ ǡ‹„‘–Š–Š‡ ƒ•‡•ƒ–—‹‰ˆ‘”’”‘†— ‡•ͷ„‡ƒ–•Ǥ
Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–—‹‰ˆ‘”Ǥ
Solution:
ͳ  ͳ
ˆ Ÿ ˆv
ʹ P ͺͲ 
ͷ„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡
ˆͳ ʹ ˆ  ͷ ͳͲͲ
Ÿ ȋˆ‹•–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–—‹‰ˆ‘”Ȍ ͷ„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡
ˆʹ ͳ ˆ  ͷ ͺͲ ͳͲͲ 

ˆ ൌ Ͷͷ œ

[Link] [ 217 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics

BEGINNER’S BOX-5
1. Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡‹•›αͲǤͲͻ•‹ͺS ȏ–Ȃ ȋšȀʹͲȌȐƒˆ–‡””‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•™ƒ˜‡ˆ”‘
”‹‰‹†‡†–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡•ʹȀ͵‘ˆ‹‹–‹ƒŽ–Š‡ȋ‹Ȍ ‹†–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ˜‡ȋ‹‹Ȍ ‹†–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡™Š‹ Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ–šαͲǡ‹”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†
™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
PWA208
2. Š‡–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ•–”‹‰‹•‰‹˜‡„›
§ ʹS ·
›ȋšǡ–ȌαͲǤͲ͸•‹ ¨ š ¸ ‘•ȋͳʹͲS–Ȍ
© ͵ ¹
™Š‡”‡šƒ†›ƒ”‡‹ƒ†–‹•ǤŠ‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹‰‹•ͳǤͷƒ†‹–•ƒ••‹•͵ǤͲέͳͲ Ȃʹ ‰Ǥ
•™‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ
ȋƒȌ ‘‡•–Š‡ˆ— –‹‘”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ˜‡‘”ƒ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡ǫ
ȋ„Ȍ Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Šǡˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǡƒ†•’‡‡†‘ˆ‡ƒ Š™ƒ˜‡ǫ
ȋ Ȍ ‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡–‡•‹‘‹–Š‡•–”‹‰Ǥ
PWA209
3. ‘”ƒ’Žƒ‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡ ǣ›αͲǤͲʹ•‹ʹS ȋ͵͵Ͳ–Ȃ šȌ
ȋ‹Ȍ ˆ–Š‹•™ƒ˜‡‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘”‹‰‹†‡†ƒ†ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡„‡ ‘‡•͸ͲΨ‘ˆ‹‹–‹ƒŽ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǫ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ˆ–Š‹•™ƒ˜‡‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘ˆ”‡‡‡†ƒ†ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡„‡ ‘‡•͹ͷΨ‘ˆ‹‹–‹ƒŽ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
™ƒ˜‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǫ
PWA210
4. ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹•›αͲǤͲͺ•‹ʹS ȋʹͲͲ–Ǧ šȌ‹–‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘”‹‰‹†‡†ƒ†
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡„‡ ‘‡•ŠƒŽˆ–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†™ƒ˜‡ƒ†‹ˆ‹–‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘ˆ”‡‡‡†–Š‡
‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡† ™ƒ˜‡‹•Ǥ
PWA211
5. ˆƒ•–”‡– Š‡†•–”‹‰™Š‹ Š‹•ˆ‹š‡†ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•Šƒ•‘†‡•ǡ–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡‹–•Ž‡‰–ŠǤ
PWA212
6. •‘‘‡–‡”™‹”‡‡‹–•ƒˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‘–‡‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͳͷͲ œǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡
‘–‡‡‹––‡†™Š‡–Š‡–‡•‹‘‹• Šƒ‰‡†‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͻǣͳ͸ƒ†Ž‡‰–Š‹–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳǣʹǤ
PWA213
7Ǥ  –—‹‰ ˆ‘” ‹• ˆ‘—† –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ʹͲ „‡ƒ–• ‹ ͳʹ •‡ ‘†• ™Š‡ •‘—†‡† ‹ ‘Œ— –‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ
•–”‡– Š‡†•–”‹‰˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰—†‡”ƒ–‡•‹‘‘ˆͳͶǤͶ‘”ͳͲ‰ˆǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”Ǥ
PWA214
8. ˆ™‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡–‡•‹‘‘ˆ•–”‡– Š‡† ™‹”‡„›ͷ‰Ǥ™–Ǥ–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ › ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
™‹–Š”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆʹǣ͵ˆ‹†–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ–‡•‹‘Ǥ
PWA215

[ 218 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
9. Fill in the blanks for Sonometer.
(i) •‘‘‡–‡”‹ˆ–‡•‹‘‘ˆ™‹”‡ƒ†Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ™‹”‡„‡ ‘‡•†‘—„Ž‡ƒ†ƒ••’‡”—‹–Ž‡‰–Š
‘ˆ™‹”‡”‡ƒ‹ ‘•–ƒ––Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ™‹”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(ii)  •‘‘‡–‡” ‹ˆ –‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‹”‡ ƒ† Ž‡‰–Š „‡ ‘‡• †‘—„Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ•• ‘ˆ ™‹”‡ ”‡ƒ‹
‘•–ƒ––Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ™‹”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(iii)  •‘‘‡–‡” ‹ˆ –‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‹”‡ ƒ† Ž‡‰–Š „‡ ‘‡• †‘—„Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ•• ’‡” —‹– Ž‡‰–Š
”‡ƒ‹ ‘•–ƒ––Š‡™ƒ˜‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(iv) ƒ•–”‡– Š‡†™‹”‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹ˆ–‡•‹‘‹™‹”‡‹•ͶͲƒ†ƒ••ˆ‘”—‹–
Ž‡‰–Š‹•Ͷu ͳͲȂ͵ ‰ȀǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(v)  ƒ •–”‡– Š‡† ™‹”‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹ ™‹”‡ ‹ˆ –‡•‹‘ ‹ ™‹”‡ ‹• ͺͲ  ƒ† ƒ•• ‹•
Ͷu ͳͲȂ͵ ‰Ǥ ƒ†Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ™‹”‡‹•ʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(vi) •‘‘‡–‡”ǡ‹ˆ–‡•‹‘•ƒ†Ž‡‰–Š„‘–Š„‡ ‘‡•ˆ‘—”–‹‡•ǡ–ƒ‹‰ƒ••’‡”—‹–Ž‡‰–Š
‘•–ƒ– –Š‡ǡ ˆ‘” ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •ƒ‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › —‹‰ ˆ‘”ǡ —„‡” ‘ˆ Ž‘‘’ ™‹ŽŽ
„‡ ‘‡•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
PWA216

Longitudinal Stationary Waves in Organ Pipe

Longitudinal Stationary Waves
Š‡ –™‘ ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ™ƒ˜‡• •—’‡”’‘•‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘˜‹‰ ‹ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡
Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†ǤExamples – ™ƒ˜‡•’”‘†— ‡†‹‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡•Ǥ
Organ pipes are of two types: -
(i) Closed Organ Pipe (C.O.P.): - Š‡–—„‡™Š‹ Š‹• Ž‘•‡†ƒ–‘‡‡†ƒ†  
‘’‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ‘–Š‡”‡†‹• ƒŽŽ‡† Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡Ǥ

(ii) Open Organ Pipe (O.O.P.): - Š‡–—„‡™Š‹ Š‹•‘’‡ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†

ƒ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡Ǥ  

(i) Closed Organ Pipe (COP):
x Š‡–—„‡™Š‹ Š‹• Ž‘•‡†ƒ–‘‡‡†ƒ†‘’‡ƒ––Š‡‘–Š‡”‡†‹• ƒŽŽ‡† Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡Ǥ
x ––Š‡ Ž‘•‡†‡†–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘†‡•‹ ‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•†‘‡•‘–Šƒ˜‡ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘˜‹„”ƒ–‡™Š‡”‡ƒ•ƒ–‘’‡
‡†–Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ–‹‘†‡„‡ ƒ—•‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–ˆ”‡‡†‘–‘˜‹„”ƒ–‡Ǥ
Modes of vibration of air column in closed organ pipe:
Fundamental Frequency First overtone Second overtone
Or First Harmonic Or Third Harmonic Or Fifth Harmonic
  

 

 


  
͵Oʹ Ͷ ͷO͵ Ͷ
Oͳ Ÿ Oʹ Ÿ O͵
Ÿ Oͳ Ͷ Ͷ ͵ Ͷ ͷ
Ͷ
˜ ͵Q § E· ˜ ͷQ § E·
˜ Q§ E· ˆʹ ͵ˆͳ ¨ ˜ ¸ ˆ͵ ͷˆͳ ¨ ˜ ¸
ˆͳ ¨¨ Q ¸ Oʹ Ͷ ¨ U ¸¹ O͵ Ͷ ¨ U ¸¹
Oͳ Ͷ © U ¸¹ © ©
‹”•–‘˜‡”–‘‡ ‡ ‘†‘˜‡”–‘‡
—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›
”Š‹”† ƒ”‘‹ ” ‹ˆ–Š ƒ”‘‹
” ‹”•– ƒ”‘‹

[Link] [ 219 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Results for COP:
Š‡ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡–Š‡ǡ
x —„‡”‘ˆŠƒ”‘‹ •αȋʹέ‘˜‡”–‘‡ȌΪͳ
x —„‡”‘ˆƒ–‹‘†‡•αΪͳǡ—„‡”‘ˆ‘†‡•αΪͳ
˜
x Š‡ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ › ˆ ʹ u ‘˜‡”–‘‡  ͳ
Ͷ
x ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŠƒ”‘‹ •‹•‰‹˜‡„›ˆͳǣˆʹǣˆ͵ ǥǤαͳǣ͵ǣͷǤǤǤǤ
Illustration 67
‘”ƒ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡‹ˆʹ† ‘˜‡”–‘‡Šƒ•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆʹͲͲ œǤ ‹†–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‹•’‹’‡ǫ
Solution:
‡‘™ʹ† ‘˜‡”–‘‡‡ƒ•ͷ–Š Šƒ”‘‹
ˆͷ ͷˆͲ ȋ™Š‡”‡ˆͲ αˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ȍ Ÿ ʹͲͲ ͷȋˆͲ Ȍ Ÿ ˆͲ ͶͲ œ
Illustration 68
ƒ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡‹ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•ͳͲͲ œǤ ‹†–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ’‹’‡‹ˆ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹•͵ͲͲȀ•ǫ
Solution:
˜ ͵ͲͲ ͵ͲͲ ͵
—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ › ˆͲ Ÿ ͳͲͲ Ÿ ͶͲͲA α͵ͲͲ Ÿ Ÿ Ǥ
Ͷ Ͷ ͶͲͲ Ͷ
Illustration 69
ƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹ƒ’‹’‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹• Ž‘•‡†ƒ–‘‡‡†ǡ™‹ŽŽ„‡‹”‡•‘ƒ ‡™‹–Šƒ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰„‘†›‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›
ͺ͵ œǡ‹ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹•Ǧ ȋ˜α͵͵ʹȀ•Ȍǫ
Solution:
˜ ͵͵ʹ
ˆ ‘’ Ÿ ͺ͵ Ÿ A αͳ
Ͷ Ͷ
Illustration 70
Š”‡‡•— ‡••‹˜‡”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ƒ”‡ʹͷͷ œǡͶʹͷ œǡͷͻͷ œǤ ˆ•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹•
͵ͶͲȀ•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ’‹’‡ƒ†‹–•Ž‡‰–Šǫ
Solution:
ʹͷͷ ǣ Ͷʹͷ ǣ ͷͻͷ
ͷͳ ǣ ͺͷ ǣ ͳͳͻ
͵ ǣ ͷ ǣ ͹ ȋ†† ƒ”‘‹ •ǡ‫•‹‡’‹’ˆ‘‡”—–ƒ ׵‬Ȍ
§ ˜ · ͵ u ͵ͶͲ
͵”† Šƒ”‘‹ αʹͷͷǡ ͵ ¨ ¸ ʹͷͷ Ÿ αͳ
©Ͷ ¹ Ͷ u ʹͷͷ

x  Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘
˜
ˆͲ
Ͷ
x ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ”‘‹ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•‰‹˜‡„› ˆͳ ǣ ˆʹ ǣ ˆ͵ ǥǤαͳǣ͵ǣͷǥǤ
x Š‡ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›
˜
ˆ ʹ u ‘˜‡”–‘‡  ͳ
Ͷ

[ 220 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
(ii) Open Organ Pipe
Š‡–—„‡™Š‹ Š‹•‘’‡ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ǤŠ‡’‹’‡‹•‘’‡ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•„›™Š‹ Š
ƒƒ–‹‘†‡‹•ˆ‘”‡†ƒ–‘’‡‡†Ǥ ‡ ‡‘„Ž‘™‹‰ƒ‹”ƒ––Š‡‘’‡Ǧ‡†ƒ–‹‘†‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†ƒ–‡ƒ Š‡†
ƒ†‘†‡•‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡Ǥ
Modes of vibration of air column in open organ pipe:
Fundamental Frequency First overtone Second overtone
Or First Harmonic Or Second Harmonic Or Third Harmonic
  



  

 
 

Oͳ Oʹ ͵O͵
ʹ ʹ
Oʹ
Oͳ ʹ ʹ
§ O͵
˜ ˜ E· ͵
ˆʹ ʹˆ ͳ ¨ ˜ ¸
˜ ˜ § E· Oʹ ¨ U ¸¹
ˆͳ ¨¨ ˜ ¸ © ˜ ͵˜ § E·
Oͳ ʹ © U ¸¹ ˆ͵ ͵ˆͳ ¨ ˜ ¸
O͵ ʹ ¨ U ¸¹
©
—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‡“—‡ › ‡ ‘† ƒ”‘‹ 
Š‹”† ƒ”‘‹
” ‹”•– ƒ”‘‹ ” ‹”•–‘˜‡”–‘‡
”‡ ‘†‘˜‡”–‘‡

Results for OOP:

Š‡‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡˜‹„”ƒ–‡•‹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡–Š‡
—„‡”‘ˆŠƒ”‘‹ •αȋ‘˜‡”–‘‡ΪͳȌǡ—„‡”‘†‡• αΪͳǡ—„‡”‘ˆƒ–‹‘†‡• αΪʹ
 ͳ ˜
Š‡‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ › ˆ
ʹ
ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŠƒ”‘‹ •‹•‰‹˜‡„›ˆͳ ǣˆʹ ǣˆ͵ ǤǤǤǤǤαͳǣʹǣ͵ǤǤǤǤ
Illustration 71
ƒ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ͷ–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡‹•ͻͲ œǤ ‹†‹–•ʹ† ‘˜‡”–‘‡ǫ
Solution:
•™‡‘™–Šƒ–ǡ ͷ–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡‡ƒ•͸–Š Šƒ”‘‹  ˆ͸ ͸ˆͲ ȋ ˆͲ αˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ȍ
ˆͲ ͳͷ œ ƒ† ʹ† ‘˜‡”–‘‡‡ƒ•͵”† Šƒ”‘‹  ˆ͵ ͵ˆͲ α͵ȋͳͷȌ Ÿ ˆ͵ αͶͷ œ
Illustration 72
ƒ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ǡ‹ˆʹ† Šƒ”‘‹ ‹•ʹͲͲ œ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ’‹’‡ǡ‹ˆ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹•͵ʹͲȀ•ǫ
Solution:
ʹ† Šƒ”‘‹ Ÿ ˆʹ ʹˆͲ Ÿ ʹͲͲ ʹˆͲ Ÿ ˆͲ ͳͲͲ œ ȋ' ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡Ȍ

˜ ͵ʹͲ ͵ʹͲ
αͳͲͲ œ Ÿ ͳͲͲ Ÿ ͳǤ͸ 
ʹ ʹ ʹͲͲ

[Link] [ 221 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Illustration 73
ˆ–Š‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”‹•͵ͷͲȀ•Ǥ ‹† –Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ ƒ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡‘ˆŽ‡‰–Š
ͳͲͲ ǫ
Solution:
˜ ͵ͷͲ
ˆ‘‘’ Ÿ ˆ‘‘’ Ÿ ˆ‘‘’ ͳ͹ͷ œ
ʹ ʹu ͳ
Illustration 74
ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡‹•ͳƒ†˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹•͵͵ͲȀ•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆˆ‹”•–
‘˜‡”–‘‡ǫ
Solution:
˜
—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ › ˆ
ʹ
˜ ˜ ͵͵Ͳ ˜
‹”•–˜‡”–‘‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ȋˆԢȌαȋͳΪͳȌˆαʹˆ Ÿ ˆ ̵ ʹˆ 'ˆ Ÿ ˆ̵ Ÿ ˆ̵ Ÿ ˆ ̵ ͵͵Ͳ œ
ʹ ͳ
Illustration 75
™‘‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡•‘ˆŽ‡‰–Š͵ͷ ƒ†͵ͷǤͷ ’”‘†— ‡•ͷ„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡ Ǥ ‹†–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†ǫ
Solution:
˜ ˜ ªͳ ͳ º § ͲǤͷ ·
'ˆ ˆͳ  ˆʹ Ÿ ͷ  Ÿ ͳͲ ˜ «  » u ͳͲͲ Ÿ ͳͲ ˜ ¨ ¸ u ͳͲͲ Ÿ ˜ ʹͶͺǤͷ  Ȁ •
ʹ ͳ ʹ ʹ ¬ ͵ͷ ͵ͷǤͷ ¼ © ͵ͷ u ͵ͷǤͷ ¹
Mix questions on Open organ pipe and Closed organ pipe
ˆŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ†ƒ”‡•ƒ‡ƒ†•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹•ƒŽ•‘•ƒ‡‹„‘–Š–Š‡’‹’‡–Š‡ ʹˆେ୓୔ ൌ ˆ୓୓୔Ǥ
ˆ‹•’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›†‹’’‡†‹•‹†‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”–Š‡‹–™‘”•Ž‹‡Šƒ˜‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡‰–Š‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡
Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ‹” ‘Ž—Ǥ
End correction: —‡–‘ˆ‹‹–‡‘–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹”‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•‹‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘–ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡‘–‡šƒ –Ž›ƒ–
‘’‡‡†„—–Ž‹––Ž‡™Šƒ–ƒ„‘˜‡‹–•‘‹ƒ‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ƒ–‹‘†‡‹•‘–ˆ‘”‡†‡šƒ –Ž›ƒ–ˆ”‡‡Ȃ‡†„—–ƒ„‘˜‡
‹–ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‡αͲǤ͸”ȋ ƒŽŽ‡†‡† ‘””‡ –‹‘‘”ƒ›Ž‡‹‰Š̵• ‘””‡ –‹‘Ȍ™‹–Š”„‡‹‰–Š‡”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ’‹’‡Ǥ
‘ǡ ˆ‘” Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡o ΪͲǤ͸”™Š‹Ž‡ˆ‘”‘’‡o Ϊʹέ ͲǤ͸”ȋƒ•„‘–Š‡†•ƒ”‡‘’‡Ȍ
˜ ˜
‘–Šƒ–Ǣ ˆ α ™Š‹Ž‡ ˆͲ α
Ͷȋ  ͲǤ͸”Ȍ ʹȋ  ͳǤʹ”Ȍ
Š‹•‹•™Š›ˆ‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡˜ƒ†ƒ””‘™‡”–Š‡’‹’‡Š‹‰Š‡”™‹ŽŽ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘”’‹– Šƒ†•Š”‹ŽŽ‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡
•‘—†Ǥ ‘”ƒ‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ȋ Ž‘•‡†‘”‘’‡Ȍ‹ˆ˜α ‘•–ƒ–Ǥ ˆv ȋͳȀȌ
Illustration 76
‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡ǤǤǤȋ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡Ȍ‹ˆͺ–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡Šƒ•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›͵ͶͲͲ œǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ•ƒ‡Ž‡‰–ŠǤǤǤǫ
Solution:
αͺ Ÿ ƒ”‘‹ αʹΪͳ αʹȋͺȌΪͳαͳ͹
ͳ͹ˆα͵ͶͲͲ Ÿ ˆαʹͲͲ œ Ÿ ˆαʹˆ ȏA ᕃ‡Ȑ Ÿ ˆαʹέʹͲͲ Ÿ ˆαͶͲͲ œ
Illustration 77
‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ Ž‘•‡†ƒ–‘‡‡†˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰‹‹–••‡ ‘†‘˜‡”–‘‡ƒ†ƒ‘–Š‡”’‹’‡™Š‹ Š‹•‘’‡ƒ–„‘–Š
‡†• ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ‹–• ˆ‘—”–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ‰‹˜‡ –—‹‰ ˆ‘”Ǥ ‹† –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
Ž‡‰–Š•ǫ
Solution:
˜ ˜ ‘’ ͳ
ʹ† ‘˜‡”–‘‡‘ˆαͶ–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡‘ˆ Ÿ ͷˆαͷˆ Ÿ ͷ ͷ Ÿ
Ͷ ‘’ ʹ ‘‘’ ‘‘’ ʹ

[ 222 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Illustration 78
‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡‹••—††‡Ž› Ž‘•‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž––Šƒ––Š‡–Š‹”†‘˜‡”–‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‘•‡†’‹’‡‹•ˆ‘—†–‘
„‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‹ ˆ”‡“—‡ › „› ͳͲͲ œ –Šƒ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ‘˜‡”–‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ’‹’‡Ǥ ‹† –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ǫ
Solution:
ˆ‘‘’  §·
ˆ‘‘’ αǡƒŽ•‘ ˆ ‘’ Ÿ ˆ ‘’ ”† ˆ‘‘’ †  ͳͲͲ Ÿ ͹ ¨ ¸ ͵  ͳͲͲ Ÿ ͲǤͷαͳͲͲ Ÿ αʹͲͲ œ
ʹ ʹ ͵  ʹ 
©ʹ¹
Illustration 79
ˆƒ‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͳʹͲͲ œǡ†‹’’‡†͹ͲΨ‹™ƒ–‡”–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡’”‘†— ‡†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
Solution:
˜ ˜ ͲǤ͵
ˆ‘‘’ ͳʹͲͲ œ ʹͶͲͲ ǥȋ‹Ȍ
ʹ 
ˆ–‡”‹–‹•†‹’’‡†‹™ƒ–‡”–Š‡‹–„‡Šƒ˜‡•ƒ• ͲǤ͹
˜ ˜
‡™ˆ”‡“—‡ › ȋˆ‡™ Ȍ Ÿ ˆ‡™
ͶȋͲǤ͵ Ȍ ͳǤʹ
ʹͶͲͲ
”‘‡“—ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹Ȍǡ ˆ‡™ ʹͲͲͲ œ
ͳǤʹ

˜
x ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ › ˆͲ
ʹ
x ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŠƒ”‘‹ •‹•‰‹˜‡„›ˆͳ ǣˆʹ ǣˆ͵ ǤǤǤǤǤαͳǣʹǣ͵ǤǤǤǤ
˜
x Š‡‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ › ˆ ‘˜‡”–‘‡  ͳ
ʹ
Resonance Tube Experiment:
¾ –Š‹•‡š’‡”‹‡––Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†  

‹ ƒ‹” ‹• –‘ „‡ ˆ‘—† „› —•‹‰ –—‹‰ κଵ ɉȀͶ
ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ Š‡ 
κଶ ͵ɉȀͶ
™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘—† ™‹ŽŽ „‡ 

†‡–‡”‹‡† „› ƒ‹‰ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
”‡•‘ƒ ‡‘ˆƒƒ‹” ‘Ž—Ǥ

¾ Š‡ ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–
‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‘‰ ›Ž‹†”‹ ƒŽ –—„‡
ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ ƒ ™ƒ–‡” ”‡•‡”˜‘‹”Ǥ Š‡
Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‘Ž— ƒ› „‡ ”‘„ƒ•‡
—„„‡”
–—„‡
Šƒ‰‡† „› ”ƒ‹•‹‰ ‘” Ž‘™‡”‹‰ –Š‡
™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡–—‹‰ˆ‘”‹•Š‡Ž†
‘˜‡”–Š‡‘’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡–—„‡Ǥ
¾ ‡•‘ƒ ‡‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡•—††‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—†™Š‡–Š‡ ‘Ž—‹•
ƒ†Œ—•–‡†–‘–Š‡’”‘’‡”Ž‡‰–ŠǤŠ‡”‡•‘ƒ ‡‹•ƒ•–ƒ†‹‰™ƒ˜‡’Š‡‘‡‘‹–Š‡ƒ‹” ‘Ž—ƒ†
O ͵O ͷO
‘ —”•™Š‡–Š‡ ‘Ž—Ž‡‰–Š‹• ǡ ǡ ǤǤǤǡ wŠ‡”‡ O ‹•–Š‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ•‘—†Ǥ
Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ
¾ Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘•–‹–—–‡• ƒ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ†‹‰ ™ƒ˜‡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡ ƒ‹” ‹• ‘– ˆ”‡‡ –‘ ‘˜‡
Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽŽ›ǤŠ‡‘’‡‡†’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒƒ–‹‘†‡Ǥ

[Link] [ 223 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
Mathematical analysis of Resonance tube:
O
ȋͳȌ ‘”ˆ‹”•–”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ͳ
Ͷ
͵O
ȋʹȌ ‘”•‡ ‘†”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ʹ
Ͷ
ȋ͵Ȍ —„–”ƒ –„‘–Š–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡”‡•‘ƒ ‡Ž‡‰–Š–‘‘„–ƒ‹™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
͵O O O
ʹ ͳ  Ÿ ʹ ͳ Ÿ O ʹ ȋ ʹ  ͳȌ
Ͷ Ͷ ʹ
ȋͶȌ ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”„‡ˆƒ†–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹”Ǧ ‘Ž—„‡ –ιǡ–Š‡–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ
•‘—†ƒ––ι‹•‰‹˜‡„› Ÿ ˜ – ˆ O ʹˆ ʹ  ͳ
Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•ƒ–Ͳ鋐ƒ‹”‹• ˜Ͳ ˜–  ͲǤ͸ͳ– Ȁ•‡
Illustration 80
”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ˆα͵ͲͲȀ•ǡˆα͵͹ͷ œǡαͳʹͷ 
ȋ‹Ȍ ƒš‹——„‡”‘ˆ”‡•‘ƒ ‡•ǫ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ƒš‹—Ƭ‹‹—™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‡’–ƒ–”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ǫ
Solution:
O ͵ͲͲ
ͳ ʹͲ 
Ͷ ͵ ͵͹ͷ u Ͷ
[Link]. Length of air column Length of water column
O ƒš‹—™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž
ȋͳȌ ʹͲ cm ͳͲͷ 
Ͷ
͵O
ȋʹȌ ͸Ͳ cm ͸ͷ 
Ͷ
ͷO ‹‹—™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž
ȋ͵Ȍ ͳͲͲ cm ʹͷ 
Ͷ
͹O ‘–’‘••‹„Ž‡
ȋͶȌ ͳͶͲ cm Ǧ
Ͷ
Calculation of end Correction:
 ‡  ‡
–Š‡”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘†‡‹•‘–ˆ‘”‡†‡šƒ –Ž›ƒ––Š‡‘’‡‡†
„—–•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›‘—–•‹†‡ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‡Ǥ ‡ ‡–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹
κଵ OȀͶ
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†•‡ ‘†•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ƒ”‡ ͳ  ‡ ƒ† ʹ  ‡ –Š‡

O κଶ ͵OȀͶ
ȋͳȌ ‘”ˆ‹”•–”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ͳ  ‡ 
Ͷ 
͵O
ȋʹȌ ‘”•‡ ‘†”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ʹ  ‡
Ͷ
ȋ͵Ȍ —„–”ƒ – „‘–Š –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ Ž‡‰–Š –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ 
™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
͵O O O
ʹ ͳ  Ÿ ʹ ͳ Ÿ O ʹ ʹ ͳ
Ͷ Ͷ ʹ
ȋͶȌ —––Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ O ˆ”‘͵”† ‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘ͳ•– ‡“—ƒ–‹‘–‘ˆ‹†˜ƒŽ—‡
‘ˆ‡
ʹȋ ʹ  ͳ Ȍ
ͳ ‡
Ͷ
͵ ͳ
ˆ–‡”•‘Ž˜‹‰ ‡ ʹ ȏ‡αͲǤ͸”ǡ™Š‡”‡”‹•”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ–—„‡Ȑ
ʹ

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Wave Motion ALLEN
Illustration 81
Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ƒ‹” ‘Ž— ˆ‘” ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‘†‡ ‹ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ –—„‡ ‹• ʹͷ  ƒ† –Šƒ– ˆ‘” –Š‡ •‡ ‘†
”‡•‘ƒ ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‹•͹ͺ Ǥ ‹†–Š‡‡† ‘””‡ –‹‘ƒ†‹‡”†‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ–—„‡Ǥ
ȓƒ–ƒ ǣ ͳ ʹͷ  ǡ ʹ ͹ͺ  Ȕ
Solution:
͵ ͳ ͹ͺ  ͵ȋʹͷȌ ͹ͺ  ͹ͷ ͵
‡α ʹ Ÿ ‡α α Ÿ‡ αͳǤͷ Ÿ ‡αͲǤ͵ † Ÿ † ͷ 
ʹ ʹ ʹ ʹ
Illustration 82
”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡ Ž‘•‡†ƒ–‘‡‡†„›ƒ•‘‘–Š‘˜‹‰’‹•–‘ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”‡†‘’‡ǡ‡šŠ‹„‹–•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
–Š”‡‡”‡•‘ƒ ‡Ž‡‰–Š•‘ˆƒ‹” ‘Ž—AͳǡAʹ ƒ†A͵ ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡–—‹‰ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†„›
Solution:
Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š”‡‡”‡•‘ƒ ‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹•A1, A2 ƒ† A3
ͳ
 ƒ•‡‘ˆ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–—„‡A ‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†  ʹ  ͳ O
Ͷ
O ͷ ͵ O
ͳ ; ͵ ʹ O O Ÿ
Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ ʹ
͵O ͵ ͳ O
ʹ ; ʹ ͳ O OŸ
Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ ʹ
ͷO
͵ ‘ǡ ͵  ʹ ʹ  ͳ .
Ͷ
Illustration 83
 ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ –—„‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ‹• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ‘” ͳͶ  ‘ˆ ƒ‹” ‘Ž— ƒ† •‡ ‘† ˆ‘”
Ͷͺ ǤŠ‡‡† ‘””‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‹•ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘
Solution:
O ͵O ͵O
ͳ ‡ ƒ† ʹ  ‡ Ÿ ͵ ͳ  ͵‡ ʹ ‡
Ͷ Ͷ Ͷ
ͳ ͳ ͸
ʹ‡ ʹ  ͵ ͳ Ÿ ‡ ʹ ͵ ͳ Ÿ ‡ Ͷͺ  ͵ȋͳͶȌ Ÿ ‡ Ÿ ‡α͵ Ǥ
ʹ ʹ ʹ
Comparison of progressive and stationary waves
Progressive waves Stationary waves
1. Š‡•‡ ™ƒ˜‡• –”ƒ˜‡Ž• ‹ ƒ ‡†‹— ™‹–Š Š‡•‡ ™ƒ˜‡• †‘ ‘– –”ƒ˜‡Ž ƒ† ”‡ƒ‹ ‘ˆ‹‡†
†‡ˆ‹‹–‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ „‡–™‡‡–™‘„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•‹–Š‡‡†‹—Ǥ
2. Š‡•‡™ƒ˜‡•–”ƒ•‹–‡‡”‰›‹–Š‡‡†‹—Ǥ Š‡•‡ ™ƒ˜‡• †‘ ‘– –”ƒ•‹– ‡‡”‰› ‹ –Š‡
‡†‹—Ǥ
3. Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ ˜ƒ”‹‡• ‘–‹—‘—•Ž› Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‹ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘
ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡–‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ ‘†‡• ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• •ƒ‡Ǥ —– ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ ƒ†Œƒ ‡–
•‹†‡‘ˆƒ‘†‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‹’Šƒ•‡„›ͳͺͲι
4. ‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‘ˆ‡†‹—‹•’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›ƒ–”‡•–Ǥ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ–‘†‡•ƒ”‡’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›ƒ–”‡•–Ǥ
5. ŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—˜‹„”ƒ–‡ƒ† Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‹••ƒ‡Ǥ –‘’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǤŠ‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‹•œ‡”‘ƒ–‘†‡•ƒ†
ƒš‹—ƒ–ƒ–‹‘†‡•Ǥ
6. ŽŽ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•†‘‘–ƒ––ƒ‹–Š‡ƒš‹— ŽŽ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ƒ––ƒ‹–Š‡ƒš‹—†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–
†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–’‘•‹–‹‘•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ ’‘•‹–‹‘•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ

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ALLEN NEET : Physics

Transmission
Wave property Reflection
(Refraction)
˜ †‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡ Šƒ‰‡•
ǡǡZ †‘‘– Šƒ‰‡ †‘‘– Šƒ‰‡
Oǡ †‘‘– Šƒ‰‡ Šƒ‰‡
ǡ Šƒ‰‡ Šƒ‰‡
Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ȋ'IȌ 'I αͲǡˆ”‘ƒ”ƒ”‡”‡†‹— †‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡
'I αSǡˆ”‘ƒ†‡•‡”‡†‹—
z Echo (Based on reflection) :
—Ž–‹’Ž‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ•‘—†‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ‡ Š‘Ǥ ˆ–Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘”ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—” ‡‹•†–Š‡ǡ
ʹ† ˜–
˜–
‡ ‡ǡ˜α•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†ƒ† –α–Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ‡ Š‘Ǥ ? †
ʹ
ͳ
‹ ‡ǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‘”†‹ƒ”›•‘—†”‡ƒ‹•‘‘—”‡ƒ”ˆ‘” •‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹ˆ–Š‡•‘—†”‡–—”•
ͳͲ
ͳ
–‘–Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–„‡ˆ‘”‡ •‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‡‹–™‹ŽŽ‘–„‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ•‘—†
ͳͲ
ƒ†‘‡ Š‘™‹ŽŽ„‡Š‡ƒ”†ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‹‹—†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‘”‹•ǡ
˜u– § ͵͵Ͳ ·§ ͳ ·
†‹ ¨ ʹ ¸¨ ͳͲ ¸ ͳ͸Ǥͷ
ʹ © ¹© ¹
z Musical Interval
Š‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•‘ˆ–™‘‘–‡•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡—•‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”˜ƒŽǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ”‡–Š‡
ƒ‡•‘ˆ•‘‡—•‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ•Ǥ
 
ȋ‹Ȍ ‹•‘ ʹ ͳ ȋ‹‹Ȍ  –ƒ˜‡ ʹ ʹ
ͳ ͳ

BEGINNER’S BOX-6
1.  ‘”‰ƒ ’‹’‡ ’”‘†— ‡• ƒ •‘—† ‘ˆ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ͶͲͲ œǤ ˆ ‹– ‹• „Ž‘™ ƒ Ž‹––Ž‡ Šƒ”†‡” –Š‡ ‹–
’”‘†— ‡•ƒ•‘—†‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͺͲͲ œǤ –‹•ƒ‘’‡’‹’‡‘”ƒ Ž‘•‡†’‹’‡ǫ
PWA217
2. ʹͲ Ž‘‰’‹’‡‹• Ž‘•‡†ƒ–‘‡‡†ǤŠ‹ ŠŠƒ”‘‹ ‘†‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‹’‡‹•”‡•‘ƒ–Ž›‡š ‹–‡†
„›Ͷʹͷ œ•‘—” ‡ǫ‹ŽŽ–Š‡•ƒ‡•‘—” ‡„‡‹”‡•‘ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡’‹’‡‹ˆ„‘–Š‡†•ƒ”‡‘’‡ǫ
ȋ’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”α͵ͶͲȀ•Ȍ
PWA218
3. ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‹”†‘˜‡”–‘‡‘ˆ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ•‹š–Š‘˜‡”–‘‡‘ˆƒ
‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ǡ–Š‡†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡‹”Ž‡‰–Š”ƒ–‹‘ Ǥ
‘
PWA219
4Ǥ Š‹”†‘˜‡”–‘‡‘ˆƒ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡‹•‹—‹•‘™‹–Šˆ‘—”–ŠŠƒ”‘‹ ‘ˆƒ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡Ǥ
ˆ‹†–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡‰–Š•‘ˆ–Š‡’‹’‡•Ǥ
PWA220

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Wave Motion ALLEN
5. ™‘•— ‡••‹˜‡”‡•‘ƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•‹ƒ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ƒ”‡ͳͻͶͶƒ†ʹͷͻʹ œǤ ˆ–Š‡•’‡‡†
‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”͵ʹͶ•Ȃͳǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–—„‡Ǥ
PWA221
6. ˆŠƒ˜‡ͳͲƒ–‹‘†‡•ƒ†ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“Ǥ͵ͲͲ œǤ–Š‡ˆ”‡“ƒ–ͳͲ –‹‘†‡Ǥ
–Š

PWA222
7. Š‡ •— ‘ˆ ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆ ̵• ˆ‹”•– ‘˜‡”–‘‡ ƒ† ̵• •‡ ‘† ‘˜‡”–‘‡ ‹• ͳͺͲ ˆ‹†
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•‘ˆƒ†ǤȋŽ‡‰–Š‹••ƒ‡Ȍ
PWA223
8. –—‹‰ˆ‘”’”‘†— ‡ˆ‘—”„‡ƒ–•’‡”•‡ ‘†™‹–Š–™‘̵•Šƒ˜‹‰Ž‡‰–Š͵ͲƬ͵ͳ ˆ‹†–Š‡ˆ”‡“Ǥ
‘ˆǤ Ǥ
PWA224
9. ™‘–—‹‰ˆ‘”ͳǡʹ ’”‘†— ‡–™‘„‡ƒ–•’‡”•‡ Ǥͳ ”‡•‘ƒ–™‹–Šͳͷ ƒ†ʹ ”‡•‘ƒ–
™‹–Š͵ͲǤͷ Ǥ ‹†–Š‡ˆ”‡“Ǥ‘ˆͳ ƬʹǤ
PWA225
10. –—„‡ͳŽ‘‰‹• Ž‘•‡†ƒ–‘‡‡†Ǥ•–”‡– Š‡†™‹”‡‹•’Žƒ ‡†‡ƒ”–Š‡‘’‡‡†ǤŠ‡™‹”‡‹•
ͲǤ͵Ž‘‰ƒ†Šƒ•ƒƒ••‘ˆͲǤͲͳ‰Ǥ –‹•Š‡Ž†ˆ‹š‡†ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•ƒ†˜‹„”ƒ–‡•‹‹–•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
‘†‡Ǥ – •‡–• –Š‡ ƒ‹” ‘Ž— ‹ –Š‡ –—„‡ ‹–‘ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– ‹–• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ”‡“—‡ › „›
”‡•‘ƒ ‡Ǥ ‹†Ȃ
ȋƒȌ –Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹” ‘Ž—Ǥ
ȋ„Ȍ –Š‡–‡•‹‘‹–Š‡™‹”‡ǡ ˆ•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”‹•͵͵ͲȀ•Ǥ
PWA226
11. ”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ˆ α͵ͲͲȀ•ǡαͷͲͲ œǤǡαͳʹͷ 
ȋ‹Ȍ ‹†‘—–ƒš‹—‘”†‡”‘ˆ”‡•‘ƒ ‡–Šƒ– ƒ„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ǫ
ȋ‹‹Ȍ ƒš‹——„‡”‘ˆ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ǫ
ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ƒš‹—Ƭ‹‹—™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‡’–ƒ–”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ǫ
PWA227
12. Fill in the blanks for COP and OOP.
(i) ‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡“‘ˆ͹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡‹•͸ͲͲ œ–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(ii) ‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ͵”† ‘˜‡”–‘‡‹•ͳͶͲͲ œ–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ•ƒ‡
Ž‡‰–Š‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(iii)   ‹ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ͹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡ ‹• ͺͲͲ œ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ 
‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(iv) ‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ͹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡‹•͸ͲͲ œ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ͵”† ‘˜‡”–‘‡‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(v) ‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ͹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡‹•ͳ͸ͲͲ œ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ͵”† ‘˜‡”–‘‡‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(vi) ‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ͹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡‹•ͳ͸ͲͲ œ–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ•ƒ‡
Ž‡‰–Š‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(vii) ‹ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ͹–Š ‘˜‡”–‘‡‹•ͺͲͲ œ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰–‘
ˆ‹”•–‘˜‡”–‘‡‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(viii) ‡‰–Š‘ˆ‹•ͶͶ •’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†͵ͶͲȀ•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•͵ͶͲ œ–Š‡
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‡† ‘””‡ –‹‘‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(ix) ‡‰–Š‘ˆ‹•͵ͺ •’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†͵ͶͲȀ•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•͵ͶͲ œ–Š‡
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ’‹’‡‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
PWA228

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
13. Fill in the blanks for Resonance tube.
(i) ”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡ˆ‹”•–”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰ Ž‡‰–Š‹•ʹͷ –Š‡‹–••‡ ‘†”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰ Ž‡‰–Š
™‹ŽŽ„‡ ȋ‹ˆ‡αͲȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(ii) ”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡ˆ‹”•–”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰ Ž‡‰–Š‹•ʹͷ –Š‡‹–••‡ ‘†”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰ Ž‡‰–Š
™‹ŽŽ„‡ ȋ‹ˆ‡z ͲȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(iii) ‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ –—„‡ ‹• ͳͶͲ Ǥ ‘™ ƒ› ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ƒ”‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘”™ƒ˜‡ Šƒ˜‡
™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠͶͲ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(iv) ‡‰–Š‘ˆ”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡‹•ͳͷͲ Ǥ ‘™ƒ›”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ƒ”‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”™ƒ˜‡Šƒ˜‹‰
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͶͲͲ œƒ†•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†͵ʹͲȀ•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(v) ‡‰–Š‘ˆ”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡‹•ͳͷͲ Ǥƒš‹—Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†ǡ‹”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ ˆ‘”
™ƒ˜‡Šƒ˜‹‰™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠͺͲ Ǥ‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(vi) ‡‰–Š‘ˆ”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡‹•ͳͷͲ ‹‹—Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆŽ‹“—‹†ǡ‹”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ ˆ‘”
™ƒ˜‡Šƒ˜‹‰™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠͺͲ Ǥ‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(vii) ”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡ˆ‹”•–”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰ Ž‡‰–Š‹•ͳ͹ ǡ•‡ ‘†”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰ Ž‡‰–Š‹•ͷͷ –Š‡
™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
(viii) ”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡ˆ‹”•–”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰ Ž‡‰–Š‹•ͳ͹ ǡ•‡ ‘†”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰ Ž‡‰–Š‹•ͷͷ –Š‡
”ƒ†‹—•‘ˆ–—„‡‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
PWA229

[ 228 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN

BEGINNER’S BOX ANSWER KEY

BEGINNER'S BOX-1
1. ͳͲ Ǥ 2. ͺǤ͹Ͳ͹•
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
ͳ
1. ʹͲͲ Ȁ• 2. •ǡʹͲȀ• 3. ‘ǡ‘‡ 4. ͲǤͲʹ• 5. ʹʹͲ
ͳͲͲ
6. ͲǤͷ• 7. ȋƒȌʹǤʹͳȀ•‡ Ǣȋ„Ȍͳ•‡ Ǥ
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. ʹ• 2. ʹͲͲͲ•Ȃͳ 3. ͵Ͳ†
4. ˆ–‡””ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ–Š‡Š—‹†‹–›‘ˆƒ‹”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‹•Ž‘™‡”•–Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆƒ‹”Š‡ ‡–Š‡”‡‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹
§ ͳ ·
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—† ¨ ˜ v ¸
© U¹

J 
5. ‡‘™˜‰ƒ• α 


˜‰ƒ• ˜‰ƒ• ˜‰ƒ•

ȋƒȌ ȋ„Ȍ ȋ Ȍ

   ξ

6. —‡–‘–Š‹•Ž‘—†‡••‘ˆ•‘—†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ

J 
7. ‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†™ƒ˜‡‹ƒ‹”˜ƒ‹” α Ÿ ˜ƒ‹”v 
™

•‘•‘—†–”ƒ˜‡Ž•ˆƒ•–‡”‹™ƒ”ƒ‹”–Šƒ‹ ‘‘Žƒ‹”Ǥ
8. ‘—†™ƒ˜‡ ”‡“—‹”‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡†‹—ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

9. ʹ͹ ˜ ͹ έͳͲͲȀ•

10. ȋƒȌ †‡’‡†‡–‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ȋ„Ȍ  ”‡ƒ•‡•ƒ•  ȋ Ȍ  ”‡ƒ•‡

BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1. ͲιǡͻͲιǡͳʹͲιǡͳͺͲι 2. ͸Ͷǣͳ 3. ͺͳǣͳ 4. ͳ͵͹ͷ œ 5. ͳͲͲͲ œ
6. ʹͻ͸ œ 7. ͸ͶͲ œ 8. ȋƒȌʹͲͲǤͷǡȋ„Ȍͳǡȋ Ȍ‡ƒ”Ž›ͻȀͳ͸
ͳ ͳ
9. ͸Ͳǡ͹ʹǡ͹ͺ 10. ȋƒȌ •ǡȋ„Ȍ •ǡȋ Ȍͳʹ„‡ƒ–•
Ͷ ͺ
11. ͳʹͲͲ œǡʹͲͲͲ œǡʹͺͲͲ œǡ͵͸ͲͲ œǡͶͶͲͲ œ
12. ͳ αͷͲ œ ͳͳ αͳͲͲ œ
ͳ͹ αͳ͵Ͳ œ ʹ͹ αͳͺͲ œ
͵͵ αʹͳͲ œ ͷͳ α͵ͲͲ œ

[Link] [ 229 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
BEGINNER'S BOX-5
1. ȋ‹Ȍ›αȂ ͲǤͲ͸•‹ͺS ȏ–ΪȋšȀʹͲȌȐǡ ȋ‹‹Ȍ›αȂ ͲǤͲ͸•‹ͺS –
2. ȋƒȌŠ‡ˆ— –‹‘”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡Ǥ ȋ„Ȍ͵ǡ͸Ͳ œǡͳͺͲ•Ȃͳ ȋ Ȍ͸Ͷͺ
3. ȋ‹Ȍ ›αȂ ͲǤͲͳʹ•‹ʹS ȋ͵͵Ͳ–ΪšȌ ȋ‹‹Ȍ›αͲǤͲͳͷ•‹ʹS ȋ͵͵Ͳ–ΪšȌ
4. Ϊ ͲǤͲͶ•‹ʹS ȋʹͲͲ–ΪšȌǢΪαˆ”‡‡ǡȂ α”‹‰‹†
O ͷͷ
5. ȋȂͳȌ 6. ͳͲͲ œ 7. œǤ 8. Ͷ‰™–Ǥ
ʹ ͵
ͳ
9. ȋ‹Ȍ –‹‡• ȋ‹‹Ȍ‘ Šƒ‰‡ ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ ʹ –‹‡• ȋ‹˜ȌͳͲͲȀ• ȋ˜ȌʹͲͲȀ•
ʹ
ȋ˜‹Ȍʹ–‹‡•
BEGINNER'S BOX-6
1. ’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡
˜ ͵ͶͲ
2. ‘” Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ˆͲ α αͶʹͷ œŸ ˆ‹”•–Šƒ”‘‹ 
Ͷ Ͷ u ʹͲ u ͳͲʹ
˜
ˆ’‹’‡‹•‘’‡ǡ‹–•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›α αͺͷͲ œ•‘‹–™‹ŽŽ‘–”‡•‘ƒ–™‹–Š–Š‡‰‹˜‡•‘—” ‡
ʹ
ͳ ͹
3. 4. 5. ͲǤʹͷ 6. ʹ͹ͲͲ 7. ʹͲǡͶͲ 8. ʹͶͶ
ʹ ͺ
9. ͳʹʹǡͳʹͲ 10. ȋƒȌͺʹǤͷ œǢ ȋ„ȌͺͳǤ͸͹ͷ
11. ȋ‹Ȍˆ‘”–Š‘”†‡”Ǣ ȋ‹‹ȌͶǢ ȋ‹‹‹ȌͳͳͲ ǡʹͲ 
12. ȋ‹ȌͶͲ œ ȋ‹‹ȌͶͲͲ œ ȋ‹‹‹ȌͳͲͲ œ ȋ‹˜ȌʹͺͲ œ ȋ˜ȌͺͲͲ œ
ȋ˜‹ȌͳͲͲ œ ȋ˜‹‹ȌʹͲͲ œ ȋ˜‹‹‹Ȍ ͵  ȋ‹šȌͳͲ 
13. ȋ‹Ȍ ͹ͷ  ȋ‹‹Ȍ Ž‹‰Š–Ž›‘”‡–Šƒ͹ͷ  ȋ‹‹‹Ȍ͹ ȋ‹˜ȌͶ
ȋ˜Ȍ ͳ͵Ͳ  ȋ˜‹Ȍ ͳͲ  ȋ˜‹‹Ȍ͹͸  ȋ˜‹‹‹Ȍ͵Ǥ͵͵ 

[ 230 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Exercise - I
WAVE AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS 8. Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ™‹”‡
1. ƒ–‡”™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”‡ǣ ªS§ š ·º
‹•ǣ  Ͷ•‹ « ¨ ͺ–  ¸ » Ǥ ˆ š ƒ† › ƒ”‡
ȋͳȌ ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ¬ʹ © ͺ ¹¼
ȋʹȌ ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡†‹ –Š‡˜‡Ž‘
‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹•ǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ ‘‡–‹‡• Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ƒ† •‘‡–‹‡• ȋͳȌ͸Ͷ Ȁ•ƒŽ‘‰Ȃ š†‹”‡
–‹‘
–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ƒ†Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ„‘–Š ȋʹȌ͵ʹ Ȁ•ƒŽ‘‰Ȃ š†‹”‡
–‹‘
ȋͶȌ ‡‹–Š‡”–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡‘”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ʹ Ȁ•ƒŽ‘‰Ϊš†‹”‡
–‹‘
PWA001 ȋͶȌ͸Ͷ Ȁ•ƒŽ‘‰Ϊš†‹”‡
–‹‘
2. ‘—†™ƒ˜‡ƒ”‡‘–’‘Žƒ”‹œ‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡ǣ PWA008
ȋͳȌŠ‡‹”•’‡‡†‹•Ž‡•• 9. Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹•
ȋʹȌ‡†‹—‹•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘
­ § – š · S½
ȋ͵ȌŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ  Ͷ•‹  ®S ¨  ¸  ¾ ™Š‡”‡ š ƒ† › ƒ”‡
ȋͶȌŠ‡‹”•’‡‡††‡’‡†• ‘–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ¯ ©ͷ ͻ¹ ͸¿
PWA002 ‹ Ǥ Š‹ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •–ƒ–‡‡– ‹•
3.  –Š—†‡” –ƒ’ ‹• Š‡ƒ”† ͷǤͷ •‡ ‘† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ –”—‡ǫ
Ž‹‰Š–‡‹‰ ˆŽƒ•ŠǤ Š‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆŽƒ•Š ‹• ȋͳȌO αͳͺ 
ȋ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”‹•͵͵ͲȀ•‡ ǤȌǣ Ǧ ȋʹȌƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ α ͲǤͲͶ 
ȋͳȌ͵ͷ͸Ͳ ȋʹȌ͵ͲͲ ȋ͵Ȍ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›˜α ͷͲ Ȁ•
ȋ͵Ȍͳ͹ͺͲ ȋͶȌͳͺͳͷ ȋͶȌˆ”‡“—‡ ›ˆαʹͲ œ
PWA003 PWA009
4. ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡™ƒ˜‡• ƒ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡ 10.  ’Žƒ‡ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „›
ȋͳȌ‘Ž›‹•‘Ž‹†• –Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘›αͲǤʹͷ ‘•ȋʹS–Ȃ ʹSšȌǤ
ȋʹȌ„‘–Š‹•‘Ž‹†•ƒ†‰ƒ•‡• Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹• ™‹–Š †‘—„Ž‡ –Š‡
ȋ͵Ȍ‡‹–Š‡”‹•‘Ž‹†•‘”‹‰ƒ•‡• ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ†ŠƒŽˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›„—––”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰‹
ȋͶȌ‘Ž›‹‰ƒ•‡• –Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡†‹”‡ –‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡Ǥ
PWA004 ȋͳȌ›αͲǤͷ ‘•ȋS–Ȃ SšȌ
5. ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡‡Žƒ•–‹ ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ„‡’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡‹ ȋʹȌ›αͲǤͷ ‘•ȋʹS–ΪʹSšȌ
ȋͳȌ‘–Š•‘Ž‹†Ƭ‰ƒ• ȋ͵Ȍ›αͲǤʹͷ ‘•ȋS–ΪʹSšȌ
ȋʹȌ •‘Ž‹†„—–‘–‰ƒ• ȋͶȌ›αͲǤͷ ‘•ȋS–ΪSšȌ
ȋ͵Ȍ‡‹–Š‡”•‘Ž‹†‘”‰ƒ• PWA010
ȋͶȌ‘‡ 11.  ’Žƒ‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹• †‡• ”‹„‡† „› –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘
PWA005 §š S·
› α ͵ ‘• ¨  ͳͲ–  ¸ ǤŠ‡ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
6. ™ƒ˜‡‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͷͲͲ œ–”ƒ˜‡Ž•„‡–™‡‡ © Ͷ ʹ ¹
ƒ†ƒ†–”ƒ˜‡Žƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ͸ͲͲ‹ʹ•‡ Ǥ ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—†—‡–‘–Š‹•™ƒ˜‡‹•
„‡–™‡‡ƒ†Ǥ ‘™ƒ›™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Šƒ”‡ ͵S
ȋͳȌ͵Ͳ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ȀͶ ȋͶȌͶͲ
–Š‡”‡‹†‹•–ƒ ‡ǣ ʹ
ȋͳȌͳͲͲͲ ȋʹȌ͵ͲͲ ȋ͵ȌͳͺͲ ȋͶȌʹͲͲͲ PWA011
PWA006 12. Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘›αͶΪʹ•‹ȋ͸–Ȃ ͵šȌ”‡’”‡•‡–•
7. ˆ ƒ– ƒ ’Žƒ ‡ –Š‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ ƒ •‘—† ™ƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ˜‡‘–‹‘™‹–Š
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›͵ͲͲ œ‹•ǡ–Š‡ •’‡‡†‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡” ȋͳȌƒ’Ž‹–—†‡͸—‹–•
™ƒ˜‡‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͳͷͲ œƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ ȋʹȌƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ͷ—‹–•
™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ ȋ͵Ȍ™ƒ˜‡•’‡‡†ʹ—‹–•
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌȀʹ ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌͶ ȋͶȌ™ƒ˜‡•’‡‡†ͳȀʹ—‹–•
PWA007 PWA012

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
13. —‡–‘’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡‹ƒ

ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ȋZȌ
‡†‹—ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ “—ƒ–‹–‹‡• ƒŽ•‘

‰—Žƒ”
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡‹–Š‡•ƒ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ǣ ȋ͵Ȍ
ȋͳȌ‡”‰›ǡ‘‡–—ƒ†ƒ••
ȋʹȌ‡”‰› ƒ˜‡‘ǤȋQȌ
ȋ͵Ȍ‡”‰›ƒ†ƒ••

ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ȋZȌ
ȋͶȌ‡”‰›ƒ†‹‡ƒ”‘‡–—

‰—Žƒ”
PWA013
ȋͶȌ
14. Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡†‹—˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹ƒ†‹”‡ –‹‘’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ” ƒ˜‡‘ǤȋQȌ
–‘–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‘–‹‘‹•‘™ƒ•ǣ
ȋͳȌ–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡™ƒ˜‡• PWA017
18. Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ’”‘†— ‡† „› ƒ ‘–‘”„‘ƒ– •ƒ‹Ž‹‰
ȋʹȌ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡†™ƒ˜‡•
‘™ƒ–‡”ƒ”‡
ȋ͵ȌŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ™ƒ˜‡•
ȋͳȌ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡
ȋͶȌ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡•
ȋʹȌ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ
PWA014
ȋ͵Ȍ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽƒ†”ƒ•˜‡”•‡
15. ™‘™ƒ˜‡ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›‡“—ƒ–‹‘
ȋͶȌ–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›
›ͳ ვ‹Z–›ʹ αƒ ‘•Z–
PWA018
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–™ƒ˜‡Ȃ
PROGRESSIVE WAVE ON STRING
ȋͳȌŽ‡ƒ†•–Š‡•‡ ‘†„›S
19. ƒ•–”‹‰–Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹•ͳͲȀ•ƒ†‹–•
ȋʹȌŽƒ‰•–Š‡•‡ ‘†„› S
ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‹•ͳͲͲ œǤŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Šƒ•‡
S
ȋ͵ȌŽ‡ƒ†•–Š‡•‡ ‘†„› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡ʹǤͷ ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ʹ
ȋͳȌSȀʹ ȋʹȌSȀͺ ȋ͵Ȍ͵SȀʹ ȋͶȌʹS
S PWA019
ȋͶȌŽƒ‰•–Š‡•‡ ‘†„›
ʹ 20. —‹ˆ‘””‘’‡‘ˆƒ••ͲǤͳ‰ƒ†Ž‡‰–ŠʹǤͷ
PWA015 Šƒ‰• ˆ”‘ ‡‹Ž‹‰Ǥ Š‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡
16. Š‡†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ ”‡•–• ™ƒ˜‡‹–Š‡”‘’‡ƒ–—’’‡”‡†ƒ†ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–
‹ ƒ ™ƒ˜‡ –”ƒ‹ ’”‘†— ‡† ‹ •–”‹‰ ‹• ͷ Ǥ ˆ ͲǤͷ†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘Ž‘™‡”‡†™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
–™‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡™ƒ˜‡•’ƒ••–Š”‘—‰Šƒ›’‘‹– ȋͳȌͷȀ•ǡʹǤʹͶȀ• ȋʹȌͳͲȀ•ǡ͵Ǥʹ͵Ȁ•
’‡” •‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹• ȋ͵Ȍ͹ǤͷȀ•ǡͳǤʹȀ• ȋͶȌʹǤʹͷȀ•ǡͷȀ•
ȋͳȌʹǤͷȀ• ȋʹȌͷȀ• PWA020
ȋ͵ȌͳͲȀ• ȋͶȌͳͷȀ• 21. Š‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ™ƒ˜‡‘ƒ•–”‹‰‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ”
PWA016 †‡•‹–›ͲǤͲͶ‰Ȃͳ‹•‰‹˜‡„›
17. Š‡ ‰”ƒ’Š „‡–™‡‡ ™ƒ˜‡ —„‡” ȋ Q Ȍ ƒ†
ª § – š ·º
ƒ‰—Žƒ”ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ȋZȌ‹•ǣ › ͲǤͲʹȋȌ•‹ «ʹS ¨  ¸» .
¬ © ͲǤͲͶȋ•Ȍ ͲǤͷͲȋȌ ¹ ¼
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ȋZȌ

Š‡–‡•‹‘‹–Š‡•–”‹‰‹•ǣ
‰—Žƒ”

ȋͳȌ ȋͳȌ͸Ǥʹͷ ȋʹȌͶǤͲ ȋ͵ȌͳʹǤͷ ȋͶȌͲǤͷ

PWA021
ƒ˜‡‘ǤȋQȌ 22. Š‡ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”•ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡•‹—•‘‹†ƒŽ
 –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡„›
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ȋZȌ

ƒ˜‡ͳǣ›ȋšǡ–Ȍαȋʹ Ȍ•‹ȋ͵šȂ͸–Ȍ
‰—Žƒ”

ƒ˜‡ʹǣ›ȋšǡ–Ȍαȋ͵ Ȍ•‹ȋͶšȂͳʹ–Ȍ
ȋʹȌ ƒ˜‡͵ǣ›ȋšǡ–ȌαȋͶ Ȍ•‹ȋͷšȂͳͳ–Ȍ
™Š‡”‡ š ‹• ‹ ‡–‡”• ƒ† – ‹• ‹ •‡ ‘†•Ǥ ˆ
ƒ˜‡‘ǤȋQȌ
–Š‡•‡™ƒ˜‡•ǣ

[ 232 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
ȋͳȌ ™ƒ˜‡ͳŠƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–™ƒ˜‡•’‡‡†ƒ† 26. – –Š‡ ”‘‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ –Š‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ƒš‹— –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ •–”‹‰ •‘—† ‹ ʹ ‰ƒ• ‹• Ǥ Š‡ ‹ ‹š–—”‡ ‘ˆ ʹ
•’‡‡†Ǥ ƒ† ʹ ‰ƒ• –Š‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ •‘—† ƒ– •ƒ‡
ȋʹȌ ™ƒ˜‡ʹŠƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–™ƒ˜‡•’‡‡†ƒ†
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǣ
™ƒ˜‡ ͳ Šƒ• –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ƒš‹—
–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡•–”‹‰•’‡‡†Ǥ ȋͳȌ™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‡••–ŠƒȋʹȌ™‹ŽŽ„‡‘”‡–Šƒ
ȋ͵Ȍ ™ƒ˜‡͵Šƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–™ƒ˜‡•’‡‡†ƒ† ȋ͵Ȍ™‹ŽŽ„‡‡“—ƒŽ–‘ȋͶȌ‘–Š‹‰ ƒ„‡•ƒ‹†
–Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ƒš‹— –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ •–”‹‰ PWA026
•’‡‡†Ǥ 27. Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‰ƒ•†‡’‡†•
ȋͶȌ ™ƒ˜‡ʹŠƒ•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–™ƒ˜‡•’‡‡†ƒ†
ȋͳȌ‘Ž›‘‹–•™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š
™ƒ˜‡ ͵ Šƒ• –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ƒš‹—
–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡•–”‹‰•’‡‡†Ǥ ȋʹȌ‘–Š‡†‡•‹–›ƒ†–Š‡‡Žƒ•–‹ ‹–›‘ˆ‰ƒ•
PWA022 ȋ͵Ȍ‘‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—†
23. Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡•Š‘™•ƒ‹•–ƒ–ƒ‡‘—•’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡‘ˆ ȋͶȌ‘–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ†–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
ƒ ”‘’‡ ƒ””›‹‰ ƒ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ‘˜‹‰ PWA027
ˆ”‘Ž‡ˆ––‘”‹‰Š–ǡ–Š‡ 28. ˆ ƒ– •‘‡ ’‘‹– –Š‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘—†
› „‡ ‘‡•†‘—„Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›„‡ ‘‡•
‘‡ˆ‘—”–Š–Š‡ƒ––Šƒ–’‘‹––Š‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ
•‘—†™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
 š ȋͳȌ‡ ‘‡†‘—„Ž‡ ȋʹȌ‡ŠƒŽˆ

ȋ͵Ȍ‡ ‘‡‘‡ˆ‘—”–Š ȋͶȌ ‡ƒ‹— Šƒ‰‡†
PWA028
ȋƒȌ–Š‡’Šƒ•‡ƒ–‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–Š‡’Šƒ•‡ƒ– 29.  •‘—† ‹• ’”‘†— ‡† ‹ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‘˜‡•
ȋ„Ȍ–Š‡’Šƒ•‡ƒ–‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ–Š‡’Šƒ•‡ƒ– –‘™ƒ”†• •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† •‘‡ •‘—†
ȋ Ȍ‹•‘˜‹‰—’™ƒ”†• ‘˜‡• ‹ ƒ‹” ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ™ƒ–‡” ‹•
ȋ†Ȍ‹•‘˜‹‰—’™ƒ”†• ͳͶͷͲ Ȁ• ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹ ƒ‹” ‹• ͵͵Ͳ Ȁ•Ǥ Š‡
ȋͳȌƒƬ ȋʹȌƒƬ† ȋ͵Ȍ„Ƭ ȋͶȌ„Ƭ† •‘—†‘˜‡•ˆ”‘™ƒ–‡”–‘ƒ‹”–Š‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –
PWA023 ‘ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ˆƒ†™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠO ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
24. ‹‡ƒ”†‡•‹–›‘ˆƒ•–”‹‰‹•ͳǤ͵έͳͲȂͶ ‰Ȁ ȋͳȌˆƒ†O ™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ‡
ƒ† ™ƒ˜‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• › α ͲǤͲʹͳ•‹ȋš Ϊ ͵Ͳ–ȌǤ ȋʹȌˆ™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ‡„—–O ™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
‹† –Š‡ –‡•‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ •–”‹‰ ™Š‡”‡ š ‹ ȋ͵Ȍˆ™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ‡„—–O ™‹ŽŽ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡
‡–‡”ǡ–‹•‡ Ǥ ȋͶȌˆ™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ†O ™‹ŽŽ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡
ȋͳȌͳǤͳ͹έͳͲȂʹ  ȋʹȌͳǤͳ͹έͳͲȂͳ  PWA029
ȋ͵ȌͳǤͳ͹έͳͲ 
Ȃ͵ ȋͶȌ‘‡ 30. Š‡•‘—†™ƒ˜‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž•ˆ”‘ƒ‹”–‘™ƒ–‡”ǡ
PWA024 ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‡ƒ‹ ‘•–ƒ–ǣ
SOUND WAVES AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS ȋͳȌ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ȋʹȌ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
25. Š‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ƒ‹” ƒ– ‘•–ƒ– ȋ͵Ȍˆ”‡“—‡ › ȋͶȌ‹–‡•‹–›
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ PWA030
ȋͳȌ ‹• ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  31. ‡™–‘̵•ˆ‘”—Žƒˆ‘”–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹
’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ‰ƒ•‡•‹•ǣ
ȋʹȌ ‹• ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ •“—ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ
ʹ’ ’
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ȋͳȌ ˜ ȋʹȌ ˜
U U
ȋ͵Ȍ ‹• ’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ •“—ƒ”‡ ”‘‘– ‘ˆ
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ’”‡••—”‡ U ͵ ’
ȋ͵Ȍ ˜ ȋͶȌ ˜
ȋͶȌ †‘‡•‘–†‡’‡†‘ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ’”‡••—”‡Ǥ ’ ʹ U
PWA025 PWA031

[Link] [ 233 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
32. –‡•‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ƒ •‘—† ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹–›  ‹• REFLECTION OF WAVES AND ECHO
͵Ͳ†ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘ Ȁ Ͳ ‹• ȋ Ͳ ‹•–Š‡–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†‘ˆ 39. ƒ•–ƒ†‹‰‘ƒ Ž‹ˆˆ Žƒ’•Š‹•Šƒ†ƒ†
Š‡ƒ”‹‰Ȍ Š‡ƒ”•‹–•‡ Š‘ƒˆ–‡”‘‡•‡ ‘†Ǥ ˆ–Š‡•‘—†
ȋͳȌͳͲͲͲ ȋʹȌ͵ͲͲͲ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͲͲ ȋͶȌ͵Ͳ ‹”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘ƒ‘–Š‡”‘—–ƒ‹–Š‡–Š‡
PWA032 †‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒƬ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘’‘‹–•
33. ˆX ‹•–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹‘‹•–ƒ‹”ƒ† ‹••‘—† α͵ͶͲȀ•‡ Ǥ
X† ‹•–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹†”›ƒ‹”–Š‡ǣ ȋͳȌ͸ͺͲ ȋʹȌ͵ͶͲ
ȋͳȌX δX† ȋʹȌX εX† ȋ͵Ȍͳ͹Ͳ ȋͶȌͺͷ
ȋ͵ȌX† εεX ȋͶȌXα X† PWA039
PWA033 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES :
34.  •‹‡ ™ƒ˜‡ Šƒ• ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡  ƒ† INTERFERENCE, BEATS
™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–ŠO ‡–„‡™ƒ˜‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›ƒ†˜„‡ 40. –ƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡–™‘•‹’Ž‡Šƒ”‘‹ ‘–‹‘ƒ”‡
–Š‡ƒš‹—˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹ ‡†‹— ƒ –‹‰ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡
–Š‡Ǥ ›ͳ α ƒͳ•‹ Z– ƒ† ›ʹ α ƒʹ•‹ ȋZ–ΪIȌǤ Š‡
O ”‡•—Ž–ƒ– ‘–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ •‹’Ž‡ Šƒ”‘‹ 
ȋͳȌαQ ‹ˆ 
ʹS ‘–‹‘™Š‘•‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋʹȌ ƒ‘–„‡‡“—ƒŽ–‘Q ȋͳȌ ƒͳʹ  ƒʹʹ  ʹƒͳƒʹ ‘•I
͵
ȋ͵ȌαQ ‹ˆ O ȋʹȌ ƒͳʹ  ƒʹʹ  ʹƒͳƒʹ ‘•I
ʹS
ȋͶȌαQ ‹ˆαʹSO ȋ͵Ȍ ƒͳʹ  ƒʹʹ  ʹƒͳƒʹ ‘•I
PWA034 ȋͶȌ ƒͳʹ  ƒʹʹ  ʹƒͳƒʹ ‘•I
35. •‹‰•™‹–Šƒˆ”‡“—‡ ›ȋȌƒ†•‹‰•™‹–Š
PWA040
ƒ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ͳȀͺ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰›
41. Š‡‡‡”‰›‹–Š‡•—’‡”’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•ǣ Ǧ
”‡ƒ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ‹•ƒǡ
ȋͳȌ •Ž‘•–
–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋʹȌ  ”‡ƒ•‡
ȋͳȌʹƒ ȋʹȌͺƒ ȋ͵ȌͶƒ ȋͶȌƒ
ȋ͵Ȍ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ‡ǡ‘Ž›”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ —”•
PWA035
ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡
36. Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ•‘—†ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡’”‡••—”‡
PWA041
‹–™‘‘‘ƒ–‘‹ ‰ƒ•‡•‘ˆ†‡•‹–‹‡•Uͳ ƒ†
42. ƒ˜‡• ˆ”‘ –™‘ •‘—” ‡• •—’‡”‹’‘•‡ ‘
U
Uʹ ƒ”‡ ˜ͳ ƒ† ˜ʹ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ˆ ͳ Ͷ ǡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡” ƒ– ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’‘‹–Ǥ ’Ž‹–—†‡
Uʹ ƒ† ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ”‡ ‡“—ƒŽǤ
˜ͳ Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹–‹‡• ™Š‡ „‘–Š ™ƒ˜‡•
–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ ‹•ǣ
˜ʹ ”‡ƒ Š‹–Š‡•ƒ‡’Šƒ•‡ƒ†–Š‡›”‡ƒ Š™‹–Š
ͳ ͳ –Š‡’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆͻͲι ™‹ŽŽ„‡
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌͶ
Ͷ ʹ ȋͳȌͳǣͳ ȋʹȌ ʹ ǣͳ ȋ͵Ȍʹǣͳ ȋͶȌͶǣͳ
PWA036 PWA042
37. Š‡–‹‡’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ ‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹•ͳʹ•Ǥ 43. ™‘ ™ƒ˜‡• ™Š‘•‡ ‹–‡•‹–› ƒ”‡ •ƒ‡ ȋ Ȍ
Š‡’Šƒ•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ– ‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ’‘‹–‹•ƒ‡’Šƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡
–α͵•ƒ†–αͶ•™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ –Š‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–‹–‡•‹–›ƒ–’‘‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋͳȌSȀͶ ȋʹȌ͵SȀͷ ȋ͵ȌSȀ͸ ȋͶȌSȀʹ ȋͳȌͶ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍ ʹ ȋͶȌ‘‡
PWA037 PWA043
38. ‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ‡†‹— ‹• Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ 44. ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•‘ˆ–™‘™ƒ˜‡•‹•͵ǣͶǤŠ‡
†‡•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—‹•†‘—„Ž‡†ǡ™Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒš‹— ƒ† ‹‹— ‹–‡•‹–›
„‡–Š‡‡™˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†ǫ ‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋͳȌ ʹ ȋʹȌ  ȋ͵Ȍ  ʹ ȋͶȌʹ ȋͳȌ͹ǣͳ ȋʹȌͶͻǣͳ ȋ͵Ȍͳǣʹͷ ȋͶȌͷǣͳ
PWA038 PWA044

[ 234 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
45. ™‘ ‘Š‡”‡–•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‹–‡•‹–‹‡• ͳ ƒ† ʹ
51. Column-I Column-II
’”‘†— ‡ ƒ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ’ƒ––‡”ǡ –Š‡  ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ  ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒš‹— ‹–‡•‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ‡†‹—˜‹„”ƒ–‡
’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘–Š‡
’ƒ––‡” ™‹ŽŽ„‡Ȃ
™ƒ˜‡’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ȋͳȌ ͳ Ϊ ʹ ȋʹȌ ͳʹ Ϊ ʹʹ  ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡  ™‘’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡
ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍȋ ͳΪ ʹȌʹ ȋͶȌ  ™ƒ˜‡• ™ƒ˜‡•‘ˆ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›
ͳ ʹ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•
PWA045 •—’‡”‹’‘•‡‹–Š‡
46. –‡•‹–‹‡•”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–™‘™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡ͻǣͳ–Š‡–Š‡ •ƒ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘
”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ƒš‹— ƒ† ‹‹—  ‡ƒ–•  ™‘’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡
™ƒ˜‡•‘ˆ•ƒ‡
‹–‡•‹–‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›
ȋͳȌͳͲǣͺ ȋʹȌ͹ǣʹ ȋ͵ȌͶǣͳȋͶȌʹǣͳ •—’‡”‹’‘•‡‹–Š‡
PWA046 ‘’’‘•‹–‡†‹”‡ –‹‘•
47. Š‡–™‘–—‹‰ˆ‘”•ƒ”‡•‘—†‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”  –ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›  ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
š„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡ ƒ”‡Š‡ƒ”†ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‹•Ǥ ™ƒ˜‡• ‡†‹—˜‹„”ƒ–‡
‘™ ™Š‡ ‘‡ ’”‘‰ ‘ˆ  ‹• Ž‘ƒ†‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™ƒ˜‡
’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Ž‹––Ž‡ ™ƒšǡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ „‡ƒ–• ’‡” •‡ ‘†
ȋͳȌǦǡǦǡǦǡǦ ȋʹȌǦǡǦǡǦǡǦ
†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆˆ‘”‹•ǣ ȋ͵ȌǦǡǦǡǦǡǦ ȋͶȌǦǡǦǡǦǡǦ
ȋͳȌΪš ȋʹȌȂ š PWA051
ȋ͵ȌȂ šʹ ȋͶȌȂ ʹš 52. Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ ’ƒ–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ‘” †‡•–”— –‹˜‡
PWA047 ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǫ
48.  •‘—” ‡ š ‘ˆ —‘™ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ’”‘†— ‡• ȋͳȌO ȋʹȌȋO ΪͳȌ
ȋ  ͳȌO ȋʹ  ͳȌO
ͺ„‡ƒ–•™‹–Šƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆʹͷͲ œƒ†ͳʹ„‡ƒ–• ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ʹ ʹ
™‹–Š ƒ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ʹ͹Ͳ œǤ Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ PWA052
•‘—” ‡š‹•ǣ 53. Š‡„‡ƒ–•ƒ”‡’”‘†— ‡†„›–™‘’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡
ȋͳȌʹͷͺ œ ȋʹȌʹͶʹ œ ™ƒ˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ƒ† ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”Ž›
ȋ͵Ȍʹ͸ʹ œ ȋͶȌʹͺʹ œ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒš‹—
PWA048 ‹–‡•‹–›–‘–Š‡‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ˜‡•
™‹ŽŽ„‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•
49. ™‘ ™ƒ˜‡• ‘ˆ ™ƒ˜‡ Ž‡‰–Š ʹ  ƒ† ʹǤͲʹ  ȋͳȌ͵ ȋʹȌͳ ȋ͵ȌͶ ȋͶȌʹ
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‘˜‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› PWA053
ƒ†•—’‡”‹’‘•‡–‘’”‘†— ‡ʹ„‡ƒ–•’‡”•‡ Ǥ 54. Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡ „‡ƒ– ˆ”‡“—‡ › ’”‘†— ‡† ™Š‡
Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ˜‡•‹•ǣ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–™‘™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡•‘—†‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǫ
ȋͳȌͶͲͲǤͲȀ• ȋʹȌͶͲʹȀ• šͳ αͳͲ•‹ȋͶͲͶS–Ȃ ͷSšȌǡ
šʹ αͳͲ•‹ȋͶͲͲS–Ȃ ͷSšȌǤ
ȋ͵ȌͶͲͶȀ• ȋͶȌͶͲ͸Ȁ•
ȋͳȌͶ ȋʹȌͳ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ ȋͶȌʹ
PWA049 PWA054
50.  –—‹‰ ˆ‘” ’”‘†— ‡• Ͷ „‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡ Ǥ ™‹–Š 55. ™‘™ƒ˜‡•Šƒ˜‹‰‡“—ƒ–‹‘
ƒ‘–Š‡”–—‹‰ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›ʹͺͺ œǤ ˆ šͳ ვ‹ȋZ–ΪIͳȌ šʹ ვ‹ȋZ–ΪIʹȌ
ˆ‘”‹•Ž‘ƒ†‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡™ƒš‘Ǥ‘ˆ„‡ƒ–•’‡” ˆ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–ƒ– ™ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ƒ†
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ”‡ƒ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ• –‘ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ
•‡  †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ǡ
•—’‡”‹’‘•‹‰ ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ Š‡ ’Šƒ•‡ †‹ˆˆǤ
„‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‘ƒ†‹‰‹• „‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ȃ
ȋͳȌʹͻͲ œ ȋʹȌʹͺͺ œ S ʹS ͵S S
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ȋ͵Ȍʹͻʹ œ ȋͶȌʹͺͶ œ ͸ ͵ Ͷ Ͷ
PWA050 PWA055

[Link] [ 235 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
56. ™‘ •‘—” ‡• Šƒ˜‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ʹͷ͸ œ ƒ† 62. •–”‡– Š‡†•–”‹‰‹•˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡
ʹͷͺ œǡ –Š‡ –‹‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ § Sš ·
‡“—ƒ–‹‘ › ͷ•‹ ¨ ¸ ‘• ͶS– ǡ™Š‡”‡›ƒ†ƒ
‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ƒš‹ƒ‹•Ȃ © ʹ ¹
ȋͳȌͳ• ȋʹȌͲȉͷ• ȋ͵Ȍʹ• ȋͶȌ‘‡ ƒ”‡‹ ƒ†–‹•‹•‡ ǤŠ‡†‹•–ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡
PWA056 –™‘ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡‘†‡•‘–Š‡•–”‹‰•‹•ǣǦ
57. ™‘ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ –—‹‰ ˆ‘”• ’”‘†— ‡ ȋͳȌʹ  ȋʹȌͶ 
’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡•‰‹˜‡„›ͳ αͶ•‹ͷͲͲS– ȋ͵Ȍͺ  ȋͶȌͳ͸ 
ƒ† ʹ α ʹ •‹ ͷͲ͸ S–Ǥ —„‡” ‘ˆ „‡ƒ–• PWA062
’”‘†— ‡†’‡”‹—–‡‹•ǣ 63.  ™ƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ͳͲͲ œ –”ƒ˜‡Ž• ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ
ȋͳȌ͵ ȋʹȌ͵͸Ͳ ȋ͵ȌͳͺͲ ȋͶȌ͸Ͳ •–”‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•‹–•ˆ‹š‡†‡†ǤŠ‡–Š‹•™ƒ˜‡
PWA057 –”ƒ˜‡Ž•„ƒ ǡƒˆ–‡””‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ǡƒ‘†‡‹•ˆ‘”‡†
58. ™‘ ’Žƒ‡ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ™ƒ˜‡• •Š‘™• ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆͳͲ ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‹š‡†‡†ǤŠ‡
†‡•–”— –‹˜‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ–’‘‹–ǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ •’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ˜‡ȋ‹ ‹†‡–ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†Ȍ‹•ǣ
–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–‹•–”—‡ƒ–’‘‹–ǣǦ ȋͳȌͷȀ• ȋʹȌͳͲȀ•
ȋͳȌ ”‡•– ‘ˆ ‘‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹• •—’‡”‹’‘•‡† ‘ ȋ͵ȌʹͲȀ• ȋͶȌͶͲȀ•
”‡•–‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ˜‡ PWA063
ȋʹȌ ”‘—‰Š‘ˆ‘‡™ƒ˜‡‹••—’‡”‹’‘•‡†‘ 64. –ƒ–‹‘ƒ”› ™ƒ˜‡ ‹• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „›
”‡•–‘ˆƒ‘–Š‡”™ƒ˜‡ α•‹ȋͳͲͲ–Ȍ ‘•ȋͲǤͲͳšȌ™Š‡”‡›ƒ†
ȋ͵Ȍ –‡•‹–›‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–ƒ–™ƒ˜‡‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ ƒ”‡‹ǡ–‹•‡ ƒ†š‹ǤŠ‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ
‹–‡•‹–›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‘ˆ–™‘™ƒ˜‡• –Š‡™ƒ˜‡ǣ
ȋͶȌ ‡•—Ž–ƒ– ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ȋͳȌͳȀ• ȋʹȌͳͲʹ Ȁ•
ȋ͵ȌͳͲ Ȁ•
Ͷ ȋͶȌœ‡”‘
ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•—‘ˆ–™‘™ƒ˜‡•
PWA064
PWA058
65. ˆ–Š‡–‡•‹‘‹ƒ•‘‘‡–‡”™‹”‡‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†
STATIONARY WAVES OR STANDING
„› ƒ ˆƒ –‘” ‘ˆ ˆ‘—” –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
WAVES IN STRINGS
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ‰‡•„›ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆǣ
59.  —‹ˆ‘” •–”‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰–Š  ƒ† ƒ••  ‹• ȋͳȌͶ ȋʹȌȋͳȀͶȌ
ˆ‹š‡†ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•—†‡”–‡•‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹– ƒ ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌȋͳȀʹȌ
˜‹„”ƒ–‡™‹–Šˆ”‡“—‡ ›‰‹˜‡„›–Š‡ˆ‘”—ŽƒǤ PWA065
ͳ  ͳ  66. •‘‘‡–‡”™‹”‡ǡ™‹–Šƒ•—•’‡†‡†ƒ••‘ˆ
ȋͳȌ ˆ ȋʹȌ ˆ
ʹ  ʹ  αͳ‰Ǥǡ‹•‹”‡•‘ƒ ‡™‹–Šƒ‰‹˜‡–—‹‰
ͳ  ͳ  ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•‹•–ƒ‡–‘‘‘™Š‡”‡
ȋ͵Ȍ ˆ ȋͶȌ ˆ –Š‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘‰”ƒ˜‹–›‹•ͳȀ͸–Šƒ–‘ˆ
ʹ  ʹ 
‡ƒ”–ŠǤ‘‘„–ƒ‹”‡•‘ƒ ‡‘–Š‡‘‘ǡ–Š‡
PWA059 ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ•Š‘—Ž†„‡
60. Š‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡™ƒ˜‡•‹ƒ•–”‡– Š‡†
ȋͳȌͳ‰Ǥ ȋʹȌ ͸ ‰
•–”‹‰‹•͹ͲͲ Ȁ•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡•–”‹‰‹•ʹŽ‘‰ǡ–Š‡
ȋ͵Ȍ͸‰ ȋͶȌ͵͸‰
ˆ”‡“—‡ › ™‹–Š ™Š‹ Š ‹– ”‡•‘ƒ–‡• ‹
PWA066
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‘†‡‹•ǣ
67. –ƒ–‹‘ƒ”› ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ”‡ ’”‘†— ‡† ‹ ͳͲ Ž‘‰
ȋͳȌȋ͹ȀʹȌ œ ȋʹȌȋ͹ȀͶȌ œ •–”‡– Š‡† •–”‹‰Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ •–”‹‰ ˜‹„”ƒ–‡• ‹
ȋ͵ȌȋͳͶȌ œ ȋͶȌȋʹȀ͹Ȍ œ ͷ •‡‰‡–• ƒ† ™ƒ˜‡ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‹• ʹͲȀ•‡ ǡ
PWA060 –Š‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•Ǧ
61.  ™ƒ˜‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ȋͳȌͳͲ œ ȋʹȌͷ œ
› α ƒ ‘•ȋZ–ȂšȌ ‹• •—’‡”’‘•‡† „› ƒ‘–Š‡” ȋ͵ȌͶ œ ȋͶȌʹ œ
™ƒ˜‡ –‘ ˆ‘” ƒ •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”› ™ƒ˜‡ •— Š –Šƒ– PWA067
–Š‡ ’‘‹–š α Ͳ‹•ƒ ‘†‡ǤŠ‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” 68.  •–ƒ†‹‰ ™ƒ˜‡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ͵ ‘†‡• ƒ†
‘–Š‡”™ƒ˜‡‹•Ȃ ʹ ƒ–‹‘†‡• ‹• ˆ‘”‡† „‡–™‡‡ ͳǤʹͳ %
ȋͳȌ›αƒ•‹ȋZ–ڍšȌ ȋʹȌ›αȂ ƒ ‘•ȋZ–ȂšȌ †‹•–ƒ ‡–Š‡–Š‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‹•
ȋ͵Ȍ›αȂ ƒ ‘•ȋZ–ڍšȌ ȋͶȌ› α Ȃ ƒ•‹ȋZ–ȂšȌ ȋͳȌͳǤʹͳ% ȋʹȌʹǤͶʹ%
PWA061 ȋ͵ȌͲǤ͸Ͳͷ% ȋͶȌͶǤͺͶ%
PWA068
[ 236 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
69. •–”‹‰—†‡”ƒ–‡•‹‘‘ˆͳʹͻǤ͸’”‘†— ‡•
74. ˆ –Š‡ –‡•‹‘ ƒ† †‹ƒ‡–‡” ‘ˆ ƒ •‘‘‡–‡”
ͳͲ„‡ƒ–•Ȁ•‡ ™Š‡‹–‹•˜‹„”ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Šƒ ™‹”‡‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›ȋȌ‹•†‘—„Ž‡†
–—‹‰ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡–Š‡–‡•‹‘‹•–Š‡•–”‹‰‹• ƒ† †‡•‹–› ‹• ŠƒŽ˜‡† –Š‡ ‹–• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ͳ͸Ͳ‹–•‘—†•‹—‹•‘™‹–Š ˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘‡ǣ Ǧ
•ƒ‡–—‹‰ˆ‘”ǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“Ǥ  
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ ʹ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
‘ˆ–—‹‰ˆ‘”Ǥ Ͷ ʹ
ȋͳȌͳͲͲ œ ȋʹȌͷͲ œ PWA074
ȋ͵ȌͳͷͲ œ ȋͶȌʹͲͲ œ 75. Š‡ –‡•‹‘ ‹ ƒ ’‹ƒ‘ ™‹”‡ ‹• ͳͲǤ Šƒ–
PWA069 •Š‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡–‡•‹‘‹–Š‡™‹”‡–‘’”‘†— ‡
70. ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ•–”‹‰ƒ”‡–‘„‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ ƒ‘–‡‘ˆ†‘—„Ž‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǫ
ƒˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ–™‘ǡ–Š‡–‡•‹‘‹–Š‡•–”‹‰—•– ȋͳȌͳͲ ȋʹȌʹͲ ȋ͵ȌͶͲ ȋͶȌͺͲ
„‡ƒ†‡ǣ PWA075
ȋͳȌŠƒŽˆ ȋʹȌ–Š”‹ ‡ 76. —†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ•‘‘‡–‡”™‹”‡‹•Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍˆ‘—”–‹‡• ȋͶȌ‡‹‰Š––‹‡• ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Šǡ–‡•‹‘ƒ††‹ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ™‹”‡ƒ”‡
PWA070 –”‹’Ž‡†ǡ–Š‡‡™ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•ǣ Ǧ
71. –ƒ–‹‘ƒ”› ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ”‡ •‘ ƒŽŽ‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹ ȋͳȌ  ͵ ȋʹȌȀ͵
–Š‡Ȃ ȋ͵Ȍ  ͵ ȋͶȌ  ͵ ͵
ȋͳȌ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†‹— ƒ”‡ ‘–
PWA076
†‹•–—”„‡†ƒ–ƒŽŽ
77. •–”‹‰‹ƒ—•‹ ƒŽ‹•–”—‡–‹•ͷͲ Ž‘‰
ȋʹȌ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†‹— †‘ ‘–
ƒ†‹–•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•ͺͲͲ œǤ ˆƒ
‡š‡ —–‡Ǥ ǤǤ
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆͳͲͲͲ œ‹•–‘„‡’”‘†— ‡†ǡ–Š‡
ȋ͵Ȍ Š‡”‡‘ —”• ‘ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ‡‡”‰›ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡
”‡“—‹”‡†Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ•–”‹‰‹•ǣ Ǧ
™ƒ˜‡ ȋͳȌ͸ʹǤͷ  ȋʹȌͷͲ 
ȋͶȌ Š‡‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡‡ˆˆ‡ – ƒ̵–„‡‘„•‡”˜‡† ȋ͵ȌͶͲ  ȋͶȌ͵͹Ǥͷ
PWA071 PWA077
72.  ƒ •‘‘‡–‡” ™‹”‡ǡ –Š‡ –‡•‹‘ ‹• 78. ‘—”™‹”‡•‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š•ǡ†‹ƒ‡–‡”•ƒ†
ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†„›•—•’‡†‹‰ƒƒ••ˆ”‘ˆ”‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡ •–”‡– Š‡† ‘ ƒ
‡† ‘ˆ ™‹”‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ •‘‘‡–‡”™‹”‡ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–‡•‹‘‹•
–Š‡ ™‹”‡ ‹•  œǤ ˆ –Š‡ •—•’‡†‡† ƒ•• ‹• ͳǣͶǣͻǣͳ͸ǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‹‡”‰‡†‹™ƒ–‡”–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•‹•
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‹ŽŽ ȋͳȌͳǣʹǣ͵ǣͶ ȋʹȌͳ͸ǣͻǣͶǣͳ
ȋͳȌ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ȋʹȌ ‘•–ƒ– ȋ͵ȌͳǣͶǣͻǣͳ͸ ȋͶȌͶǣ͵ǣʹǣͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ȋͶȌ ƒ̵–•ƒ› PWA078
PWA072 79. ‹˜‡‡“—ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘
73.  •‡ ‘† Šƒ”‘‹  Šƒ• –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ § ʹS ·
›α ‘• ¨ š ¸ ‘•ȋʹSQ–Ȍ
•–”‹‰‘ˆŽ‡‰–ŠA •–”‡– Š‡†„‡–™‡‡–™‘”‹‰‹† © O ¹
•—’’‘”–•ǤŠ‡’‘‹–•™Š‡”‡–Š‡•–”‹‰Šƒ•–‘ ȋͳȌ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡
„‡’Ž— ‡†ƒ†–‘— Š‡†ƒ”‡Ȃ ȋʹȌ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡
͵ ȋ͵Ȍ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡
ȋͳȌŽ— ƒ– –‘— Šƒ– ȋͶȌ”ƒ•˜‡”•‡•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡
ʹ Ͷ
PWA079
ȋʹȌŽ— ƒ– –‘— Šƒ– 80.  •–”‡– Š‡† •–”‹‰ ‹• ͳ  Ž‘‰Ǥ –• ƒ•• ’‡”
ʹ Ͷ
—‹– Ž‡‰–Š ‹• ͲǤͷ ‰ȀǤ –‹••–”‡– Š‡† ™‹–Šƒ
͵
ȋ͵ȌŽ— ƒ– –‘— Šƒ– ˆ‘” ‡‘ˆʹͲǤ –’Ž— ‡†ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆʹͷ 
Ͷ Ͷ ˆ”‘‘‡‡†ǤŠ‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ‘–‡‡‹––‡†
ȋͶȌŽ— ƒ– –‘— Šƒ– „›‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
Ͷ ʹ ȋͳȌͶͲͲ œ ȋʹȌ͵ͲͲ œ
PWA073 ȋ͵ȌʹͲͲ œ ȋͶȌͳͲͲ œ
PWA080
[Link] [ 237 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
STATIONARY WAVE IN ORGAN PIPES 88. Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”‹•͵͵ͲȀ•ǤŠ‡
81. ‹–Š –Š‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆƒ‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡‘’‡
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡Ǧ ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•ƒ†‘ˆŽ‡‰–ŠͲǤ͵‡–”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋͳȌ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ȋʹȌ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ȋͳȌʹͲͲ œ ȋʹȌͷͷͲ œ
ȋ͵Ȍ”‡ƒ‹•— Šƒ‰‡† ȋͶȌ ƒ ‘–•ƒ› ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͲͲ œ ȋͶȌʹ͹ͷ œ
PWA081 PWA088
82. ‡’–›˜‡••‡Ž‹•’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š™ƒ–‡” 89. ƒ‹” ‘Ž—Šƒ˜‹‰‘‡‡† Ž‘•‡† ‘–ƒ‹•
–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹–Š‡
‹‹— ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ Ž‡‰–Š ͷͲ Ǥ ˆ ‹– ‹•
˜‡••‡Ž
˜‹„”ƒ–‡† „› •ƒ‡ –—‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹–• ‡š–
ȋͳȌ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•
”‡•‘ƒ ‡Ž‡‰–Š™‹ŽŽ„‡Ȃ
ȋʹȌ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
ȋ͵Ȍ†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡’—”‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” ȋͳȌʹͷͲ  ȋʹȌʹͲͲ 
ȋͶȌ”‡ƒ‹•–Š‡•ƒ‡ ȋ͵ȌͳͷͲ  ȋͶȌͳͲͲ 
PWA082 PWA089
83. Š‡‡† ‘””‡ –‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‘ƒ ‡–—„‡‹•ͳ Ǥ 90. ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹ƒ’‹’‡™Š‹ Š‹• Ž‘•‡†ƒ–
ˆŽ‘™‡•–”‡•‘ƒ–Ž‡‰–Š‹•ͳͷ –Š‡‡š– ‘‡ ‡†ǡ ‹• ‹ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰
”‡•‘ƒ–Ž‡‰–Š™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ Ǧ –—‹‰ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ʹ͸Ͳ œǡ –Š‡ –Š‡
ȋͳȌ͵͸  ȋʹȌͶͷ  Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹•ǣȋ˜•‘—† α͵͵ͲȀ•Ȍ
ȋ͵ȌͶ͸  ȋͶȌͶ͹  ȋͳȌ͵ͷǤ͹  ȋʹȌ͵ͳǤ͹ 
PWA083 ȋ͵ȌͳʹǤͷ  ȋͶȌ͸ʹǤͷ 
84. ˆ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ˆ‘” ƒ  ‹• ǡ
PWA090
–Š‡–Š‡‡š––Š”‡‡‘˜‡”–‘‡•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡”ƒ–‹‘ǣ Ǧ
91. •‘—†™ƒ˜‡‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ › ͵͵Ͳ œ‹•‹ ‹†‡–
ȋͳȌʹǣ͵ǣͶ ȋʹȌ͵ǣͶǣͷ
‘”ƒŽŽ› ƒ– ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡† ™ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‹‹—
ȋ͵Ȍ͵ǣ͹ǣͳͳ ȋͶȌ͵ǣͷǣ͹
PWA084 †‹•–ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ ™ƒŽŽ ƒ– ™Š‹ Š ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ˜‹„”ƒ–‡
85.  –—„‡ Ž‘•‡† ƒ– ‘‡ ‡† ƒ† ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ‹” ˜‡”›— Šǣ Ǧ ȋ•‘—† α͵͵ͲȀ•Ȍ
’”‘†— ‡•ǡ ™Š‡ ‡š ‹–‡†ǡ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ȋͳȌͲǤʹͷ ȋʹȌͲǤͳʹͷ
‘–‡‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ › ͷͳʹ œǤ ˆ–Š‡–—„‡‹•‘’‡ ȋ͵Ȍͳ ȋͶȌͲǤͷ
ƒ–„‘–Š‡†•ǡ–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›–Šƒ– PWA091
ƒ„‡‡š ‹–‡†‹•ȋ‹ œȌ 92. ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡‘ˆŽ‡‰–Š͵͵ ǡ˜‹„”ƒ–‡•
ȋͳȌͳͲʹͶ ȋʹȌͷͳʹ ȋ͵Ȍʹͷ͸ ȋͶȌͳʹͺ ™‹–Šˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͳͲͲͲ œǤ ˆ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†
PWA085 ‹•͵͵ͲȀ•ǡ–Š‡‹–•ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•ǣ Ǧ
86. ƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹’‹’‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š‹• Ž‘•‡†ƒ–‘‡ ȋͳȌ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›
‡† ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‹ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰
ȋʹȌ ‹”•–‘˜‡”–‘‡‘ˆ’‹’‡
–—‹‰ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›ʹ͸Ͷ œ‹ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š
ȋ͵Ȍ‡ ‘†‘˜‡”–‘‡
‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž—‹ ‹•ǣȏ˜α͵͵ͲȀ•Ȑ
ȋͶȌ ‘—”–Š‘˜‡”–‘‡
ȋͳȌ͵ͳǤʹͷ ȋʹȌ͸ʹǤͷͲ ȋ͵ȌͳͳͲ ȋͶȌͳʹͷ
PWA086 PWA092
87. ‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ƒ‹” ‹• ͵ʹͲ Ȁ•Ǥ  ’‹’‡ 93. ˆ  ‹• –Š‡ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ƒ‹” –Š‡ –Š‡
Ž‘•‡† ƒ– ‘‡ ‡† Šƒ• ƒ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ͳ  •Š‘”–‡•– Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘•‡† ’‹’‡ ™Š‹ Š
‡‰Ž‡ –‹‰‡† ‘””‡ –‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹ ”‡•‘ƒ–‡• –‘ƒˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǣ
–Š‡’‹’‡ ƒ”‡•‘ƒ–ˆ‘”•‘—†‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ  
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ
ȋƒȌͺͲ œ ȋ„ȌʹͶͲ œ ʹ Ͷ
ȋ ȌͷͲͲ œ ȋ†ȌͶͲͲ œ Ͷ ʹ
ȋͳȌƒ ȋʹȌƒǡ„ ȋ͵Ȍƒǡ„ǡ† ȋͶȌƒǡ† ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
 
PWA087
PWA093

[ 238 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
94. 98.
Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š• ‘ˆ –™‘ Ž‘•‡† ‘”‰ƒ ’‹’‡• ƒ”‡ ‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘•‡ ‘”‰ƒ ’‹’‡ ‹• ͳ Ǥ –
ͲǤ͹ͷͲ  ƒ† ͲǤ͹͹Ͳ Ǥ ˆ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ •‘—†‡† ™Š‹ Š ˆ”‡“—‡ › ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ‘ —”
–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ ͵ „‡ƒ–• ’‡” •‡ ‘† ƒ”‡ ’”‘†— ‡†Ǥ ȋ˜α͵ʹͲȀ•‡ ǤȌ
Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
ȋͳȌͺͲ œ ȋʹȌʹͶͲ œ
ȋͳȌ͵ͷͲǤͷȀ•‡ ȋʹȌ͵͵ͷǤͷȀ•‡
ȋ͵Ȍ͵Ͷ͸ǤͷȀ•‡ ȋͶȌ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͲͲ œ ȋͶȌͶͲͲ œ
PWA094 PWA098
95. Šƒ– ‹• ‹‹— Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ƒ –—„‡ǡ ‘’‡ ƒ– 99.  ‘’‡ ”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰ –—„‡ Šƒ• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
„‘–Š‡†•ǡ–Šƒ–”‡•‘ƒ–‡•™‹–Š–—‹‰ˆ‘”‘ˆ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ Ǥ Š‡ ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ ‹–• Ž‡‰–Š ‹•
ˆ”‡“—‡ › ͵ͷͲ œǫ ȋ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ †‹’’‡† ‹–‘ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‹–• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
ƒ‹”α͵ͷͲȀ•Ȍ
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋͳȌͷͲ  ȋʹȌͳͲͲ 
ȋ͵Ȍ͹ͷ  ȋͶȌʹͷ  ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌȀʹ
PWA095 ȋ͵Ȍʹ ȋͶȌ͵ȀʹǤ
96.  —†‡”™ƒ–‡” •‘ƒ” •‘—” ‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ– ƒ PWA099
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ͸Ͳ œ†‹”‡ –•‹–•„‡ƒ–‘™ƒ”†• 100. ’‹’‡‹• Ž‘•‡†ˆ”‘‘‡‡†ƒ†‘’‡ˆ”‘
–Š‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ ˆ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ƒ‹” ‹• ƒ‘–Š‡”‡†–Š‡™Š‹ Š•–ƒ–‡‡–‹•–”—‡ǫ
͵͵Ͳ Ȁ•ǡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ƒ† ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ –Š‡
ȋͳȌ ‘†‡ ‹• ˆ‘”‡† •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ‘’‡
™ƒ˜‡•‹ƒ‹”ƒ”‡ǣ Ǧ
ȋͳȌͷǤͷǡ͸Ͳ œ ȋʹȌ͵Ǥ͵Ͳǡ͸Ͳ œ ‡†Ǥ
ȋ͵ȌͷǤͷǡ͵Ͳ œ ȋͶȌͷǤͷǡͺͲ œ ȋʹȌ ‘†‡ ‹• ˆ‘”‡† •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ ‘’‡
PWA096 ‡†Ǥ
97.  ‘”‰ƒ ’‹’‡ Ž‘•‡† ƒ– ‘‡ ‡† Šƒ• ȋ͵Ȍ –‹‘†‡ ‹• ˆ‘”‡† •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ͳͷͲͲ œǤ Š‡ ‘’‡‡†Ǥ
ƒš‹——„‡”‘ˆ‘˜‡”–‘‡•‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†„›
ȋͶȌ–‹‘†‡ˆ‘”‡†•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›„‡Ž‘™–Š‡‘’‡
–Š‹•’‹’‡™Š‹ Šƒ‘”ƒŽ’‡”•‘ ƒŠ‡ƒ”‹•
‡†Ǥ
ȋͳȌͳͶ ȋʹȌͳ͵ ȋ͵Ȍ͸ ȋͶȌͻ
PWA097 PWA100

EXERCISE-I (Conceptual Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 3 3 4 2 2 1 1 4 1 4 1 3 4 1 4
Question 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Answer 3 2 3 1 1 1 4 2 2 4 2 2 3 3 3
Question 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Answer 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 4
Question 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Answer 3 1 1 3 3 2 4 3 4 2 2 3 2 1 2
Question 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Answer 3 1 3 4 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 4 3 3
Question 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Answer 4 3 1 4 3 1 2 4 4 1 1 3 2 3 2
Question 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Answer 1 2 2 3 1 1 3 3 1 3

[Link] [ 239 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics

Exercise - II (Previous Year Questions) AIPMT/NEET

AIPMT 2014 NEET-I 2016
1. ˆ ͳǡ ʹ ƒ† ͵ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ 5. —‹ˆ‘””‘’‡‘ˆŽ‡‰–Šƒ†ƒ••ͳ Šƒ‰•
ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ •‡‰‡–• ‹–‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ ƒ ”‹‰‹† •—’’‘”–Ǥ  „Ž‘  ‘ˆ
•–”‹‰ ‹• †‹˜‹†‡†ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ƒ•• ʹ ‹• ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹‰‹•‰‹˜‡ ”‘’‡Ǥ
„›ǣǦ  –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ’—Ž•‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š Oͳ ‹•
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
ȋͳȌ   ’”‘†— ‡† ƒ– –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘’‡Ǥ Š‡
 ͳ  ʹ ͵
™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡’—Ž•‡™Š‡‹–”‡ƒ Š‡•–Š‡
ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
ȋʹȌ   –‘’‘ˆ–Š‡”‘’‡‹•OʹǤŠ‡”ƒ–‹‘OʹȀOͳ ‹•ǣ
 ͳ ʹ ͵
ͳ ͳ   ʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ  ͳ  ʹ  ͵
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ
ʹ ʹ
ȋͶȌαͳ ڐʹ ڐ͵
ʹ ͳ   ʹ
PWA137 ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
ͳ ͳ
2. Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ
ƒ‹” ‘Ž— ‹ ƒ ’‹’‡ Ž‘•‡† ƒ– ‘‡ ‡† ‘ˆ PWA143
Ž‡‰–Š ͺͷ  ™Š‘•‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡• Ž‹‡ „‡Ž‘™ 6. ƒ‹” ‘Ž—ǡ Ž‘•‡†ƒ–‘‡‡†ƒ†‘’‡ƒ–
ͳʹͷͲ œƒ”‡ǣȋ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†α͵ͶͲ•ȂͳȌ –Š‡‘–Š‡”ǡ”‡•‘ƒ–‡•™‹–Šƒ–—‹‰ˆ‘”™Š‡
ȋͳȌͶ ȋʹȌͷ ȋ͵Ȍ͹ ȋͶȌ͸ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡•– Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž— ‹• ͷͲ Ǥ
PWA138 Š‡ ‡š– Žƒ”‰‡” Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž—
AIPMT 2015 ”‡•‘ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡–—‹‰ˆ‘”‹•ǣ
3. Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆƒ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ ȋͳȌ͸͸Ǥ͹  ȋʹȌͳͲͲ 
’‹’‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡‰–Š ʹͲ  ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ȋ͵ȌͳͷͲ  ȋͶȌʹͲͲ 
‘˜‡”–‘‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘”‰ƒ ’‹’‡ ‘’‡ ƒ– „‘–Š –Š‡ PWA144
‡†•ǤŠ‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡‘’‡ƒ–„‘–Š NEET-II 2016
–Š‡‡†•‹•ǣǦ
7. Š‡ •‡ ‘† ‘˜‡”–‘‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘’‡ ‘”‰ƒ ’‹’‡
ȋͳȌ ͳͲͲ  ȋʹȌͳʹͲ 
Šƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘˜‡”–‘‡
ȋ͵Ȍ ͳͶͲ  ȋͶȌͺͲ 
‘ˆƒ Ž‘•‡†’‹’‡‡–”‡Ž‘‰ǤŠ‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡
PWA139
‘’‡’‹’‡™‹ŽŽ„‡
RE-AIPMT-2015

4. •–”‹‰‹••–”‡– Š‡†„‡–™‡‡–™‘ˆ‹š‡†’‘‹–• ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌͶ ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌʹ
ʹ
•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›͹ͷǤͲ Ǥ –‹•‘„•‡”˜‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡
PWA145
”‡•‘ƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•‘ˆͶʹͲ œƒ†͵ͳͷ œǤ
Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ ‘–Š‡” ”‡•‘ƒ– ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡• 8. Š”‡‡ •‘—† ™ƒ˜‡• ‘ˆ ‡“—ƒŽ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• Šƒ˜‡
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡•‡ –™‘Ǥ Š‡ Ž‘™‡•– ”‡•‘ƒ– ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•ȋȂ ͳȌǡǡȋΪͳȌǤŠ‡› •—’‡”‹’‘•‡
ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‹••–”‹‰‹•ǣǦ –‘‰‹˜‡„‡ƒ–•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ„‡ƒ–•’”‘†— ‡†’‡”
ȋͳȌ ͳͲͷ œ ȋʹȌͳͷͷ œ •‡ ‘†™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
ȋ͵ȌʹͲͷ œ ȋͶȌͳͲǤͷ œ ȋͳȌ ͵ ȋʹȌʹ ȋ͵Ȍͳ ȋͶȌͶ
PWA141 PWA146

[ 240 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
NEET(UG) 2017 NEET(UG) 2020 (Covid-19)
9. Š‡–™‘‡ƒ”‡•–Šƒ”‘‹ •‘ˆƒ–—„‡ Ž‘•‡†ƒ– 14. Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ —•‹ ƒŽ
‘‡‡†ƒ†‘’‡ƒ–‘–Š‡”‡†ƒ”‡ʹʹͲ œƒ† ‹•–”—‡– ‹• ͻͲ  ƒ† Šƒ• ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
ʹ͸Ͳ œǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ͳʹͲ œǤ Š‡”‡ •Š‘—Ž† ‹– „‡
–Š‡•›•–‡ǫ
’”‡••‡†–‘’”‘†— ‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ
ȋͳȌʹͲ œ ȋʹȌ͵Ͳ œ
ͳͺͲ œǫ
ȋ͵ȌͶͲ œ ȋͶȌͳͲ œ
PWA147 ȋͳȌ͹ͷ  ȋʹȌ͸Ͳ 
NEET(UG) 2018 ȋ͵ȌͶͷ  ȋͶȌͺͲ 
10.  –—‹‰ˆ‘”‹•—•‡†–‘’”‘†— ‡”‡•‘ƒ ‡‹ƒ PWA153
‰Žƒ•• –—„‡ǤŠ‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹–Š‹• NEET(UG) 2022
–—„‡ ƒ„‡ƒ†Œ—•–‡†„›ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡’‹•–‘Ǥ– 15. ˆ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ –‡•‹‘ ‘ ƒ •–”‡– Š‡† •–”‹‰ ‹•
”‘‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ʹ͹ι –™‘ •— ‡••‹˜‡ †‘—„Ž‡†ǡ–Š‡–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽ
”‡•‘ƒ ‡•ƒ”‡’”‘†— ‡†ƒ–ʹͲ ƒ†͹͵  •’‡‡†•‘ˆƒ–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡™ƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡•–”‹‰
‘Ž—Ž‡‰–ŠǤ ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡–—‹‰
‹•ǣ
ˆ‘”‹•͵ʹͲ œǡ–Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—† ‹ƒ‹”ƒ–
ʹ͹ι‹•ǣǦ ȋͳȌ ʹ ǣͳ ȋʹȌ ͳǣ ʹ
ȋͳȌ͵͵ͲȀ• ȋʹȌ͵͵ͻȀ• ȋ͵Ȍ ͳǣʹ ȋͶȌͳǣͳ
ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͷͲȀ• ȋͶȌ͵ͲͲȀ• PWA172
PWA149 RE-NEET(UG) 2022
11. Š‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹ƒ‘’‡‘”‰ƒ 16.  ‘”‰ƒ ’‹’‡ ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ‰ƒ• ƒ– ʹ͹ι
’‹’‡‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘–Š‡–Š‹”†Šƒ”‘‹ ‘ˆƒ Ž‘•‡† ”‡•‘ƒ–‡• ƒ– ͶͲͲ œ ‹ ‹–• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡Ǥ ˆ–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ
‘†‡Ǥ ˆ‹–‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡‰ƒ•ƒ–ͻͲιǡ
’‹’‡ ‹• ʹͲ ǡ –Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’‡ ‘”‰ƒ
–Š‡”‡•‘ƒ ‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡‘†‡
’‹’‡‹•ǣǦ
ȋͳȌͳ͵Ǥʹ  ȋʹȌͺ  ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣǦ
ȋ͵ȌͳʹǤͷ  ȋͶȌͳ͸  ȋͳȌ ͶʹͲ œ ȋʹȌͶͶͲ œ
PWA150 ȋ͵Ȍ ͶͺͶ œ ȋͶȌͷͳʹ œ
NEET(UG) 2019 (Odisha) PWA173
12. –—‹‰ˆ‘”™‹–Šˆ”‡“—‡ ›ͺͲͲ œ’”‘†— ‡• NEET(UG) 2023
”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ‹ ƒ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ‘Ž— –—„‡ ™‹–Š 17. Š‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ
—’’‡”‡†‘’‡ƒ†Ž‘™‡”‡† Ž‘•‡†„›™ƒ–‡” Šƒ”‘‹ ’”‘†— ‡†„›ƒ‘’‡’‹’‡–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ
•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ — ‡••‹˜‡ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ ƒ”‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ƒ–
Ž‘•‡†’‹’‡Šƒ˜‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‡‰–Š‹•ǣ
Ž‡‰–Š ͻǤ͹ͷ ǡ ͵ͳǤʹͷ  ƒ† ͷʹǤ͹ͷ Ǥ Š‡
ȋͳȌ ʹǣͳ ȋʹȌͳǣ͵
•’‡‡†‘ˆ•‘—†‹ƒ‹”‹•ǣǦ
ȋͳȌͷͲͲȀ• ȋʹȌͳͷ͸Ȁ• ȋ͵Ȍ͵ǣͳ ȋͶȌͳǣʹ
ȋ͵Ȍ͵ͶͶȀ• ȋͶȌͳ͹ʹȀ• PWA174
PWA151 RE-NEET(UG) 2024
NEET(UG) 2020 18. –‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡’ƒ––‡” ƒ„‡‘„•‡”˜‡††—‡–‘
13. ƒ‰—‹–ƒ”ǡ–™‘•–”‹‰•ƒ†ƒ†‡‘ˆ•ƒ‡ •—’‡”’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ˜‡•ǣ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡ •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› ‘—– ‘ˆ –—‡ ƒ† ’”‘†— ‡ Ǥ›αƒ•‹Z– Ǥ›αƒ•‹ʹZ–
„‡ƒ–•‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›͸ œǤŠ‡–‡•‹‘‹‹• Ǥ›αƒ•‹ȋZ–Ȃ IȌ Ǥ›αƒ•‹͵Z–
•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†ǡ–Š‡„‡ƒ–ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
Š‘‘•‡–Š‡correct ƒ•™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’–‹‘•
–‘ ͹ œǤ ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ  ‹• ͷ͵Ͳ œǡ –Š‡
‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ™‹ŽŽ„‡ǣ
ȋͳȌ ͷ͵͹ œ ȋʹȌͷʹ͵ œ ȋͳȌƒ† ȋʹȌƒ†
ȋ͵Ȍ ͷʹͶ œ ȋͶȌͷ͵͸ œ ȋ͵Ȍƒ† ȋͶȌƒ†
PWA152 PWA175
[Link] [ 241 ]
ALLEN NEET : Physics
19. Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆƒ–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰™ƒ˜‡‹• ʹSO ʹSƒ
ȋͳȌ ȋʹȌ
ʹS ƒ O
› α  •‹ ȋƒ– Ȃ šȌ ™Š‡”‡ – ‹• –‹‡ǡ š ‹•
O O ƒ
ȋ͵Ȍ ȋͶȌ
†‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒ† O ‹• –Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Šǡ ƒŽŽ ‹ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ O
—‹–•ǤŠ‡–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ˜‡‹•ǣ PWA176

EXERCISE-II (Previous Year Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 1 4 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 2
Question 16 17 18 19
Answer 2 1 3 4

[ 242 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
Exercise - III
1. ‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ƒ”‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡– Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‘•–
Statement I : ‘” •ƒ‡ Ž‡‰–Š „—– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– appropriate ƒ•™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡
‰ƒ•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ „‡Ž‘™ǣ
Statement II : ‘”•ƒ‡Ž‡‰–Š„—–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ȋͳȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ”‡
‰ƒ•  ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ”‡ƒ‹• ‘””‡ –Ǥ
•ƒ‡Ǥ ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• ‘””‡ – ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ‹•
Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡– Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‘•– ‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
appropriate ƒ•™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡ ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡– ‹•‹ ‘””‡ –ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‡– ‹•
„‡Ž‘™ǣ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ”‡ ȋͶȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ”‡
‘””‡ –Ǥ ‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• ‘””‡ – ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• PWA156
‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ 4. Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ ™ƒ˜‡ ‹• ‰‹˜‡ „›
ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡– ‹•‹ ‘””‡ –ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‡– ‹• ȋƒŽŽ“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡‹ —‹–•Ȍ
‘””‡ –Ǥ ›αͲǤͲʹ•‹ʹS ȋͳͲ–Ȃ ͷšȌ
ȋͶȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ”‡ Column-I Column-II
‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ ‹ ’‡‡†‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡ ƒ ʹͲS
PWA154 ‹‹ ‰—Žƒ” ˆ”‡“—‡ › „ ͲǤͶS
2. ‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ƒ”‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡
Statement I : ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ –”ƒ•˜‡”•‡ ™ƒ˜‡• ‹‹‹ ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡ ʹ
ƒ‘–„‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‹‰ƒ•‡‘—•‡†‹—Ǥ ‹˜ ƒš‹— ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ † ͲǤʹ
Statement II : ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ•˜‡”•‡™ƒ˜‡• •’‡‡†
ƒ„‡’”‘†— ‡†‘Ž›‹•— Š‡†‹—™Š‹ Š ȋͳȌ‹o ǡ‹‹o ƒǡ‹‹‹o †ǡ‹˜o
Šƒ˜‡•Š‡ƒ”‹‰’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ
ȋʹȌ‹o ƒǡ‹‹o „ǡ‹‹‹o ǡ‹˜o †
Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ„‘˜‡•–ƒ–‡‡– Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‘•–
ȋ͵Ȍ‹o ǡ‹‹o „ǡ‹‹‹o ƒǡ‹˜o †
appropriate ƒ•™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡
ȋͶȌ‹o ǡ‹‹o ƒǡ‹‹‹o †ǡ‹˜o „
„‡Ž‘™ǣ
PWA157
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ƒ”‡
5.  ƒ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ –—„‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ƒ Ž‘•‡ ‘”‰ƒ
‘””‡ –Ǥ
’‹’‡‘ˆŽ‡‰–ŠͳʹͲ ”‡•‘ƒ–‡™Š‡–—‡†™‹–Š
ȋʹȌ –ƒ–‡‡–  ‹• ‘””‡ – ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–  ‹•
ƒ –—‹‰ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ͵ͶͲ œǤ ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ‹•
‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
’‘—”‡†‹–Š‡’‹’‡–Š‡ȋ‰‹˜‡˜ƒ‹” α͵ͶͲȀ•‡ ǤȌǣ
ȋ͵Ȍ –ƒ–‡‡– ‹•‹ ‘””‡ –ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‡– ‹•
ȋƒȌ ‹‹—Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” ‘Ž—–‘Šƒ˜‡
‘””‡ –Ǥ
–Š‡”‡•‘ƒ ‡‹•Ͷͷ Ǥ
ȋͶȌ ‘–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–•  ƒ”‡
ȋ„Ȍ Š‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ •— ‡••‹˜‡
‹ ‘””‡ –Ǥ
‘†‡•‹•ͷͲ Ǥ
PWA155
ȋ Ȍ Š‡ƒš‹—Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ™ƒ–‡” ‘Ž—–‘
3. ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ
”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡•‘ƒ ‡‹•ͻͷ 
Statement I : Š‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘—†‹–Š‡ƒ‹”
ȋ†Ȍ ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•†—‡–‘’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ‘‹•–—”‡‹‹–Ǥ
Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ
Statement II : Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ‘‹•–—”‡‹ƒ‹”
ȋͳȌƒǡ„ǡ ȋʹȌ„ǡ ȋ͵Ȍƒǡ ȋͶȌ‘‡
Ž‘™‡”•–Š‡†‡•‹–›‘ˆƒ‹”Ǥ
PWA158

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
6. ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ‰ƒ• ƒ– Š –Š‡ 9. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‡ ‹•
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Ǧ Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹•
Column-I Column-II Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R).
‹ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‰ƒ• ƒ ’‡‡†
Assertion (A) : ‘—† –”ƒ˜‡Ž• ˆƒ•–‡” ‘ ƒ
‹•ƒ†‡Ͷ–‹‡•ƒ† „‡ ‘‡•
’”‡••—”‡ʹ–‹‡• ”ƒ‹›†ƒ›–Šƒ‘ƒ†”›†ƒ›Ǥ
ʹ ʹ –‹‡•
Reason (R) : ‘‹•–—”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
‹‹ Ž›’”‡••—”‡‹• „ ’‡‡†
ƒ†‡Ͷ–‹‡• „‡ ‘‡•  –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡
™‹–Š‘—– Šƒ‰‡‹ –™‘–‹‡• –Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
‹‹‹ Ž› –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ’‡‡† ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡
Šƒ‰‡†–‘Ͷ–‹‡• ”‡ƒ‹ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
— Šƒ‰‡†
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•
‹˜ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ƒ•• ‘ˆ † ’‡‡†
–Š‡ ‰ƒ• ‹• ƒ†‡ Ͷ „‡ ‘‡ŠƒŽˆ –Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
–‹‡• ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
ȋͳȌ‹o ƒǡ‹‹o ǡ‹‹‹o †ǡ‹˜o „ ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
ȋʹȌ‹o „ǡ‹‹o ǡ‹‹‹o †ǡ‹˜o ƒ PWA162
ȋ͵Ȍ‹o „ǡ‹‹o ǡ‹‹‹o „ǡ‹˜o † 10. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‡ ‹•
ȋͶȌ‹o ǡ‹‹o „ǡ‹‹‹o ƒǡ‹˜o Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹•
PWA159 Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R).
7. ‘”ƒ Ž‘•‡†‘”‰ƒ’‹’‡ƒ– Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ
Assertion (A) : ‘” ƒ Ž‘•‡† ’‹’‡ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–
Column-I Column-II
‹ Š‹”†‘˜‡”–‘‡ ƒ ͵ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡ Ž‡‰–Š ‹• ͸Ͳ Ǥ Š‡ •‡ ‘†
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•š–‹‡•–Š‡ ”‡•‘ƒ ‡’‘•‹–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ͳʹͲ Ǥ
ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ Reason (R) : ƒ Ž‘•‡†’‹’‡Aʹ α͵AͳǤ
‡”‡ǡš‹•‡“—ƒŽ–‘
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡
‹‹ ‘Ǥ ‘ˆ ‘†‡• ‹ •‡ ‘† „ Ͷ
‘˜‡”–‘‡ –Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‹‹‹ ‘Ǥ‘ˆƒ–‹‘†‡‹–Š‹”† ͷ ‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
‘˜‡”–‘‡ ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡
† ‘‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
ȋͳȌ‹o ƒǡ‹‹o †ǡ‹‹‹o „ ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•
ȋʹȌ‹o †ǡ‹‹o ƒǡ‹‹‹o „ –Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ‹o „ǡ‹‹o ƒǡ‹‹‹o † ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ
ȋͶȌ‹o ǡ‹‹o †ǡ‹‹‹o „
ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
PWA160
8. ƒ•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡’ƒ––‡”ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ǧ PWA163
ȋƒȌ ‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹—˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹–Š‡•ƒ‡’Šƒ•‡ 11. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‡ ‹•
ȋ„Ȍ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ ƒ–‹‘†‡• Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹•
˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹–Š‡•ƒ‡’Šƒ•‡ Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R).
ȋ Ȍ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ •— ‡••‹˜‡ Assertion (A) : •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡•ǡ‡‡”‰›‹•
‘†‡•˜‹„”ƒ–‡‹–Š‡•ƒ‡’Šƒ•‡
‘ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡™ƒ˜‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
ȋ†Ȍ ‘ ‡‹–Š‡” •‹†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘†‡ ˜‹„”ƒ–‡ ‹
‘’’‘•‹–‡’Šƒ•‡ Reason (R) : ˜‡”›’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡‹••–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›‹ƒ
Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–ǣ •–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ˜‡Ǥ
ȋͳȌƒǡ ǡ† ȋʹȌƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†  –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡
ȋ͵Ȍ ǡ† ȋͶȌƒǡ„ǡ –Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
PWA161 ‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ

[ 244 ] [Link]
Wave Motion ALLEN
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡ 14. ‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ •‘—† ‹ ƒ‹” ‹• ͵ʹͲ Ȁ•Ǥ  ’‹’‡
‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ Ž‘•‡† ƒ– ‘‡ ‡† Šƒ• ƒ Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ ͳ Ǥ
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹• ‡‰Ž‡ –‹‰‡† ‘””‡ –‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ‹” ‘Ž—‹
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ –Š‡’‹’‡ ƒ”‡•‘ƒ–‡ˆ‘”•‘—†‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ ȋƒȌͺͲ œ ȋ„ȌʹͶͲ œ
ȋ Ȍ͵ʹͲ œ ȋ†ȌͶͲͲ œ
ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ
Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ
PWA164
ȋͳȌƒǡ„ǡ ȋʹȌƒǡ„ǡ†
12. ‹˜‡ „‡Ž‘™ ƒ”‡ –™‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǣ ‡ ‹•
ȋ͵Ȍ„ǡ ǡ† ȋͶȌƒǡ„ǡ ǡ†
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† ƒ• Assertion (A) ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹•
PWA167
Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†ƒ•Reason (R). 15. Š‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ
Assertion (A) : Š‡ –™‘ ˜‹„”ƒ–‹‰ –—‹‰ •–”‡– Š‡† •–”‹‰ ‹• ‰‹˜‡ „› › α ͺ •‹ʹS
ˆ‘”• Šƒ˜‹‰ ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡• ʹͷ͸ ƒ† ͷͳʹ ƒ”‡ ª – š º
Š‡Ž†‡ƒ”‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǡ„‡ƒ–• ƒ‘–„‡Š‡ƒ”†Ǥ « ͲǤͲʹ  ͳͲͲ » ™Š‡”‡›ƒ†šƒ”‡‹ ƒ†–‹
¬ ¼
Reason (R) : Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ•—’‡”’‘•‹–‹‘ •‡ ‘†
‹• ˜ƒŽ‹† ‘Ž› ‹ˆ ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”• ƒ”‡ Column I Column II
‡ƒ”Ž›‡“—ƒŽǤ ȋȌ ’Ž‹–—†‡‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹ ȋȌ ͷͲ
 –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ Š‘‘•‡ 
–Š‡ ‘•– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ȋȌ ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹ ȋȌ Ͷ
‘’–‹‘•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ œ
ȋͳȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹•–Š‡ ȋȌ ‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡‹•Ȃͳ ȋȌ ͶS
‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ ȋȌ ƒš‹—’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ȋȌ ͷͲͲͲ
ȋʹȌ ‘–Š(A) ƒ†(R) ƒ”‡–”—‡ƒ†(R) ‹• ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‹ Ȁ•
–Š‡ ‘””‡ –‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ(A)Ǥ ȋȌ ͶͲͲS
ȋ͵Ȍ (A) ‹•–”—‡„—–(R) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ ’–‹‘•ǣǦ
ȋͶȌ (A) ‹•ˆƒŽ•‡„—–(R) ‹•–”—‡Ǥ ȋͳȌ ȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌ
PWA165 ȋʹȌ ȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌ
13. Š‡–‡•‹‘‹ƒ•–”‡– Š‡†•–”‹‰ˆ‹š‡†ƒ–„‘–Š ȋ͵Ȍ ȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌ
‡†• ‹ Šƒ‰‡† „› ʹΨǡ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ȋͶȌ ȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌǢȋȌo ȋȌ
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•ˆ‘—†–‘‰‡– Šƒ‰‡†„›ͳͷ œǤ PWA168
ȋƒȌ ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹‰‘ˆˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ 16. Š‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ –‹‘•™‘—Ž†ƒ‡ƒ
’—Ž•‡–”ƒ˜‡Žˆƒ•–‡”ƒŽ‘‰ƒ•–”‡– Š‡†•–”‹‰ǫ
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›†‘‡•‘– Šƒ‰‡
ȋȌ ‘˜‡ ›‘—” Šƒ† —’ ƒ† †‘™ ‘”‡
ȋ„Ȍ ‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡•
“—‹ Ž›ƒ•›‘—‰‡‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡’—Ž•‡
„›ʹΨ
ȋȌ •‡ ƒ Š‡ƒ˜‹‡” •–”‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ Ž‡‰–Šǡ
ȋ Ȍ ‡Ž‘ ‹–› ‘ˆ ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™ƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡•
—†‡”–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡•‹‘
„›ͳΨ ȋȌ •‡ ƒ Ž‹‰Š–‡” •–”‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ Ž‡‰–Šǡ
ȋ†Ȍ ”‹‰‹ƒŽˆ”‡“—‡ ›‹•ͳͷͲͲ œ —†‡”–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡•‹‘
Š‘‘•‡–Š‡ ‘””‡ –•–ƒ–‡‡–ȋ•ȌǦ ȋȌ –”‡– Š –Š‡ •–”‹‰ –‹‰Š–‡” –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡
ȋͳȌƒǡ„ǡ ǡ† ȋʹȌƒǡ„ǡ† –‡•‹‘Ǥ
ȋ͵Ȍƒǡ ǡ† ȋͶȌƒǡ„ǡ ȋͳȌǡǡ ȋʹȌǡ ȋ͵Ȍǡ ȋͶȌǡ
PWA166 PWA169

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ALLEN NEET : Physics
17. ‹—•‘‹†ƒŽ ™ƒ˜‡• –”ƒ˜‡Ž ‘ ˆ‹˜‡ ‹†‡–‹ ƒŽ 18. ™ƒ˜‡†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡‹ƒ‡†‹—‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†
•–”‹‰•Ǥ •‡ –Š‡ ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ „››ȋšǡ–ȌαͲǤͲʹ ‘•ȋͷͲS–ΪSȀʹȌ ‘•ȋͳͲSšȌǡ
™ƒ˜‡•‰‹˜‡„‡Ž‘™Ǥ –Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘•‰‹˜‡ ™Š‡”‡šƒ†›ƒ”‡‹‡–”‡•ƒ†–‹•‡ ‘†•Ǥ
„‡Ž‘™š‹•‹ƒ†›‹•‹‹ŽŽ‹‡–‡”•ƒ†–‹•
ȋȌ‘†‡‘ —”•ƒ–šαͲǤͳͷ
‹•‡ ‘†•Ǥ
ȋȌƒ–‹‘†‡‘ —”•ƒ–šαͲǤ͵
ȋƒȌ›αȋʹȌ•‹ȋʹšǦ Ͷ–Ȍ
ȋ„Ȍ›αȋ͵Ȍ•‹ȋͶšǦ ͳͲ–Ȍ ȋȌŠ‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡™ƒ˜‡‹•ͷǤͲȀ•
ȋ Ȍ›αȋʹǤͷȌ•‹ȋ͸šǦ ͳʹ–Ȍ ȋȌŠ‡™ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š‹•ͲǤʹ
ȋ†Ȍ›αȋͳȌ•‹ȋͺšǦ ͳ͸–Ȍ ȋͳȌǡǡ
ȋ‡Ȍ›αȋͶȌ•‹ȋͳͲšǦ ʹͲ–Ȍ ȋʹȌǡǡ
‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‹‰•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡–‡•‹‘ǡ„—– ȋ͵Ȍǡǡǡ
ƒ›‘‡Šƒ•ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‡•‹‘Ǥ †‡–‹ˆ›‹–Ǥ
ȋͶȌǡ
ȋͳȌƒ ȋʹȌ„ ȋ͵Ȍ† ȋͶȌ‡
PWA171
PWA170

EXERCISE-III (Analytical Questions) ANSWER KEY

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Answer 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 2 1
Question 16 17 18
Answer 3 2 3

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