Dr Surajit Karmakar Analytic Functions

Definition: We say that a complex function 𝑓 defined in a non empty open set 𝐷 is 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
(𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒) at 𝑧0 ∈ 𝐷 if limit

𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 ) 𝑓 𝑧0 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
lim = lim
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0 ℎ→0 ℎ

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exists. If the limit exists, the value of the limit, is denoted by 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ), is called the derivative of the function 𝑓 at 𝑧0

′ 𝑓 𝑧 −𝑓(𝑧0 ) 𝑓 𝑧0 +ℎ −𝑓(𝑧0 )
i.e. 𝑓 (𝑧0 )= lim = lim
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧−𝑧0 ℎ→0 ℎ
Dr Surajit Karmakar Analytic Functions
Definition: We say that a complex function 𝑓 defined in a non empty open set 𝐷 is 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒) at
𝑧0 ∈ 𝐷 if limit 𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 ) 𝑓 𝑧0 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
lim = lim
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0 ℎ→0 ℎ
exists. If the limit exists, the value of the limit, is denoted by 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ), is called the derivative of the function 𝑓 at 𝑧0

𝑓 𝑧 −𝑓(𝑧0 ) 𝑓 𝑧0 +ℎ −𝑓(𝑧0 )
i.e. 𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 )= lim = lim

Backbenchers Academy 𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧−𝑧0 ℎ→0 ℎ

⟺ For given 𝜖 > 0 there exists a 𝛿 = 𝛿(𝑧0 , 𝜖) > 0 such that

𝑓 𝑧 −𝑓 𝑧0
⇒ − 𝑓 ′ 𝑧0 < 𝜖 whenever 0 < 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 𝛿
𝑧−𝑧0

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝐷? 𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛?

Dr Surajit Karmakar Analytic Functions

Problem A real valued function of a complex variable either has derivatie zero or the derivative does not
exist.

𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 ) 𝑓 𝑧0 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
lim = lim
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧 − 𝑧0 ℎ→0 ℎ

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Ans: Suppose that 𝑓(𝑧) is a real valued function of complex variable whose derivative
exists at a point 𝑎. Then

′
𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 (𝑎) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
Dr Surajit Karmakar Analytic Functions

Problem If 𝑓 has derivative at 𝑧0 , then it is continuous at 𝑧0 .

𝑓 𝑧 −𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝐴𝑛𝑠: we have 𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑓 𝑧0 = 𝑧 − 𝑧0
𝑧−𝑧0

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𝑓 𝑧 −𝑓(𝑧0 )
lim exists finitely and lim 𝑧 − 𝑧0 = 0
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧−𝑧0 𝑧→𝑧0

⟹ lim 𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑓 𝑧0 =0
𝑧→𝑧0

⟹ lim 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓 𝑧0 Is the converse true?

𝑧→𝑧0
Dr Surajit Karmakar Analytic Functions

Counter example: Consider 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧

1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ = ℎ1 + 𝑖. 0, 0 < ℎ1 ⟶ 0
𝑓 ℎ −𝑓(0) |ℎ|
𝐴𝑛𝑠: we have = → ቐ−1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ = ℎ1 + 𝑖. 0, 0 > ℎ1 ⟶ 0
ℎ ℎ
−𝑖 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ℎ = 0 + 𝑖. ℎ2 , 0 < ℎ2 ⟶ 0

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Thus 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 is not differentiable at 𝑧 = 0 but is continuous at 𝑧 = 0

If 𝑓 differentiable at other points in ℂ?

 Analytic Functions
2
example: Consider 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧

𝑓 ℎ −𝑓(0) ഥ
ℎℎ
𝐴𝑛𝑠: we have = = ℎത → 0 as ℎ → 0
ℎ ℎ

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⟹ 𝑓′ 0 = 0

Now, for any 𝑧0 ∈ ℂ\{0}

ത hℎത
𝑓 𝑧0 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑧0 ) 𝑧ഥ0 ℎ + 𝑧0 ℎ+ ℎത
= = 𝑧ഥ0 + 𝑧0 + ℎത
ℎ ℎ ℎ
 Analytic Functions

Analytic 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑛 : A function 𝑓 is said to be analytic, or holomorphic at a point 𝑎 ∈ ℂ if it is

differentiable at every point of some neighborhood of 𝑎.
Similarly, 𝑓 is a analytic in (on) an arbitrary set 𝑆 if it is differentiable at every
point of some open set containing 𝑆.

An entire function is then the one which is analytic in (on) the whole complex
plane.

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 Analytic Functions
Analytic 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑛 : A function 𝑓 is said to be analytic, or holomorphic at a point 𝑎 ∈ ℂ if it is differentiable at every point of
some neighborhood of 𝑎.
Similarly, 𝑓 is a analytic in (on) an arbitrary set 𝑆 if it is differentiable at every point of some open set
containing 𝑆.
An entire function is then the one which is analytic in (on) the whole complex plane.

𝑓 is 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑙 for all 𝑧

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𝑧
𝑧0
 Analytic Functions
Analytic 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑛 : A function 𝑓 is said to be analytic, or holomorphic at a point 𝑎 ∈ ℂ if it is differentiable at every point of
some neighborhood of 𝑎.
Similarly, 𝑓 is a analytic in (on) an arbitrary set 𝑆 if it is differentiable at every point of some open set
containing 𝑆.
An entire function is then the one which is analytic in (on) the whole complex plane.

𝑓 is 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐 for all 𝑧

𝑧

𝑆
 Analytic Functions

Theore𝑚: Let 𝑓: 𝐷1 → ℂ , 𝑔: 𝐷2 → ℂ be such that 𝑓 𝐷1 ⊆ 𝐷2 . If 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧0 and 𝑔 is

differentiable at 𝑓 𝑧0 = 𝑤0 , then the composition 𝑔𝑜𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑔(𝑓(𝑧)) is differentiable at 𝑧0 and

′
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑧0 = (𝑔′ 𝑜𝑓)(𝑧0 )𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 ).

Note: 𝑓
If 𝑓, 𝑔 are analytic in an open set 𝐷 then 𝑓 ± 𝑔 analytic in an open set 𝐷 and 𝑔 is
analytic in 𝐷 except at which 𝑔 vanishes

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 Analytic Functions

Description:We know that if 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 , where 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are real valued

functions defined in a nbd of𝑧0

𝑢 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 − 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑢𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
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𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + ℎ − 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑢𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = lim .
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑓𝑥 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦

𝑓𝑦 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦
 Analytic Functions

Description:We know that if 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 , where 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are real valued

functions defined in a nbd of𝑧0

𝑢 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 − 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑢𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + ℎ − 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑢𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 = lim .
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑓𝑥 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦

𝑓𝑦 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦
 Analytic Functions

Theorem: If 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 , is differentiable at 𝑧0 , then the C-R equations hold

at 𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + i𝑦0 : 𝑖𝑓𝑥 𝑧0 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑧0 or equivalently 𝑢𝑥 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 and
𝑢𝑦 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 = −𝑣𝑥 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 .

proof: Let 𝑓: 𝐷 → ℂ where 𝐷 ⊂ ℂ is a nbd of 𝑧0 .If 𝑓 ′ 𝑧0 exists for some point 𝑧0

′
𝑓 𝑧0 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑓 𝑧0 = lim Where ℎ = ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2
ℎ→0 ℎ

′
𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ, 𝑦0 − 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) 𝜕𝑓
𝑓 𝑧0 = lim = (𝑧0 )
ℎ1 →0 ℎ1 + 𝑖. 0 𝜕𝑥

′
𝑓 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) 1 𝜕𝑓
𝑓 𝑧0 = lim = (𝑧0 )
ℎ2 →0 0 + 𝑖ℎ2 𝑖 𝜕𝑦
Dr Surajit Karmakar Analytic Functions
Theorem: If 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 , is differentiable at 𝑧0 , then the C-R equations hold at 𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + i𝑦0 : 𝑖𝑓𝑥 𝑧0 = 𝑓𝑦 𝑧0 or
equivalently 𝑢𝑥 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 and 𝑢𝑦 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 = −𝑣𝑥 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 .
proof:
Let 𝑓: 𝐷 → ℂ where 𝐷 ⊂ ℂ is a nbd of 𝑧0 .If 𝑓 ′ 𝑧0 exists for some point 𝑧0

𝑓 𝑧0 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑓 ′ 𝑧0 = lim Where ℎ = ℎ1 + 𝑖ℎ2
ℎ→0 ℎ1 + 𝑖. 0
𝑓 𝑥0 + ℎ, 𝑦0 − 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) 𝜕𝑓
𝑓 ′ 𝑧0 = lim = (𝑧 )
ℎ1 →0 ℎ 𝜕𝑥 0

𝑓 𝑥0 , 𝑦0 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) 1 𝜕𝑓
𝑓′ 𝑧0 = lim = (𝑧 )
ℎ2 →0 0 + 𝑖ℎ2 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 0

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑖 𝑧0 = (𝑧0 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
 Analytic Functions

Theorem: A necessary condition for a complex valued function 𝑓 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 to be

differentiable at 𝑧0 is that 𝑓𝑧ҧ 𝑧0 = 0. In particular, if 𝑓 ∈ ℋ(𝐷), the C-R
equation hold at every point z ∈ 𝐷.

𝑧 + 𝑧ҧ 𝑧 − 𝑧ҧ
proof: 𝑥= , 𝑦 = −𝑖
2 2

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝜕𝑦 1 𝜕 𝜕
:= + = −𝑖
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

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 Analytic Functions

Theorem: Let 𝑓: 𝐷 → ℂ, where 𝐷 is an open connected set inℂ containing the point 𝑧0 , and
𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 for 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ∈ 𝐷. Suppose that

(i) 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦 ,𝑣𝑥 and 𝑣𝑦 exists at each point in a nbd of 𝑧0 and are continuous at 𝑧0 .

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(ii) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 C-R equations are valid at 𝑧0 .

Then 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑧0 and 𝑓 ′ 𝑧0 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑧0 + 𝑖 𝑣𝑥 𝑧0 .

 Analytic Functions

Theorem: Let Ω be an open subset of ℂ. Then the real and imaginary parts of an
analytic function in Ω are harmonic in Ω

Theorem: A domain 𝐷 in ℂ is simply connected if its complement with respect

to ℂ∞ (i.e. ℂ∞ \D ) is connected subset of ℂ∞ .

Theorem: Let Ω be an simply connected domain and let 𝜑 be harmonic in Ω.

Then 𝜑 has a harmonic conjugate in Ω.
Dr Surajit Karmakar Analytic Functions

Problem: Show that the function 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 is harmonic.

Hence find 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 such that 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is analytic

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Problem: If 𝑢 and 𝑣 are harmonic conjugates to each other in some domain
then𝑢 and 𝑣 must be constant there.