Dimensions And Measurement Unit- 1 11 1.2 Physical Quantity A quantity which can be measured and expressed in form of laws is called a physical quantity. Physical quantity (Q) = Magnitude x Unit =n x u Where, n represents the numerical value and u represents the unit. as the unit(u) changes, the magnitude (n) will also change but product ‘nu’ will remain same. i.e. nu = constant, or mu, = n,u, = constant; Fundamental and Derived Units Any unit of mass, length and time in mechanics is called a fundamental, absolute or base unit. Other units which can be expressed in terms of fundamental units, are called derived units System of units : A complete set of units, both fundamental and derived for all kinds of physical quantities is called system of units. (1) CGS system, (2) MKS system, (3) FPS system. (4) S.L. system : It is known as International system of units, There are seven fundamental quantities in this system. These quantities and their units are given in the following table. Quantity Name of Units Symbol Length Metre m Mass Kilogram kg Time Second s Electric Current Ampere A ‘Temperature Kelvin K Amount of Substance Mole Mol Luminous Intensity Candela CdBesides the above seven fundamental units two supplementary units are also defined - Radian (rad) for plane angle and Steradian (sr) for solid angle. 1.3 Dimensions of a Physical Quantity When a derived quantity is expressed in terms of fundamental quantities, it is written as a product of different powers of the fundamental quantities. The powers to which fundamental quantities must be raised in order to express the given physical quantity are called its dimensions. 1.4 Important Dimensions of Complete Physics Mechanics S.N. Quantity Unit Dimension (1) Velocity or speed (v) mis (M°L'T+] (2) Acceleration (a) m/s? (M°LT~] (3) Momentum (P) kg.m/s [MILT] (4) Impulse (1) Newton/sec or [M!L!T-!] kg. m/s (5) Force (F) Newton [M'L'T2] (©) Pressure (P) Pascal (M'L“"T?] (7) Kinetic energy (E,) Joule (M'L°T2] (8) Power (P) Watt or Joule/s — [M'L?T5] (9) Density (d) kg/m} [MILT] (10) Angular displacement (0) Radian (rad.) [M°L°T°] (11) Angular velocity (@) Radian/sec (M°L°T+!] (12) Angular Acceleration (ct) Radian/sec? (M°L°T2] (13) Moment of inertia (I) kgm? [ML7T°] (14) Torque (x) Newton-meter (ML?T?| (15) Angular momentum (L) Joule sec (ML?T] (16) Force constant or spring constant (k) Newton/m [M!L°T] (17) Gravitational constant (G) N-m*/kg? (M'L?T] mm@» Physics Class Xt)(18) Intensity of gravitational field (E,)__ N/kg (M°L'T~| (19) Gravitational potential (V,) Joule/kg (M°L?T~] (20) Surface tension (T) Nim or Joule/m?— [M'L°T?] (21) Velocity gradient (V,) Second"! [M°L°T-}] (22) Coefficient of viscosity (1) kg/m s (M'L"'T-] (23) Stress Nim? [M'L"T2] (24) Strain No unit [M°L°T°] (25) Modulus of elasticity (E) Nim? (M°L?T?] (26) Poisson Ratio («) No unit [M°L°T?) (27) Time period (T) Second [M°L°T!] (28) Frequency (n) Hz (M°L°T"!] Heat S.N. Quantity Unit Dimension (1) Temperature (T) Kelvin ML'TK!] (2) Heat (Q) Joule [ML?T] (3) Specific Heat (c) Joule/Kg-K [M°L2T?K-"] (4) Thermal capacity Joule/K IM'2T?K-+1] (5) Latent heat (L) Joule/kg [M7] (6) Gas constant (R) Joule/mol-K — [M'L?T~mol-'K~"] (7) Boltzmann constant (k) Joule/K [M'L2T?K-"] (8) Coefficient of thermal Joule/M-s-K — [M'L'T3K-!] conductivity (K) (9) Stefan’s constant (6) Watt/m?-K* [MIL°T3K~+] (10) Wien’s constant (6) Meter K [M°L'T°K!] (11) Planck’s constant (4) Joule s [MT] (12) Coefficient of Linear Kelvin"! [M°L°T°K-] Expansion [pV Dimensions And Measurement 4Q@um(13) Mechanical eq. of Heat (J) Joule/Calorie — [M°L°T°] (14) Vander wall’s constant (a) Newton m* [M'LST?] (15) Vander wall’s consaint (6) m? [M°L?T°] 1.5 Quantities Having Same Dimensions S.N. Dimension Quantity () [MoLT] Frequency, angular frequency, angular velocity, velocity gradient and decay constant Q) [MILT] Work, internal energy, potential energy, kinetic energy, torque, moment of force @) [MILT] Pressure, stress, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity, energy density @ MT y Momentum, impulse (5) [M°L'T?] Acceleration due to gravity, gravitational field intensity (©) [M'L'T?] Thrust, force, weight, energy gradient @ MT} Angular momentum and Planck’s constant @) IML] Surface tension, Surface energy (energy per unit area) (9) [M°L°T] Strain, refractive index, relative density, angle, solid angle, distance gradient, relative permittivity (dielectric constant), relative permeability ete. (10) [M°L?T] Latent heat and gravitational potential (11) [M°L°T?K-] Thermal capacity, gas constant, Boltzmann constant and entropy (12) [M°L°T'} [Link].JR7e. g = acceleration due to gravity, m = mass, k = spring constant (13) [MOLT] LIR LC, RC where L = inductance, R = resistance, C = capacitance (14) [ML?T2] Vv g PRt, RQ Vis av, LP, (@? CV? where I = current, = time q = charge, L = inductance, C = capacitance, R = resistance mm@» Physics Class Xt)1.6 Application of Dimensional Analysis. (1) To find the unit of a physical quantity in a given system of units, (2) To find dimensions of physical constant or coefficients. (3) To convert a physical quantity from one system to the other. (4) To check the dimensional correctness of a given physical relation: This is based on the ‘principle of homogeneity’. According to this principle the dimensions of each term on both sides of an equation must be the same. ( To derive new relations. 1.7 Limitations of Dimensional Analysis. (1) If dimensions are given, physical quantity may not be unique. (2) Numerical constant having no dimensions cannot be deduced by the methods of dimensions (3) The method of dimensions can not be used to derive relations other than product of power functions, For example, s=ut+(l2)a? or y=asinot (4) The method of dimensions cannot be applied to derive formula consist of more than 3 physical quantities. 1.8 Significant Figures Significant figures in the measured value of a physical quantity tell the number of digits in which we have confidence. Larger the number of significant figures obtained in a measurement, greater is the accuracy of the measurement. The reverse is also true. The following rules are observed in counting the number of significant figures in a given measured quantity. (1) All non-zero digits are significant. (2) Azero becomes significant figure if it appears between two non-zero digits. (3) Leading zeros or the zeros placed to the left of the number are never significant. Example : 0.543 has three significant figures. 0.006 has one significant figures. 4 Trailing zeros or the zeros placed to the right of the number are significant. Example : 4.330 has four significant figures. 343.000 has six significant figures. [ff Dimensions And Measurement 7(5) In exponential notation, the numerical portion gives the number of significant figures. Example : 1.32 x 107 has three significant figures. 1.9 Rounding Off (1) If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then the preceding digit is left unchanged. Example : x = 7.82 is rounded off to 7.8, again x = 3.94 rounded off to 3.9, (2) If the digit to be dropped is more than 5, then the preceding digit is raised by one. Example : x = 6.87 is rounded off to 6.9, again x = 12.78 is rounded off to 12.8. (3) If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digits other than zero, then the preceding digit is raised by one Example : x = 16.351 is rounded off to 16.4, again x = 6.758 is rounded off to 6.8. (4) If digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then preceding digit is left unchanged, if it is even. Example : x = 3.250 becomes 3.2 on rounding off, again x = 12.650 becomes 12.6 on rounding off. (5) If digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the preceding digit is raised by one, if it is odd. Example : x = 3.750 is rounded off to 3.8, again x = 16.150 is rounded off to 16.2. 1.10 Significant Figures in Calculation The following two rules should be followed to obtain the proper number of significant figures in any calculation a The result of an addition or subtraction in the number having different precisions should be reported to the same number of decimal places as are present in the number having the least number of decimal places. (2) The answer to a multiplication or division is rounded off to the same number of significant figures as is possessed by the least precise term used in the calculation. mm@a oo Ow1.11 Order of Magnitude Order of magnitude of quantity is the power of 10 required to represent the quantity. For determining this power, the value of the quantity has to be rounded off. While rounding off, we ignore the last digit which is less than 5. Ifthe last digit is 5 or more than five, the preceding digit is increased by one. For example, (1) Speed of light in vacuum = 3 = 108 ms! = 108 m/s (ignoring 3 < 5) (2) Mass of electron = 9.1 * 1073! kg 10° kg (as 9.1 > 5). 1.12 Errors of Measurement. The measured value of a quantity is always somewhat different from its actual value, or true value. This difference in the true value of a quantity is called error of measurement. a Absolute error—Absolute error in the measurement of a physical quantity is the magnitude of the difference between the true value and the measured value of the quantity. Let a physical quantity be measured n times. Let the measured value be G@ +4, +..4, n Usually, a, is taken as the true value of the quantity, if the same is unknown otherwise. 4, dy, @3,...@,. The arithmetic mean of these value is 4, = By definition, absolute errors in the measured values of the quantity are Aa, = 4, = a, Aa, =a, ~ a, Aa, = dy, — ay The absolute errors may be positive in certain cases and negative in certain other cases. Q Mean absolute error—tit is the arithmetic mean of the magnitudes of absolute errors in all the measurements of the quantity. It is represented by Aa. Thus Hence the final result of measurement may be written as a = 4,, + Aa This implies that any measurement of the quantity is likely to lie between [ff Dimensions And Measurement 4@um(a, — 44) and (a, + 44), (3) Relative error or Fractional error—Relative error or Fractional error mean absolute error _ Ba mean value De (4) Percentage error : Percentage error = 4” 100%. 4 1.13 Propagation of Errors (1) Error in sum of tie quantities : Suppose x = a +b Let Aa = absolute error in measurement of a Ab = absolute error in measurement of b Ax = absolute error in calculation of x ie. sum of a and b. The maximum absolute error in x is Ar = + (Aa + Ab) Q Error in difference of the quantities—Suppose x = a — b The maximum absolute error in x is Av = 4 (Aa + Ab) @) Error in product of quantities—Suppose x = a x b Ay The maximum fractional error in x is — x a n of quantities—Suppose x = = @ 7 Error in The maximum fractional error in x is “, Ay The maximum fractional error in x is —= x © The quantity which have maximum power must be measured carefully because it’s contribution to error is maximum. unit I - UNITS & MEASUREMENT 1. A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in vacuum is unity, What is the distance between the sun and the earth in terms of the new unit if light takes 8 min and 20 s to cover this distance. mm@a oo Owyce nam 10. 12. 14, 15. . If x =a + bt + c?, where x is in metre and ¢ in seconds, what is the unit ofc? }. What is the difference between mN, Nm and nm ? }. The radius of atom is of the order of 1A° & radius of Nucleus is of the order of fermi, How many magnitudes higher is the volume of the atom as compared to the volume of nucleus ? . How many kg make | unified atomic mass unit ? Name same physical quantities that have same dimension, . Name the physical quantities that have dimensional formula [ML-'T~] . Give two examples of dimension less variables. . State the number of significant figures in (i) 0.007 m? (ii) 2.64 x 10% kg (iii) 0.2370 g cm (iv) 0.2300m (v) 86400 (vi) 86400 m Given relative error in the measurement of length is .02, what is the percentage error ? . A physical quantity P is related to four observables a, b, ¢ and d as follows : p- we df The percentage errors of measurement in a, b, ¢ and d are 1%, 3%, 4% and 2% respectively. What is the percentage error in the quantity P? A boy recalls the relation for relativistic mass (m) in terms of rest mass (m,) velocity of particle V, but forgets to put the constant c (velocity Mo . . ——s7 correct the equation by putting the of light), He writes m = GT missing ‘c’. . Name the technique used in locating, (a) an under water obstacle (b) position of an aeroplane in space. Deduce dimensional formulae of — (i) Boltzmann’s constant (ii) mechanical equivalent of heat. Give examples of dimensional constants and dimensionless constants. [ff Dimensions And Measurement 4Q@um16. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22, 23. 24. 25. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS) The vernier scale of a travelling microscope has 50 divisions which coincide with 49 main scale divisions. If each main scale division is 0.5 mm. Calculate the minimum inaccuracy in the measurement of distance. . If the unit of force is 100N, unit of length is 10m and unit of time is 100s. What is the unit of Mass in this system of units ? Describe the principle and use of SONAR and RADAR. . State the principle of homogeneity, Test the dimensional homogeneity of equations— 1 (i) saut+ > ap (i) S,=u+ Sen) . In Vander Wall’s gas equation (rt ) (v-b) = RT. Determine the dimensions of a and b. Using dimensions convert (a) | newton into dynes (b) 1 erg into joules. Magnitude of force experienced by an object moving with speed v is given by F = 4. Find dimensions of k. Abook with printing error contains four different formulae for displacement. Choose the correct formula/formulae (a) y=asin = (b) y =a sin vt © y= +(z) a(. 20 Qn pls teoss @ y= Give limitations of dimensional analysis. For determination of “g’ using simple pendulum, measurements of length and time period are required. Error in the measurement of which quantity will have larger effect on the value of ‘g’ thus obtained. What is done to minimise this error? mm@a. ow26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS) Give the name of six Indian Scientists and their discoveries. Name the discoveries made by the following scientists : (a) Faraday (b) Chadwick (©) Hubble (4) Maxwell (ec) Newton (0 Bohr. Name the scientific principle on which the following technology is based. (i) Steam engine (ii) Laser (iii) Aeroplane (iv) Rocket propulsion (v) Radio and T.V. (vi) Production of Ultra high magnetic field. Describe a method for measuring the molecular size of Oleic acid. [3 MARKS] Describe the Parallox Method for the determination of the distance of a nearby star from the earth Deduce the dimensional formula for the following quantities (i) Gravitational constant (ii) Young’s modulus (iii) Coefficient of viscosity. . Define the following units : (i) Light year (ii) Parsee (iii) Astronomical unit (AU) LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS) . Name the four basic forces in nature. Write a brief note of each. Hence compare their strengths and ranges. 34, Distinguish between the terms precision and accuracy of a measurement. 35. Explain (i) absolute error (ii) mean absolute error (iii) relative error (iv) percentage error (v) random error [ff Dimensions And Measurement 4@um36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44, 45. 46. 47. NUMERICALS Determine the number of light years in one metre. The sides of a rectangle are (10.5 + 0.2) cm and (5.2 + 0.1) cm. Calculate its perimeter with error limits. The mass of a box measured by a grocer’s balance is 2.3 kg. Two gold pieces 20.15 g and 20.17 g are added to the box. (i) What is the total mass of the box ? (ii) The difference in masses of the pieces to correct significant figures. 5.74 g of a substance occupies 1.2 cm’. Express its density to correct significant figures. If displacement of a body s = (200 + 5) m and time taken by it ¢= (20 + 0.2) s, then find the percentage error in the calculation of velocity. Ifthe error in measurement of mass of a body be 3% and in the measurement of velocity be 2%. What will be maximum possible error in calculation of kinetic energy. The length of a rod as measured in an experiment was found to be 2.48m, 2.46m, 2.49m, 2.50m and 2.48m. Find the average length, absolute error and percentage error. Express the result with error limit. A physical quantity is measured as Q = (2.1 + 0.5) units. Calculate the percentage error in (1) Q? (2) 2Q. When the planet Jupiter is at a distance of 824.7 million km from the earth, its angular diameter is measured to be 35.72" of arc. Calculate diameter of Jupiter. A laser light beamed at the moon takes 2.56s and to retumn after reflection at the moon’s surface. What will be the radius of lunar orbit. Convert (i) 3 ms? to km he? (ii) G = 6.67 x 107 N m2 kg? to em} g s? A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals 4.2 J where LJ = 1 kg ms, Suppose we employ a system of units in which unit of mass is « kg, unit of length is m, unit of time ys. What will be magnitude of calorie in terms of this new system. a48. 49. 50. 51. 52. The escape velocity v of a body depends on— (i) the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ of the planet, (ii) the radius R of the planet. Establish dimensionally the relation for the escape velocity. The frequency of vibration of a string depends of on, (i) tension in the string (ii) mass per unit length of string, (iii) vibrating length of the string. Establish dimensionally the relation for frequency. One mole of an ideal gas at STP occupies 22.4 L. What is the ratio of molar volume to atomic volume of a mole of hydrogen? Why is the ratio so large. Take radius of hydrogen molecule to be 1°A. Derive an expression for the centripetal force F acting on a particle of mass m moving with velocity v in a circle of radius r: The error in the measurement of radius of a sphere is 2%. What would be the error in : (a) Volume of sphere (b) Surface area of sphere [Dimensions And Measurement .@umSOLUTIONS 1. Speed of light in vacuum, ¢ = I new unit of length s“! 1=8 min, 20 sec, = 500 s x= ct = 1 new unit of length s“! x 500s x = 500 new unit of length 2. The unit of left hand side is metre so the units of c/* should also be metre. Since ? has unit of s?, so the unit of c is m/s?. 3. mN means milli newton, 1 mN = 10 N, Nm means Newton meter, nm. means nano meter. Vy, Ano ?my _ Vindas — 4010 my a 10"12. 13. 5. Lu = 1.66 x 1027 kg Work, energy and torque. . Stress, pressure, modulus of elasticity. . Strain, refractive index. . (IL, (ii) 3, (iii) 4, (iv) 4, (v) 3, (vi) 5 since it comes from a measurement the last two zeros become significant, }. 2%. « Relative error in P is given by AP _ Aa, Ab 1 Ac Ad = +244 P a bo 2e ad So, percentage error AP 100 = 3(S2s100} + 2{ 100} { 28100)» 82100 P b 2c d a 1 = (3 x 1%) + (2 x 3%) + (>) + (1x 2%) = 13% Rounded off value of P = 3.8. Since quantities of similar nature can only be added or subtracted, cannot be subtracted from 1 but v*/c? can be subtracted from 1 (a) SONAR -> Sound Navigation and Ranging. (b) RADAR -> Radio Detection and Ranging. . (i) Boltzmann Constant : ape Heat gy MET peek] Temperature . [Work MET? (i) U) Heat | MT? ~ Mb?" . Dimensional Constants : Gravitational constant, plank’s constant. Dimensionless Constants : 7, e. [ff Dimensions And Measurement 4@um16. 17, 20. 22. 23. Minimum inaccuracy = Vernier constant 1 MSD ~1 VS.D =1MSD— 7 MSD 50 1 = 50 (0.5 mm) = 0.01 mm [F] = [MLT?] __IFL oon} [My = (LI[T?] [10m)[100sy? 10%kg. . (i) Dimension of L.H.S. = [s] = [M°L'T°] Dimension of R.H.S. = [uf] + [ar] (LIT) + [M°L'T?.7?] = [M°L'T°] as Dimensions of L.H.S. = Dimensions of R.H.S. ~. The equation to dimensionally homogeneous. (ii) $, = Distance travelled in n'® sec that is (S, - S,_,) S,-ux 1+ S2n-) Qe nny + ery ir) = (Lr) L.H.S. = R.H.S. Hence this is dimensionally correct. Since dimensionally similar quantities can only be added a 2 “i hi [P] = [@|>ta-ev-mecr | [b] = [V] = [L*]. iKJ- {F]_MUT?*_ M'LT? [V) (LT?P Mr? ‘The argument of sine and cosine function must be dimensionless so (a) is the probable correct formula. Since (a) y=asin (2). a =| = [T°] is dimensionless. (bl) »=assin vt, ¥ [vf] = [L] is dimensional so this equation is incorrect. [M'L*] mm@a oo Ow36. 39. 40. 41. . t t (©) y= 4si (4). [| is dimensional so this is incorrect. a a a) y=" {sin2 +0052}. though 2™ a Jess & does not @ y= F[sin= T_ |: Though —~ dimensionless + does not have dimensions of displacement so this is also incorrect. (NUMERICAL) 1 ly = 9.46 x 10° m = = 1.087 x 10-16 Iy P=2 (I +6) +2 (Al+ Ab) = 2(10.5 + 5.2) + 2(0.2 + 0.1) = (1.4 + 0.6) em. lm . (i) Mass of box = 2.3 kg Mass of gold pieces = 20.15 + 20.17 = 40.32 g = 0.04032 kg. Total mass = 2.3 + 0.04032 = 2.34032 kg 2.3 kg (as least decimal) In correct significant figure mass (ii) Difference in mass of gold pieces = 0.02 g In correct significant figure (2 significant fig. minimum decimal) will be 0.02 g. Density = MOSS _=5-74 4 ae 36/om! ensity Volume 12 *783a/em Here least significant figure is 2, so density = 4.8 g/cm’. . . 5 Percentage error in measurement of displacement = ——x100 0.2 Percentage error in measurement of time = Poe ~. Maximum permissible error = 2.5 + 1 = 3.5% 1 KE, = 5m" : Bea ar Be Bon Mon +e[ han bom ye ms v -. Percentage error in K.E. = 3% + 2 x 2% = 7% [ff Dimensions And Measurement 4@um42. Average length 2.48 +2.46+249+2.50+248 12.41 2.43 5 5 ‘8m, Mean absolute error 0.00 + 0.02+0.014+0.02+0.00 0.05 = Tg = 0.013m Percentage error = = 0.40% Correct length= (2.48 + 0.01)m OO} 100% = 0.04 x 100% Sag * 100% = 0.04 x 100% 248 Correct length= (2.48m + 0.40%) 43. P=@ Ap 240 _ 495 \_19 _ 9 a7 p Q 21) 21 a x 100% = 47.6% = 48% R=2Q AR _AQ_, 05 RO 72a 7 0238 AR ou * 100% = 24% 44. 0 = 35.72" 1" = 4.85 * 10° radian = 35,72" = 35.72 * 4.85 10-6 rad. d = DQ = 824.7 x 35.72 x 4.85 x 10% = 1.4287 x 10° km 45. t=2.56s ©. £= time taken by laser beam to go to the moon = 5 distance between earth and moon 2.56 =d=cx = 3 * 108 x a=5 b=1-a=1-4e4 22 v=k Jer [ff Dimensions And Measurement 4@um49. no FT? me, [I] = M°L!T® [T] = M! L! T? (force) [M] = M'L+ T° [M° LT!) = [MLE Tye (M! LET] [M! b=! Toye b+e=0 a+b-c=0 1 2b=-1> bas 50. 1 A°= 10m Atomic volume of | mole of hydrogen = Avagadros number x volume of hydrogen molecule 23, 4 10, 3 = 6.023 * 10 x 5 x mx (10 m) = 25.2 x 107 m Molar volume = 22.4 L = 22.4 x 10° m3 Molar volume _ 22.4x107 Atomic volume 25.2x10" This ratio is large because actual size of gas molecule is negligible in comparison to the inter molecular separation. = 0.89 x 10% = 104 51. F x m* oc yb e F=k mv (MLT~] = [M]* (LT? [L]e (M] [L] [T] = [MJ* (Ly [Th eeComparing powers of m, L and T asl bre = 1 -2=—b b=-1 b=2 2 rok r 4 ps (a) v=—a7R () 3 AV AR Wrp=3nI%=6% (o) A=4aR? BAAR 6, My, ox 2% = 4% A A [ff Dimensions And Measurement 4@um(M.C.Q.) PHYSICAL WORLD & MEASUREMENT Which of the following is not the unit of distance? (a) Light year (b) Astronomical Unit (c) Parsee (@) Millisecond The dimensional formula for @ in the relation y = A Sin at is @) ([M°L°T] () (MeL? T*] (©) (ML°T] @) (MeL! Ty Dimensional formula for curie is @ [MLT] ) [MeL] © IMLeTy @ (MILT Which of the following pairs of physical quantities docs not have same dimensional formula. (a) Work and torque (b) Angular momentum and Planck's constant (c) Tension and surface tension (4) Impulse and linear momentum Ifmomentum (p), Arca (A) and time (7) are takes as fundamental quantities, then energy has the dimensional formula : (a) [pA*T*] (b) [pA*T'] © [PAT] @ [patT] Out of 4.0 and 4.00, which is more accurate? (a) 4.0 (b) 4.00 (c) Both are equally accurate. (d) Nothing can be said The speed (v) of sound in a gas is given by v = k PX py Where K is dimensionless constant, P is pressure, and P is the density, then (a x=%y=% (b) x=-%,y=—-% @ x=-Ay=% If percentage errors in the measurement of mass and volume of an object are 2% and 3% respectively, then the percentage error in the measurement of the density of the object is : (a) 1% (b) 0.66% (c) 5% @) 6% [ff Dimensions And Measurement 4@um © x=’yil 14. Given that J dx V2ax-x? Where a is a constant. Using dimensional analysis the value of n is (a) 1 (b) =I ©) 0 (d)_ None of the above bt XA = a" sin!) — a In the standard equation Sy. =u+FQnt) what dimensions do you view for S,u, (a) [MeL Te] (b) [M° LT] (c) [M°LT] qd) [M°LeT!] Given force = cay what are dimensions of ot, B ? (a) ML2T2, ML"3 () MeLET?, MIBLA ()) MPL? 7? MI3 Lt @ ML?T?,ML The dimensions of intensity are (@) [L°MT*] (bo) [L'M?T?] (@ [LMT] @ [LMT] The dimensions of light year is @ T () LT (c) L (d) T! The time dependence of a physical quantity P is given by P = Po exp.(-ait?), where © is a constant and t is time, The constant © is (a) dimensionless (b) _ has dimensions T2 (c) has dimensions of P (d) _ has dimensions T? Two quantities A and B have different dimensions. Which mathematical operation may be physically meaningful. (a) AB (b) ANB () AB @ A=B Which one of the following pair of quantities has the same dimension? (a) force and work done (b) momentum and impulse (©) pressure and force (d) surface tension an force mm@a oe Ow17. A cube has a side of length 1.2x10~ m. Calculate its volume. (a) 1.7 x10 m? (b) 1.73 x10 m? (c) 1.0 x10 m? (d) 1.732 x10 m3 18. The equation of state for a real gas is given by iG + 3) (v—b)=RT v the dimensions of constant a are (a) [ML°T? (b) [M'LST?] (©) [MLST*] @ [MLT*] 19. The number of significant figures in 30.00 m are (—) 1 (b) 2 ( 3 @ 4 20. Which of the following measurements is most precise? (a) 5.00 m (b) 5.00 km (c) 5.00 em @ 5.00 mm Answer Key : .@ 20 3© 40 5 @ 6 ) Zz © & © %@ 102© © 12 @ 13.) 14) 15. @) «16. (&) 17. @~—s18. @) 19. (@) 20. @) HINTS AND EXPLANATIONS : 2. wt = Angle = dimensionless m 1 so dimension of @ = > =[M° L°T] 3. curie = unit of radioactivity _ dN _ Number dt time =[T!] or [M°L°T"] [ff Dimensions And Measurement 4@um4, Surface tension and Tension have different dimension Tension = Force = [MLT~] Force Tength Surface tension = (MT?] 5. Energy = Force x Length _change in momentum x Jaa =[p A" A“ ‘ime 7. v=kP* py [M° LT] = [ML" T2 [M Lap O=x+y,1=-x-3y,-1=-2x y= x= =% 3, A2x100=42x 100+ AY 100= 2% +3% =5% ™ v No dimension 1 =a" Possible for n= 0 11. Dimension of 4’ = dimension of density Solve, B=[M'°L"] ot density o.= Forcex density =[MLT?*ML7] =(M*L? T?] Force energy area x time . |] =[MT*] = [ML°T?] mm@a oo Ow 12. Intensity =13. 14. 16. 17. 18. 20. Light year = distance = L @ ? = constant Momentum and Impulse have some dimension = [M L T-'] Volume = (side)? = (1.2107) =1.728%10% =1.7x10%m" Dimension of a = PV? =[ML'T? L']=[ML T7] 5.00 mm is most precise because it have least count. seer [Dimensions And Measurement .@um