THE 8th

REGIONAL COURSE
ON UNESCO
GLOBAL GEOPARK
THEME :
GEOPARK
NETWORKING AND VISIBILITY

25th - 28th JULY 2025

Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark
 THE 8th
REGIONAL COURSE
ON UNESCO
GLOBAL GEOPARK
THEME :
GEOPARK
NETWORKING AND VISIBILITY
 THE 8th
REGIONAL COURSE ON UNESCO
GLOBAL GEOPARK
THEME :
GEOPARK NETWORKING AND VISIBILITY

Malaysian
National Commission

APGN
GLOBAL ASIAPACIFIC
GEOPARK GEOPARKS
NETWORK NETWORK
FOREWORD PROGRAM BOOK
THE 8TH REGIONAL COURSE ON UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK 2025
25 – 28 JULY 2025 | LANGKAWI UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

It is with great pleasure and honour that I welcome

all distinguished speakers, participants, and
delegates to the 8th Regional Course on UNESCO
Global Geoparks (RGC2025), hosted in the heart of
Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark.

This year’s theme, “Geopark Networking and

Visibility,” reflects our collective aspiration to
strengthen the ties that bind the global geopark
community, while also elevating the visibility of
geoparks through inclusive outreach, effective
communication, and shared best practices.

Langkawi, as the first UNESCO Global Geopark in

Southeast Asia, continues to uphold the values of
conservation, education, and sustainable
development in alignment with UNESCO’s vision.
Through this course, we aim to provide a platform
for knowledge sharing, capacity building, and
professional networking that transcends borders.
We are also proud to hold this course in conjunction with The 6th Geotourism Festival &
International Conference (Geofest 2025) with Indonesian Geoparks Network, offering
participants a unique opportunity to engage directly with local communities, geoproduct
and local custodians who represent the true spirit of our geopark.

I would like to extend our sincere appreciation to the Global Geoparks Network (GGN),
Asia Pacific Geoparks Network (APGN), and the UNESCO Global Geoparks Council for
their continued guidance and presence. To all participants—whether seasoned geopark
professionals or new aspirants—we hope this course will inspire you to deepen your
commitment to the geopark mission in your respective regions.

Together, let us reinforce our shared commitment to nurturing networks, empowering

communities, and sustaining the Earth’s geological and cultural heritage for future
generations.

Welcome to Langkawi. Selamat datang.

Datuk Seri Haji Iskandar Datuk Haji Mohd. Kaus
Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Langkawi Development Authority (LADA)

2
 SPEAKER INFORMATION

Dr. Nikolaos K. Zouros is a Professor in Physical

Geography, Geomorphology, Geotectonics, and
Geodynamics at the Department of Geography, Aegean
University. Elected Vice President of the Board of
Trustees of the University of the Aegean (2012 - 2017),
and the Director of the Natural History Museum of
Lesvos Petrified Forest since its foundation in 1995,
with main duties regarding protection, research and
promotion of the Petrified Forest of Lesvos, a National
Natural Monument. He is the Coordinator of the Lesvos
Island UGGp, and one of the founders of the European
Prof Dr Nikolaos Zouros, Geoparks Network in 2000 and elected Coordinator
President Global Geoparks since 2003. He has organised many international
Network conferences, meetings, and workshops on Geoparks.
Director Lesvos UNESCO Since 2004, he has worked closely with UNESCO to
Global Geopark promote and develop the Geopark concept in Europe,
and increasingly, in other parts of the world as a
member of the Global Geoparks Bureau. He has
evaluated Geoparks in many countries. He is the
President of the Global Geoparks Network Executive
Board (since 2014). He was coordinator and researcher
in a series of research projects on seismic hazard in the
Aegean islands and on neotectonic studies in Greece
and abroad. He is the author of more than 100 scientific
articles in international journals and conference
proceedings. Many of his publications focus on
geoparks, earthquake geology, neotectonics and
geohazard awareness raising. He is author of 20 books
on Geoparks, Geo-conservation and Geo-tourism. He
is the editor of the European Geoparks magazine and
co–editor of the European Geoparks book. He is a
member of the Central Council of Antiquities in the
Greek Ministry of Culture and the Seismotectonic
Commission of the Earthquake Planning and Protection
Organization (EPPO) of Greece.

3
 SPEAKER INFORMATION

Prof. Setsuya Nakada, Emeritus Professor at the

University of Tokyo, is a renowned geologist and volca-
nologist with decades of experience researching active
volcanoes in Japan, the Northern Mariana Islands, and
Indonesia. He focuses his scientific work on forecasting
volcanic eruptions and reducing disaster risk in volcanic
regions, contributing significantly to hazard prepared-
ness and mitigation strategies.

He began his involvement in the geopark movement in

2008 and has since played a pivotal role in integrating
Prof Dr Setsuya Nakada, geoscience and community-based heritage conserva-
President Global Geopark tion. In 2012, he chaired the steering committee for the
Council fifth International UNESCO Conference on Geoparks,
Director-General, which was held in Shimabara, Japan. Since 2011, he
Center for Integrated has served as a UNESCO Global Geopark evaluator,
Volcano Research, completing 15 evaluation and revalidation missions
National Research Institute worldwide.
for Earth Science and
Disaster Resilience (NIED) Prof. Nakada currently chairs the Japan Geopark Com-
mittee, which coordinates and oversees geopark devel-
opment at the national level. Additionally, he chairs the
Advisory Committee of the Global Geoparks Network
(GGN), providing strategic recommendations to
strengthen global geopark governance. From 2024 to
2026, he serves as the chair of the UNESCO Global
Geoparks Council.

From 2016 to 2025, he participated in GGN Executive

Board meetings as the Advisory Committee chair and
contributed to the network’s operational guidance and
management. Prof. Nakada's work exemplifies the vital
connection between geoscience, risk reduction, and
sustainable development within geopark frameworks
worldwide.

4
 SPEAKER INFORMATION

Prof. Xiaochi Jin is a distinguished geologist and senior

researcher at the Institute of Geology, Chinese
Academy of Geological Sciences. He holds a
Bachelor’s degree from Nanjing University (1982), a
Master’s degree from the Chinese Academy of
Geological Sciences (1985), and a Doctorate from the
University of Cologne, Germany (1994).

His academic research focuses on the evolution of the

Tethys Ocean and the accretion of Asia, employing
multidisciplinary approaches including stratigraphy,
Prof. Xiaochi Jin sedimentology, paleobiogeography, and regional
Vice President, geology. Prof. Jin has led and participated in numerous
Global Geoparks Network national and international research projects funded by
(GGN) the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the
Coordinator, Asia Pacific Ministry of Science and Technology, and the China
Geoparks Network (APGN) Geological Survey.
Professor, Institute of Geology,
Chinese Academy of Prof. Jin’s involvement in geoparks began in 2000 with
Geological Sciences the establishment of the first Global Geoparks in China.
As an expert in the Chinese Geoparks Network, he has
provided continuous technical support, guidance, and
policy advice to numerous UNESCO Global Geoparks
in China
.
Prof. Jin is also a senior evaluator of UNESCO Global
Geoparks and a regular lecturer for the International
Intensive Courses on UNESCO Global Geoparks held
in Lesvos (Greece) and Beijing (China), contributing to
global geopark capacity building and knowledge
exchange.

5
 SPEAKER INFORMATION

Prof. Emeritus Dato’ Dr. Ibrahim Komoo is the

Chairman of the the Board of Directors for Universiti
Putra Malaysia; Chairman of the Council Chairman of
the Public University Board of Directors; Chairman of
the National Heritage Council; Chairman, Environment
and Sustainability Cluster, the Malaysian Professor
Academy; former Director of the Institute for
Environment and Development (LESTARI), UKM and
currently Founder/CEO of Geopark and Geotourism
Creative Solutions Sdn Bhd (GGCS). As an academic in
UKM since 1979, he has pioneered and advanced the
Prof. Emeritus Dato' fields of Engineering Geology, Heritage Conservation
Dr. Ibrahim Komoo and Sustainability Science. His works on geoheritage
Vice President, conservation began in 1996 when he created
Global Geopark Network Geological Heritage Group of Malaysia, which is the
(GGN) pioneer in geoheritage mapping, leading to geopark
Advisor, Langkawi UNESCO development in this region. He also held various
Global Geopark positions in universities, such as the Head Department
of Geology; Founder Director of SEADPRI-UKM;
Deputy Vice Chancellor UKM (Research and
Innovation); and the Vice Chancellor of Universiti
Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). In the context of the
advancement of Geoheritage Conservation and
Geoparks, he was appointed as Bureau, Global
Geoparks Network (GGN); Founder Coordinator, Asia
Pacific Geoparks Network (APGN); Founder UNESCO
Global Geoparks Council and IUCN World Heritage
Panel; and is currently Vice Coordinator for APGN; Vice
President of GGN; UNESCO International Geopark
Experts Group; Member of Scientific Committee of
UNESCO Earth Network; member of the Global
Geopark Network Working Group on Geohazards; and
Advisor for Langkawi UGGp.

6
 SPEAKER INFORMATION

Dato’ Dr Mokhtar Saidin is a distinguished figure in

archaeology, prehistory, and geotourism, with a wealth
of experience and expertise across various
international platforms. His commitment to advancing
scientific knowledge is evident through his roles as a
Scientific Editor for Lithic Studies in the United Kingdom
and as a member of the South Korea Prehistory
Association Executive Committee (Suyanggae). He
also serves as the Chief-Editor of "Melayu: Dunia
Antarabangsa Dunia Melayu" at the Dewan Bahasa
dan Pustaka (DBP). Dato’ Mokhtar Saidin serves as the
Scientific Director of Geopark & Geotourism Creative
Dato’ Dr Mokhtar Saidin Solution, where he applies his expertise to develop
Scientific Director of Geopark innovative approaches for promoting geoparks and
& Geotourism Creative geotourism initiatives worldwide. Dato’ Mokhtar Saidin’s
impact within the cultural and heritage sectors is further
Solution
reflected in his positions as a Board Member of the
Penang and Perak Museums. He was the former
Chairman of the National Geopark Committee, and still
an active member. His contributions extend to advisory
roles for Lenggong Geopark and Penang Archaeology.

Norzaini Azman is a Professor of Higher Education at

the Centre for Policy and Leadership, Faculty of
Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM).
She is also an Associate Research Fellow at the
Geopark Research Centre, of the Institute for
Environment and Development (LESTARI), UKM. She
is the Deputy Director General of Higher Education
(Academic and Development) at the Department of
Higher Education, Ministry of Higher Education,
Malaysia since Jan 2023. Norzaini served as the
President of the Malaysian Society for Research and
Higher Education Policy Development (PenDaPaT) for
Prof. Dato’ Dr. Norzaini three terms (Jan 2017–Jan 2023). She is also a fellow
Azman of Academy of Professors, Malaysia; and a Governance
Professor Higher Education Board Member of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and
University College Yayasan Pahang (UCYP). Norzaini
Universiti Kebangsaan
has conducted various research projects and published
Malaysia scholarly papers on geopark development in areas,
such as public education, community livelihood, and
geotourism. She has been actively involved in geopark
development globally, and has visited more than 30
UNESCO Global Geoparks. In the Asian region, she is
actively involved in the development of geopark through
dossier writing, expert advice and consultancy,
scientific advisory committee and capacity building
activities.
7
 SPEAKER INFORMATION

Mohamad Farid Zaini, aged 44, was born in Bandung,

West Java-Indonesia. He is a dedicated leader in the
field of geoparks development, graduating from IPMI
International Business School in 2012 and currently
pursuing his PhD study in University Kebangsaan
Malaysia for his research topics about geopark
governance. Currently serving as the Chairman of the
Indonesian Geoparks Network, Farid facilitates
collaboration among 24 geoparks nationwide. From
2020 until 2025, he brought his expertise to the role of
General Manager at the Rinjani-Lombok UNESCO
Mr Farid Zaini, Global Geopark Management Unit, overseeing the
Coordinator Indonesian integrated development and management of geopark
Global Geoparks Network areas in West Nusa Tenggara. Additionally, Farid
serves as the member of National Geoparks Verification
Team and an Advisory Committee member of the
Global Geopark Network, contributing extensively to the
global network's initiatives, including his role as the
member of new GGN Working Group of Geoparks as
Therapeutic Landscapes. He also contributes to
academia as a lecturer and heads the Innovation and
Business Incubator Centre at Hamzanwadi University in
East Lombok. Over the past five years, he has tirelessly
worked with stakeholders to promote geoparks
development in Indonesia, emphasizing community
empowerment and environmental conservation. Farid's
multifaceted roles and passion for geoparks
development and networking make him a valuable
asset to the field, driving forward initiatives that prioritize
both regional competitiveness and environmental
stewardship.

8
 SPEAKER INFORMATION

Norhayati Ahmad is a Professor in the Department of

Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia since 2014. She now holds the administration
post in the Geopark Research Centre, Institute for
Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) as the Head since Jan
2024. She served as Deputy Director in Development
and Strategy of the Natural and Physical Laboratory
Management Centre-UKM in 2023. She is a fellow of
the Academy of Professors Malaysia, under the
Prof. Dr. Norhayati Ahmad Environment and Sustainability working group. Her field
Head of Geopark Research of research is zoology, herpetology, conservation
Centre, biology, geopark development, and geotourism. She
Universiti Kebangsaan has been involved in national committees on geopark
Malaysia development as a member of the Malaysian National
Geopark Implementation Committee and the
Acceleration Committee for Malaysian UNESCO Global
Geoparks. She was also involved in 10 ad-hoc scientific
and conservation committees during the preparation for
dossier application and development for Malaysian
national geopark assessments. She is part of the
pioneer team that established Langkawi as a national
geopark towards obtaining the UGGp status, and has
been actively involved in all four revalidation mission in
2011. 2015, 2019, and 2023. She is currently a member
of the scientific and conservation committee for
Langkawi UGGp since 2007, and now as the chairman
starting 1 March 2024 until 31 Dec 2028. She has been
involved in the pre-evaluation missions of several
aspiring UGGps in Indonesia, including Toba, Batur,
Belitong, Rinjani-Lombok, and Raja Ampat; as well as in
Satun and Khorat in Thailand. She is a member of the
Global Geopark Network Working Group on
Geodiversity and Biodiversity.

9
 SPEAKER INFORMATION

Dr. Azmil Munif Mohd Bukhari is the Tourism Manager

of Langkawi Development Authority (LADA) and also
the head of Langkawi UGGp, the first geopark in
Southeast Asia. Currently, he sits in the Advisory
Committee of Asia Pacific Geoparks Network (APGN)
and Global Geoparks Network (GGN). He is also an
assessor for UNESCO Global Geopark’s evaluation
mission. He is the Chair of Malaysia Geopark Network
(MGN) and a member of National Geoparks
Implementation Committee. He is associate fellow
researcher at the Geopark Research Centre of Insitute
Dr. Azmil Munif Mohd Environment and Development. He graduated with a
Bukhari, Bachelor of Arts in Travel & Tourism from Western
Manager Langkawi UNESCO Michigan University USA, obtained his MBA from
Global Geopark Universiti Utara Malaysia and a PhD from Universiti
Coordinator Malaysian Global Sains Malaysia. His fields of expertise are island
Geoparks Network destination management, geotourism, innovation of
tourism entrepreneur, and geopark community
development. Prior to his involvement in geopark, he
worked with The Datai Resort Langkawi, Ministry of
Tourism, Malaysia (Tourism Action Council), a board
member of Royal Langkawi Yacht Club, Telaga Harbour
Marina and Panorama Langkawi. At present, he is a
board member of Langsura Geopark Sdn. Bhd. LADA is
the premier agency focused on developing and
promoting Langkawi domestically and internationally.
This special set up of LADA under the Ministry of
Finance has catapulted the island to be more
strategically concentrated in terms of sustainability and
geotourism product offerings. He was part of the team
in successfully recovering the island’s economy from
pandemic COVID-19 with travel bubble initiative.
Langkawi UGGp achieved 2.8 million visitors with
RM6.4 billion tourism receipt in 2023.

10
 SCHEDULE PROGRAM

DAY 1, 25 JULY 2025, FRIDAY VENUE

Participant Arrival Langkawi International Airport/Jetty
Kuah
1400-1800
Participant Registration Aloft Hotel Langkawi

1800-2100 Ice Breaking Party Aloft Hotel Langkawi

DAY 2, 26 JULY 2025, SATURDAY

8.00-10.30 am Participant Registration Aloft Hotel, Langkawi
8.00-9.00 am Coffee & Networking
9.00-10.00 Governance and Management Prof Dato’ Dr Emeritus Ibrahim
Plan Komoo
10.00-1200 Enhancing Geopark Visibility at Facilitator: Prof Dato’ Dr Emeritus
Local, National and Global Ibrahim Komoo and Dr Azmil Munif
Level/Recognition
12.00-1.00 Networking and Visibility Prof Dr Setsuya Nakada
towards becoming UGGp –
1.00-2.00 LUNCH
2.00 - 3.30 pm Developing Geotourism and Facilitator: Prof Dr Norhayati
Geoproducts Ahmad and Prof Dato' Dr Norzaini
Azman
3.30-4.00 Coffee Break & Networking
4-5pm Current Development and Prof Dr Nikolaos Zouros
Challenges of UNESCO Global
Geoparks
DAY 3, 27 JULY 2025, SUNDAY
8.00-9.00 am Coffee Break & Networking
9.00-10.00 Integrated Conservation and Prof Dr Norhayati Ahmad
Sustainable Use of Heritage
Sites -
10.00-1200 Networking for Geoparks Facilitator Prof Dato’ Dr Mokthar
Resilience and Sustainability: Saidin & Mr Farid Zaini
12.00-1.00 Strengthening Networking Prof Dr Jin Xiaochi
within APGN-UGGp
1.00-2.00 LUNCH
2.00 - 3.30 pm Roles and Involvement of Facilitator: Prof Dato' Dr Norzaini
Community and business Azman & Dr Azmil Munif
partners in Geopark
Development
3.30-4.00 Coffee Break & Networking
4.00-5.30 Forum: Sharing experience in Sharing by Participants. You may
networking and visibility prepare ppt, video

11
 SCHEDULE PROGRAM

Dinner RCG 2025 & LITE 2025 Senja @Ombak Villa

OFFICIAL DINNER @ Senja, Ombak Villa

Dress Code: Traditional Attire/ Smart Casual
7pm -10.30 pm 7.30 pm Arrival of Invitees and Participants
8.10 malam Arrival of CEO LADA
8.30 malam Arrival of YB Deputy Ministry of Finance
8.35 malam Welcome Remarks by Emcee
Doa Recitation
Opening Gambit
Opening Speech by CEO of LADA
Opening Speech by Chair of the UNESCO Global
Geoparks Council/ Course Director
Officiating Speech by Deputy Ministry of Finance
Dinner
Cultural Performance
10.30 malam End of Dinner
DAY 4, 28 JULY 2025, MONDAY
FIELDWORK RGC 2025
Dress Code: Outdoor attire and good walking shoe
ROUTE 1 ROUTE 2
Machinchang/Kilim Dayang Bunting/Tuba
Kilim Karst Geoforest Dayang Bunting Marble
Park Geoforest Park
o Langkawi Geopark o Tasik Dayang Bunting
Discovery Centre
8 am - 6pm o Gua Kelawar Tuba Geotourism Trail
o Eagle Watching o Marine Research Station
o Kilim Pinnacle UiTM (MARES)
o Fish Farm o Tuba Sill
Langkawi Craft Complex o Bukit Kechil Geosite
Langkawi Research o Geopark Ocean Trail
Centre o Leko Show
Machinchang Cambrian
Geoforest Park
o Langkawi SkyCab
o Eagle Nest
o Oriental Village
6 pm - 8 pm Dinner & Certicate Giving Ceremony
@ Rumah Makan Jebat
 SCHEDULE PROGRAM

Official Dinner Itinerary, 27 July 2025, MONDAY

7.30 pm Arrival of Invitees and Participants
8.10 malam Arrival of CEO LADA
8.30 malam Arrival of YB Deputy Ministry of Finance
8.35 malam Welcome Remarks by Emcee
Doa Recitation
Opening Gambit
Opening Speech by CEO of LADA
Opening Speech by Chair of the UNESCO Global
Geoparks Council
Officiating Speech by Deputy Ministry of Finance
Dinner
Cultural Performance
10.30 malam End of Dinner

13
1. SESSION TOPIC
The course will discuss important topics, including:
Current Development and Challenges of UNESCO Global Geoparks: This session
provides an overview of the latest trends, achievements, and ongoing challenges in
the development of UNESCO Global Geoparks. It offers participants a global
perspective on policy, management, and innovation within geopark networks.

Networking and Visibility towards becoming UGGp: Designed for aspiring geoparks,
this lecture explores strategic networking and visibility efforts needed during the
application and pre-assessment phase. It includes tips on building connections,
branding, and community engagement to gain global recognition.

Strengthening Networking within APGN-UGGp: This session highlights the role and
opportunities provided by the Asia Pacific Geoparks Network (APGN) in strengthening
collaboration, capacity building, and collective visibility among its members through
joint programs and peer support.

Enhancing Geopark Visibility at Local, National and Global Level/Recognition:

Participants will learn effective strategies to enhance a geopark’s visibility through
targeted outreach, partnerships, branding, and storytelling at different governance
and audience levels — from community-based campaigns to international media
exposure.

Networking for Geoparks Resilience and Sustainability: This session explores how
strong partnerships and cross-sector networking contribute to geopark resilience,
especially in times of crisis. It discusses building sustainable models through
knowledge sharing and resource mobilization.

Governance and Management Plan: A comprehensive look into geopark governance

models, including institutional frameworks, roles of stakeholders, and components of
an effective management plan aligned with UNESCO guidelines.

Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Use of Heritage Sites: This lecture

emphasizes the balance between conservation and sustainable use of natural and
cultural heritage. It shares best practices for protecting geosites while enabling
educational, tourism, and economic activities.

Roles and Involvement of Community and business partners in Geopark

Development: This session focuses on grassroots involvement and the importance of
empowering local communities and business partners to co-own geopark initiatives. It
includes success stories and collaboration models.

Developing Geotourism and Geoproducts: This interactive session explores

innovations in geotourism and geoproduct development. It highlights how these
components strengthen local economies and geopark identity.

Forum Networking and visibility of My Geopark (sharing session): Representatives

from various geoparks will share case studies, lessons learned, and creative
initiatives that boosted their networking capacity and visibility within the geopark
14
community and beyond.
1. SESSION TOPIC
The course will discuss important topics, including:
Current Development and Challenges of UNESCO Global Geoparks: This session
provides an overview of the latest trends, achievements, and ongoing challenges in
the development of UNESCO Global Geoparks. It offers participants a global
perspective on policy, management, and innovation within geopark networks.

Networking and Visibility towards becoming UGGp: Designed for aspiring geoparks,
this lecture explores strategic networking and visibility efforts needed during the
application and pre-assessment phase. It includes tips on building connections,
branding, and community engagement to gain global recognition.

Strengthening Networking within APGN-UGGp: This session highlights the role and
opportunities provided by the Asia Pacific Geoparks Network (APGN) in strengthening
collaboration, capacity building, and collective visibility among its members through
joint programs and peer support.

Enhancing Geopark Visibility at Local, National and Global Level/Recognition:

Participants will learn effective strategies to enhance a geopark’s visibility through
targeted outreach, partnerships, branding, and storytelling at different governance
and audience levels — from community-based campaigns to international media
exposure.

Networking for Geoparks Resilience and Sustainability: This session explores how
strong partnerships and cross-sector networking contribute to geopark resilience,
especially in times of crisis. It discusses building sustainable models through
knowledge sharing and resource mobilization.

Governance and Management Plan: A comprehensive look into geopark governance

models, including institutional frameworks, roles of stakeholders, and components of
an effective management plan aligned with UNESCO guidelines.

Integrated Conservation and Sustainable Use of Heritage Sites: This lecture

emphasizes the balance between conservation and sustainable use of natural and
cultural heritage. It shares best practices for protecting geosites while enabling
educational, tourism, and economic activities.

Roles and Involvement of Community and business partners in Geopark

Development: This session focuses on grassroots involvement and the importance of
empowering local communities and business partners to co-own geopark initiatives. It
includes success stories and collaboration models.

Developing Geotourism and Geoproducts: This interactive session explores

innovations in geotourism and geoproduct development. It highlights how these
components strengthen local economies and geopark identity.

Forum Networking and visibility of My Geopark (sharing session): Representatives

from various geoparks will share case studies, lessons learned, and creative
initiatives that boosted their networking capacity and visibility within the geopark
community and beyond.
16
INTRODUCTION

The island of Langkawi is an exotic holiday destination that offers world-class

accommodation and amenities sitting side by side with idyllic beaches, ancient rainforests
and quaint villages. Langkawi, part of the State of Kedah, was named after the eagle
(helang in the Malay language - pronounced 'Lang'), hence the imposing eagle statue at
Dataran Lang (Eagle Square), greets visitors as they arrive on the island via the Kuah
Jetty. Langkawi is an archipelago of 99 tropical islands off the north-western coast of
Peninsular Malaysia. The main island is Pulau Langkawi. The archipelago has some of
the world's most pristine rainforests, limestone and karst formations, caves with stunning
stalactites and stalagmites, and among the world's most beautiful beaches, washed by
clear emerald waters teeming with marine life.

The Langkawi geodiversity are found at various natural and man-made exposures in
various parts of the islands. Rocky coasts and peaks, caves and waterfalls are the best
and most common natural exposures found in Langkawi Islands. Some important
exposures have been classified as geoheritage sites, containing one or more types of
geodiversity.

GENERAL INFORMATION OF LANGKAWI UNESCO GLOBAL GEOPARK

The establishment of Langkawi UGGp by the Kedah State Government, Malaysia in May
2006, and endorsed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) under the Global Geoparks Network (GGN) in June 2007,
marked an important milestone both in the pursuit of geoheritage conservation as well as
the enhancement of nature’s ecstatic tourism potential.
Machinchang Kilim Karst
Cambrian Geoforest Park
Geoforest Park

Dayang Bunting Marble

Geoforest Park

Langkawi UGGp map 17

MANAGEMENT OF CONSERVATION AREAS

Conservation in Langkawi Global Geopark can be divided into several conservation

areas, mostly adapted from the pre-existing forest reserves. There are three conservation
areas that contribute much to geoheritage conservation efforts named as Geoforest
Parks, the term introduced for the first time in Langkawi during the establishment of
Langkawi Geopark. They are Machinchang Cambrian Geoforest Park, Kilim Karst
Geoforest Park and Dayang Bunting Marble Geoforest Park, named after geological
significance of these special conservation areas. As a matter of fact, most of geoheritage
resources and geosites in Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark (Langkawi UGGp) are
incorporated within these three geoforest parks.
Langkawi UGGp’s Geoforest Parks are managed by the Forestry Department of Kedah.
It is the provision of the geoforest park to allow popularisation of science to enhance
education, recreation and tourism that are related to science, especially geological
sciences. To facilitate activities related to geoscience and geotourism, several basic
infrastructures have been developed by the local council and Langkawi Development
Authority (LADA). These infrastructures include management site office, infocentre,
information kiosks, information panels, direction signboards and warning signboards,
souvenir shops, food outlets, utility shops, jetty points, tarmac road, walking trails, cable
car, viewing platforms, etc., especially at the entrances of these three geoforest parks.
The management of Langkawi UGGp has given responsibilities to different categories of
geopark stakeholders to manage different types of geoforest parks. This includes the
empowerment of local communities to manage the natural heritage themselves, hence to
educate and enhance their sense of belonging to these invaluable natural heritage.

MACHINCHANG CAMBRIAN GEOFOREST PARK

Machinchang Cambrian Geoforest Park is an area covering the Machinchang Permanent

Forest Reserve in the northwest of Langkawi. The rock layers here represent the oldest
sedimentary rock formation in Southeast Asia, known as the Machinchang Formation
aged Cambrian Period (550-505 million years). These rock layers also form the mountain
range of Machinchang, which is famous for the legend of Mat Chinchang and Mat Raya,
giants that once roamed this land.
Machinchang Formation, as a whole, comprises deltaic and shallow marine deposits.
Toward the top of the formation, however, the depositional environment gradually became
deeper prior to the deposition of the Setul Formation (490–370 million years ago). The
latter overlies the Machinchang Formation conformably. The Setul Formation is
dominated by shallow marine carbonate. Both the Machinchang and Setul Formations
were intruded by the late Triassic (220–210 million years ago) by Sawar Granite, which
transformed them into quartzite and marble, respectively. Apart from being selectively
metamorphosed, the Machinchang rocks have also undergone various degrees of
deformation, most conspicuously, the brittle type of deformation. Despite its very old age,
the Machinchang’s hard, clean sandstone shows strong resistance against tropical
chemical weathering. As a result of prolonged erosion, the sandstone produced
outstanding landscapes with crested ridges, spurs, deep narrow gorges, valleys, steep
cliffs, waterfalls, and seascapes with sea fountains, sea cliffs, sea scarps, headlands, sea
caves, and remnant islands. These breathtaking landscapes have given the unique
Machinchang Cambrian Geoforest Park a class of its own, the one and only sandstone
geoforest park in the country.

18
MYTHS & LEGENDS

The interesting fable that lies behind the two imposing mountains of Gunung Raya and
Gunung Machinchang tells much of Langkawi's story. These two mountains were
believed to be giants named Mat Chinchang and Mat Raya who ruled long ago. Much to
Mat Chinchang's displeasure, Mat Raya's son married his daughter. A misunderstanding
happened on the wedding day, which led into a fight. Pots and pans were thrown around
as if an earthquake had struck the island. The place where a big pot of gravy overturned
is now known as Kuah (gravy), the Langkawi capital; pots are broken at Belanga Pechah
(broken pots); a container of hot water tipped over at Ayer Hangat Village; the wedding
ring was thrown to Tanjung Chinchin (ring headland). Tired of the prolonged dispute, Mat
Sawar decided to intervene. Eventually, the two giants and their neighbour were
transformed into mountains. Today, Gunung Machinchang and Gunung Raya stand facing
each other. As if separating the two, Bukit Sawar (Sawar Hill) lies in the middle.
The major attraction of the Machinchang Cambrian Geoforest Park is the viewpoint
located at the peak of Machinchang (Machinchang Peak Geosite) where visitors can have
a 360-degree view of Langkawi Islands and Tarutao Island, one of the geosites of Satun
UNESCO Global Geopark.
To reduce the impact on the environment, a 700-m-high cable car was built from the Cable
Car Complex at its base, which is located at the Oriental Village. Visitors can enjoy the
natural beauty of Langkawi while riding a cable car to Machinchang’s peak. Included at
the Oriental Village complex are two information centres, i.e., the Langkawi Geopark
Information Centre managed by LADA. The building of the Langkawi Cable Car was
completed in mid 2002.
Langkawi Cable Car was initially managed by the Langkawi Cable Car Pte. Ltd. right after
its inauguration in 2002. The management was taken over by Panorama Langkawi Sdn.
Bhd (PLSB), a wholly owned subsidiary of Syarikat Prasarana Negara Berhad in January
2003. In the last 10 years the management task includes the upkeep of the property in
terms of revenue collection, financial monitoring, maintenance, marketing, human
resource, security and safety of the area. Although the company had been bought over
from Prasarana Negara Berhad by LADA in 2012, the task of managing Langkawi Cable
Car was still given to PLSB.

Dream Fest Langkawi

KILIM KARST GEOFOREST PARK

The rocks at Kilim Karst Geoforest Park (KKGP) are Ordovician to Devonian limestone
(~500–345 million years old). The uniqueness of this area lies in the diversity of the karst
landscape and landforms as a result of surface and underground dissolution and wave
erosion of limestone.
The park is bordered by several villages along the Kuah–Padang Lalang Road, including
Kampung Kilim, which is the most populated village. The entrance to the Park is located
at Sungai (=River) Kilim, where various infrastructure, including shop lots, jettys and
parking spaces are provided. Kilim Jetty is managed by the local community since 2000
through the Fishermen Economy Group or KEN, and operated mostly for fishing vessels.
Since Langkawi became a geopark, the activities had started to diversify to include
full-time tour operators. After the inauguration of Langkawi UGGp, tourism activities have
overtaken fishing, hence, LADA upgraded the jetty and surrounding facility. Today, the
association that originally handled fishery at Sungai Kilim is now a fully registered
organisation since 2010, known as the Cooperative of Kilim Village Community Langkawi
Limited, with high returns on its annual income.
This community management approach has been viewed as highly significant to the
aspiration of the UGGp in developing geosites and geotourism for the socioeconomics
and wellbeing of the local community. The management tasks include offering tour
packages for the geotrails, producing local souvenirs and products; observing the safety
and cleanliness of sites; and monitoring the boats that provide services along the river.
In 2006, before the recognition as a geopark, this area received 62,000 tourists yearly.
Most of the tourists were foreigners and the visits were arranged by local tourist guides.
The number of tourist arrivals in 2007 significantly increased to 78,145 and 114,665 in
2008. In 2018, the number of tourist arrivals to this area reached 400,000.

Floating restaurants lined one of the channels of Sungai Kilim

20
DAYANG BUNTING MARBLE GEOFOREST PARK

Dayang Bunting Marble Geoforest Park is located in the remote Dayang Bunting Island,
representing Chuping Formation limestone of Permian (290-250 million years). The
limestone was partly transformed into marble due to granite intrusion during the Late
Triassic Period (220-200 million years). Dissolution and erosion processes on the
limestone and marble have shaped the outstanding tropical island karst landscape today.
Many endemic plants grow on vertical limestone cliffs, such as Maxburretia gracilis,
Madhuca calcicola and Justicia robinsonii. Dayang Bunting Lake is Malaysia's largest
doline lake, which inspired many myths and legends of Mambang Sari and Mat Teja.
Since the main geotourism attraction is the lake, the management unit of this large
geoforest park is located near the Tasik Dayang Bunting, the only area open to the public
since 1980’s. Most of the basic facilities, such as signboards, walkway, bathing pool and
gazebos were provided by the Tourism Malaysia and LADA, while the basic utilities
include toilets and changing rooms. In August 2014, LADA Eco-Tourism Sdn. Bhd., a
wholly owned subsidiary of LADA took over the management of this park area. This
management body looks after the management of the facilities, maintenance, marketing,
human resource, and ensure safety as well as security of the area.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING

Langkawi Archipelago was part of a larger tectonic unit called the Sibumasu (or
Shan-Thai) Block. Evidences from sedimentological and palaeontological data showed
that this block, and Langkawi Islands in particular, was originally attached to the ancient
Gondwana Supercontinent during most of the Palaeozoic Era. As Gondwanaland
underwent a period of Ice Age during the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian, its
peripheral ocean was also severely affected. This was proven by the abundance of glacial
marine diamictite (meltwater-flow deposits) and the fossilised presence of cold-water
fauna in Langkawi Islands and other parts of Sibumasu.
The geological evolution of Langkawi Islands and the formation of Peninsular Malaysia
were much related to the evolutionary episodes of the ancient Tethys Ocean, involving the
opening and the closure of several parts of it. During the Early Permian, the Sibumasu
Block broke away from Gondwana and rifted continuously northward approaching the
equator following the opening and expansion of the Meso-Tethys Ocean. This block
eventually collided with the East Malaya–Indochina Block to form the Southeast Asian
mainland during the Late Triassic during the closing of the older Palaeo-Tethys Ocean.
This collision was evident along the Bentong–Raub Suture Zone, followed by the massive
granitoid emplacement in Peninsular Malaysia, including those of Langkawi Islands. At
the same time, the entire Peninsular Malaysia, including Langkawi Islands was uplifted.

Above: tectonic collision

between two continents
Left: Distribution of the principal
continental terranes and sutures
of East and South-east Asia.
WB, West Burma; SWB, South
West Borneo; S, Semitau
Terrane; HT, Hainan Island
terranes; L, Lhasa Terrane; QT,
Qiangtang Terrane; QS, Qamdo
Simao Terrane; SI, Simao
Terrane; SG, Songpan Ganzi
accretionary complex; KL,
Kunlun Terrane; QD, Qaidam
Terrane; AL; Ala Shan Terrane;
KT, Kurosegawa Terrane.

23
GENERAL GEOLOGY

In general, the rocks of Langkawi Islands are divided into four sedimentary rock
formations and one granite formation. These sedimentary rock formations are the
Cambrian Machinchang Formation, Ordovician to Middle Devonian Setul Formation, Late
Devonian to Early Permian Singa Formation and the Middle to Late Permian Chuping
Formation. The sequence of these sedimentary rock formations is generally younger
towards the east. However, the presence of the Kisap Thrust Fault that runs more or less
in north-south direction in the eastern part of Langkawi has changed the order of this
sequence dramatically. The Kisap Thrust Fault has a westward transport direction and
has brought up the much older Setul and possibly Machinchang Formation from the east
to overlay the younger Chuping and Singa Formation in the central axis of Langkawi
Islands. The granite suite is Triassic in age, known as the Gunung Raya Granite. This
granite intruded into all older sedimentary rock formations turning them into various types
of metamorphic rocks. The youngest geological unit is the unconsolidated recent
alluvium, containing sand and clay, deposited in narrow valleys and coastal plains.

24 Geology map of Langkawi

GEODIVERSITY: MACHINCHANG FORMATION

The Machinchang Formation is primarily composed of sandstone, varying in grain size

and thickness, with a minor amount of shale, mudstone and conglomerate. This rock
assemblage formed the country’s oldest rock unit (550–490 million years ago) and
exhibits excellent sedimentary structures, such as various types of cross-beds, ripple
marks, load structures, etc. Trilobites and brachiopods are among the body and trace
fossils that can be found in the Machinchang rocks. The Machinchang Formation, as a
whole, comprises deltaic and shallow marine deposits. Toward the top of the formation,
however, the depositional environment gradually became deeper before the deposition of
the Setul Formation.

An aerial view of Machinchang Range Sedimentary rock layers at Pasir

Tengkorak rocky beach

Ancient riverbed on the peak of Machinchang The so-called chocolate rocks

25
GEODIVERSITY: SETUL FORMATION

The Setul Formation comprises mainly thickly- to thinly-bedded limestone, which is light
to dark grey in colour. The detrital unit includes well-bedded sandstone, shale, and black
cherty rocks. Only a limited thickness of detrital rocks is represented in the Setul
Formation. The total thickness of the formation is about 1,550 m. The age of the Setul
Formation ranged from the Early Ordovician to the Middle Devonian. The Setul Formation
is generally interpreted as a shallow marine deposit with the incursion of two clastic units
representing much deeper marine deposits.
The Setul Formation is mainly found on the eastern portion of the Langkawi archipelago,
but with features conformable with the Machinchang Formation near Kubang Badak in the
northwest. The Setul Formation is the oldest carbonate rock formation in Malaysia and the
region, forming 490-370 million years ago and showcasing the deposition of
predominantly carbonate particles with small amounts of eroded rock fragments
deposited in a shallow sea environment, creating limestone, sandstone and shale. The
Setul Formation’s appearance above the younger Singa and Chuping Formations is
unusual, and was only understood with the discovery of the large Kisap Thrust Fault,
which uplifted the Setul Formation to dominate the eastern coast of Langkawi, allowing
erosion and dissolution to create the magnificent karstic formations seen today.

Kilim pinnacles Karst landform of Kilim valley

26
GEODIVERSITY: SINGA FORMATION

The Singa Formation sits paraconformably (deposited on top of each other; however,
significant time has passed between deposition) above the Setul Formation and is
dominated by thickly-bedded to massive, dark grey to black siltstone and mudstone which
often contain sporadically distributed clasts of various sizes, shapes and origins within a
fine grained rock mass. The clasts have been interpreted as dropstones of glacial origin
and suggest the formation took place within a drastically colder and shallower
environment than what was seen during the deposition of the Setul Formation. The Singa
Formation is dated as beginning in the late Devonian (350 million years ago), and
continuing deposition until the early Permian (290 million years ago). Throughout this time
you can see variations in the intermittent deposists of sands, evidence of short-term rising
and falling sea-levels, before a steady increase towards the end of the formation’s
deposition, exhibited by the appearance of limestone lenses.
The most unique feature of this rock formation is the appearance of the one-
billion-year-old trondhjemite granite (light-colored intrusive igneous rock) on Pulau Tepor.
There are also other features found within the formation as seen in Sungai Itau and Batu
Asah, where one can find brachiopod fossils indicative of cold water temperatures of the
Gondwanaland seas.

The oldest granitic clast (glacially derived,

The uninhabited and pristine Pulau Tepo,
more than 1 billion year old) in black
off the coast of Pantai Tengah, Langkawi UGGp
massive diamictite of Singa Formation

27
GEODIVERSITY: CHUPING FORMATION

The Chuping Formation was named for the mostly thickly-bedded to massive light grey
crystalline dolomitic limestone. The total thickness of the Chuping Formation is estimated
at 750–900 m. The formation dates from the late Early Permian to possibly the late
Triassic (290 to 250 million years ago), but only Early to Middle Permian fossils have been
found in the Langkawi Islands. The entire upper half of the formation has undergone a
certain degree of metamorphism and is therefore devoid of fossils. At the basal part of the
formation, a transitional passage bed was developed between the siltstone-dominated
bed of the Singa Formation and the limestone bed of the Setul Formation. The true upper
boundary of the Chuping Formation is not known as it is considered the youngest
sedimentary rock unit on the island.
From a distance one could mistake the Chuping Formation for the Setul Formation, as
they exhibit similar karstic formations and are found next to one another due to the Kisap
thrust fault uplifting the older Setul Formation to the same level. The Chuping Formation
has undergone metamorphism, which has transformed the limestone to marble and
removed many of its fossils and sedimentary structures. However, areas which have not
undergone metamorphism are filled with fossils like fusulinids, brachiopods, bivalves,
gastropods, corals, bryozoans and algae, which are used to date the formation.
The Chuping Formation, due to its metamorphism to marble, is heavily fractured, which
has caused dolinas or collapsed caves, the most famous being Tasik Dayang Bunting,
which is the largest lake in Langkawi. Within the less metamorphosed sections, like Pulau
Jong, the limestones are rich in fossils such as foraminifera, molluscs, brachiopods,
echinoderms, rugose corals and bryozoa.

Pulau Jong is a geosite rich in fossils Pulau Singa Kechil is a geosite

representing the Chuping Formation

28
GEODIVERSITY: IGNEOUS ROCK FORMATION

Langkawi Islands contain both large and small igneous stocks and bodies, especially in
the centre region. The Langkawi igneous bodies have been collectively named the
Gunung Raya Granite. The granitic suites in Langkawi are found to be large and small
igneous stocks (intrusions that are no bigger than 100 sq km) and are believed to be Late
Triassic in age, which suggests that emplacement of the granite took place almost
concurrently with the region’s major tin-bearing granites.
The granite is predominantly made of porphyritic granites (large crystals in a compact
groundmass) with some coarse- and fine-grained equigranular granites with rare dykes
(small vertical intrusions) and sills (small horizontal intrusions) forming large pegmatite
crystals. In Langkawi, the granites intruded several types of host rocks, transforming them
into various types of metamorphic rocks producing minerals, such as tourmaline, ilmenite,
zircon and garnet. Due to the long cooling time and porphytic texture, there are areas in
Langkawi where you can see crystals within the rocks as well as sills which have been
folded in Pulau Tuba. Also due to the way that granite is eroded, has caused amazing
features like the magnificent Telaga Tujuh Waterfall and Teluk Yu Granite Tors.

Gunung Raya, Tuba Sill Granite Geosite

the highest mountain in Langkawi

29
 FIELD GUIDE, 28 JULY 2025, SUNDAY
ROUTE 1
MACHINCHANG CAMBRIAN GEOFOREST
PARK AND KILIM KARST GEOFOREST PARK
Machinchang Cambrian Geoforest Park
 SCHEDULE PROGRAM

Day 2

MASA ATURCARA KOS TERLIBAT

8.30 pagi Perjalanan dari Aloft

Lawatan ke : Sewaan boat (50 pax)

Gua kelawar - 30 min Makan Minum petang (50
Eagle watching - 30 min pax)
Pinakel - 15 min
9.30 am
Fish farm - 30 min
Minum Petang 30 min
Berkumpul bergambar dan short
tour Di GDC 30 min

Makan Tengahari Amin Floating Sewaan boat (50 pax)

12.30 pm
Restaurant Makan Tengahhari (50 pax)

Berkumpul untuk Perjalanan

1:30 pm Solat & Rehat
Ke Masjid Padang Lalang

Kompleks Kraf Berkumpul untuk Perjalanan

2.15 – 2.45 pm
- Short Tour Ke Kompleks Kraf

PPL Berkumpul untuk Perjalanan

2.45 – 3.15 pm
- Short Tour Ke PPL

Ticket (50 pax)

SkyCab + SkyBridge +
Cable Car Tour
3.30 – 5.30pm SkyDome + SkyRex + 3D
- Light Refreshment top Station
Art Gallery + Bird Nest
Solat

Bertolak ke Jebat Restaurant

5.30 pm
(berkumpul bersama Tuba Group)

6.00 pm Makan Malam Makan malam (50 pax)

32
LANGKAWI RESEARCH CENTRE & GEOPARK RESEARCH CENTRE

Langkawi Research Centre (LRC) is located on the Campus of Tuanku Abdul Halim
Mu’adzam Shah, Langkawi UGGp. LRC is a focused centre at Universiti Kebangsaan
Malaysia (UKM) with roles to carry out research and academic services related to
integrated heritage conservation and the development of geoparks. It is now under the
administration of the Centre for Management of Natural and Physical Laboratories
(ALAF-UKM), since 2023, mainly for providing services for researchers and the wider
public. The roles of research and consulation on geopark development, has since been
taken over by the newly established Geopark Research Centre (GRC) based in the
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI)-UKM since Jan 2024. The vision
GRC is to be a centre of excellence for research and development of natural resources,
culture and local traditions and a referral centre for regional sustainable development.
Among the roles of this centre are to conduct research on sustainability science and
provide expert services related to integrated heritage conservation and development of
geoparks; conduct research and consultation on regional sustainable development and
knowledge tourism; influence local and national policies in issues of integrated approach
and governance; pioneer the idea of geopark science as a model of regional sustainable
development; and strengthen graduate studies and capacity building of various
stakeholders. GRC is a strategic partner of Langkawi UGGp.

Langkawi Research Centre Langkawi Research Centre Gallery

33
MACHINCHANG CAMBRIAN GEOFOREST PARK

Visit the Geopark Information Centre before taking the cable car ride to the peak of Mount
Machinchang. Note: There might be a big crowd and a long queueing line, so please be
patient. Langkawi Cable Car is managed by Panorama Langkawi SkyCab, which is not
just about cable car ride. There are many other attractions (SkyRex, SkyBridge, SkyGlide,
SkyTrail, SkyPos, SkyBistro, SkyBoutique, SkyDome, 3D Art Langkawi, 6D-Cinemotion,
F1 Simulator, Time Travel). It is impossible to experience every attraction because we are
not on vacation. Instead, we are going to do things that are educational (and fun too). So,
do not stray away from the group

THE ORIENTAL VILLAGE

Located at the foothills of Machinchang Cambrian Geoforest Park on the west coast of
Langkawi, Oriental Village is the home of Langkawi SkyCab and Langkawi SkyBridge, the
renowned attractions in Malaysia. The area is just a 45-minute drive from Kuah Jetty and
only a 20-minute drive from Langkawi International Airport (LIA). A great destination for all
stage of age, this 25.944-arches Oriental Village offers you a breath taking surrounding
with unique instagrammable spots to capture your special moments. As it has many offer-
ings for its visitors, a day-trip to Oriental Village is definitely a must. Ranging from
best-value-for-money souvenirs, casual clothing, to mouth-watering food of more than 95
outlets, stores and kiosks, Oriental Village has it all in one place. For customer’s conve-
nience, musollas, ATMs and money changer kiosks are available around Oriental Village.

LANGKAWI GEOPARK INFOCENTRE, ORIENTAL VILLAGE

Langkawi Geopark Infocentre is located at the foothills of Machinchang Cambrian Geofor-

est Park on the west coast of Langkawi, Oriental Village. The Oriental Village is the home
of Langkawi SkyCab and Langkawi SkyBridge, the renowned attractions in Malaysia. The
area is just a 45-minute drive from Kuah Jetty and only a 20-minute drive from Langkawi
International Airport (LIA). The small info centre is one of the satellite centres of informa-
tion about Langkawi UGGp. The centre has progressed several times since 2006 when
Langkawi became the first national geopark in Malaysia, and the first UGGp in South-east
Asia in 2007.

Langkawi Geopark Infocentre Exhibit panels in the Infocentre

Middle Station Platform

Middle Station is located 650 m above sea level and the first stop of the cable car ride.
Here, visitors can observe the overview and identify different types of landscapes, above
the dense rainforest canopy and out to the distant islands. A new attraction is located at
the Middle Station to embrace the so-called bond between eagles and the island. It is
called Eagle Nest SkyWalk emulating an eagle nest and eagle eggs and glass viewing
platform protruding 30 m over its peak

Landscape view from the first platform Ripple marks fossil

Eagle’s Nest SkyWalk - New Attraction at Langkawi SkyCab

Nestled on the peak of the Middle Station, is a new attraction called the Eagle’s Nest
SkyWalk, emulating an eagle head looking over its nest. The new attraction is located 650
m above sea level, structured on a 38-metre, free-standing cantilever glass platform,
which at one time can accommodate about 300 people with an equivalent of 21 tonnes.
SkyBridge and Podest 1 and 2
Completed in 2014, this suspension bridge is built at 650 m above sea level. Accessible
from top station by a mechanical lift called SkyGlide or via a natural walk thru the flora and
fauna of the forest. The bridge is suspended from an 82 m high single pylon hangs about
100 m from the ground. The visitors’ platform is called Podest 1 as entry and exit point and
Podest 2, a viewing platform at the further end of the 125-m long bridge. Observation on
different types of landform comprising cone shape hills, deep valleys, rock pillars, cliff and
cubicle sandstones. Halfway across the bridge, looking down is a linear deep gorge with
vertical cliffs due to faulting (lateral earth displacement).

North and South Platforms at the Top Station

Visitors can experience the breath-taking views from these top platforms. Beautifully
preserved ripple marks and planar cross-beds can be seen at the top station that shows
evidence of ancient times, when the peak of Mount Machinchang was actually in a
shallow sea bottom. The trail also cuts across the Machinchang gorge, with sharply cut
vertical cliffs on both of its walls. There are many information panels describing the
landscape of the area

Gunung Raya at the background and Panoramic view of the eastern part of
Bukit Sawak in the middle Langkawi from the Machinchang peak

36
Biodiversity

The sandstone layers at the top of Machinchang produce a special habitat for sandstone
forest dominated by Syzygium attenuatum (Kelat Bukit), Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat
Ali), and bamboo climber (Dinochloa malayana), and tiny bubble-nest frogs (Raorchestes
parvulus). This area is covered by mixed dipterocarp forest type (Dipterocarpaceae is the
dominant tree family), but at the peak of Machinchang, sandstone forest produces
health-like forest with stunted trees with gnarled stems, and small, and waxy leaves as
an adaptation to porous and nutrient-poor soil, and the dry coastal winds. Nevertheless,
27 floral species are identified as Peninsular Malaysian endemics (plants/animals that are
unique to a specific area). A total of 60 species from 40 families were recorded at Gunung
Machinchang, with Rubiaceae forming the dominant family. Among the interesting flora
that can be found at the top of Gunung Machinchang are Podocarpus neriifolius (Podo
Bukit), and the broad-leafed palm Livistonia chinensis. Rare species included Fagraea
elliptica (Tembusu Bukit), Lasianthus wrayi (Wool Flower), Globba fragilis (Tepus Tanah),
Nepenthes sanguinea pitcher plants, and Clerodendrum langkawiense (Pepanggil
Langkawi).
Faunal diversity in Langkawi is represented by a total of 44 species of mammals, 79
species of herpetofauna, which consisted of 1 caecilian, 24 frogs and toads, 5 turtles, 17
geckoes and lizards, and 33 snakes, and 238 species of birds. The famous Crab-eating
Macaque, Macaca fascicularis, is perhaps the most interesting as what the generic name
implies, can dive and swim quite efficiently in the sea to catch crabs and other marine life
forms. On higher grounds, the Spectackled monkeys (Trachypithecus obscurus), are
quite a delight to observe as they effortlessly swing from one tree to another searching for
food or simply just playing around. The cryptic and elusive Agamid lizard, Calotes
versicolor, is a common wildlife that finds comfort being near to human presence. Lower
animals also thrive in Langkawi, some are even endemic such as the Pomponia
langkawiensis cicada. Theoretically, when Langkawi was connected to the mainland, the
faunal species richness was the same, but it started to dwindle as soon as the island
became isolated. The existing fauna of Langkawi is the result of a combination of
processes of extinction and immigration that might had taken place since the last
Pleistocene.
Porpax elwesi, a single-flower bulbous Dinoclhoa malayana, a climbing bamboo
orchid, perhaps the smallest in Langkawi

Syzygium attenuatum (Kelat Bukit) Cyrtodactylus langkawiensis,

Langkawi banded slender-toed gecko

Trachypithecus obscurus, Dusky leaf monkey Buceros bicornis, Great hornbill

Raorchestes parvulus, a tiny bubble-nest frog Cynopterus brachyotis, Short-nosed fruit bat
modities leaf of Livistona chinensis palm as a tent
Langkawi Craft Complex

The Kompleks Kraf Langkawi (Langkawi Craft Complex) is an enormous handicrafts

centre where you can watch demonstrations of traditional crafts and buy any traditional
Malaysian product or craft you can imagine. The complex was established in 1996 to
provide easy access to tourists to buy authentic Malaysian local handicrafts. The complex
also provides spaces for the local entrepreneurs to set up their business selling their
products. Apart from that, there are many promotions and educational programmes
organised to attract the public to learn about the arts and crafts. From time to time,
workshops are organised for this educational purposes as well. There are three museums
showcasing the various local heritage of Malaysia: Craft Museum, Langkawi Legends
Museum and the Heritage Museum. These museums display local handicrafts, legends
and wedding costumes and ceremonies of various ethnic groups in Malaysia, such as
Malay, Indian, Chinese, Baba and Nyonya, Iban (Sarawak), Kadazan-Dusun (Sabah) etc.

Langkawi Craft Complex Heritage Museum Heritage Museum

Ceramic Geoproduct of a local entrepreneur In-situ breeding of stingless bees for honey

39
 FIELD GUIDE, 28 JULY 2025, SUNDAY
ROUTE 1
MACHINCHANG CAMBRIAN GEOFOREST
PARK AND KILIM KARST GEOFOREST PARK
Machinchang Cambrian Geoforest Park
 SCHEDULE PROGRAM

Kilim Karst Geoforest Park Day 3

DAY 3, 28 JULY 2025, MONDAY

1430-1530 Langkawi Craft Complex

1445-1510 Kilim Karst Geoforest Park

1510-1540 Langkawi Geopark Discovery Centre

Guided tour
• Gua Kelawar
1650-1800
• Kilim Pinnacle Geosite
• Eagle Watching

1830 Dinner

42
LANGKAWI GEOPARK DISCOVERY CENTRE

The Langkawi Geopark Discovery Center (GDC), was officially opened to public in
January 2020. The GDC showcases the rich natural (geological and biological) heritage
and cultural heritage of Langkawi UGGp, especially of Kilim Karst Geoforest Park.
Through interactive exhibits and educational programmes, visitors can uncover ancient
rock formations, unique biodiversity, and captivating cultural treasures. The exhibits are
divided into eight zones: 1) introduction and socioculture, 2) myths and legends, 3)
mangrove forest, 4) themed exhibition area, 5) UGGp, 6) Interactive games, 7) library, 8)
amphitheatre hall. The tour ends at the GDC Souvenir Shop, selling various local
handicrafts and souvenirs by the local people, including by several ambassadors of
Langkawi UGGp.

The GDC and the Kilim Jetty (on the left), while
the Fishermen jetty is on the right The Geopark Discovery Centre (GDC)

Kilim Bakau Sanctuary

Sanctuary Bakau, nestled within the Kilim Karst Geoforest Park, offers a serene haven for
nature enthusiasts. It is managed by the Cooperative of Kilim Village Community
Langkawi Limited. As an integral part of the park, it provides a unique opportunity to
explore the mangrove ecosystem up close along a raised mangrove boardwalk. The
access to the boardwalk is free and visitors can enter anytime even without taking any
mangrove tour package. The entrance to the sanctuary is right opposite the Geopark
Discovery Centre across a river via a concrete bridge. Inside the forest, you can see many
juvenile mangrove trees that have been replanted by many visitors. There is one section
in the middle where you can get to ground level with the mangrove trees if the water level
is low enough and watch mudskippers, crabs and hermit crabs scuttling across the mud.
The route is a loop, so there will be very little backtracking or chance of getting lost. The
boardwalks are well maintained, sturdy and have rope barriers for safety. Sanctuary
Bakau's commitment to sustainable ecotourism ensures minimal impact on the
environment, while delivering an unforgettable experience. It is a gateway to appreciate
the natural wonders of Kilim Karst Geoforest Park.

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 The entrance to the sanctuary School children involved in a replanting

Koperasi Komuniti Kampung Kilim Langkawi Berhad

The Cooperative of Kilim Village Community Langkawi Limited manages the Kilim River
Tourist Jetty, and organises boat tours around the park. The cooperative is a social
enterprise for geoproduct development, especially on eco- and geotourism. Before the
establishment of the Cooperative, the Kilim River Tourism Jetty was under the
management of The Fishermen Economy Group. For operation purposes, the group
registered a company under the name of KEN Makmur Enterprise.
The company operated under the supervision of the Department of Fishery from 2000 to
2010. Many of the fishermen, however, were facing constraints as they were living in
poverty. As a way to overcome the poverty, the fishermen decided to venture into
business and this had led to the idea of establishing a cooperative as the vehicle to
achieve that mission. After several sessions of discussion, members of the association
and Fishermen Economy Group committee members agreed to set up the Cooperative.
Cooperative members consist of more than 100 villagers of Kilim Village. The main
objectives of the Cooperative are to:
Provide employment and business opportunities to the Kilim community.
Improve the living standards of the community with incomes earned through
Tourism-based economic activities and businesses.
Reduce and overcome the problem of poverty among the Kilim community.
Produce successful entrepreneurs in Kilim community.
Become a successful community center that serves as a reference for other
cooperatives.

Kilim Jetty is busy daily handling Vast expanse of pristine mangrove forest of
high tourist arrivals Kilim Karst Geoforest Park
GUA KELAWAR

Gua Kelawar is located near a tributary of Sungai Kilim. It was named after thousands of
insect-eating bats roosting in the main chamber. Gua Kelawar consists of two caves. The
western cave has developed a floor area of about 270 m sq with a low roof (1-3 m),
forming a tunnel. The most interesting and important feature is the occurrence of old
oysters attached on the cave wall and roof. Radiocarbon dating indicated that the shells
are of 5252 + 110 years old. The present altitude of these ancient shells shows that the
sea level about 5,000 years ago was about 2 m higher than the present day sea-level. The
eastern cave is larger, having a floor area of about 750 m sq, with roof reaching up to 10
m high and the tunnel. Both caves have mouth facing to the south and north. A lot of
interesting cave features and structures occur in the caves including stalactite, stalagmite,
and rock falls.

The main chamber of the cave has a concrete The entrance to the cave is small and only allows
walkway for people of all ages to visit single-lined tourists to go in.
Kilim Pinnacle Geosite

Various shapes and forms of hills, islands, and pinnacles at Kilim area are formed as a
result of prolonged erosion, weathering, and dissolution of the Setul limestone.
Dissolution usually begins along weaker zones like joints, faults, and bedding planes.
Among the key landform features in Kilim are isolated and barren hills with pinnacles.
Such dramatic features are remnants of ongoing dissolution processes. Pinnacles can be
left standing as stacks in the sea after prolonged erosion. Coastal landforms are also
dramatic, with cliffs dropping vertically into the water. Some of these cliffs have been
etched and carved into sea notches and sea arches by wave actions.

The outstanding pinnacles of Kilim are produced This is among the most famous spots for taking
by long-term exposure to dissolution and erosion. selfies and photos.
EAGLE-WATCHING

Eagle watching is a famous activity in a mangrove tour package. It has been going on
even before Langkawi became a UGGp. The reddish-brown eagles (Brahminy Kite) are
the most common eagle here, together with the largest eagle in Malaysia, the White-
bellied sea eagle. Here is the feeding areas of the eagles. A spectacular sight is when
many eagles circle the sky and dive into the water for food. You can watch this for about
20 minutes while sitting in the boat. When you reach the calm water area surrounded by
dense forests, the boatman ram the boat engine to create some noise to signal our arrival.
The eagles have gotten used to the boats and will respond, even though there is actually
no food thrown into the water. Sometimes, they use fish that floats to bait the eagles.

Haliastur indus, Brahminy kite White-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster)

seen here perching with the Brahminy kite
Biodiversity

The Kilim Basin has a unique ecosystem, which is a limestone ecosystem and co-existing
mangrove swamps. The mangrove forest species here grows on mud layer on top of the
limestone substrate. Root network and mangrove trees reduce the energy of waves and
tidal currents and over time, mud is deposited in a wider area until finally, mangrove trees
can live on a layer of mud deposited on limestone rocks. This kind of existence is very rare
because it is usually a mangrove swamp area exist in mudflats on sheltered beaches.
Mangrove ecosystems reduce coastal erosion and the impact of typhoons and tsunamis.
Mangrove is also among productive forest ecosystems in storing carbon dioxide and
produce the oxygen needed for life on Earth.
The natural resources of the mangrove forest in Langkawi are the richest in Malaysia. Of
the 119 mangrove flora taxa in Langkawi, 40 species are exclusive mangroves, 68 are
non-exclusive and 11 species are associated mangrove species. In the Kilim mangrove
complex, a total of 55 species from 40 genera and 27 families of mangrove plants were
recorded. Kilim Karst Geoforest Park features a beautiful mix of well-protected green
mangrove forests, isolated white beaches and blue lagoons. As you cruise down the calm,
winding river, you can observe the wonders of the park's marine ecosystem, its flora and
fauna and the natural inhabitants, such as the over-hanging 'Bogak Trees' (Cycas clivico-
la), eagles, crabs, monitor lizards and macaques. The origin of the name Langkawi is from
the words 'lang' and 'kawi'. 'Lang' refers to the eagle and 'kawi' is the brownish red color.
Therefore, the name Langkawi refers to the Brahminy kite (Haliastur indus) which can be
found in most areas in Langkawi. The White-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) is
the largest eagle in Malaysia and is white except for the lower wings. Both of these
species are very easy to see in Kilim.
46
Primates that make mangroves a wild place looking for food include the macaques
(Macaca fascicularis) and Dusky leaf monkey (Trachypithecus obscurus). The macaque
is one of the national biological heritage. Though they are considered pests that affect
public order in most places, they are special because of their natural ability to dive and
swim looking for their favorite food, which is crabs. Most of the primate species in the
world are afraid of water, including the chimpanzees and gorillas

The vast expense of pristine mangrove forest on Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata, the red
limestone substrate is unique in Malaysia mangroves are the most dominant species in Kilim

Cycas clivicola Cycad plant Shorea siamensis, the most deciduous

of all the dipterocarps

47
Hipposideros armiger, Great roundleaf bat (up to 60 g) Hipposideros larvatus, Intermediate roundleaf
bat (20 g)

Hipposideros bicolor, Bicolored roundleaf bat (up Macaca fascicularis, Long-tailed macaque or
to 10 g) Crab-eating macaque

Pelargopsis amauroptera, Brown-winged

Sousa chinensis, Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin
kingfisher @Al Zahri

48
 SCHEDULE PROGRAM

ROUTE 2
DAYANG BUNTING MARBLE GEOFOREST PARK AND TUBA GEOTOURISM TRAIL
Breakfast/ Morning Tea Break
Tasik Dayang Bunting

Participants Gather @Aloft Langkawi

0745
Bus Depart for Field Trip

Breakfast

0900 Tasik Dayang Bunting

1100 Lunch

Pulau Tuba
Marine Research Station UiTM (MARES)
Sil Tuba
Bukit Kechil Geosite
Geopark Ocean Trail
Leko Show/ Tea Break

49
DAYANG BUNTING MARBLE GEOFOREST PARK

Tasik Dayang Bunting (Lake of the Pregnant Maiden)

This iconic geosite is a freshwater lake formed within a collapsed doline, encased in
marble of the Dayang Bunting Formation. The lake is steeped in local legend and
surrounded by dramatic karst topography. Participants will explore the geological
formation, learn about its mythological origins, and understand the fragility of this
freshwater ecosystem.

Singa Kechil Island

This small offshore islet showcases exposed metasedimentary rock outcrops and
features signs of marine erosion and bioerosion. It also supports important nesting
grounds for migratory birds. This stop highlights coastal geodiversity and island microhab-
itats within Langkawi’s marine landscape.

50
 SCHEDULE PROGRAM
Day 3

DAY 3, 28 JULY 2025, MONDAY

1145-1215 MARES, UiTM

1215-1400 Lunch

1400-1445 Bukit Kechil Fold Geosite

1445-1530 Pulau Tuba Sill Granite

1530-1615 Geopark Ocean Trail

1615-1700 Leko Show and Tea Break

1800 Dinner

51
TUBA GEOTOURISM TRAIL

Marine Research Station UiTM (MARES)

Located along the southern coast of Pulau Tuba, the Marine Research Station (MARES)
of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) serves as a key research and outreach hub within
Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark. Established as part of UiTM’s commitment to
marine science and environmental sustainability, MARES plays a crucial role in
understanding, conserving, and managing coastal and marine ecosystems around
Langkawi’s southern islands.

RES is equipped to support field-based marine research, particularly in the areas of:
• Coral reef and seagrass bed monitoring
• Marine biodiversity assessment and taxonomy
• Water quality analysis and coastal health
• Marine geology and sediment studies
• Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems

Researchers, students, and collaborators use MARES as a base for long-term ecological
monitoring of coral reef resilience, fisheries resources, and the impacts of human activity
and natural processes on the surrounding marine environments. Its proximity to Pulau
Singa Besar, Pulau Dayang Bunting, and Pulau Tuba makes it ideal for integrated marine
landscape studies.

Pulau Tuba Sill Geosite

The Pulau Tuba Sill Geosite is a remarkable geological feature located near Tuba Bay,
offering a rare glimpse into Langkawi’s deep geological past. This site showcases the
intrusion of granite magma into ancient limestone layers, a process that occurred during
the Triassic Period, approximately 220 million years ago.
The result of this magmatic activity is the formation of two distinct granite sills, measuring
approximately 1.5 metres and 1 metre in thickness. These sills are the product of the
Mount Raya Granite emplacement, and represent a unique example of igneous–
sedimentary rock interaction in the region.
This geosite is scientifically significant as it illustrates contact relationships between
contrasting rock types, providing valuable insights into the geological evolution of
Langkawi. It also holds high educational value, making it an ideal outdoor classroom for
understanding intrusive processes, sill geometry, and contact metamorphism.
The development of this site for education, research, and geotourism can further enhance
public awareness and foster appreciation of Langkawi’s exceptional geological heritage,
while also supporting community-based conservation and sustainable tourism initiatives
on Pulau Tuba.

Bukit Kechil Geosite (Chevron Fold)

This geosite offers a stunning view of tightly folded Machinchang sandstone layers,
forming textbook-quality chevron folds. It serves as a key educational site for structural
geology and tectonic history, demonstrating ancient deformation processes that shaped
Langkawi.
At Bukit Kechil, these deformation processes resulted in distinct chevron folds—
characterized by sharp fold hinges and near-parallel limbs. Their regular geometry, clarity,
and accessibility make them a superb natural laboratory for structural geology.

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Geopark Ocean Trail
The Geopark Ocean Trail is a signature coastal interpretive route located along the
southern edge of Pulau Tuba, part of the Dayang Bunting Marble Geoforest Park within
Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark. This low-impact, community-linked trail is more than
just a scenic walk—it is an educational journey through time, tides, and traditional
knowledge, designed to immerse visitors in the natural and cultural richness of
Langkawi’s coastal geodiversity.

Geological Significance
Stretching along a segment of Pulau Tuba’s rugged shoreline, the trail offers access to
exposed rock outcrops and dynamic coastal landforms shaped by both tectonic activity
and marine processes. Key features along the trail include:
• Metamorphosed limestone ridges with visible layering and minor faulting
• Wave-cut platforms and sea notches, formed by the erosive action of tides
• Beachrock and sediment deposits, providing insight into coastal sedimentology
• Viewpoints of nearby islets, shaped by ancient tectonic uplift and marine erosion
These features reflect interactions between land and sea, showcasing how geological
formations influence coastline development, marine habitats, and human activity.

LEKO SHOW

Leko Show & Tea Break (Pulau Tuba Women’s Cooperative) Enjoy a cultural performance
and light refreshments prepared by the Pulau Tuba women’s cooperative, featuring local
delicacies and geoproducts under the Leko brand. This session celebrates the role of
women in geopark entrepreneurship and creative economy.
What is the Leko Brand?
Leko—a name inspired by the local dialect—represents a growing initiative led by the
women of Pulau Tuba to preserve, promote, and innovate local knowledge, crafts, and
culinary traditions in ways that are environmentally friendly, culturally rooted, and
economically empowering.
Through the cooperative model, local women collaborate to:
• Create and sell authentic geoproducts, such as handmade snacks, natural teas,
herbs, and crafts
• Uphold sustainable production practices using local resources
• Strengthen community identity while participating in Langkawi Geopark’s visitor
economy
The Leko brand embodies the spirit of community entrepreneurship aligned with geopark
principles—where conservation, education, and local livelihood development are
interconnected.

53
 PRACTICAL INFORMATION

The Langkawi UNESCO Global Geopark (Langkawi UGGp) is pleased to welcome you to
the 8th Regional Course on UNESCO Global Geopark (RCUGG’25). Please read this
practical information to ensure a positive experience and participation at the event and a
pleasant stay in Langkawi.

1. Travel and Accommodation

The official hotel of RCUGG’25 is the Aloft Langkawi Pantai Tengah. For reservation
and information on nearby hotels, please download the directory at [Link]
[Link]/langkawi-brochure/

2. Delegate Registrations & Fee Payment

Pre-registered delegates can pick up badges at the Aloft Langkawi Pantai Tengah,
following the schedule below:
a) Friday 25 July 2025: 2 PM–6 PM
b) Saturday 26 July 2025: 8 AM–10 AM
To avoid any inconvenience, please wear your delegate badge when attending any
RCUGG’25 event, including the dinner receptions. To save the environment, a hard
copy of the event programme will not be distributed.

3. Dress code
Local outfits or smart casual are recommended for the entire event. The dress code
for the welcome dinner on 27 July 2025 is traditional attire.

4. Wifi
Wifi will be available for all delegates.

5. Recommended restaurants
Below are several recommended restaurants where you can enjoy the local cuisine.
Please click the link to view the information.
[Link]

6. Emergency Contacts
Nordiana Nordin: +6017 544 9309
Rasanubari Asmah Rahmah Abd Hamid: +6013 235 7025

7. RCUGG Secretariat
Once at the Aloft Hotel, please feel free to contact the secretariat from 9 AM–5:30 PM,
Friday-Monday, 26–29 April 2024.

55
 Insurance clause:

It is recommended that the participant has an adequate cover for travel, health and
accident insurance. LADA as the event organiser will not be responsible for personal
injuries, or loss of, or damage to, private property belonging to the participants and
accompanying persons.
Force Majeure* clause
In case of Force Majeure, LADA will be entitled to amend and/or to postpone the event
organised at its own discretion and keep the registration fee valid if the congress is
postponed or transformed (e.g., held on-line). Any related expense (hotel, travel, etc.) will
not be reimbursed. It is understood that in such case, LADA shall be under no liability
towards the participant and therefore no claims, demands, actions, may be pursued
against LADA by the participant and no rights, compensation for damages, costs, interest,
expenses whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, known or unknown, and any other
liability of any kind, may be claimed by the participant against LADA.
*Where a Force Majeure event occurs, or is reasonably likely to occur, the affected party
shall not be liable towards the other party to the extent that it is delayed in or prevented
from performing its obligations.
For the purpose listed in clause above, Force Majeure means any event or sequence of
events beyond a party’s reasonable control and that could not have been reasonably
anticipated or avoided by it and which prevents it from, or delays it in, performing its
obligations under this Agreement.
Force Majeure includes, but is not limited to, an act of God, fire, flood, drought,
earthquake, windstorm or other natural disaster, an act of any sovereign including war,
invasion, act of foreign enemies, hostilities (whether war be declared or not), rebellion,
revolution, insurrection, acts of terrorism, civil commotion or riot (or the threat of, or
preparation for, such events), civil emergency (whether an emergency be declared or
not), explosion, adverse weather conditions, embargo, blockade, imposition of sanctions
or breaking off of diplomatic relations or similar actions, radioactive, nuclear, chemical or
biological contamination, epidemic or pandemic, strikes, industrial action, lockouts or
boycott of a third party workforce only, interruption or failure of utility service, any action
taken by a government or public authority, including, but not limited to, a failure to grant a
necessary license or consent or the imposition of an export restriction, import restriction,
quota or other restriction or prohibition

56
 Malaysian
National Commission

APGN
GLOBAL ASIAPACIFIC
GEOPARK GEOPARKS
NETWORK NETWORK