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Mechanics NOITES

The document outlines the basic concepts of mechanics, including definitions of space, time, mass, and force, and describes mechanics as a branch of applied science that studies bodies at rest or in motion under forces. It details the applications of mechanics in various engineering fields, the main branches of mechanics (statics and dynamics), and the systems of units used for measurement, particularly the SI system. Additionally, it explains the classification of forces, methods for finding the resultant of forces, and provides examples of analytical and graphical methods.

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indernagar
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10 views8 pages

Mechanics NOITES

The document outlines the basic concepts of mechanics, including definitions of space, time, mass, and force, and describes mechanics as a branch of applied science that studies bodies at rest or in motion under forces. It details the applications of mechanics in various engineering fields, the main branches of mechanics (statics and dynamics), and the systems of units used for measurement, particularly the SI system. Additionally, it explains the classification of forces, methods for finding the resultant of forces, and provides examples of analytical and graphical methods.

Uploaded by

indernagar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Basic Concepts in Mechanics

1. Space – Defines the position and geometry of the body.


2. Time – Independent quantity to describe motion.
3. Mass – Measure of quantity of matter.
4. Force – An external influence that changes motion or tends to deform a body.

Definition of Mechanics
Mechanics is a branch of applied science (a part of physics) which deals with the study of
bodies either at rest or in motion, under the action of forces.

Application of Mechanics in Engineering and Technology

 Used in Civil Engineering (structures, bridges, dams).


 Used in Mechanical Engineering (machines, engines).
 Used in Aerospace & Automotive Engineering (aircraft, vehicles).
 Used in Electrical & Robotics (machine dynamics, control systems).

Main Branches of Mechanics


1. Statics

 Deals with bodies at rest under the action of forces.


 Example: A bridge carrying vehicles but remaining stationary.

2. Dynamics

 Deals with bodies in motion.


o Kinematics → Motion of bodies without considering forces.
 Example: Velocity of a car on a straight road.

o Kinetics → Motion of bodies considering forces causing it.


 Example: Acceleration of a train when engine applies tractive force.

Definition of Unit

 A unit is a standard quantity of measurement by which any physical quantity can be


measured and expressed.
 Fundamental Units are the basic and independent units that cannot be derived from any
other unit.
 All other units (called derived units) are formed from these fundamental units.

System of Units

Different systems of units were used before the international standard SI system:

1. FPS System (Foot–Pound–Second)

 Length → Foot (ft)


 Mass → Pound (lb)
 Time → Second (s)

2. CGS System (Centimeter–Gram–Second)

 Length → Centimeter (cm)


 Mass → Gram (g)
 Time → Second (s)

3. MKS System (Meter–Kilogram–Second)

 Length → Meter (m)


 Mass → Kilogram (kg)
 Time → Second (s)

4. SI System (International System of Units) → Modern & Universal System, adopted


in 1960.

 Based on 7 Fundamental Units.


Seven Fundamental Units in SI System

Fundamental
Quantity Symbol Definition (SI Standard)
Unit

Distance traveled by light in vacuum in


Length Meter m
1/299,792,458 second

Mass of the international prototype cylinder


Mass Kilogram kg
(Platinum-Iridium alloy)

Duration of 9,192,631,770 vibrations of Cesium-


Time Second s
133 atom

Current producing a specified magnetic force


Electric Current Ampere A
between two parallel conductors

Thermodynamic Fraction (1/273.16) of the thermodynamic


Kelvin K
Temp. temperature of triple point of water

Luminous intensity of a source emitting


Luminous Intensity Candela cd
monochromatic light of frequency 540×10¹² Hz

Amount of Amount of substance containing 6.022 × 10²³


Mole mol
Substance elementary particles

 Derived Units

All other physical quantities are expressed using fundamental units.

Examples:

 Force → Newton (N) = kg⋅m/s2


 Pressure → Pascal (Pa) = N/m2
 Energy → Joule (J) = N⋅m
 Power → Watt (W) = J/s
Supplementary Units (for SI)

 Plane Angle → Radian (rad)


 Solid Angle → Steradian (sr)

Key Features of SI Units

 Universally accepted and used in all scientific & engineering work.


 Coherent system → derived units are expressed without conversion factors.
 Simple prefixes for multiples and submultiples (kilo, milli, micro, etc.).

Example Problems

Example 1:

Convert a force of 1 dyne (CGS unit) into SI unit (Newton).

1 dyne=105 N
SYSTEM OF FORCES
A system of forces means two or more forces acting simultaneously on a body.

 The effect of the system = effect of a single equivalent (resultant) force.

Classification of System of Forces

1. Coplanar Forces

 Forces lying in the same plane.

 Can be:

1. Concurrent → All forces pass through a single point.

2. Parallel → All forces are parallel (same or opposite direction).

3. Collinear → Forces act along the same straight line.

4. General → Any random set of forces in the plane.

2. Non-Coplanar Forces

 Forces that do not lie in one plane (act in 3D space).

 Example: Forces acting on a spacecraft in space.

3. Concurrent Coplanar Forces

 All forces meet at a single point.

 Example: Strings pulling a tent pole from different directions.

Resultant → Found using parallelogram law or triangle law.

Formula:

4. Collinear Forces

 Forces acting along the same straight line.


 Example: Tug-of-war rope (both teams pulling along the rope).

Resultant = algebraic sum of forces (taking direction into account).

5. Parallel Forces

 Forces parallel to each other.

 Can be:

o Like parallel (same direction).

o Unlike parallel (opposite directions).

Resultant of Like Parallel → Add directly.


Resultant of Unlike Parallel → Subtract (direction of larger force).

Excellent 👍 Now let’s cover Resultant of Forces and the methods to find it in detail.

 Resultant of Forces & Methods

Definition of Resultant

 A resultant is a single force that produces the same effect as a system of two or
more forces acting on a body.

 Instead of solving all forces one by one, we replace them with their equivalent
resultant force.

Different Methods to Find Resultant

(A) Analytical Methods

Used when forces are known with magnitude & direction.

1. Parallelogram Law of Forces

 If two forces act at a point, the diagonal of the parallelogram formed on these
forces gives the resultant.
 Formula:

 Direction:

Example:
Two forces 50 N and 80 N act at 60°.

2. Triangle Law of Forces

 If two forces are represented in magnitude and direction by two sides of a


triangle, then the third side (taken in opposite order) gives the resultant.

 Same formulas as parallelogram law.

3. Polygon Law of Forces

 For more than two forces acting at a point.

 If forces are represented one after another in magnitude & direction by a


polygon, the closing side represents the resultant.

4. Resolution of Forces Method


Example:
Force1 = 100 N at 30°, Force2 = 80 N at 120°.

Lami’s Theorem (for 3 concurrent forces)

 If three forces keep a body in equilibrium:

F 1 F2 F 3
+ +
sinα sinβ sinγ

(B) Graphical Methods

1. Parallelogram Method → Graphical construction of resultant of two forces.

2. Triangle Method → Draw forces head-to-tail, resultant is closing side.

3. Polygon Method → Extend triangle method for multiple forces.

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