WEEK: ONE TYPES OF DRILL BITS

TOPIC: REVISION / WOOD WORK a) Twist drill

b) Twist bits or auger
HAND TOOLS ( TOOLS-BORING c) Countersink bits
TOOLS, CUTTING TOOLS)
3. BRADAWL: This is used to make small holes in
LEARNING OBJECTIVE wood before using screws or nails. It can also
At the end of the lesson the student be used to mark position of a hole before drilling.
should be able to: 4. GIMLET: This is used chiefly to make holes in
1. Identify common boring and cutting tools wood before inserting small screws and nail.
used in woodwork. CUTTING TOOLS
2. State the uses of each boring and cutting A saw is a tool for sawing or cutting wood into two
tool. or more parts. The teeth of saws are set alternately
3. Describe how to care for boring and cutting left and right to allow clearance.
tools properly.
TYPES OF SAW
MAIN CONTENT We have various types saw based on
BORING TOOLS their on specific operational usefulness.
Boring tools are the tools used for making These are:
holes on wood. The major types are 1. RIP SAW
1. The brace 2. CROS-CUT SAW
2. The bits 3. PANEL SAW
3. Gimlet 4. BACK SAW
4. Bradawl 5. TENON SAW
6. DOVETAIL SAW
1. THE BRACE: This is a tool used for holding 7. COPING SAW
and turning the drill bits or twist drill when 8. FRET SAW
drilling hole. There are two types of brace
and they are plain brace and ratchet brace.

Parts of brace are the head, crank,

chuck and ratchet.
The head: this is made of hard wood and
shaped to fit the hand of the user. It is screwed
to a steel sleeve it fits over the the crank rod
and runs on the hardened steel balls.

The crank: This is a rectangular bent metal rod, RIP SAW

it fits into hardwood plastic handle. It moves in The is used for sawing along the grain of wood .It
circular way called “the sweep of the brace”. has 4-5 points per 25mm and it is 610-710mm long
The chuck: the end of the crank is enlarged,
threade and slotted to receive the socket and CROSS-CUT SAW
the jas respectively. This is used for cutting wood across the grain .It is
similar to the rip saw in appearance but it is only
The ratchet: This is a mechanical device fitted 460mm-10mm long. It has 6-9point per 25mm.
to the brace so that holes can be braced in
confined places such as close corners and CROSS-CUT SAW
enable the use of “Half the sweep” of the brace. This is used for cutting wood across the grain .It is
A ratcet brace allows the bit to be rotated in similar to the rip saw in appearance but it is only
one direction only. 460mm-10mm long. It has 6-9point per 25mm.
2. BITS: A bit is a tool used in wood. Bits
generally have a threaded centre point for
drawing. PANEL SAW

1
This is a saw that is capable of doing the work It is used after the jackplane for final cleaning up of
of both the rip saw and the cross-cut saw. It is the surfaces of wood. It is 140 –250mm long.
an all-purpose saw>It is 460-550mm.
THE CHISEL
BACK SAW A chisel is a chipping tool made from high carbon
This saw is called backsaw because it has a steel. It is used for shaping wood where finishing by
steel or brass beck. other means such as filling can be carried out.
These includes
1. Tenon saw TYPES OF CHISEL
1. The flat chisel: this is used for general
2. Dovetail saw
purpose in the workshop such as leveling
surfaces and removing rough surfaces.
TENON SAW
The tenon saw is used for cutting tenon, joints 2. The cross cut chisel: this is used for
and other small jobs on the bench. It has a making narrow groves, key ways and slots
folded steel or brass back pressed to the blade. in a shaft or in a hole.
This gives it stiffness and weight when cutting.
The saw 12 –14 points per 25mm and a length 3. The round nose chisel: this is used for
200-350mm making oil grooves in shaft or in a hole.
DOVETAIL SAW 4. The diamond nose chisel: this is used for
The saw is used for dovetailing and other small cutting inside corners and “Vee” grooves.
jobs on the bench. It is a smaller version of the
tenon saw, but has an open handle. The length Types of chisel
is 200- 260 mm. It has 20 points per 250mm.

COPING SAW
This is used for cutting accurate curves in thin
wood and plywood. The blade can be adjusted
to cut in any direction. The blade is about 150
mm long and has about 14 points per 25mm.

FRET SAW
It is used for complex shapes and curves in
plywood and veneers. The blade of this saw is
finer than the coping saw blade .It has a high Part of a chisel
frame, which allows it to be used over a wide
area.

PLANES
We have are:

1. JACK PLANE How to use the Chisel

2. SMOOTHING PLANE
3. SPOKESHAVE
4. THE FORE PLANE
5. THE TRYING PLANE

JACKPLANE
The jackplane is so called because it is a
general-purpose plane. It is used generally to
plane rough surface of timber and to prepare
timber to size. The length of the plane is
250mm – 380mm.

SMOOTHING PLANE

2
WEEK: TWO and accuracy. It is made up of cats iron and has
TOPIC: METAL WORK HAND TOOLS a high grade surface.

3. Scriber
LEARNING OBJECTIVE The scriber is the metal worker’s pencil. It is
At the end of the lesson the student used for marking out lines by hand and together
should be able to: with straight edges like steel rules, try squares
1. Identify common metal work hand tools. or box rules. It is made from high carbon steel
2. Explain marking out tools or stainless steel, hardened and tempered.
3. Explain how to care for metal work hand They are of various sizes.
tools.
4. Divider
MAIN CONTENT Dividers are two-legged steel instrument used for
Metal is one of the materials used in scribing arcs, curves and for setting off distances.
technology for construction and fabrication of Dividers are available in various sizes, and may be
devices. Metal as a material can be fabricated available in various sizes, and maybe spring-loaded
into various shapes and products. However, to with a fine adjusting screw or may be firmly joined
be able to do that, you need appropriate tools. at the head.
These tools are either hand tools or machine
tools. 5. Punches
This is either a medium or high carbon steel
I. MARKING OUT TOOLS: material. We have dot punch and the centre punch.

Marking out tools are hand tools used for Dot Punch: This is used for denting scribed lines.
making lines on metal surfaces, checking This is done some space apart; to make the lines
alignment, and indicating points or positions on indelible while one is working. It is 600 at its conical
a work piece. end.

Tools for making out in the workshop include: Centre Punch: It is used for providing a heavy
a) Surface plate conical dent at the end point where a hole will be
b) Surface table drilled in a work piece. This prevents the drill from
c) Scriber deviating from the current location of the hole. It is
d) Odd-leg caliper 900 at its conical end.
e) Divider
f) Punches
g) Try square
h) Box Square

1. Surface plate
The surface plate is a precision piece of
equipment with a flat surface of high-grade
finish, on which work piece are placed for
marking out. It is also used for testing the
flatness of surfaces.

Care of surface
a) Cover the surface after use to keep it free 6. Try square: The try square is used for testing the
from dirt squareness of surface, and marking out lines at
b) Do not hammer it. right angles to given edges. It is a high precision
c) Do not scratch or deform the surface tool that should be handled with care. The stock
and the blade, which are the main parts, make 900
2. Surface table with each other
The surface or marking out table is larger
7. Box Square: The box square is used for the
than the surface plate. It is used for
making parallel lines on a round bar, It is made from
supporting bigger work piece, so that
medium carbon steel (hardened and tempered) and
marking out can be carried out with ease

3
has graduations on its body to facilitate 1. The centre square: It is used to determine
marking off dimensions, while marking out the centre of round shafts or holes.

2. The square head: It is used for measuring

MEASURING TOOLS and setting out 900 and 450 angular surfaces.
Measuring tools are tools of measuring lengths, It is a standard tool, which require no setting.
widths, thicknesses, or sizes of metals.
Measuring is usually done during marking out. 3. The protractor head: It performs dual
functions as (i) marking out tool and (ii)
Common measuring tools include the measuring tool. It is a semicircular precision
following: tool for measuring angular surfaces. It is
graduated between 00 and 1800.
1. Steel rule
2. Caliper Micrometer
3. Combinations sets It is used for taking precision measurements. We
4. Micrometer have both internal and external micrometer, which
5. Vernier Caliper are used for measuring diameter of small objects in
6. Depth gauge millimeter.
7. Height gauge

Steel rule
The steel rule is made of carbon steel or
stainless steel. It is graduated in millimeters
and centimeters. To take a measurement with
it, the steel rule should be placed on its edge to
touch the work, so that an accurate reading
can be taken from the center of the division Vernier Caliper
lines. It is used for both external and internal precision
(accurate) measurements of objects in centimeter.
Caliper
Calipers are used for measuring diameters,
width, and thickness of objects.

We have:

1. External Caliper: It is used for

measuring diameters, width, and
thickness from the outside of the
objects.

2. Internal Caliper: It is used for measuring

diameters, width, and thickness from Depth gauge
the inside of the objects. It is used for measuring the depth of holes similar to

3. Odd-leg Caliper: It is used for that of an outside micrometer.

measuring diameters, width, and
thickness from the middle of the objects
to the outside.

Combinations sets
The combination set, as the name implies, is a
measuring instrument, which consists of three
heads:

4
 WEEK: THREE
TOPIC: METAL WORK HAND TOOLS

LEARNING OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson the student should be
able to:
1. Identify examples of cutting and driving
tools used in metal work.
2. State the specific uses of each cutting and
driving tool.
3. Describe how to maintain and care for
cutting and driving tools.

Height gauge MAIN CONTENT

It is used to perform two functions namely: CUTTING TOOLS
Cutting tools are tools used for cutting materials by
 To determine the height of components.
either sawing, filing, chiseling, scraping.
 To mark out dimensions.
Cutting tools include the following:

1. Hacksaw
2. Files
3. Chisel
4. Scraper

1. Cutting spines

Round-nose chisel: Used for:

1. Cutting oil grooves in bearings and

2. Cutting V-shaped grooves.
Diamond point Chisel: Used for:
1. Cutting Vee grooves, and
2. Cutting oil wells bearings:

1. Hacksaw
The hacksaw consists of two parts: the frame and
the blade. It is used mainly for cutting metals in the
metal workshop. We have (i) the adjustable
hacksaw (accommodates different blades) (ii)
tubular hacksaw (It has fixed frame) (iii) junior
hacksaw (For cutting thin sheets)

5
2. Files Methods of filing
Files are used in forming metals to shape, by
the principle of bit-by-bit removal. Files are a) Across and from left to right
used for finishing jobs to the required sizes and b) Across and from right to left
shapes, after they have been previously cut, c) Draw filing
using either a chisel or a hacksaw. Files are
commonly made from high carbon steel 3. Chisel
(hardened and tempered). Their length, cross
Chisels are mainly chipping tools used for
sectionals, shapes, grade, areas of cut and the
shaping metals, where finishing by other
nature of their cutting teeth, classifies files.
means, such as filing, cannot be carried out.
Chisels are made from high carbon steel
(hardened and tempered)

Types of chisel

Flat chisel: Used for general work such as:

1. Leveling metal surfaces
2. Removing rivets, screws and bolt heads
3. Rough-cutting sheet metals, and
4. Cutting off excess metal after drilling

Cross-cut chisel: Used for:

2. Cutting keyways on shafts and in holes

Grade selection
a) Rough grade: Used for heavy cuts.
b)Bastard grade: Used for medium cuts.
c) Second grade: Used for light cuts.
d)Smooth grade: Used for finish cuts.
e) Dead smooth cut: Used for light grade finish
cuts.

Types

1. Flat file: Used to obtain flat surfaces.

2. Hand file: Used to obtain flat surfaces.
3. Round file: Used for forming small radii,
and for opening out round holes.
4. Half-round file: Used for filing curves of
all shapes. It is usually double cut.
5. Triangular file: Used for forming dovetail
joints to shape and open up triangular
holes and awkward corner.
6. Knife-edge file: Used for forming small V-
grooves to shape.
7. Square file: Used for filing rectangular
hole, narrow slots ad grooves, and for the
finishing of square edges.

6
WEEK: FOUR Predictive Using Monitorin
TOPIC: MAINTENACE OF TOOLS Maintenance inspections/ g engine
AND MACHINE data to temperat
predict ure.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE failures.
At the end of the lesson the student should be
able to:
1. Define maintenance and explain its Routine Daily/weekly Cleaning
importance. Maintenance basic and oiling
2. Identify different types of maintenance checks. tools.
(preventive, corrective, predictive, routine).
3. List common tools and machines that
require regular maintenance.

MAIN CONTENT
Introduction to Maintenance Common Tools and Machines Requiring
Maintenance refers to the regular care and Maintenance
servicing of tools, equipment, and machines to
ensure they function efficiently, last longer, and A. Hand Tools
remain safe for use.
1. Hammers
2. Screwdrivers
Why Maintenance is Important:
3. Pliers
1. Prevents breakdowns. 4. Chisels
2. Reduces repair costs.
3. Ensures safety. B. Power Tools & Machines
4. Improves efficiency. 1. Electric drills
5. Extends lifespan of tools/machines. 2. Generators
3. Grinding machines
Types of Maintenance 4. Lawnmowers

Type Definition Example C. Workshop Equipment

1. Lathe machines
2. Welding machines
Preventive Regular Lubricati 3. Woodworking tools
Maintenance checks and ng a
servicing sewing Basic Maintenance Procedures
before faults machine. A. Cleaning
occur. 1. Remove dirt, grease, and debris.
2. Use appropriate cleaning agents (e.g., WD-40
for metal tools).

Corrective Repairs Fixing a B. Lubrication

Maintenance done after a broken 1. Apply oil/grease to moving parts (e.g., hinges,
fault occurs. hammer gears).
handle. 2. Prevents friction and wear.

C. Inspection
1. Check for cracks, rust, or loose parts.
2. Test electrical tools for faulty wiring.

7
D. Sharpening WEEK: FIVE
1. Sharpen blades (e.g., saws, chisels) for TOPIC: BASIC ELECTRICITY
efficiency.

E. Proper Storage LEARNING OBJECTIVE

1. Keep tools in dry, organized spaces to At the end of the lesson the student should be able
prevent rust and damage. to:
1. Define electricity and identify its sources.
2. Explain the basic components of an electric
Safety Measures in Maintenance circuit.
Always: 3. Differentiate between conductors and insulators.
1. Wear gloves and goggles when handling 4. Understand the concepts of voltage, current, and
tools. resistance.
2. Disconnect power before servicing 5. Construct a simple electric circuit.
electrical machines. 6. Recognize safety precautions when handling
3. Follow the manufacturer’s manual for electricity.
proper maintenance.
MAIN CONTENT
Never: Electricity is a form of energy that results from the
1. Use damaged tools. movement of electrons (tiny charged particles)
2. Ignore unusual noises from machines. through a conductor. It powers our homes, schools,
3. Overlook minor faults (they can lead to and electronic devices.
major breakdowns).
SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Batteries (Chemical energy → Electrical
energy)
2. Generators (Mechanical energy →
Electrical energy)
3. Solar Panels (Light energy → Electrical
energy)
Key Takeaway: Electricity is essential in daily
life and comes from different sources.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN ELECTRIC

CIRCUIT
An electric circuit is a closed path that allows
electricity to flow. The main components are:

1. Power Source (Battery or Cell)

Provides the energy needed for electrons to
move.

Example:
a)AA battery, car battery.
b)Solar Panel (converts sunlight into electricity).
c)Generator (mechanical → electrical energy).

Symbol for Power Source

+||-
Positive = +
Negative = -

8
2. Conducting Wires Key Takeaway:
a) Made of copper or aluminum (good
conductors). Voltage = Push
b) Allow electric current to flow. Current = Flow
Resistance = Opposition
3. Switch
a) Controls the flow of electricity (ON/OFF). BUILDING A SIMPLE CIRCUIT
Materials Needed:
4. Load (Bulb, Motor, etc.) 1. Battery (1.5V)
a) Converts electrical energy into other forms 2. Bulb
(light, motion). 3. Wires
4. Switch
Key Takeaway: A circuit must be complete
(closed loop) for electricity to flow. Steps:
1. Connect the positive (+) terminal of the
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS battery to the bulb.
Conductors 2. Connect the negative (-) terminal to the
Materials that allow electricity to flow easily. switch.
Examples: 3. Complete the circuit by connecting the
1. Metals (copper, aluminum, iron) switch back to the bulb.
2. Water (when impure) 4. Turn the switch ON—the bulb should light
up!
Insulators
Materials that block the flow of electricity. Key Takeaway: A complete circuit allows
electricity to flow and power devices.
Examples:

1. Rubber SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

2. Plastic 1. Electricity can be dangerous if mishandled.
3. Wood Follow these rules:
2. Never touch exposed wires with wet hands.
Key Takeaway: Conductors help electricity
3. Do not overload sockets with too many plugs.
flow, while insulators protect us from electric
shocks. 4. Always turn off switches before repairing
devices.
VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND RESISTANCE 5. Use insulated tools when working with
Voltage (V) electricity.
1. The "push" that makes electrons move. Key Takeaway: Safety first! Electricity is useful
2. Measured in volts (V). but can be harmful if not handled properly.
3. Example: AN “AA” battery provides 1.5V.

Current (I)
1. The flow of electrons.
2. Measured in amperes (A).

Resistance (R)
1. Opposes the flow of current.
2. Measured in ohms (Ω).

9
WEEK: EIGHT in Amperes. The instrument used for measuring
TOPIC: BASIC COMPONENTS OF current is called the ammeter.
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT RESISTANCE AND [Link]

RESISTOR: This is a component that opposes the

LEARNING OBJECTIVE free flow of electrons in the circuit. Resistance (R)
At the end of the lesson the student should be is measured in Ohms (Ώ) using Ohmmeter.
able to:
1. Identify the four essential components of E.M.F (Electromotive force): this is the force that
an electric circuit. moves the electrons in the circuit. It is represented
2. Describe the role of each component in with V and measured in voltage using a voltmeter.
enabling electricity to flow. It is the force that moves the current round electric
3. Differentiate between conductors and circuit
insulators.
SOURCES OF E.M.F
4. Explain how voltage, current, and
resistance interact in a circuit. Please enter a normal meaningful text.
5. Construct a simple circuit using basic
components. 1. Dry cell or primary cell (1.5V each)

MAIN CONTENT 2. Wet cell or secondary cell (12V each)

Electric Circuits ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Electric circuits can be arranged in the following
Electric circuit can be defined as the path ways
provided for easy flow of electric current. It is
for conversion of the electric current into useful (i) Series arrangement (ii) parallel arrangement
purposes such as lighting and heating. Electric (iii) combination of series and parallel
circuit is connected or fitted with devices that arrangement
control and measure the current and energy
used in the process. (ii) Series Arrangement

Simple electric circuit

BASIC COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC

CIRCUIT

The Cell Or Battery: The cell or battery is to

push the free electrons round the circuit. The
work done when one coulomb of charge moves
from one point to the other in the conductor is
known as potential difference (p.d). It is
measured in volt. The instrument used for
measuring the potential difference is called the
voltmeter (v).The ammeter (A) is used to
measure the current flow. Current is
represented by the symbol I and it is measured

10
 WEEK: NINE
TOPIC: BASIC COMPONENTS OF
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT (VOLTAGE,
RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE AND
CAPACITANCE )

LEARNING OBJECTIVE
At the end of the lesson the student should be able
to:
1. Define voltage, resistance, inductance, and
capacitance and their units of measurement.
2. Explain the roles of these properties in
electrical circuits.
3. Apply formulas to calculate voltage drops,
How Components Work Together resistance, inductive reactance, and
1. Power Source supplies energy. capacitance, reactance.
2. Wires carry current to the load. 4. Analyze how these properties influence AC and
3. Switch controls the flow. DC circuits.
4. Load uses energy to perform tasks. 5. Design simple circuits using resistors, inductors,
and capacitors.
Summary Table
VOLTAGE (POTENTIAL DIFFRENCE)
Component Role Example
Difference between points in electric field: the work
done in moving a unit electric charge between two
points in an electric field.
Power Provides Battery, Electric potential: electric potential expressed in
Source energy Generato volts
r
It is measured in volts. The instrument for
measurement is a voltmeter.
Wires Transport Copper
RESISTANCE
s current cables Resistance is the opposition that a circuit,
component, or substance presents to the flow of
electricity. Symbol R
Switch Controls Light
flow switch

Load Uses Bulb,

energy Heater

Safety Precautions
1. Always turn off the power source before
touching wires.
2. Never use damaged or exposed wires.
3. Avoid overloading circuits with too many
devices.

11
ELECTRICITY source of resistance: something
that is a source of opposition to the flow of
electricity, e.g. a resistor. It is measured in
ohms. The instrument for measurement is a
ohmmeter

INDUCTORS
An inductor is a circuit element which has the
ability to produce an induced voltage in
response to changing current.

A device, usually a compact coil, which

opposes any change in a circuit current is
called an inductor. Inductance is a measure of
this ability.
When an electric current is passed through a
coil it does generate induced electromotive
force ability to do this is called inductance. The TRANSFORMERS
basic unit of inductance is Henry. A transformer is a device used in transferring
electrical energy from one circuit to another by
The ability of a coil to generate induced electromagnetic induction. A typical transformer
electromotive force is therefore called consists of the primary winding A, the secondary
inductance winding B and the soft iron core, which helps to
minimize the flux leakage.
INDUCED CURRENT
Any electromotive force set up on a conductor One of the major uses of transformer is its ability to
by the relative motion between conductors and step up and down a voltage supplied. In Nigeria,
magnetic field induced electromotive force, the we need a step down transformer to step the 220V
current made to flow from it is called induced to 110 V Such a transformer is shown below:
current. It can also be defined as the current
generated when a magnet moves in a coil.

DEFINITION OF CAPACITOR AND

CAPACITANCE
A capacitor is a device for storing electrical
charges The capacitance of a capacitor can be
defined as the ratio of the electric charge to the
potential difference between or across the
plates of the capacitor. The charge storing
ability of a capacitor is also referred to as
capacitance of the capacitor. It is measured in
farad (F)

12
WEEK: TEN Procedure:
TOPIC: BASIC ELECTRIC 1. Strip the flex wire and connect it to the plug
PRACTICAL ( TABLE LAMP) using the correct terminal connections (Live,
Neutral, Earth).

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 2. Connect the other end of the flex wire to

By the end of this lesson, students should the switch and then to the lamp holder.
be able to:
1. Identify and list the materials and 3. Fix all components securely in the lamp
tools required to assemble a basic stand or casing.
table lamp.
2. Demonstrate safe handling of 4. Insert the bulb and test the lamp by
electrical tools and components during plugging it into a power source.
the practical session.
3. Connect basic electrical 5. If the lamp doesn’t work, check the
components (plug, switch, lamp connections and ensure there are no loose
holder, wire, and bulb) to make a wires.
simple table lamp.
4. Test and troubleshoot a table lamp Safety Tips:
circuit for faults. 1. Always switch off the power supply before
5. Apply safety rules related to basic making any connections.
household electrical work. 2. Avoid touching exposed wires.
3. Ensure all connections are tight and
MAIN CONTENT properly insulated.
Short Note for the Practical Work
Basic Electric Practical – Assembling a
Table Lamp.

Introduction:
A table lamp is a simple lighting device that
uses a bulb and electrical components to
provide light for reading, studying, or
working. Assembling a table lamp helps
students understand how electrical circuits
are created and how to apply wiring
principles safely.

Materials Needed:
1. Electrical cord (flex wire)
2. Plug top
3. Lamp holder
4. Switch (inline or base switch)
5. Bulb (LED or incandescent)
6. Table lamp casing or stand
7. Screwdriver, pliers, knife, insulation
tape

13