DOST is an acronym for the Department of

Science and Technology, the Philippine

government's executive department
responsible for coordinating and
formulating policies and projects related to
science and tech nology for national
development. It provides leadership in S&T
activities and ensures that scientif ic and
technological ef fo rts contribute to the
country 's economic and social
6. A "tubig program" refers to various initiatives
in the Philippines aimed at improving water
access, quality, and management, such as
Manila Water's Tubig Para sa Barangay (TPSB),
which connects poor communities to legal
water lines, and the DOST's TUBIG Program
(Tubig ay Buhayin at Ingatan), a research
program focusing on water security and climate
resilience, or the Department of the Interior
and Local Government's Salintubig Program,
designed to provide water supply to waterless
municipalities.
[ R E p U B L I C A C T N o. 1 0 0 5 5 A N A C T
PROVIDING THE FRAMEWORK AND
SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR THE OWNERSHIP,
M A N A G E M E N T, U S E , A N D
COMMERCIALIZATION OF INTEILECTUAL
PROPERTY GENERATED FROM RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT FUNDED BY
GOVERNMENT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
RA 2067, the "Science Act of 1958," is a Philippine law that
integrated and intensif ied scientif ic and technological
research and development. It created the National
Science Development Board (NSDB) and fostered the
creation of private scientif ic foundations, providing tax
exemptions for contributions to them. The law also
facilitated the tax-free importation of scientif ic
equipment and established the National Research
Councill of the Philippines (NRCP) as an of ficial science
advisor to the government.
Republic Act No. 1055 is a Philippine law, enacted on
June 12, 1954, that transferred the powers, duties, and
fu n c t i on s related to t h e li cen si n g of forei g n
corporations, and the registration of domestic
corporations and associations from the Bureau of
Commerce to the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC). The Act also authorized the SEC to enforce laws
af fecting such entities and directed the transfer of
related records, personnel, and appropriations from the
Bureau of Commerce to the SEC
Republic Act No. 2067 is also known as the
Science Act of 1958. This landmark Philippine law
aims to integrate, coordinate, and intensify
scientif ic and technological research and
development, foster invention, and provide
funding for these endeavors to promote national
progress. The act established entities like the
National Science Development Board (NSDB) to
oversee these e orts.
PCASTRD stands for the Philippine Council for Advanced
Science and Technology Research and Development, a
former sectoral planning council of the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST) established in 1987. Its
mission was to develop and coordinate the nation's
a d v a n c e d S &T r e s e a r c h s y s t e m , i n c l u d i n g
nanotechnology, through policy formulation, funding,
project monitoring, and resource generation. PCASTRD
no longer exists as a separate entity, as it was
consolidated into the Philippine Council for Industry,
Energy and Emerging Technology Research and
Development (PCIEERD) in 2010
In the Philippines, NCRP stands for the National
Re s e a rch Co uncil of the P hil ippine s . This
government agency, attached to the Department
of Science and Technology (DOST), is mandated
to promote basic research, provide advisory
services on national issues, foster local and
international scientif ic collaboration, and
advocate for the advancement of science and
technology for the country's development
Science and technology profoundly impact society by
transforming communication, transportation, and
medicine, leading to increased productivity, economic
g row t h , an d im proved qu ali t y of life t h rou g h
advancements like vaccines and renewable energy.
However, this progress comes with downsides,
including environmental damage such as global
warming, resource depletion, and the spread of
misinformation. Additionally, new technologies raise
ethical concerns about privacy, bias in AI, and security
threats, creating both opportunities and challenges for
humanity's future.
A co n s eq u en ce o f ci v i l i zat i o n i s
technology. Karl Marx argued that
technology is a necessary but not
s u f fic i e n t c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e
development of social relationships,
mental conceptions, and attitudes
Human f lourishing is the realization of one's potential
and a state of well-being, with science and technology
both contributing to and challenging it. While S&T can
enhance human capabilities, solve problems, and lead to
greater comfort and productivity, it also presents risks.
Critical engagement with technology is needed to
ensure it serves human f lourishing rather than enslaving
humanity to its own particular framing of reality,
ultimately requiring a reevaluation of what constitutes a
good life beyond purely technological advancement.
As a theory of value, hedonism states that all and
only pleasure is intrinsically valuable and all and
only pain is intrinsically not valuable. Hedonists
usually def in e pleasure and pain broadly, such
that both physical and mental phenomena are
included.
Hedonism is often associated with negative
consequences and long-term drawbacks. While
indulging in immediate pleasures and seeking
instant gratification may seem appealing at first, it
often leads to a lack of self-discipline and self-
control.
Eudaimonistic refers to the philosophical
concept of eudaimonia, which emphasizes
human f lourishing, well-being, and a life of
purpose and meaning through personal
growth and living virtuously, rather than just
f leeting happiness. It involves realizing one's
full potential and aligning actions with
personal values to achieve deep, lasting
fulfillment.
Science and technology (S&T) progress involves the
continuous development and improvement of tools,
tec h n iqu es, an d u n derst an din g, leadin g to
advancements in various aspects of life, including
health, communication, transportation, and economic
growth. Key drivers of S&T progress are research and
development, which facilitate the invention of new
technologies and the enhancement of existing ones.
This leads to increased productivity, improved living
standards, new industries, and better solutions to
societal challenges, though it also presents new
ethical and societal considerations that must be
carefully managed.
This interdisciplinary field examines how Science,
Technology, and Society (STS) ethics is the study
of the moral principles, values, and societal
i m p a c t s o f s c i e n t i f ic a n d te c h n o l o g i ca l
advancements. social values influence innovation
and, in turn, how new technologies a ect society.
Key ethical considerations include research
integrity, human well-being, data privacy,
environmental sustainability, and accountability
for technological failures or harms.
Ethics refers to external standards for right conduct
within a community or profession, while morality
refers to internal, personal beliefs about right and
wrong that guide individual actions. While often used
interchangeably, ethics are societal or professional
codes, whereas morals are personal convictions
influenced by culture, family, and experience. The key
distinction is that ethics are typically prescribed and
practical, like professional conduct codes, while
morals are more subjective and ideological, reflecting
an individual's sense of good vs. bad.
Subjective information is based on personal
opinions, feelings, and experiences, while
objective information is based on verif iable
facts and is not influenced by personal bias.
Subjective statements are true from an
individual's perspective but can dif fe r
between people, wh ereas objective
statements remain true regardless of who
perceives them.
Subjective
Based on: Opinions, emotions, preferences,
and personal experiences.
Characteristics: Varies from person to person.
Example: "That movie was boring".
Mnemonic: The "s" in subjective can relate to
the self
Objective
Based on: Facts, evidence, and verifiable data.
Characteristics: Unbiased and independent of
personal views.
Core Concepts

Interconnectedness:
Science, technology, and society are in constant interaction,
with each influencing the others.

Social Context:
The development and application of science and technology are
shaped by societal, political, and cultural values.

Ethical Principles:
Core ethical principles like honesty, accountability, fairness, and
respect for individuals and societies guide responsible scientif ic
and technological practice.
Key Ethical Issues

Human Well-being:
Considering how new technologies impact physical and mental
health, such as the potential for addiction or isolation from
devices.

Data Privacy and Security:

Protecting user data from misuse, as seen in cases like the
Facebook-Cambridge Analytica incident.

Sustainability:
Evaluating the long-term environmental impact of technological
advancements and promoting sustainable practices.
Accountability:
Determining responsibility for harm caused by
technology, whether it's a robot, an AI system,
or a manufacturing company, as highlighted by
the Volkswagen emissions scandal.
Social Inequality:
Exa mining how new te chno lo gie s may
exacerbate or alleviate existing social and
economic disparities.
The Volkswagen emissions scandal, sometimes
known as Dieselgate or Emissionsgate, began
in September 2015, when the United States
Environmental Protection Agency issued a
notice of violation of the Clean Air Act to
German automaker Volkswagen Group.
On September 18th, 2015, the EPA announced
that the German automaker Volkswagen had
allegedly installed an illegal software, on some
o f i t s d i e s e l mo d e l s , th a t wa s a b l e to
manipulate, during a test, the amount of
emissions produced.
On June 28, 2016, Volkswagen entered into a
multi-billion dollar settlement to partially
resolve alleged Clean Air Act violations
based on the sale of 2.0 liter diesel engines
that were equipped with software designed
to cheat on federal emissions tests, known
as “defeat devices.” The settlement was
formally entered....
Oliver Schmidt
(born January 9, 1969) is a German engineer
and former senior executive for Volkswagen
in Germany and the United States . In
December 2017, Schmidt was sentenced to
84 months (7 years) in federal prison for his
role in the Volkswagen emissions scandal.
Examples of Ethical Dilemmas
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robotics:
Addressing ethical questions surrounding autonomous
systems, potential job displacement, and algorithmic
bias.
Biotechnology:
Debating the ethical boundaries of genetic engineering
and other life sciences.
Digital Communications:
Navigating the ethical complexities of online content,
cyberbullying, and misinformation.
Why STS Ethics Matters?
Responsible Innovation:
Fosters innovation that benef it s society
while minimizing potential harms.
Informed Decision-Making:
Equips individuals and policymakers with
the analytical skills to understand and
address the complex social implications of
new technologies.
Promotes the development of a more just,
equitable, and sustainable future by aligning
technological advancements with human
values.
(An equ it able an d su st ain able fu tu re m erges
environmental stewardship with social justice, ensuring
resources and opportunities are shared fairly across all
generations and demographics. It requires reversing
climate change and inequality simultaneously, often
guided by the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),
fostering resilient communities, and promoting inclusive,
long-term economic growth).
What is ethics in science, technology, and society?
Ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide
scientif ic research to ensure integrity, honesty, and respect for
the welfare of individuals and societies. The development and
use of technology in science and other f ields require ethical
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .

What is the main idea of science, technology, and society?

Science, Technology and Society (STS) is an interdisciplinary
f ield that studies: The conditions under which the production,
distribution and utilization of scientif ic knowledge and
technological systems occur. The consequences of these
activities upon di erent groups of people.
What are ethics and values in STS?
Ethics and values in science, technology, and society
involve applying moral principles to guide responsible
research, development, and the use of technology for
the benef it of humanity and the environment, while
balancing innovation with societal needs, safety, and
individual rights like privacy and fairness.
Key values include integrity, accountability, sustainability,
equity, and respect for human well-being, ensuring that
progress serves society ethically and does not cause
undue harm.
Key Ethical Principles in Science and Technology
Integrity:
Honesty and transparency in scientif ic research, data
collection, and reporting.
Accountability:
Taking responsibility for the outcomes of research and
technological development.
Fairness:
Ensuring that benef it s and burdens are distributed
equitably and that technology does not worsen societal
inequalities.
Human Well-being:
Prioritizing the safety, health, and welfare of individuals
and communities.
Sustainability:
Considering the long-term environmental and societal
impacts of technological innovations.
Privacy & Confidentiality:
Protecting personal information and respecting
individual au tonomy in the context of data and
surveillance technologies.
The Interplay Between Science, Technology, and
Society
Balancing Progress and Risk:
Innovation can bring great benef it s, but ethical
frameworks are necessary to manage risks and
potential harm.
Social Impact:
Science and technology influence and are influenced by
the social ethics and values of a society, sometimes
challenging traditional beliefs and sometimes
reinforcing them.
Responsible Innovation:
Technology developers and scientists have a
re s p o n s i b i l i ty to co n s i de r th e s o c i e ta l
implications of their work and to foster trust
and transparency..
Practical Applications
Biotechnology:
Addresses ethical dilemmas in genetic engineering and
cloning, ensuring respect for life and human dignity.
Digital Age:
Navigates issues like data privacy on social media, the
potential for surveillance, and the digital divide, striving for
equity and access to digital tools.
Environmental Stewardship:
Promotes ethical responsibilities toward the environment,
encouraging sustainable development and addressing the
impacts of deforestation for technological advancement.
Why is ethics important in science and
technology?
Science ethics: In science, ethical principles,
especially honesty and integrity, should guide
all stages of scientific practice—including data
collection, peer review, publishing, and
replication of findings—to assure that scientific
knowledge is unbiased and trustworthy.
What is an example of ethics in
society?
Ethics, for example, refers to those
standards that impose the reasonable
obligations to refrain from rape,
stealing, murder, assault, slander, and
fraud. Ethical standards also include
those that enjoin virtues of honesty,
compassion, and loyalty.
Why STS ethics is important?
Studying STS ethics is critical because the rapid pace of
innovation often ou tpaces the ethical and legal
frameworks governing it.
•Promotes responsible innovation: It encourages
developers, companies, and policymakers to think
critically about the societal implications of new
technologies from the outset, rather than addressing
problems after the fact.
•Informs policy: It provides a framework for
creating regulations and policies that govern
n e w te c h n o l o gi e s a n d a d d re s s e t h i ca l
challenges e ectively.
Builds public trust: By adhering to ethical
guidelines, the scientific and technological
communities maintain credibility with the
public, which is essential for ensuring that
innovations serve the common good.
Science and technology (S&T) progress
involves the continuous development
and improvement of tools, techniques,
and understanding, leading to
advancements in various aspects of life,
including health, communication,
transportation, and economic growth.
Key drivers of S&T progress are research
and development, which facilitate the
invention of new technologies and the
enhancement of existing ones. This leads
to increased productivity, improved living
standards, new industries, and better
solutions to societal challenges, though it
also presents new ethical and societal
considerations that must be carefully
managed.
Key Aspects of S&T Progress
Innovation & Di usion:
Progress involves the invention of new technologies
through research and development, followed by their
improvement, and widespread adoption across industries
and society.
Productivity & Economic Growth:
Technological advancements increase the ef ficiency of
production factors, leading to expanded economic
activities and the growth of new industries, such as the
electrical, chemical, and information technology sectors.
Improved Quality of Life:
S&T progress has signif icantly improved human
well-being by providing medical breakthroughs
like antibiotics and advanced diagnostics,
increasing convenience, and expanding lifestyle
and entertainment options.
Nation Building & Development:
Advances in S&T contribute to a nation's
progress by strengthening education through
new tools, improving communication networks,
developing trans por tation sys tems , and
boosting agricultural output.
Examples of Progress
Medicine:
Inventions such as X-rays, ventilators, and antibiotics
have dramatically improved healthcare outcomes and
saved human lives.
Information Technology (IT):
The IT revolution, driven by semiconductors, has led to
widespread use of personal computers, the internet, and
mobile devices, transforming information access and
communication.
Renewable Energy:
Modern technological advancements include
the development of solar, wind, and tidal
energy, of fe ring alternatives to traditional
energy sources.
Challenges and Considerations

Bridging Gaps:
There is often a signif ic ant gap between the research and
development stage and the commercialization of new
technologies.

Ethical Dilemmas:
The rapid advancement of technologies, such as AI, raises
concerns about their potential misuse, requiring careful
consideration of intentions and applications.
Inequality:
Despite global progress, signif icant disparities exist in access
to technology and education, particularly within STEM f ields,
leading to social and economic gaps.
Emerging Challenges and Ethical Considerations
:
While S&T progress brings significant benefits, it
also introduces new risks and ethical dilemmas
that require careful management:
•Ethical Dilemmas: Major concerns include data
privacy and security, the ethical use of artif icial
intelligence (AI ), and the implications of
biotechnology and genetic engineering.
•Inequality and the Digital Divide: Rapid
technological changes can worsen disparities
between the global North and South, as well
as between di erent social groups, creating a
"digital divide".
•Job Displacement: Automation and AI pose
ris ks to traditional labor markets ,
necessitating workforce re-skilling.
•E nv i ro n m e nt a l I m p a c t : W h i l e s o m e
technologies provide solutions, others
contribute to pol lution a nd res ource
depletion, requiring a focus on sustainable,
green innovation.
Re s po ns i ble i nnov a t i o n, pa i re d w i t h
proactive, ethical, and inclusive policies, is
essential to ensure that technological
advancements benefit society as a whole.
Progress in Science and technology have seen
continuous, interconnected progress since the
Industrial Revolution, signif icantly improving human
life, health, communication, and prosperity through
advances in f ields like medicine, electronics, and AI.
Technology provides new tools for scientif ic discovery,
which in turn fuels the invention of new technologies.
Key historical and recent examples include the
invention of antibiotics and X-rays, the development of
com pu ters an d t h e i n tern et , an d t h e ri se of
smartphones and artif icial intelligence, transforming
daily life and connecting billions worldwide.
Interconnected Nature of Science and Technology
Technology enables science:
New scientif ic discoveries are often facilitated by
the development of new technologies.
Science drives technology:
Scientif ic knowledge, in turn, often leads to the
ref in ement of existing technologies or the
invention of entirely new ones.
Impacts and Benefits of Progress
Improved Health and Lifespan:
Medical advancements like antibiotics, X-rays, and blood
transfusions have saved lives and increased life expectancy.

Increased Convenience and Quality of Life:

Automation of tasks has reduced manual labor, and new
technologies o er entertainment and convenience.

Enhanced Connectivity:
The internet, smartphones, and other communication
technologies have connected people across the globe,
increasing access to education and information.
Economic Growth:
New industries, such as electrical, chemical,
and information technology, have driven
economic expansion.
Social Progress:
Scientif ic and technological progress has
been a foundation for broader social
progress, influencing various aspects of life.
Key Areas of Advancement

Medicine and Biotechnology:

Development of life-saving medical devices and techniques.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT):
The revolution brought about by semiconductors, the internet,
and mobile phones.

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

The ability of AI to solve complex problems by analyzing large
data sets and identifying patterns humans might miss.

Energy and Materials:

Continued advancements in energy production and the creation
of new physical materials.