“THEREFORE EVERYONE WHO HEARS THESE WORDS
OF MINE AND PUTS THEM INTO PRACTICE IS LIKE A
WISE MAN WHO BUILT HIS HOUSE ON THE ROCK.
THE RAIN CAME DOWN, THE STREAMS ROSE, AND
THE WINDS BLEW AND BEAT AGAINST THAT HOUSE;
YET IT DID NOT FALL, BECAUSE IT HAD ITS
FOUNDATION ON THE ROCK.”
MATTHEW 7:24-25
WHAT IS A MINERAL?
HOW ARE MINERALS
FORMED?
ROCK DETECTIVE
1. What are the common features of rocks you
collected?
2. What do you think are the common components
of rocks?
3. How did you classify that the rocks you
collected are completely different from one
another?
TYPES OF ROCKS
EARTH SCIENCE
TYPES OF ROCKS
EARTH SCIENCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to:
• Identify different types of rocks
• Describe the different types of rocks
• Appreciate the importance of rocks in daily life and
the need to conserve earth materials.
• Demonstrate understanding of rock types through a
creative group output using movement and oral
presentation.
WHAT ARE ROCKS?
ROCKS COMPOSITION
Rocks are naturally occurring solid
substances composed of minerals or
organic materials. Rocks play an
important role in the study of the
Earth's structure and history. Rocks
can vary in terms of their composition,
origin, and properties.
ROCKS COMPOSITION
Petrology is the scientific
study of rocks. Petrologists
classify rocks based on how
they were formed.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF ROCKS?
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rocks are formed from
solidification of magma or lava
which flows out from depth.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Minerals such as quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, olivine,
amphibole, and mica are the components of almost
all types of igneous rocks.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
FORMATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK
• Igneous rocks are characterized by intergrowth
of crystals and/or volcanic glass.
• Crystal size is directly proportional to the
cooling rate of magma.
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Forms when magma makes its way to Earth’s
surface as lava and then cools. The crystals are
very small (fine-grained) since the cooling process is
fast. Very fine-grained rock with very small crystals
that could not be seen through naked eye.
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
It cools slowly beneath the Earth surface
and are created by magma. The intrusive
igneous rocks have very large crystals
(coarse grained).
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Imagine magma sneaking into cracks below a mountain
but never coming out. Over time, it cools and hardens
into rock—this is how intrusive rocks are created! Later,
after millions of years, these rocks can be exposed by
erosion or mining.
Sometimes, you become stronger after
going through “fiery” or tough
experiences — just like igneous rocks are
formed from intense heat. That heat
produces something solid and strong.
Faith and character can become
stronger through hard times, if your
foundation is solid.
TAG LINE
WE ARE LIKE IGNEOUS
ROCK____________________
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Are formed from the accumulation and
cementation of sediments, which are fragments
of other rocks, minerals, or organic matter, at or
near the Earth's surface.
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• A process called lithification is where
harden sediments become sedimentary
rocks.
FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Diagenesis is a collective process where sediments are
lithified (becomes rock). It has four main parts:
• Compaction
• Cementation
• Recrystallization
• Chemical changes (oxidation/reduction)
FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
When these rocks are buried deep under Earth’s surface, they
experience:
Increased temperature
High pressure
This causes recrystallization:
The tiny mineral crystals combine into larger ones.
The rock becomes more compact, harder, and crystalline.
FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
OXIDATION: These changes happen during
the formation of sedimentary rocks when
minerals react with chemicals in the
environment especially oxygen and water.
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up
of sediments from preexisting rocks. It
is formed from accumulation of clasts:
little pieces of broken rocks and shells.
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• Non-clastic sedimentary rocks can be
biological, chemical, or a combination
of both.
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
• Biological sedimentary rocks are lithified
accumulation of dead organisms.
• Chemical sedimentary rocks form from
chemical precipitation.
Good habits, learning, and faith often
grow little by little — like layers
building up over time.
Your life foundation becomes stronger
when you keep building on truth and
wisdom daily.
TAGLINE
WE ARE LIKE IGNEOUS
ROCK____________________
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been
altered, changed, or transformed in the solid
state due to changes in pressure, temperature
conditions, and chemical actions of hot fluids.
FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
• Metamorphism is like the chameleon changing its
color to protect itself by blending into its
environment.
• The goal of metamorphism is like the chameleon
which is to reestablish equilibrium with the new
conditions.
FORMATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
• Metamorphism is like the chameleon changing its
color to protect itself by blending into its
environment.
• Metamorphism is the process where existing rocks change
into new rocks due to heat, pressure, or chemical processes
without melting.
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
• Contact metamorphism occurs only at a local
area adjacent to large intrusions and along
fractures that are in contact with hot fluids.
• The rock minerals and textures are changed mainly
by heat due to contact with magma.
TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK
• Regional metamorphism occurs when there are
major igneous intrusions, presence of extreme
pressure and heat due to deep burial.
• Due to changes in pressure and temperature over
large region of the crust. It may happen when rock
is buried deep below the surface of the earth.
CLASSIFICATION
• Foliation - any planar arrangement
of mineral grains or structural
features within the rock.
CLASSIFICATION
• a. Foliated rocks – can be arranged in terms of
increasing metamorphism, and it appeared
layered or banded with compressed mineral
grains.
• b. Non-foliated rocks – usually made up of only
few minerals.
Pressure and challenges can transform you into a
better, stronger version of yourself — just like
how these rocks are changed deep inside the
Earth.
God can use pressure or trials to help us
grow spiritually and become stronger.
TAGLINE
WE ARE LIKE
METAMORPHIC
ROCK____________________
WHY ARE ROCKS
IMPORTANT?
IMPORTANCE OF ROCKS
Different types of rocks are
important because they
contribute to our understanding
of the Earth, provide essential
resources, support various
industries, and have cultural and
scientific significance.
are naturally occurring solid
substances composed of ROCKS
minerals or organic
materials.
rocks are formed from IGNEOUS
solidification of magma or
lava which flows out from ROCKS
depth.
TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS INTRUSIVE &
ROCKS EXTRUSIVE
formed from the SEDIMENTARY
accumulation and
cementation of sediments ROCKS
a collective process where DIAGENESIS
sediments are lithified
(becomes rock).
4 MAIN PARTS OF
Compaction
Cementation
DIAGENESIS
Recrystallization
Chemical changes
(oxidation/reduction)
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY CLASTIC AND
ROCKS
NONCLASTIC
rocks are rocks that have been altered, METAMORPHIC
changed, or transformed in the solid state due
ROCKS
to changes in pressure, temperature
the process where existing rocks change into new METAMORPHISM
rocks due to heat, pressure, or chemical processes
without melting.
2 TYPES OF METAMORPHISM REGIONAL
AND CONTACT
TWO CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC FOLIATED AND
ROCKS NON FOLIATED
ROCK IT OUT
GO TO YOUR
GROUP
THANK YOU!
I hope you learn something new today!