TUTORIAL
INSURANCE WARRANTIES
1. Explain the difference between express and implied warranties with respect to
contracts of carriage.
2. Why is the implied warranty of legality of concern to insurers?
3. Explain the principle of proximate cause for a marine insurance claim.
4. How does the right of subrogation affect the assured?
5. Explain how a shipowner can protect himself from claims in the event that his
ship is involved in a collision.
6. If a warranty is found not to have been met by the assured on a certain date
when will this affect the policy, and can claims be addressed by the insurers?
P & I CLUBS
1. How is a shipowner protected from personal injury claims by an official visitor to
one of his ships?
2. What is the main purpose of a P & I Club?
3. Explain the implications for a Club by stowaways being found on the ship of a
principal.
4. Explain the purpose and unique quality of the Omnibus cover provided by P & I
Clubs.
5. Explain how P & I Clubs are funded and state, with reasons, whether all
participants contribute equally.
6. How does Club cover extend beyond that provided by standard insurance with
respect to the carriage of goods by sea?
7. How does Club cover extend beyond that provided by a standard Hull Policy?
PARTICULAR & GENERAL AVERAGE
1. Explain the major difference between particular and general average.
2. Describe the unique quality of the York-Antwerp Rules.
3. What is the meaning of the term “general average sacrifice”?
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4. What weight is carried by the inclusion of a Rule Paramount in the application of
the Y-A Rules?
5. When should the cost of shifting cargo on board be considered as general
average?
6. Explain the test of “reasonableness” in reference to a GA sacrifice.
SALVAGE
1. What international convention governs salvage operations?
2. What are the criteria laid down in the above convention for fixing a salvage
reward?
3. Under the above convention what duty does the salvor owe to the owner
of the vessel or other property in danger?
4. What duty do the owner and master of the vessel or owner of other
property owe to the salvor?
5. What kinds of salvage are there?
6. If a vessel is in danger, are you as master of a nearby ship, under any
obligation to save the vessel itself?
7. Your ship, a bulk carrier, receives a call for assistance from a vessel which
has suffered a major engine breakdown in mid-Atlantic. What would be
your considerations as master before offering a tow?
8. What is the well known principle on which Lloyd’s Open Form (LOF) 1995
is based?
9. What are the benefits of using LOF 1995?
10. What is meant by a “place of safety”?
11. What factors would you consider when deciding on what is, or is not, a
place of safety?
12. What records would you keep surrounding a breakdown and tow?
13. What information would you record during a re-floating operation?
14. What statement of expenditure should you draw up following a refloating
incident?
15. What are the criteria laid down in the International Salvage Convention for
fixing a salvage reward?
16. What is the SCOPIC Clause?
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Charterparties TUTORIALS
1. What are the shipowner’s usual basic obligations under a voyage
charterparty?
2. What are the charterer’s usual basic obligations under a voyage
charterparty?
3. Under a voyage charter, which party is responsible for the ship’s running
costs and voyage costs?
4. You have joined a ship as a master and learn she is on a voyage
charterparty. What information in the charterparty would want to read?
5. Define the following terms wrt to a voyage charterparty:
.1 Laydays
.2 Cancelling date
.3 Clause paramount
.4 Arrived ship
.5 Demurrage
.6 Damage for detention
.7 Despatch
6. What three conditions must be met before laytime can commence?
7. What is notice of readiness? When and how is notice of readiness
tendered? Who should it be tendered to?
8. What is a time charter?
9. How long may the hire period be under a time charter?
10. If the time charterers hire a vessel for one voyage, why don’t the use a
voyage charter?
11. Under a time charter what are owners usually responsible for?
12. Under a time charter what are charterers usually responsible for?
13. What is hire or charter hire?
14. What details about the vessel will a time charterer normally want to see in
the charterparty?
Why do charterers place so much importance on voyage performance records?
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