Contents

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1.1 CROSS-TOPIC REVIEW EXERCISE 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

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1.2 FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS 2 PRACTICE EXAM-STYLE PAPER . . 10
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Chapter 1

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1.1 CROSS-TOPIC REVIEW EXERCISE 4 a de
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1

Solution
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2 The matrix P has eigenvector e with corresponding eigenvalue λ, and the matrix

Q also has eigenvector e with corresponding eigenvalue µ.

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a Find the corresponding eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the matrices P + Q and PQ.
â ì
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−1 4 6

The matrix A is given as 0 2 1 .

0 0 5

b State the eigenvalues, and find the eigenvectors of the matrix A.

The matrix B = A + 2I.

c Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrices A + B and AB.

2
Problem Solving Cambridge IB AI HL Author

Solution

a Since the matrix P has eigenvalue λ and corresponding eigenvector e, we have Pe = λe.

Similarly, Qe = µe.

For P + Q, we have (P + Q)e = Pe + Qe = λe + µe = (λ + µ)e.

Thus, P + Q has the eigenvalue λ + µ and corresponding eigenvector e.

For PQ, we have PQe = P(Qe) = P(µe) = µ(Pe) = µ(λe) = (λµ)e.

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Thus, PQ has the eigenvalue λµ and corresponding eigenvector e.

b Since the matrix A is upper triangular, the eigenvalues are the diagonal entries.

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Hence, λ = −1, 2, 5.
â ìâ ì â ì
−1 4 6 a x x

From Ax = λx, =λ .
Ac
0 2 1 y y

0 0 5 z z

−1x + 4y + 6z = −1x
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From λ = −1: 2y + z = −1y , from which z = 0 and y = 0.

5z = −1z
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â ì
1

So when λ = −1, an eigenvector is 0 .

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−1x + 4y + 6z = 2x

From λ = 2: 2y + z = 2y , from which z = 0 and 3x = 4y .

5z = 2z
â ì
4

So when λ = 2, an eigenvector is 3 .

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−1x + 4y + 6z = 5x
11
From λ = 5: 2y + z = 5y , from which z = 3y and 6x = 22y . Then, x = 3 y .

5z = 5z
â ì
11

So when λ = 5, an eigenvector is 3 .

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c We are given B = A + 2I.

For A + B = A + (A +
â 2I) ì
= 2Aâ
+ 2I.ì
Theâ
eigenvalues
ì are 2λ + 2, which are 0, 6, and 12.

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1 4 11

Eigenvectors remain 0 , 3 , 3 .

0 0
a 9
Ac
For AB = A(A + 2I) = A2 + 2A. The eigenvalues are λ2 + 2λ, which are −1, 8, and 35.

Eigenvectors remain the same.

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dy 1
a If y = cosh−1 (2x − 3), show that = .
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dx 2(x − 1)(x − 2)
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d2 y
b Given that e x+2y = xy + 1 passes through (0, 0), find the value of at that point.
dx 2

Solution

Solution

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Solution

d2 y dy 493 dy 181
6 Given that 2
− 5 + 4y = x 2 + e −2x has initial conditions y = , =
dx dx 288 dx 72
when x = 0, find the particular solution.

Solution

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Ö è
33 24

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7 The matrix A = is such that B2 = A. Using diagonalisation, or
48 57

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otherwise, find a matrix B that satisfies the condition above.

a33 − λ 24
Solution Let det(A − λI) = 0, so = 0.
48 57 − λ
Ac
2
Hence, (33 − λ)(57 − λ) − 1152 = 0, or λ − 90λ + 729 = 0.

Solving: λ = 81,Ö
9. èÖ è Ö è
33 24 x x
From Ax = λx, =λ .
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48 57 y y

33x + 24y = 81x

From λ = 81: , from which 48x = 24y , or y = 2x.
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48x + 57y = 81y

Ö è
1
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So when λ = 81, an eigenvector is .

2

33x + 24y = 9x
From λ = 9: , from which 24x = −24y , or y = −x.
48x + 57y = 9y
Ö è
1
So when λ = 9, an eigenvector is .
−1
Ö è Ö è
81 0 1 1
Let D = and P = .
0 9 2 −1

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Then
Ö performing
è row operations on the augmented matrix leads to the matrix P−1 =
1 1
3 3 .
2 −1
3 3 √ √
Since B2 = A, the eigenvalues of B are ± 81 = ±9 and ± 9 = ±3.

• Case 1:
ÖThe è eigenvalues of B are 9, 3.
9 0
Using D = , we have
0 3

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Ö èÖ èÖ è
1 1
1 1 9 0
B = PDP−1 = 3 3
2 −1
2 −1 0 3

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3 3
Ö è
5 2
which works out to be . a
4 7
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• Case 2:
ÖThe eigenvalues
è of B are −9, −3.
−9 0
Using D = , we have
0 −3
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Ö èÖ èÖ è
1 1
1 1 −9 0
B = PDP−1 = 3 3
2 −1
2 −1 0 −3
3 3
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Ö è
−5 −2
which works out to be .
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−4 −7

d2 y
8 Given that x = t 3 + 1, y = t 2 − t, find .
dx 2

Solution

Solution

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10 âFind the eigenvalues

ì and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix A, where
6 4 1

A= −6 −1 3 .

8 8 4
Hence find a non-singular matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that A + A2 + A3 =

PDP−1 .

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6−λ 4 1

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Solution Let det(A − λI) = 0, so −6 −1 − λ 3 = 0.

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8 8 4−λ
Hence (6 − λ)[(−1 − λ)(4 − λ) − 24] − 4[−6(4 − λ) − 24] + 1[−48 − 8(−1 − λ)] = 0, which

simplifies to λ3 − 9λ2 + 6λ + 16 = 0.
a
Ac
Solving: λ = −1,â
2, 8. ìâ ì â ì
6 4 1 x x

From Ax = λx, −6 −1 3 y =λ y .
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8 8 4 z z

6x + 4y + z = −x
9
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From λ = −1: −6x − y + 3z = −y , from which z = 2x and y = − x.

4
8x + 8y + 4z = −z
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â ì
4

So when λ = −1, an eigenvector is −9 .

6x + 4y + z = 2x

From λ = 2: −6x − y + 3z = 2y , from which z = 2x + y and 6x + 5y = 0.

8x + 8y + 4z = 2z

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â ì
5

So when λ = 2, an eigenvector is −6 .

6x + 4y + z = 8x

From λ = 8: −6x − y + 3z = 8y , from which y = 0 and z = 2x.

8x + 8y + 4z = 8z

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â ì

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1

So when λ = 8, an eigenvector is 0 .

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2
Let P be the matrix formed by the eigenvectors:
â a 4 5 1
ì
Ac
P= −9 −6 0 .

8 4 2

The eigenvalues of A + A2 + A3 are found by substituting each λ of A into λ + λ2 + λ3 .

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When λ = −1, the eigenvalue is −1 + (−1)2 + (−1)3 = −1.

When λ = 2, the eigenvalue is 2 + 22 + 23 = 14.

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When λ = 8, the eigenvalue is 8 + 82 + 83 = 584.

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Therefore, the diagonal matrix D is:

â ì
−1 0 0

D= 0 14 0 .

0 0 584

11

Solution

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Solution

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1.2 FURTHER PURE MATHEMATICS 2 PRACTICE EXAM-

STYLE PAPER

Solution

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2

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Solution

a x − 2y + z = 0
Ac
3 A system of linear equations is given as −x + 5y + z = 2

2x − y + az = b

a Write this set of equations as an augmented matrix and, hence, find the matrix in
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row echelon form. Find the values of a and b for each of the following cases.
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b a unique solution

c an infinite number of solutions

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d no solutions

Solution

a Let the augmented matrix be

â ì
.
1 −2 1 .. 0
.
−1 5 1 .. 2
.
2 −1 a .. b

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Apply the row operations r2 → r2 + r1 and r3 → r3 − 2r1 to get the matrix

â ì
..
1 −2 1 . 0
..
0 3 2 . 2
.
0 3 a − 2 .. b

Then apply the row operation r3 → r3 − r2 to get the matrix in row echelon form:
â ì
..

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1 −2 1 . 0
..

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0 3 2 . 2
.
0 0 a − 4 .. b − 2

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The last row states that (a − 4)z = b − 2.
a
b For a unique solution, the coefficient of z must be non-zero, meaning a − 4 ̸= 0.
Ac
Hence, a ̸= 4 and b ∈ R.

c For an infinite number of solutions, we require a − 4 = 0 and b − 2 = 0.

Hence, a = 4 and b = 2.
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d For no solutions, we require a − 4 = 0 and b − 2 ̸= 0.

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Hence, a = 4 and b ̸= 2.
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Solution

Solution

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Solution

Solution

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â ì
2 −3 1

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9 The matrix A is given as A = 0 −1 1 .
a 1 1 0
Ac
a Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix A.

b Given that A = PDP−1 , write down matrices for P and D.

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c Hence, determine a matrix H, where A5 = PHP−1 .

Solution
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2−λ −3 1
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a Let det(A − λI) = 0, so 0 −1 − λ 1 = 0.

1 1 −λ

−1 − λ 1 −3 1
Expanding along the first column, we have (2 − λ) +1 = 0.
1 −λ −1 − λ 1
2 3 2
Hence, (2 − λ)(λ + λ − 1) + (−3 − (−1 − λ)) = 0 or −λ + λ + 4λ − 4 = 0.

This leads to (1 − λ)(λ2 − 4) = 0.

Solving: λ = −2, 1, 2.

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â ìâ ì â ì
2 −3 1 x x

From Ax = λx, 0 −1 1 y =λ y .

1 1 0 z z

2x − 3y + z = −2x

From λ = −2: −y + z = −2y , from which y = −z and x = −z.

y
x + y = −2z
â ì

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1

So when λ = −2, an eigenvector is 1 .

de
−1

2x − 3y + z = x
a
Ac
From λ = 1: −y + z = y , from which z = 2y and x = y .

x +y =z
â ì
1
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So when λ = 1, an eigenvector is 1 .

2
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2x − 3y + z = 2x
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From λ = 2: −y + z = 2y , from which z = 3y and x = 5y .

x + y = 2z
â ì
5

So when λ = 2, an eigenvector is 1 .

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b Let P be the matrix formed by the eigenvectors and D be the diagonal matrix of eigenvalues.
â ì â ì
1 1 5 −2 0 0

P= 1 1 1 and D= 0 1 0

−1 2 3 0 0 2

c Since A = PDP−1 , we have A5 = PD5 P−1 .

Comparing this to A5 = PHP−1 , we deduce that H = D5 .

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The eigenvalues of A5 are found by substituting each λ of A into λ5 :

When λ = −2, the eigenvalue is (−2)5 = −32.

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When λ = 1, the eigenvalue is 15 = 1.

When λ = 2, the eigenvalue is 25 = 32.a

Therefore, the matrix H is:
Ac
â ì
−32 0 0

H= 0 1 0 .
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0 0 32
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