UNIT 9: TRANSFORMATIONS

COMPLETE MASTERY STUDY GUIDE

All Coordinate Rules · Practice Problems · Worked Examples · Answer Keys

Reflections Translations Rotations Dilations Functions

REFLECTIONS TRANSLATIONS ROTATIONS (CCW) DILATIONS

x-axis: (x,y)→(x,−y) (x,y) → (x+h, y+k) 90°: (x,y)→(−y, x) (x,y) → (kx, ky)

y-axis: (x,y)→(−x,y) h>0: Right h<0: Left 180°: (x,y)→(−x,−y) k > 1: Enlargement

y=x: (x,y)→(y,x) k>0: Up k<0: Down 270°: (x,y)→(y,−x) 0 < k < 1: Reduction

y=−x: (x,y)→(−y,−x)

■ FINAL EXAM PREP ■

✓ Master all 8 coordinate transformation rules

✓ Understand rigid vs. non-rigid motions

✓ Analyze function features: domain, range, intervals

✓ Navigate tricky reflection lines (y=x, y=−x, x=a, y=b)

✓ Decode parent function transformations with y = a·f(x−h)+k

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 1

 ■ MASTER QUICK REFERENCE — ALL RULES AT A GLANCE

TRANSFORMATION COORDINATE RULE HOW TO REMEMBER IT ALGEBRAIC FORM

Reflect over x-axis (x, y) → (x, −y) y flips sign; x stays −f(x)

Reflect over y-axis (x, y) → (−x, y) x flips sign; y stays f(−x)

Reflect over y = x (x, y) → (y, x) Just SWAP the coordinates f■¹(x) — inverse

Reflect over y = −x (x, y) → (−y, −x) SWAP then NEGATE both −f■¹(x)

Count distance from line, go equal other

Reflect over x = a x → 2a − x; y stays —
side

Count distance from line, go equal other

Reflect over y = b x stays; y → 2b − y —
side

Translation (x, y) → (x+h, y+k) h moves left/right; k moves up/down f(x−h) + k

Rotation 90° CCW (x, y) → (−y, x) Negate x→put in y-spot; old y→x-spot —

Rotation 180° (x, y) → (−x, −y) Both signs flip — same as two 90° turns −f(−x)

Rotation 270° CCW

(x, y) → (y, −x) Put y in x-spot; negate old x→y-spot —
(=90° CW)

Dilation by factor k (x, y) → (kx, ky) Multiply BOTH coords by k a · f(x)

FUNCTION TRANSFORMATION DECODER: y = a · f(x − h) + k

PARAMETER EFFECT RULE EXAMPLE

a>1 Vertical STRETCH (narrower) Multiply all y-values by a f(x) = 3x² → taller

0<a<1 Vertical COMPRESS (wider) Multiply all y-values by a f(x) = ½x² → flatter

a<0 REFLECTION over x-axis Negative a flips graph f(x) = −x² → opens down

Horizontal shift — OPPOSITE of

h (inside) x−h → Right h; x+h → Left h f(x−3): shift RIGHT 3
sign

k (outside) Vertical shift — SAME as sign +k → Up; −k → Down f(x)+5: shift UP 5

THE 6 PARENT FUNCTIONS — KNOW THESE COLD

Name Equation Shape / Key Feature Domain Range Even/Odd

Linear f(x) = x Straight diagonal line through origin All reals All reals Odd

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 2

 Name Equation Shape / Key Feature Domain Range Even/Odd

U-shaped parabola, opens up, vertex

Quadratic f(x) = x² All reals [0, ∞) Even
(0,0)

Cubic f(x) = x³ S-shaped curve through origin All reals All reals Odd

Absolute Value f(x) = |x| V-shape, vertex at (0,0) All reals [0, ∞) Even

Square Root f(x) = √x Half curve starting at (0,0) [0, ∞) [0, ∞) Neither

Exponential f(x) = 2■ Rapid growth, crosses (0,1) All reals (0, ∞) Neither

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 3

 ■ TOPIC 1: REFLECTIONS — THE MIRROR CONCEPT

What is a Reflection?
A reflection is an orientation-reversing isometry — size and shape are preserved, but the figure is flipped across the
line of reflection. Every point and its image are equal distances from that line (equidistance principle). The line of
reflection acts as a perpendicular bisector of the segment connecting each pre-image point to its image.

Reflect over x-axis Reflect over y-axis

(x, y) → (x, −y) (x, y) → (−x, y)

y-coordinate CHANGES sign x-coordinate CHANGES sign
X stays the same Y stays the same

Reflect over y = x Reflect over y = −x

(x, y) → (y, x) (x, y) → (−y, −x)

Simply SWAP x and y SWAP then NEGATE both
Nothing changes sign (two steps!)

Reflect over x = a Reflect over y = b

x → 2a − x, y unchanged y → 2b − y, x unchanged
New x = 2×(line) − old x New y = 2×(line) − old y
Count equal steps both sides Count equal steps both sides

■■ COMMON TRAPS — DON'T GET FOOLED

■ y = x vs y = −x CONFUSION: On y = x: ONLY swap → (3, 5) becomes (5, 3). On y = −x: swap AND negate → (3, 5)
becomes (−5, −3). The extra negation is where everyone loses points.

■ Reflecting over x = a or y = b: Use the formula: new coord = 2×(line value) − old coord. Example: reflect (8, 3) over x
= −4: new x = 2(−4) − 8 = −8−8 = −16. So image is (−16, 3).

■ Orientation flip: After a reflection, the orientation of vertices REVERSES (clockwise becomes counterclockwise). This
is what makes reflections "orientation-reversing."

WORKED EXAMPLES — Reflections

# Problem Step-by-Step Work Answer

1 Reflect F(1, 8) over y = x Rule: swap x and y → (y, x) F'(8, 1)

Rule: swap AND negate → (−y, −x)

2 Reflect M(−7, 1) over y = −x M'(−1, 7)
(−1, 7)

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 4

# Problem Step-by-Step Work Answer

Rule: (x,y)→(−x,y)
Reflect Triangle FGH: F'(7,−2)
F:(−7,−2)→(7,−2)
3 F(−7,−2), G(−1,−4), H(−5,−5) G'(1,−4)
G:(−1,−4)→(1,−4)
over the y-axis H'(5,−5)
H:(−5,−5)→(5,−5)

Rule: swap x and y

Reflect Trap QRST: Q'(−1,4)
Q:(4,−1)→(−1,4)
Q(4,−1),R(6,−1),S(8,−6),T(2,−6 R'(−1,6)
4 R:(6,−1)→(−1,6)
) S'(−6,8)
S:(8,−6)→(−6,8)
over y = x T'(−6,2)
T:(2,−6)→(−6,2)

Rule: y → 2b−y = 2(2)−y = 4−y; x stays

L'(−4,−2)
Reflect Square LMNO: L:(−4,6)→(−4, 4−6)=(−4,−2)
M'(−1,−4)
5 L(−4,6),M(−1,8),N(1,5),O(−2,3) M:(−1,8)→(−1,−4)
N'(1,−1)
over line y = 2 N:(1,5)→(1,−1)
O'(−2,1)
O:(−2,3)→(−2,1)

Rule: (x,y)→(−y,−x)
S'(−4,3)
Reflect Parallelogram STUV: S:(−3,4)→(−4,3)
T'(−7,1)
6 S(−3,4),T(−1,7),U(5,7),V(3,4) T:(−1,7)→(−7,1)
U'(−7,−5)
over y = −x U:(5,7)→(−7,−5)
V'(−4,−3)
V:(3,4)→(−4,−3)

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 5

 ➡■ TOPIC 2: TRANSLATIONS — THE SLIDE CONCEPT

What is a Translation?
A translation is a vector-based slide. Every single point moves the exact same direction and exact same distance.
Size, shape, and orientation are ALL preserved (rigid motion). The rule is: (x, y) → (x + h, y + k).

DIRECTION RULE WHAT h or k LOOKS LIKE

Move RIGHT (x + h, y) where h > 0 Positive number added to x

Move LEFT (x − h, y) where h > 0 Negative number / subtract from x

Move UP (x, y + k) where k > 0 Positive number added to y

Move DOWN (x, y − k) where k > 0 Negative number / subtract from y

Diagonal (x + h, y + k) Apply BOTH h and k at the same time

How to Find the Translation Rule from a Graph:

Pick ANY point and its image. Subtract: h = x' − x and k = y' − y. Then write (x + h, y + k). Example: R(−3, 4) → R'(4, 9):
h = 4−(−3) = 7, k = 9−4 = 5. Rule: (x + 7, y + 5).

WORKED EXAMPLES — Translations

# Problem Step-by-Step Answers

h = −2, k = −6
Translate Triangle JKL: J'(−4,−3)
J: (−2−2, 3−6) = (−4, −3)
1 J(−2,3), K(2,4), L(6,−1) K'(0,−2)
K: (2−2, 4−6) = (0, −2)
using (x−2, y−6) L'(4,−7)
L: (6−2, −1−6) = (4, −7)

h = −11, k = +4
D'(−5,5)
Translate Rect DEFG: D: (6−11, 1+4) = (−5, 5)
E'(−3,4)
2 D(6,1),E(8,0),F(5,−6),G(3,−5) E: (8−11, 0+4) = (−3, 4)
F'(−6,−2)
using (x−11, y+4) F: (5−11, −6+4) = (−6, −2)
G'(−8,−1)
G: (3−11, −5+4) = (−8, −1)

Write the rule: h = 4 − (−3) = +7

3 S(−3, 6) is translated to k = −3 − 6 = −9 (x+7, y−9)
S'(4, −3) Rule: (x+7, y−9)

h = +7, k = −9
S'(4,−3)
Translate Trapezoid STUV: S:(−3+7, 6−9)=(4, −3)
T'(7,−2)
4 S(−3,6),T(0,7),U(1,4),V(−5,2) T:(0+7, 7−9)=(7, −2)
U'(8,−5)
using (x+7, y−9) U:(1+7, 4−9)=(8, −5)
V'(2,−7)
V:(−5+7, 2−9)=(2, −7)

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 6

 ■ TOPIC 3: ROTATIONS — THE TURN CONCEPT

What is a Rotation?
A rotation is a turn around a fixed point called the center of rotation (usually the origin). Every point travels along a
circular path, keeping the same distance (radius) from the center. Rotations are rigid motions — size and shape
preserved. Unless stated otherwise, rotations are COUNTERCLOCKWISE (CCW).

90° CCW

(x, y) → (−y, x)
Memory trick: "Negate x, put it in y's spot. Old y goes to x's spot."
OR: cover the x, negate it, move it right.

180° (CW or CCW — same!)

(x, y) → (−x, −y)

Memory trick: "BOTH signs flip." Easy — just negate everything.
Note: 180° CW = 180° CCW. Same result.

270° CCW (= 90° CW)

(x, y) → (y, −x)

Memory trick: "Put y in x's spot. Move old x to y's spot, negate it."
Most common mistake: confusing with 90° CCW!

■■ KEY ROTATION FACTS:

• A 90° CW rotation gives the same result as a 270° CCW rotation: (x,y) → (y, −x)
• Rotations about the origin use these rules directly. Rotation about other points requires shifting first.
• Four 90° CCW rotations bring you back to the original — it's a cycle of 4.
• The distance from the center is ALWAYS preserved (that's what makes it a rotation, not a dilation).

WORKED EXAMPLES — Rotations

# Problem Step-by-Step Work Answers

Rule: (x,y)→(−y, x)
C'(−4,2)
Rotate C(2,4), D(6,7), E(7,3) C:(2,4)→(−4, 2)
1 D'(−7,6)
90° CCW D:(6,7)→(−7, 6)
E'(−3,7)
E:(7,3)→(−3, 7)

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 7

# Problem Step-by-Step Work Answers

Rule: (x,y)→(−x, −y)

M'(6,−8)
Rotate M:(−6,8)→(6,−8)
N'(1,−4)
2 M(−6,8),N(−1,4),O(−2,1),P(−7,2) N:(−1,4)→(1,−4)
O'(2,−1)
180° O:(−2,1)→(2,−1)
P'(7,−2)
P:(−7,2)→(7,−2)

Rule: (x,y)→(y, −x)

T'(−2,6)
Rotate T(−6,−2),U(−3,−3),V(−4, T:(−6,−2)→(−2,6)
U'(−3,3)
3 −6),W(−7,−5) U:(−3,−3)→(−3,3)
V'(−6,4)
270° CCW V:(−4,−6)→(−6,4)
W'(−5,7)
W:(−7,−5)→(−5,7)

Rule: (x,y)→(y, −x)

P'(3,−1)
Rotate P(1,3), Q(4,8), R(8,1) P:(1,3)→(3,−1)
4 Q'(8,−4)
270° CCW Q:(4,8)→(8,−4)
R'(1,−8)
R:(8,1)→(1,−8)

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 8

 ■ TOPIC 4: DILATIONS — THE RESIZE CONCEPT

What is a Dilation?
A dilation is a NON-rigid transformation — it changes SIZE but preserves SHAPE. The result is a similar figure (same
angles, proportional sides). Every coordinate is multiplied by the scale factor k: (x, y) → (kx, ky). The center of dilation
is the fixed point (usually the origin).

SCALE FACTOR k EFFECT SIZE CHANGE EXAMPLE

ENLARGEMENT — figure gets

k>1 Expands away from center k=2: every coord doubles
bigger

REDUCTION — figure gets

0<k<1 Contracts toward center k=½: every coord halves
smaller

k=1 No change — identical figure Same size k=1: pre-image = image

k<0 Dilation + reflection through center Special case Rare on tests

How to Find the Scale Factor k from a Graph:

Divide any image coordinate by the corresponding pre-image coordinate: k = x' ÷ x (or k = y' ÷ y). Check with BOTH
coordinates — they must give the same k. Example: L(4, 6) → L'(2, 3): k = 2÷4 = ½. Check: 3÷6 = ½ ✓

WORKED EXAMPLES — Dilations

# Problem Step-by-Step Answers

Multiply each coord by 2:

Dilate Triangle ABC: A'(−14,2)
A:(−7×2, 1×2)=(−14, 2)
1 A(−7,1), B(−5,6), C(−1,2) B'(−10,12)
B:(−5×2, 6×2)=(−10, 12)
k=2 C'(−2,4)
C:(−1×2, 2×2)=(−2, 4)

Multiply each coord by 1/3:

Dilate Rect JKLM: J'(2,4)
J:(6/3, 12/3)=(2, 4)
J(6,12),K(15,12),L(15,−3),M(6, K'(5,4)
2 K:(15/3, 12/3)=(5, 4)
−3) L'(5,−1)
L:(15/3, −3/3)=(5, −1)
k = 1/3 M'(2,−1)
M:(6/3, −3/3)=(2, −1)

Find k if: k = x'/x = 2/3

3 k = 2/3
S(3, 6) → S'(2, 4) Check: y'/y = 4/6 = 2/3 ✓

Find k if: k = x'/x = 12/3 = 4

4 k=4
H(3, 0) → H'(12, 0) Check: 0×4 = 0 ✓

Multiply each coord by 7/2:

Dilate Triangle STU: S'(0,7)
S:(0, 2×7/2)=(0, 7)
5 S(0,2), T(2,3), U(4,1) T'(7,10.5)
T:(2×7/2, 3×7/2)=(7, 10.5)
k = 7/2 U'(14,3.5)
U:(4×7/2, 1×7/2)=(14, 3.5)

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 9

 ■ TOPIC 4B: SYMMETRY

TYPE DEFINITION HOW TO TEST IT EXAMPLES

Figure can be folded along a line Look for a "fold line" — both sides Square (4 lines), Rectangle (2
Line Symmetry
so both halves match exactly are mirror images lines), Equilateral Triangle (3 lines)

Figure looks the same after 180° Rotate 180° — does it map onto
Point Symmetry Parallelogram, letter S, letter Z
rotation about a center point itself?

Rotational Figure maps onto itself after a Divide 360° by number of matching Square: 90°, 180°, 270°; Regular
Symmetry rotation of less than 360° positions hexagon: every 60°

Cannot be reflected or rotated onto

No Symmetry None of the above apply Letter P, letter F, scalene triangle
itself

COMMON SHAPES — Symmetry Summary:

Shape Line Point Rotational

Square YES (4 lines) YES YES (90°, 180°, 270°)

Rectangle YES (2 lines) YES YES (180°)

Parallelogram NO YES YES (180°)

Regular Hexagon YES (6 lines) YES YES (60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, 300°)

Equilateral Triangle YES (3 lines) NO YES (120°, 240°)

Circle YES (infinite) YES YES (any angle)

Scalene Triangle NO NO NO

Letter P NO NO NO

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 10

 ■ TOPIC 5: FUNCTION TRANSFORMATIONS & GRAPH ANALYSIS

The Master Formula: y = a · f(x − h) + k

EVERY transformed function can be described using this form. You must be able to both READ a function and identify its
transformations, AND WRITE a function given a set of transformations.

WORKED EXAMPLES — Reading Transformations:

Function Parent a (stretch/flip) h (horiz) k (vert)

y = (x − 3)² + 2 Quadratic a = 1 (none) h = 3 → Right 3 k = +2 → Up 2

y = −|x − 3| Absolute Value a = −1 → Reflect x-axis h = 3 → Right 3 k = 0 (none)

y = 3^(x+1) Exponential a = 1, stretch of 3 h = −1 → Left 1 k = 0 (none)

a = −¼ → Reflect x-axis +
y = −¼x² + 5 Quadratic h = 0 (none) k = +5 → Up 5
Compress ¼

y = (2/3)(x+1)³ Cubic a = 2/3 → Compress 2/3 h = −1 → Left 1 k = 0 (none)

y = −4|x − 2| Absolute Value a = −4 → Reflect + Stretch 4 h = 2 → Right 2 k = 0 (none)

y = (5/2)√x − 2 Square Root a = 5/2 → Stretch 5/2 h = 0 (none) k = −2 → Down 2

y = ½√(x−7) + 9 Square Root a = ½ → Compress ½ h = 7 → Right 7 k = +9 → Up 9

WORKED EXAMPLES — Writing Equations from Descriptions:

Description Build It Step by Step Final Equation

Quadratic, reflect x-axis, left 3, down Start: x² → Reflect: −x² → Left 3: −(x+3)² → Down 2:
y = −(x + 3)² − 2
2 −(x+3)²−2

Absolute Value, reflect y-axis, Start: |x| → Reflect y-axis: |−x| = |x| → Stretch 8:
y = 8|−x|
stretch by 8 8|−x|

Square Root, right 7, up 9, compress Start: √x → Right 7: √(x−7) → Up 9: √(x−7)+9 →

y = ½√(x − 7) + 9
½ Compress ½: ½√(x−7)+9

Cubic, stretch 2, reflect x-axis, right Start: x³ → Stretch 2: 2x³ → Reflect: −2x³ → Right 5:
y = −2(x − 5)³ − 7
5, down 7 −2(x−5)³ → Down 7: −2(x−5)³−7

Quadratic, compress 2/5, up 7 Start: x² → Compress: (2/5)x² → Up 7: (2/5)x²+7 y = (2/5)x² + 7

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 11

 ■ TOPIC 6: KEY FEATURES OF FUNCTIONS — GRAPH READING

FEATURE DEFINITION HOW TO FIND IT NOTATION

Domain All valid x-values (inputs) Read left → right along x-axis [-5, ∞) or {-2, 0, 3}

Range All valid y-values (outputs) Read bottom → top along y-axis [-2.5, ∞)

Where graph crosses

x-intercepts Set y = 0; look for (x, 0) points (-5, 0), (2, 0)
x-axis

Where graph crosses

y-intercept Set x = 0; look for (0, y) point (0, 2.5) — always a POINT!
y-axis

Graph goes UP from left Find x-intervals where slope is

Increasing (-5.5, -5) ∪ (-4, -3) ∪ (2, ∞)
to right positive

Graph goes DOWN from Find x-intervals where slope is

Decreasing (-5, -4) ∪ (1, 2)
left to right negative

Find x-intervals where y doesn't

Constant Graph is flat (horizontal) (-3, 1)
change

A local "peak" (highest Look for a hill-top; may not be global

Relative Max (-5, 0) is a rel. max
nearby point) max

A local "valley" (lowest Look for a valley; may not be global

Relative Min (-4, -2) is a rel. min
nearby point) min

Highest point on ENTIRE Compare ALL relative maxima +

Absolute Max DNE if goes to +∞
graph endpoints

Lowest point on ENTIRE Compare ALL relative minima +

Absolute Min (-5.5, -2.5) in Image 5
graph endpoints

Look at the arrows on both ends of

End Behavior What y does as x→±∞ As x→∞, f(x)→∞
graph

END BEHAVIOR — Reading from Equations:

Degree Leading Coeff As x→+∞ As x→−∞ Example

EVEN Positive (+) f(x) → +∞ f(x) → +∞ f(x)=x² (both ends UP)

EVEN Negative (−) f(x) → −∞ f(x) → −∞ f(x)=−x² (both ends DOWN)

ODD Positive (+) f(x) → +∞ f(x) → −∞ f(x)=x³ (up right, down left)

ODD Negative (−) f(x) → −∞ f(x) → +∞ f(x)=−x■ (down right, up left)

EVEN / ODD / NEITHER — How to Test:

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 12

Type Test Graph Symmetry Examples

f(−x) = f(x) for all x

Even Symmetric about y-axis x², |x|, cos(x)
(plug in −x, get same answer)

f(−x) = −f(x) for all x

Odd Symmetric about origin (180° rot) x, x³, x³+x
(plug in −x, get negative)

Neither Neither condition holds No special symmetry √x, x²+x, −3x−7

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 13

 ■ TOP 10 TEST TRAPS — DON'T LOSE THESE POINTS

TRAP #1: y-intercept is a POINT, not a number TRAP #2: Horizontal shifts are OPPOSITE the sign

The y-intercept must be written as a COORDINATE: (0, 2.5), f(x − 3): the "−3" means shift RIGHT 3 (not left). f(x + 3): the
NOT just "2.5". On the test, if they ask for the y-intercept as a "+3" means LEFT 3. The h is subtracted inside, so you do
point and you write only a number, you lose the point. the OPPOSITE. This is the #1 function mistake.

TRAP #3: y = x vs y = −x reflections TRAP #4: Rotation direction — assume CCW unless
told otherwise
y = x: ONLY swap coordinates. (3, 5) → (5, 3). y = −x: SWAP
then NEGATE both. (3, 5) → (−5, −3). The extra negation 90° CW = 270° CCW. If the problem says "90° clockwise,"
kills many students. use the 270° CCW rule: (x,y)→(y,−x). Always check whether
CW or CCW is specified.

TRAP #5: Relative vs Absolute min/max TRAP #6: 270° CCW vs 90° CCW — most confused
pair
Absolute = lowest/highest point on the ENTIRE graph.
Relative = a local valley or peak. A graph can have multiple 90° CCW: (x,y)→(−y, x). 270° CCW: (x,y)→(y, −x). Many
relative extrema but only one absolute min/max (or DNE if it students swap these. Memory: 270° "looks like" 90° but goes
extends to infinity). the other way.

TRAP #7: Domain and Range notation — open vs TRAP #8: Scale factor k — finding it from coordinates
closed brackets
k = image coordinate ÷ pre-image coordinate. Must be
Open interval ( ) = endpoint NOT included (open dot on consistent for BOTH x and y. If they don't give the same k,
graph). Closed interval [ ] = endpoint IS included (closed you made an arithmetic error.
dot). Use [ ] for finite endpoints, ( ) with ∞ always.

TRAP #9: Vertical Line Test — what makes a function TRAP #10: 180° rotation: same result for CW and
CCW
A relation is a function ONLY IF every x has exactly ONE y.
If any vertical line hits the graph more than once → NOT a 180° rotation gives (−x, −y) regardless of direction. You don't
function. An S-curve (like x = y³) typically fails this test. need to worry about CW vs CCW for 180° — the answer is
always the same.

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 14

 ■ COMBINATION PROBLEMS — TWO TRANSFORMATIONS IN A ROW

Many test problems chain TWO transformations together. Always apply them in order — do Step 1 first, then use that
result for Step 2. The order MATTERS!

# Problem Step 1 Step 2 Final Answer

Reflect X(−3,7) over x-axis, x-axis reflection: Translate:

1 X''(6, −5)
then translate (x+9, y+2) (−3,7)→(−3,−7) (−3+9, −7+2)=(6,−5)

Rotate W(1,5) by 270° CCW, 270° CCW: Translate:

2 W''(−2, 2)
then translate (x−7, y+3) (1,5)→(5,−1) (5−7, −1+3)=(−2,2)

Reflect G(−1,−3) over y=x, y=x: swap x,y: Translate:

3 G''(1, 9)
then translate (x+4, y+10) (−1,−3)→(−3,−1) (−3+4, −1+10)=(1,9)

Translate L(−2,7) by
Translate: y-axis: negate x:
4 (x+6,y−8), L''(−4, −1)
(−2+6, 7−8)=(4,−1) (4,−1)→(−4,−1)
then reflect over y-axis

Dilate A(−7,1) by k=2, Dilation k=2: x-axis: negate y:

5 A''(−14, −2)
then reflect over x-axis (−14, 2) (−14,2)→(−14,−2)

Rotate D(−6,−1) by 180°, 180°: x-axis: negate y:

6 D''(6, −1)
then reflect over x-axis (−6,−1)→(6,1) (6,1)→(6,−1)

Reflect K(−3,2) over y=1, y=1: y→2(1)−y=2−2=0; 90° CCW: (x,y)→(−y,x):

7 K''(0, −3)
then rotate 90° CCW x stays: (−3, 0) (−3,0)→(0,−3)

Rotate J(3,4) by 270° CCW, 270° CCW: Translate:

8 J''(6, −8)
then translate (x+2, y−5) (3,4)→(4,−3) (4+2,−3−5)=(6,−8)

■ ANSWER KEY — LEVEL 1 ASSESSMENT (Selected Problems)

Problem Answer Problem Answer Problem Answer

1. Reflect A(−4,2) 2. Reflect B(−6,7) 3. Translate J(−2,3) by

A'(−4,−2) B'(6,7) J'(−4,−3)
x-axis y-axis (x−2,y−6)

4. Rotate C(2,4) 90°

C'(−4,2) 5. Dilate S(0,2) k=2 S'(0,4) 6. Parent of 2^x Exponential
CCW

7. Reflect F(1,8) over 8. Rotate M(−6,8) 9. Translate Q(−6,−1)

F'(8,1) M'(6,−8) Q'(−1,6)
y=x 180° (x+5,y+7)

10. Dilate L(−12,0) 12. Rotate P(1,3) 270°

L'(−9,0) P'(3,−1) 13. Shift f(x)=x² down 1 y = x² − 1
k=3/4 CCW

14. Dilate J(6,12) 15. Reflect R(0,3) over

J'(2,4) R'(−2,3) 31. Find k: S(3,6)→S'(2,4) k = 2/3
k=1/3 x=−1

32. Find k: Reflection over

k=4 37. (x,y)→(y,x) 39. Is f(x)=x² even/odd? Even
H(3,0)→H'(12,0) y=x

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 15

 Problem Answer Problem Answer Problem Answer

40. Is f(x)=x³+x NO — fails vert. Vert.

Odd 43. S-curve: function? 44. Effect of a=1/4 on quad
even/odd? line test Compression

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 16

 ■ FINAL PRACTICE SPRINT — 30 RAPID-FIRE QUESTIONS

Work through each problem WITHOUT looking at your notes first. Check answers on the next section. Aim to do each in
under 60 seconds.

1. Reflect (5, −3) over the x-axis. 2. Reflect (−2, 7) over the y-axis.

3. Reflect (4, −1) over the line y = x. 4. Reflect (3, 5) over the line y = −x.

5. Rotate (4, 2) 90° CCW. 6. Rotate (−1, 6) 180°.

7. Rotate (3, −5) 270° CCW. 8. Translate (2, −4) using (x + 5, y − 3).

9. Dilate (−6, 4) by k = 1/2. 10. Find k if A(5, 10) → A'(1, 2).

11. Find k if B(3, 0) → B'(12, 0). 12. Reflect (−3, 8) over x-axis, then translate (x + 2, y − 1).

13. Rotate (1, 4) 90° CCW, then reflect over y-axis. 14. Dilate (−4, 6) by k = 2, then reflect over x-axis.

15. Translate (5, −2) using (x − 3, y + 7). 16. What transformation is (x, y) → (y, x)?

17. What transformation is (x, y) → (−x, −y)? 18. What transformation is (x, y) → (3x, 3y)?

19. State the parent function of f(x) = −2|x + 1| − 4. 20. Describe all transformations in y = −(x − 2)² + 3.

21. Write the equation: abs. value, left 3, up 4. 22. Write the equation: quadratic, reflect x-axis, right 2,
down 5.

23. Is f(x) = x■ − 2x² even, odd, or neither? 24. Is f(x) = x³ − x even, odd, or neither?

25. State end behavior: f(x) = −x■ + 4x³. 26. A square — how many lines of symmetry?

27. A parallelogram — point symmetry? (yes/no) 28. Reflect (0, 5) over the line x = 3.

29. Reflect (7, 2) over the line y = −1. 30. Rotate (−2, 4) 270° CCW, then translate (x + 1, y − 3).

■ SPRINT ANSWERS
1.(5,3) | 2.(2,7) | 3.(−1,4) | 4.(−5,−3) | 5.(−2,4) | 6.(1,−6) | 7.(−5,−3)
8.(7,−7) | 9.(−3,2) | 10. k=1/5 | 11. k=4 | 12.(−1,−9) | 13.(4,1) | 14.(8,−12)
15.(2,5) | 16. Reflection over y=x | 17. Rotation 180° | 18. Dilation k=3
19. Absolute Value | 20. Quadratic, reflect x-axis, right 2, up 3
21. y=|x+3|+4 | 22. y=−(x−2)²−5 | 23. Even | 24. Odd
25. As x→∞, f(x)→−∞; as x→−∞, f(x)→+∞
26. 4 lines of symmetry | 27. Yes | 28.(6,5) | 29.(7,−4) | 30.(4,1) then (5,−2)

■ LAST-NIGHT MASTERY CHECKLIST

◆ REFLECTIONS
■ I know all 4 main reflection rules by heart (x-axis, y-axis, y=x, y=−x)
■ I can apply x = a and y = b reflections using the formula 2a−x or 2b−y

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 17

■ I remember: y=x → swap only; y=−x → swap AND negate

◆ TRANSLATIONS
■ I can apply (x+h, y+k) to any set of points instantly
■ I can find the translation rule from a graph by subtracting coordinates
■ I remember: h is horizontal (opposite sign shifts), k is vertical (same sign)

◆ ROTATIONS
■ 90° CCW: (−y, x) | 180°: (−x, −y) | 270° CCW: (y, −x) — MEMORIZED
■ I know 90° CW = 270° CCW
■ I always check whether the problem says CW or CCW

◆ DILATIONS
■ I multiply BOTH coordinates by k to get the image
■ I can find k by dividing image coords by pre-image coords
■ I know k > 1 = enlargement; 0 < k < 1 = reduction

◆ FUNCTIONS
■ I know all 6 parent function shapes (linear, quadratic, cubic, abs val, sqrt, exponential)
■ I can read y=a·f(x−h)+k and state all 4 transformations
■ I can write an equation from a verbal description
■ I know h is inside (opposite) and k is outside (same direction)

◆ GRAPH FEATURES
■ Domain = x-values (left to right); Range = y-values (bottom to top)
■ I can identify increasing, decreasing, constant intervals correctly
■ I know relative vs absolute min/max difference
■ I can determine even/odd/neither by plugging in x and −x
■ I can state end behavior based on degree and leading coefficient sign

■ You've got this. Trust the rules, check your work, and go earn that A! ■

Unit 9 Transformations — Mastery Study Guide | Page 18