MICROPROCESSORS
&
THEIR HISTORY
1
Digital Computer
•A digital computer is a programmable
machine specially designed for making
computation
•Its main components are
• CPU (Central Processing Unit)
• Memory
• Input device
•Output device
CPU
•The major sections of a CPU
•Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
•Accumulator
•General and Special purpose
registers
•Timing and Control Unit
CPU
•The function of an ALU is to perform arithmetic
operations such as addition and subtraction; and
logical operations such as AND, OR and EXCLUSIVE-
OR
•Timing and control unit controls the entire
operations of a computer
•The accumulator is a register, which contains one
of the operands and stores results of most
arithmetic and logical operations
•General purpose registers are used for temporary
storage of data and intermediate results while
computer is making execution of a program
•Special purpose registers are used by the
microprocessor itself
Memory & I/O
•The memory is a storage device. It
stores program, data, results etc
•The computer receives data and
instructions through input devices
•The computer sends results to
output devices
Microprocessor
• With the advent of LSI and VLSI technology
it became possible to build the entire CPU
on a single chip IC
• A CPU built into a single LSI/VLSI chip is
called a microprocessor
• A digital computer using microprocessor as
its CPU is called a microcomputer
Microprocessor
•The term micro initiates its physical size;
not it’s computing power
•Today the computing power of a
powerful microprocessor approaches
that a CPU on earlier large computer
•The main sections of a microprocessor
are: ALU, timing and control unit,
accumulator, general purpose and
special purpose registers
CONTENTS
Introduction
4-Bit Microprocessors
8-Bit Microprocessors
16-Bit Microprocessors
32-Bit Microprocessors
64-Bit Microprocessors
INTRODUCTION
Fairchild
Semiconductors (founded in 1957)
invented the first IC in 1959.
In
1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan Moore, Andrew
Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
They founded their own company Intel
(Integrated Electronics).
Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968
4-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
INTEL 4004
Introduced in 1971.
It was the first
microprocessor by Intel.
It was a 4-bit µP.
Its clock speed was
740KHz.
It had 2,300 transistors.
It could execute around
60,000 instructions per
second.
INTEL 4040
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 4-bit µP.
8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
INTEL 8008
Introduced in 1972.
It was first 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.
INTEL 8080
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
It had 6,000 transistors.
Was 10 times faster than
8008.
Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second.
Introduced in 1976.
INTEL 8085 It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
It had 6,500 transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
It could access 64 KB of
memory.
It had 246 instructions.
16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
Introduced in 1978.
INTEL 8086 It was first 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8
MHz and 10 MHz, depending on
the version.
Its data bus is 16-bit and
address bus is 20-bit.
It had 29,000 transistors.
Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
It could access 1 MB of memory.
It had 22,000 instructions.
It had Multiply and Divide
instructions.
INTEL 8088
Introduced in 1979.
It was also 16-bit µP.
It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
It was a 16-bit processor with
an 8-bit external bus.
INTEL 80186 & 80188
Introduced in 1982.
They were 16-bit µPs.
Clock speed was 6 MHz.
INTEL 80286
Introduced in 1982.
It was 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
Introduced in 1986.
It was first 32-bit µP.
INTEL 80386 Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of
memory.
Introduced in 1989.
INTEL 80486 It was also 32-bit µP.
It had 1.2 million transistors.
Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending
upon the various versions.
Introduced in 1993.
INTEL PENTIUM It was also 32-bit µP.
It was originally named 80586.
Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
INTEL PENTIUM PRO
Introduced in 1995.
It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM II
Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
Introduced in 1998.
It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM III
Introduced in 1999.
It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM IV
Introduced in 2000.
It was also 32-bit µP.
Introduced in 2006.
INTEL DUAL CORE
It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
It has two cores.
Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache
64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
INTEL CORE 2
Introduced in 2006.
It is a 64-bit µP.
INTEL CORE I7
Introduced in 2009.
It is a 64-bit µP.
INTEL CORE I5
Introduced in 2009.
It is a 64-bit µP.
INTEL CORE I3
Introduced in 2010.
It is a 64-bit µP.
• 64-bit Architecture
• Introduction of AMD's Opteron and Athlon 64
• Intel's response with the Itanium and Core series
• Impact on modern computing
Multi-core Processors
• Multi-core Processors
• Dual-core and quad-core technology
• Companies involved: Intel, AMD, ARM
• Benefits: multitasking and efficiency
Modern Microprocessors
• Modern Microprocessors
• Latest advancements in microprocessors
• Examples: Intel Core i9, AMD Ryzen 9, Apple M1
• Features: AI integration, energy efficiency, increased
performance
Future of Microprocessors
• Future of Microprocessors
• Trends: quantum computing, neuromorphic
processors
• Potential impacts on various industries