SYSTEM ANALYSIS DESIGN

COM 125
System analysis is the process of studying and understanding and existing system (or a
proposed one) to identify its problem, requirements and objectives.

A system is a set of interconnected components or elements that work together to achieve a specific
goal or purpose. Each part of the system depends on the others, and the system as a whole produces
outcomes that individual parts alone

System design
This is the solution phase. it involves creating a blue print or model for the new system based on the
requirements identified during analysis .

BASIC FUTURE OF SYSTEM

The basic features of systems is essential for analyzing, designing, and managing various types
of systems, whether they are mechanical, biological, social, or information systems.

The basic future of a system refers to its expected evolution and development over time. It
involves several key aspects:

1. Technological Advancements: Systems often adapt and incorporate new technologies. In the
future, systems are likely to become more advanced, utilizing cutting-edge technologies to
improve efficiency and capabilities.

2. Scalability: As needs change, systems should be able to scale up or down to accommodate

varying workloads and requirements.

3. Integration: Systems are likely to become more interconnected with other systems and devices.
Integration allows for seamless data exchange and improved functionality.

4. Automation: Automation is a key trend. Systems will increasingly automate routine tasks,
leading to higher productivity and reduced manual intervention.

5. Data Analytics: Systems will continue to leverage data analytics and machine learning to
extract insights and make data-driven decisions.

6. Security: With the growing threat of cyber attack, the future of systems involves enhanced
security measures to protect data and functionality.
7. User Experience: Systems will focus on improving the user experience, making interfaces
more intuitive and responsive to user needs.

8. Sustainability: There's a growing emphasis on environmental sustainability. Future systems

may prioritize energy efficiency and eco-friendly practices.

9. AI and ML: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) will play an increasingly
important role, enabling systems to learn and adapt autonomously.

10. Regulatory Compliance: Systems must stay compliant with evolving regulations and
standards, which may require updates and changes.

11. User-Centered Design: The future of systems will prioritize designing systems that cater to
the specific needs and preferences of users.

12. Globalization: Systems will continue to operate on a global scale, necessitating

considerations for different languages, cultures, and markets.

The specifics of a system's future depend on its purpose and industry. However, adaptability,
innovation, and a focus on meeting evolving user and market demands are common themes in
shaping the future of systems.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS:
System Analysis and Design

System Analysis and Design (SAD) is a structured process used in information technology and
software engineering to develop efficient and effective systems. It encompasses the following
key elements:

1 .System Analysis: This is the initial phase of the process where analysts study the existing
system (if any) or gather requirements from stakeholders to understand the problem or need. The
main goals are to identify what the system should do, who will use it, and the constraints and
limitations it must operate under.

2. System Design: After analyzing the requirements, the next step is designing a solution. This
involves creating a detailed plan or blueprint for the system. It includes decisions about the
system's architecture, components, data storage, user interfaces, and how they all interact. The
goal is to create a design that meets the requirements while being efficient, scalable, and
maintainable.
The process of SAD typically involves several iterations of analysis and design to refine the
system's specifications and architecture. It also considers factors like security, performance, and
user experience.

In summary, System Analysis and Design is a systematic approach to developing systems that
involves studying requirements, designing solutions, and ensuring that the resulting system
meets the needs of its users while adhering to technical and operational constraints.

Important of system Analysis And Design

System analysis and design are crucial in the field of information technology and business for
several reasons:

1. Efficiency and Optimization: Through systematic analysis, existing systems can be evaluated
and potential improvements identified. This leads to more efficient processes and resource
utilization.

2. Accuracy and Consistency: Properly designed systems ensure accurate and consistent data
handling and processing, reducing errors and data inconsistencies.

3. Cost Reduction: Effective analysis and design can help identify cost-saving opportunities,
such as eliminating redundant processes or optimizing resource usage.

4. User Satisfaction: A well-designed system takes into account user needs and expectations,
leading to higher user satisfaction and adoption rates.

5. Adaptability: System design can incorporate scalability and flexibility, allowing systems to
adapt to changing business needs and technology advancements.

6. Risk Management: Analysis helps identify potential risks and vulnerabilities in a system,
enabling proactive risk mitigation strategies.

7. Communication: It facilitates communication between stakeholders, including developers,

users, and management, ensuring a common understanding of system requirements and goals.

8. Project Success: Properly analyzed and designed systems are more likely to lead to successful
project implementations, on time and within budget.

9. Compliance and Security: System analysis and design can address compliance requirements
and security concerns, ensuring data protection and legal adherence.

10. Long-term Viability: A well-designed system has a longer lifespan, reducing the need for
frequent overhauls or replacements.
In summary, system analysis and design are fundamental processes that contribute to the success,
efficiency, and effectiveness of organizations by ensuring that technology systems meet business
needs, are cost-effective, and can adapt to changes in the business environment.

SYSTEM ANALYST
A System Analyst is a professional who plays a crucial role in the development and
improvement of information systems within an organization. Their primary responsibilities
include:

1. Requirements Gathering: System Analysts work closely with stakeholders, such as business
managers and end-users, to understand their needs and objectives. They gather and document
detailed requirements for new software systems or enhancements to existing ones.

2. System Design: They create a blueprint or design for the proposed system, outlining its
structure, functionality, and how it will meet the identified requirements. This design phase
involves data modeling, process flowcharts, and interface design.

3. Evaluation of Technology: System Analysts assess available technologies and software

solutions to determine the best fit for the organization's needs. They consider factors like cost,
scalability, and compatibility.

4. Communication: Effective communication is a vital skill for System Analysts. They bridge the
gap between technical teams and non-technical stakeholders, translating business requirements
into technical specifications and vice versa.

5. Testing and Quality Assurance: Analysts may be involved in the testing phase, ensuring that
the developed system meets the specified requirements and functions correctly. They help
identify and address any issues or defects.

6. Project Management: In some cases, System Analysts take on project management roles,
overseeing the implementation of the system, monitoring progress, and ensuring it stays on
schedule and within budget.

7. Documentation: They maintain comprehensive documentation throughout the project lifecycle,

including requirements documents, design specifications, and user manuals.

8. Continuous Improvement: System Analysts often play a role in the ongoing maintenance and
improvement of systems, ensuring they remain aligned with evolving business needs.

In essence, a System Analyst acts as a bridge between business stakeholders and technical teams,
ensuring that IT solutions effectively address organizational goals and requirements. Their work
is crucial in the development, enhancement, and maintenance of information systems, ultimately
contributing to an organization's efficiency and competitiveness.
 MAN MADE SYTEM
Man-made systems refer to any organized and designed structures, processes, or mechanisms
created by humans to achieve specific objectives or functions. These systems can vary widely in
complexity and purpose, ranging from simple tools and machines to highly intricate
technological, social, or organizational systems.

Examples of man-made systems include:

1. Transportation systems: Such as roads, railways, airports, and public transportation networks
designed to facilitate the movement of people and goods.

2. Communication systems: Like the internet, telecommunication networks, and social media
platforms that enable information exchange.

3. Manufacturing systems: Including factories and production lines designed to manufacture

products efficiently.

4. Social systems: Such as government structures, economic systems, and legal frameworks that
govern society.

5. Healthcare systems: Comprising hospitals, clinics, and healthcare procedures for the provision
of medical care.

6. Information systems: Such as databases, software applications, and information technology

infrastructure used for data storage and retrieval.

7. Energy systems: Like power plants, electrical grids, and renewable energy sources designed to
generate and distribute electricity.

These man-made systems are essential for modern society and play a significant role in shaping
the way we live, work, and interact with the world. They are created to address various human
needs and challenges, often evolving and improving over time through innovation and
technological advancements.

NATURAL SYSTEM
A natural system is a collection of interconnected elements or components in the natural world
that function together and exhibit specific patterns, behaviors, or properties. These systems can
be found in various scales, from ecosystems in nature to biological organisms, and they are often
characterized by their dynamic and self-regulating nature. Studying natural systems helps us
understand the complex relationships and processes that shape our environment.

The term "natural system" can refer to different concepts depending on the context:
1. Biology: In biology, a natural system typically refers to a classification system for organizing
and categorizing living organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and genetic
similarities. This system is called the "natural system of classification."

2. Ecology: In ecology, a natural system can refer to an ecosystem or a community of organisms

and their physical environment, functioning together as a unit.

3. Mathematics: In mathematics, natural systems can refer to mathematical models or systems

that describe natural phenomena, such as differential equations used to model physical processes.

4. Philosophy: In philosophy and ethics, a natural system might refer to a belief or ethical system
that is based on natural principles, often contrasted with systems that are based on religious or
supernatural beliefs.

If you have a specific context or question related to "natural systems," please provide more
details, and I can provide a more targeted response.

INPUT AND OUTPUT DESIGN

Input and output (I/O) design is a crucial aspect of software and system development. It involves
planning and designing how users will interact with a system, how data will be entered and
retrieved, and how information will be presented. Here are some key considerations for I/O
design:

1. User Interface (UI) Design: Designing a user-friendly and intuitive interface is essential.
Consider factors like user experience, usability, and accessibility. Choose appropriate UI
elements like buttons, forms, menus, and widgets.

2. Data Entry: Determine how users will input data. This might involve text input, dropdown
menus, radio buttons, checkboxes, file uploads, or even voice and image recognition, depending
on the application.

3. Data Validation: Implement validation checks to ensure data accuracy and integrity. Validate
user inputs to prevent errors and ensure the system operates correctly.

4. Output Presentation: Decide how information will be displayed to users. This could include
text, tables, charts, graphs, or multimedia elements. Ensure that the output is organized and
easily comprehensible.

5. Feedback Mechanisms: Provide feedback to users when they perform actions. Error messages,
success messages, and progress indicators are examples of feedback mechanisms that enhance
the user experience.
6. Navigation: Design the navigation flow within the application or system. Create clear paths for
users to move between different screens or sections.

7. Compatibility: Consider different devices and platforms (e.g., desktop, mobile, web) and
ensure that the I/O design is compatible with various screen sizes and resolutions.

8. Localization: If the system is intended for a global audience, plan for localization by
accommodating different languages and cultural preferences.

9. Security: Implement security measures to protect sensitive data and prevent unauthorized
access. Consider encryption, authentication, and authorization mechanisms.

10. Scalability: Design I/O processes that can scale as the system grows. Ensure that
performance remains optimal even with increased data and user loads.

11. User Testing: Conduct usability testing with real users to gather feedback and make
improvements to the I/O design.

12. Documentation: Document the I/O design, including user workflows, data flow diagrams,
and UI mockups. This documentation is valuable for developers and stakeholders.

13. Feedback Loop: Establish a process for gathering user feedback after the system is deployed
and make iterative improvements to the I/O design based on real-world usage.

Effective I/O design is essential for creating systems and applications that meet user needs, are
easy to use, and perform reliably. It requires careful planning and continuous refinement
throughout the development process.

INPUT
An input definition refers to a clear and precise description or specification of the data or
information that is provided as an input to a system, process, program, or device. It outlines what
type of data is expected, its format, and how it should be structured for the system to correctly
interpret and process it. Input definitions are essential for ensuring that data is handled accurately
and efficiently within various technological and computational contexts.

Examples:

1. key Keyboard

2. Biometric input

3. mouse

4. Barcode scanner
5. Voice Comman

6. Webcam

OUTPUT
Output refers to the information or data that a system, program, or device produces as a result
of a specific input or operation. It can take various forms, such as text, numbers, images, sounds,
or any other type of data that can be generated by a computer or electronic device. Output is
what you see or receive as a response or outcome of a process.

Examples:

1. monitor

2. Printer

3. speaker

4. Headphone

5. Projector

6. 3D printer

MANUAL AND AUTOMATED SYSTEM

MANUAL SYSTEM:

A manual system refers to a method of managing tasks or processes without the use of automated
or computerized tools. In a manual system, everything is done by hand, using physical records,
paperwork, and human labor. This approach can be less efficient and more prone to errors
compared to automated systems, but it is still used in some situations where automation is not
feasible or cost-effective. Manual systems may be found in small businesses, certain industries,
or in situations where technology is limited or not well-suited to the task.

Manual systems are systems where tasks, processes, or operations are carried out by humans
without the use of automation or computerized tools. Here are some examples of manual systems:

1. Paper-Based Filing System: Many offices and organizations still use physical paper files and
folders to store and manage information. Retrieving and updating data requires manual searching
and handling of documents.

2. Cash Register: In small businesses, cash registers are often used to record sales and handle
transactions manually. The cashier inputs prices and totals manually.
3. Library Card Catalog: Libraries traditionally used card catalogs, where librarians manually
organized and categorized books and patrons would search for books using these cards.

4. Manual Inventory Tracking: Some small businesses track their inventory manually, using
spreadsheets or handwritten records to monitor stock levels and order new supplies.

5. Appointment Scheduling: Doctors, dentists, and other service providers may schedule
appointments manually, either by phone or in-person, without using automated booking systems.

6. Manual Timekeeping: Some companies still rely on employees to record their working hours
manually, either on paper timesheets or by punching time cards.

7. Manual Manufacturing: In some artisanal or craft industries, products are made by hand
without the use of automated machinery.

8. Manual Data Entry: Data entry operators may input data into computer systems manually
when automated data extraction is not feasible.

9. Manual Billing and Invoicing: Small businesses may create invoices and bills manually using
word processing software or templates.

10. Handwritten Correspondence: While less common in today's digital age, some personal and
business communications are still conducted through handwritten letters and notes.

These examples highlight scenarios where human effort and manual processes are still prevalent,
despite the availability of technology and automation solutions.

AUTOMATED SYSTEM

An automated system is a computerized or mechanical setup designed to perform specific tasks

or functions without direct human intervention. These systems can include software programs,
robots, machinery, or processes that execute predetermined actions or decisions based on
predefined rules or inputs. Automated systems are commonly used in various industries and
applications to improve efficiency, accuracy, and consistency in performing tasks.

Automated System Examples

Here are some examples of automated systems:

1. Email Filtering: Email services often use automated systems to filter out spam messages and
categorize emails into folders like "inbox" and "spam."

2. Home Thermostat: Smart thermostats can automatically adjust the temperature in your home
based on your preferences and schedule.
[Link]: Many websites and apps use chat bots to provide automated customer support and
answer common questions.

4. Industrial Robots: In manufacturing, automated robotic systems are used for tasks like welding,
painting, and assembly.

5. Traffic Lights: Traffic management systems use automated traffic lights that change based on
traffic flow and sensors.

6. Stock Trading Algorithms: Automated trading systems use algorithms to buy and sell stocks
based on predefined criteria.

7. Voice Assistants: Devices like Amazon's Alexa and Apple's Siri use automated speech
recognition and natural language processing to respond to voice commands.

8. Automatic Parking Systems: Some parking garages have automated systems that move and
park cars without human intervention.

9. Medical Diagnostic Tools: Automated systems, such as MRI machines and X-ray scanners,
assist doctors in diagnosing medical conditions.

10. Financial Software: Accounting and tax software can automate calculations, record-keeping,
and tax filings.

11. Home Security Systems: Automated security systems can detect intrusions, trigger alarms,
and even notify authorities if necessary.

12. Automated Lawn Mowers: Robotic lawn mowers can mow lawns on a set schedule without
human intervention.

13. Inventory Management Systems: Businesses use automated systems to track inventory levels,
reorder stock, and manage supply chains efficiently.

14. Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars use automated systems to navigate and control the
vehicle.

15. Smart Home Automation: Systems like smart lighting, locks, and appliances can be
automated to respond to user preferences and schedules.

These examples demonstrate the wide range of applications for automated systems across
various industries and daily life.

Importance of System Analysis and Design (SAD)

System Analysis and Design is a structured process used to study a system, understand its requirements,
and create a better solution (new or improved system). Its importance includes:
1. Improves Understanding of Requirements
 Helps analysts gather and study user needs clearly.

 Ensures the final system meets business objectives and user expectations.

2. Enhances Efficiency and Effectiveness

 Identifies weaknesses, redundancies, or bottlenecks in the current system.

 Designs a system that improves speed, accuracy, and productivity.

3. Reduces Development Risks

 Careful analysis prevents costly mistakes and system failures.

 Early identification of risks saves time and resources.

4. Facilitates Better Decision-Making

 Provides managers with accurate information for planning, controlling, and making decisions.

5. Ensures Cost-Effectiveness
 Avoids waste of resources by building only what is needed.

 Balances performance with budget constraints.

6. Improves System Quality

 Leads to reliable, secure, and user-friendly systems.

 Enhances maintainability and scalability for future growth.

7. Encourages User Involvement

 Users are consulted during analysis and design.

 Builds trust, acceptance, and ease of system adoption.

8. Supports Integration
 Ensures new systems work smoothly with existing ones.

 Promotes information sharing across departments.

9. Provides Documentation
 Creates detailed records of system requirements and design.

 Useful for future upgrades, maintenance, and training.

10. Competitive Advantage

 A well-designed system improves decision-making and customer satisfaction.

 Helps organizations stay ahead in business competition.

Key points about a system:

1. Components: A system is made up of parts (subsystems).

2. Interconnection: The components interact and depend on one another.

3. Purpose: Every system has an overall function or goal.

4. Boundary: A system operates within defined limits, separating it from its environment.

5. Input–Process–Output: Most systems take inputs, process them, and produce outputs.

Example:

1. A computer system (hardware + software + user) processes data into information.

2. A biological system (e.g., human body) consists of organs working together to maintain life.

Basic features of a system

1. Components: A system is made up of different parts or elements (subsystems) that work together.

2. Interaction/Interdependence: The components interact and depend on each other to function

properly.

3. Boundary: Every system has limits that separate it from its environment.

4. Environment: A system operates within a surrounding environment and may exchange resources
with it.

5. Input: Systems take in resources such as data, energy, or materials.

6. Process: The system transforms inputs into useful forms.

7. Output: The results produced by the system (information, products, or services).

8. Feedback: A system may use feedback to adjust and improve performance.

9. Goal-oriented: Every system exists for a purpose or to achieve specific objectives.

10. Holism: The system is more than just the sum of its parts; all components working together create
the whole.

various classes of systems with examples:

1. Natural vs. Man-made Systems
 Natural System: Occurs in nature without human intervention.

Example: The solar system, the human body, the ecosystem.

 Man-made System: Created and controlled by humans to achieve specific goals.

 Example: A computer system, a transportation system, a banking system.

2. Open vs. Closed Systems

 Open System: Interacts with its environment by exchanging input and output.

Example: A business organization (takes raw materials, produces goods, interacts with customers).

Closed System: Has little or no interaction with its environment.

Example: A mechanical clock (operates with minimal environmental influence).

3. Physical vs. Abstract Systems

 Physical System: Tangible and made up of real physical components.

Example: A computer, a car engine, the human digestive system.

 Abstract System: Conceptual, involving ideas, models, or plans.

 Example: Mathematical equations, organizational policies, software algorithms.

4. Static vs. Dynamic Systems

 Static System: Remains fixed or does not change frequently.

Example: The structure of a building, a library catalog.

 Dynamic System: Changes or evolves with time.

 Example: Weather system, traffic system, stock market system.

5. Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Systems

 Deterministic System: Behavior can be predicted with certainty.

 Example: A calculator (2 + 2 will always equal 4).

 Probabilistic System: Behavior cannot be predicted with certainty; outcomes are based on
probability.

Example: The lottery system, stock trading, weather forecasting

Manual System
Definition: A system in which tasks are carried out by humans without the use of machines or computer
automation.

Features:

 Relies heavily on human effort.

 Slower and more time-consuming.

 Prone to human error.

 Requires more manpower.

Examples:

 Manual record-keeping in books/registers.

 Counting stock physically in a store.

 Traditional filing system for student records.

Automated System
Definition: A system that uses machines, computers, or technology to perform tasks with little or no
human intervention.

 Features:

 Relies on technology and software.

 Faster and more efficient.

 Reduces human error.

  Requires less manpower but skilled operators.

Examples:

 ATM machines for banking transactions.

 Computerized payroll system.

 Automated traffic light control system.

Key Difference (Summary Table)

Aspect Manual System Automated System

Operation Performed by humans Performed by machines/computers

Speed Slow Fast

Accuracy Prone to errors High accuracy |

Cost Low setup cost high setup cost but low running cost

But high labor cost

Examples paper records manual ATM, onling banking payroll software

calculations

Advantages of Manual System

1. Low Initial Cost: Does not require expensive technology, just stationery and storage.

2. Simple to Use: Easy to understand and operate without special training.

3. Flexible: Can be adjusted or modified easily without needing new software or machines.

4. No Dependency on Power/Technology: Works even without electricity, internet, or computers.

5. Confidentiality (to some extent): Records are not easily hacked like digital data.

Disadvantages of Manual System

1. Time-Consuming: Recording, processing, and retrieving information is slow.

2. Prone to Errors: High chances of human mistakes in calculations or record-keeping.

3. Difficult to Access/Share: Information cannot be quickly retrieved or shared across locations.

4. Space-Consuming: Requires a lot of physical storage (files, cabinets, shelves).

5. Insecure & Fragile: Records can be lost, stolen, damaged by fire, water, or misplacement.

6. High Labor Cost: Needs more manpower to handle records and operations.

7. Lack of Efficiency: Slows down decision-making and overall productivity.

Advantages of Automated System

1. Speed and Efficiency: Performs tasks much faster than manual systems.

2. High Accuracy: Reduces human errors in calculations and data handling.

3. Saves Time: Quick data processing, storage, and retrieval.

4. Cost-Effective (long-term): Requires fewer workers, reducing labor costs.

5. Better Storage & Accessibility: Large amounts of data can be stored digitally and accessed instantly.

6. Improved Security: Data can be password-protected, encrypted, and backed up.

7. Consistency: Produces uniform results without variations caused by human effort.

8. Integration: Can connect multiple systems (e.g., payroll linked to attendance).

9. Decision Support: Helps managers make faster and more informed decisions.

Disadvantages of Automated System

1. High Initial Cost: Expensive to purchase and install (hardware, software, training).

2. Requires Skilled Personnel: Needs trained operators to manage and maintain.

3. Dependency on Technology: If power, internet, or system fails, work stops.

4. Risk of Data Loss: System crashes, viruses, or hacking can cause data loss.

5. Maintenance Costs: Regular updates, repairs, and upgrades are costly.

6. Job Reduction: Reduces the need for human labor, causing unemployment in some areas.

7. Complexity: Some systems are difficult to use without proper training.

 Information System (IS)
An Information System is an organized setup of people, processes, hardware, software, and data that work
together to collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision-making, coordination,
control, and analysis in an organization.

Types of Information Systems

1. Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Purpose: Handles day-to-day routine business transactions.

Example: Point of Sale (POS) at supermarkets, ATM transactions, online booking systems.

2. Management Information System (MIS)

Purpose: Provides summarized and structured information for middle managers to monitor, control, and
make decisions.

Example: Sales management systems, payroll systems, inventory management systems.

3. Decision Support System (DSS)

Purpose: Helps managers make non-routine or complex decisions using data analysis and modeling.

Example: Forecasting systems, financial planning systems, medical diagnosis support systems.

4. Executive Support System (ESS) / Executive Information System (EIS)

Purpose: Provides top executives with easy access to internal and external information for strategic

Example: Dashboard systems for CEOs, market trend analysis, competitor intelligence systems.

5. Knowledge Management System (KMS)

Purpose: Facilitates the creation, sharing, and management of knowledge within an organization.

Example: Intranet portals, document management systems, research databases.

6. Office Automation System (OAS)

Purpose: Supports daily office activities to improve communication and productivity.

Example: Email systems, word processors, video conferencing tools (Zoom, MS Office).

7. Enterprise Systems (ERP – Enterprise Resource Planning)

 Purpose: Integrates core business processes across departments into a single system.

Example: SAP, Oracle ERP, Microsoft Dynamics

Different stages of SA & D and their deliverables

1. System Investigation (Preliminary Study / Feasibility Study)

Purpose: To identify the problem, define system objectives, and check if a new system is feasible
(technically, economically, and operationally).

Activities:
 Problem identification.

 Feasibility analysis (cost-benefit, technical, operational).

 High-level system requirements gathering.

Deliverables:
 Feasibility report.

 Preliminary system requirements.

 Project proposal for management approval.

2. System Analysis
 Purpose: To study the existing system in detail, identify user requirements, and define what the
new system should do.

Activities:
 Gathering detailed user requirements (interviews, questionnaires, observation).

 Studying current processes and workflows.

 Defining system requirements (functional & non-functional).

Deliverables:
 System Requirement Specification (SRS) document.

 Process models (e.g., Data Flow Diagrams).

 Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs).

3. System Design

 Purpose: To convert requirements into a blueprint (technical design) of how the system will
work.

Activities:

 Logical design (input, output, database, processes).

 Physical design (hardware, software, interfaces, network).

 Defining system architecture.

Deliverables:
 System Design Specification (SDS) / Design Document.

 Database schema.

 User Interface (UI) designs.

 System architecture diagrams.

4. System Development (Coding / Construction)

Purpose: To build the actual system based on the design specifications.

Activities:
 Writing program code.

 Developing databases.

 Creating system modules.

Deliverables
 Source code.

 Executable programs.

 Unit-tested modules.

5. System Testing
 Purpose: To ensure the system works as expected and meets requirements.

Activities:
  Unit testing (individual modules).

 Integration testing (modules working together).

 System testing (entire system).

 User Acceptance Testing (UAT).

Deliverables:
 Test plans.

 Test cases and results.

 Error/bug reports.

 Verified working system.

6. System Implementation

Purpose: To deploy the system into the actual working environment.

Activities
 Installation of hardware and software.
 Data migration from the old system.

 User training.

 Changeover methods (parallel, direct, phased, pilot).

Deliverables
 Installed and operational system.

 User manuals and training materials.

 Implementation report.

7. System Maintenance & Review

Purpose: To monitor, support, and improve the system after implementation.

Activities
 Correcting errors (bug fixing).

 System upgrades and enhancements.

  Performance monitoring.

Deliverables
 Maintenance reports.

 Updated system documentation.

 Improved system versions.

Summary Flow:

 Investigation>Analysis>Design>Development>Testing>Implementation>Maintenance