30.06.

2014

5. Newton's Laws Applications

1. Using Newton’s 2nd Law

2. Multiple Objects
3. Circular Motion
4. Friction
5. Drag Forces

Why doesn’t the roller coaster fall its loop-the loop track?

Ans. The downward net force is just enough to make it move in a circular path.

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Problem Solving Strategy

 Draw a free body diagram, showing and labeling all
the forces acting on the object(s)
 Choose a coordinate system that has one axis along
the centripetal acceleration, perpendicular to the circular
path and the other axis tangent to the circular path
 Find the net force toward the center of the circular
path (this is the force that causes the centripetal
acceleration, FC)
 Use Newton’s second law
 The directions will be radial, normal, and tangential
 The acceleration in the radial direction will be the centripetal
acceleration
 Solve for the unknown(s)
June 30, 2014

5.1. Using Newton’s 2nd Law

Example 5.1. Skiing
A skier of mass m = 65 kg glides down a frictionless slope of angle  = 32. Find
(a)The skier’s acceleration
(b) The force the snow exerts on him.

N nx  Fg x  m ax
Fnet   Fi n  Fg  m a 
i
ny  Fg y  m a y

n   0 , ny  a   ax , 0 
Fg  m g  sin  ,  cos  

y F i
ix  m g sin   m ax

a  ax   9.8 m / s 2  sin  32  5.2 m / s

n 2

a
 F
i
iy  ny  m g cos   0
 x
Fg n  ny   65 kg   9.8 m / s 2  cos  32  540 N

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Example 5.2. Bear Precautions

Mass of pack in figure is 17 kg.
What is the tension on each rope?
N
Fnet   Fi T1  T2  Fg m a  0 since a0
i

T1  T1  cos  , sin  
Fg   0 , m g 
T2  T2   cos  , sin  

F ix  T1 cos   T2 cos   0 T1  T2  T
i

y
F iy  T1 sin   T2 sin   m g  0 T
mg
T2 T1 i 2 sin 

  17 kg   9.8 m / s 2 
T  220 N
x 2 sin 22
Fg

Figure 5.15

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Figure 5.22

Example 5.3. Restraining a Ski Racer

A starting gate acts horizontally to restrain a 60 kg ski racer on a frictionless 30 slope.

What horizontal force does the gate apply to the skier?

Fnet  Fh  n  Fg ma0 since a0

Fh    Fh , 0 
Fg   0 , m g 
y n  n  sin  , cos  
n

F
i
ix   Fh  n sin   0  Fh  n sin 


F iy  n cos   m g  0 
n
mg
i
cos 
x
sin    60 kg   9.8 m / s  tan 30  340 N
Fh mg
Fh 
2

cos 
Fg

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Alternative Approach

Net force along slope (x-direction) :

F
i
ix   Fh cos   Fg sin   0

Fh  Fg tan 
y
n   60 kg   9.8 m / s 2  tan 30  340 N


Fh
x
Fg

GOT IT? 5.1.

A roofer’s toolbox rests on a frictionless 45 ° roof,
secured by a horizontal rope.
Is the rope tension
(a)greater than,
(b)less than, or
(c)equal to
the box’s weight?

n F
i
ix  T cos   mg sin   0

 T  mg tan 


T
Smaller   smaller T
Fg x

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5.2. Multiple Objects

Example 5.4. Rescuing a Climber
A 70 kg climber dangles over the edge of a frictionless ice cliff.
He’s roped to a 940 kg rock 51 m from the edge.
(a)What’s his acceleration?
(b)How much time does he have before the rock goes over the edge?
Neglect mass of the rope.

Frock  Tr  Fg r  n  mr ar ac  ar  a

Fclimber  Tc  Fg c  mc ac Tc  Tr  T

Tr  Tr , 0  Fg r   0 ,  mr g  n  0 , n ar   ar , 0 

Tc   0 , Tc  Fg c   0 , mc g  ac   0 ,  ac 

Tr  mr ar mr g  n  0 T  mr a mr g  n  0

Tc  mc g  mc ac T  mc g  mc a

mc
T  mr a mr g  n  0 a g
 mr  mc
T  mc g  mc a

70 kg
940 kg  70 kg
9.8 m / s2 
 0.679 m / s 2
1 2
x  x0  v0 t  at
2 2  x  x0  2  51 m   12 s
 t 
x  x0  51 m a 0.679 m / s 2

v0  0

Tension

T = 1N throughout

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5.4. Friction

Some 20% of fuel is used to overcome friction inside an engine.

The Nature of Friction

Frictional Forces
Pushing a trunk:
[Link] happens unless force is great enough.
[Link] can be reduced once trunk is going.

Static friction f s  s n v0

s = coefficient of static friction

Kinetic friction f k  k n v0

k = coefficient of kinetic friction

k   s

k : < 0.01 (smooth), > 1.5 (rough)

Rubber on dry concrete : k = 0.8, s = 1.0
Waxed ski on dry snow: k = 0.04
Body-joint fluid: k = 0.003

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Figure 5.20

Figure 5.21

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Application of Friction
Walking & driving require static friction.

foot pushes ground No slippage:

ground pushes you
Contact point is momentarily at rest
 static friction at work

Example 5.8. Stopping a Car

k & s of a tire on dry road are 0.61 & 0.89, respectively.
If the car is travelling at 90 km/h (25 m/s),
(a) determine the minimum stopping distance.
(b) the stopping distance with the wheels fully locked (car skidding).

a  a , 0 
N
Fnet   Fi n  Fg  f f  m a
i

n  0 , n Fg   0 ,  m g  f f    n , 0 

Fi
ix   n  m a F
i
iy  nm g  0
n
a   g
m
 25 m / s 
2
v02
(a)  = s : x    36 m
v2  v02  2 a  x  x0  2s g 2  0.89   9.8 m / s 2 
v02
 25 m / s 
2
v0  x   v02
(b)  = k : x    52 m
2  0.61  9.8 m / s 2 
2a
2k g

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Application: Antilock Braking Systems (ABS)

Skidding wheel: Rolling wheel:

kinetic friction static friction

Example 5.9a. Steering

A level road makes a 90 turn with radius 73 m.
What’s the maximum speed for a car to negotiate this turn when the road is
(a) dry ( s = 0.88 ).
(b) covered with snow ( s = 0.21 ).
N
Fnet   Fi n  Fg  f s  m a  v2 
a ,0 
i
 r 
n  0 , n Fg   0 ,  m g  f s   s n , 0 

F ix  s n  m
v2
F iy  nm g  0
i r i

s r n
v  s r g
m

(a) v  0.88  73 m   9.8 m / s 2   25 m / s  90 km / h

(b) v  0.21  73 m  9.8 m / s 2   12 m / s  44 km / h

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Example 5.10. Avalanche!

Storm dumps new snow on ski slope.
s between new & old snow is 0.46.
What’s the maximum slope angle to which the new snow can adhere?

 F n  F
i
i g  fs  m a a0

n  0 , n
f s    s n , 0 
Fg  m g  sin  ,  cos  
y

n
F ix  m g sin   s n  0 F iy  n  m g cos   0
fs i i

tan   s

 x   tan 1 s  tan 1 0.46  25
Fg

Example 5.11. Dragging a Trunk

Mass of trunk is m. Rope is massless. Kinetic friction coefficient is k.
What rope tension is required to move trunk at constant speed?
N
Fnet   Fi n  Fg  f k  T  m a a0
i

n  0 , n f k    k n , 0 
Fg   0 ,  m g  T  T  cos  , sin  

F F
y
ix  k n  T cos   0 iy  n  m g  T sin   0
i i

n T T T
n cos  cos   m g  T sin   0
k k
fk 
x mg m g k
T 
cos  cos   k sin 
 sin 
Fg k

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GOT IT? 5.4

Is the frictional force

(a) less than, (b) equal to , or (c) greater than
the weight multiplied by the coefficient of friction?

Reason: Chain is pulling downward, thus increasing n.

5.5. Drag Forces

Drag force: frictional force on moving objects in fluid.
Depends on fluid density, object’s cross section area, & speed.

Terminal speed: max speed of free falling object in fluid.

Parachute: vT ~ 5 m/s.
Sky-diver varies falling speed by
Ping-pong ball: vT ~ 10 m/s. changing his cross-section.
Golf ball: vT ~ 50 m/s.

Drag & Projectile Motion

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Figure 5.28

5.3. Newton’s 2nd Law Circular Motion

Figure 5.30

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Figure 5.29

Figure 5.31

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5.3. Circular Motion

Uniform circular motion

v2
2nd law: Fnet  m a  m centripetal
r

Example 5.9
How far can the car go without skidding off the road?

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Example 5.9
How far can the car go without skidding off the road?

Example 5.5. Whirling a Ball on a String

Mass of ball is m. String is massless.
Find the ball’s speed & the string tension.
N
Fnet   Fi T  Fg  m a
i

T  T  cos  , sin  
a   a , 0
Fg   0 ,  m g 

F iy T sin   m g  0  T  m g
y i sin 

F ix  T cos   m a
T i

T v2

 a cos   g cot  
m r
a x
v ar  g L cot  cos 
Fg

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Example 5.6. Engineering a Road

At what angle should a road with 200 m curve
radius be banked for travel at 90 km/h (25 m/s)?

N
Fnet   Fi n  Fg  m a
i

n  n  sin  , cos    v2 
a   , 0
 r 
Fg   0 ,  m g 

y
n F ix n sin   m
v2
F iy n cos   m g  0
i r i


 25 m / s 
2
v2
tan   
 r g  200 m   9.8 m / s 2 
a x
 0.318877...  0.32

Fg   17.74...  18

Example 5.7. Looping the Loop

Radius at top is 6.3 m.
What’s the minimum speed for a roller-coaster car to stay on track there?
N
Fnet   Fi n  Fg  m a
i

n  0 ,  n  v2 
a  0 ,  
 r 
Fg   0 ,  m g 

v2
F
i
ir   n  m g  m
r

Minimum speed  n = 0

v gr  9.8 m / s   6.3 m
2
 7.9 m / s

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Figure 5.36

Conceptual Example 5.1. Bad Hair Day

What’s wrong with this cartoon showing riders of a loop-the-loop roller coaster?

From Eg. 5.7: n  m g =  m a =  m v2 / r

(ag)

Consider hair as mass point connected to head by

massless string.

Then Tmg=ma
where T is tension on string.

Thus, T = m ( g  a )  0 . ( downward )

This means hair points upward

( opposite to that shown in cartoon).

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Centripetal Force
 Acceleration: v2    
ac  ac  v Fnet  v
 Magnitude: r
 Direction: toward the center of
the circle of motion
v2
ac 
r

 Force: Fnet Fnet

 Start from Newton’s 2nd Law
 
Fnet  ma Fnet
 Magnitude:
mv2
Fnet  mac 
r
 
 Direction: toward the center of ac || Fnet
the circle of motion
June 30, 2014

Problem Solving Strategy

 Draw a free body diagram, showing and labeling all
the forces acting on the object(s)
 Choose a coordinate system that has one axis along
the centripetal acceleration, perpendicular to the circular
path and the other axis tangent to the circular path
 Find the net force toward the center of the circular
path (this is the force that causes the centripetal
acceleration, FC)
 Use Newton’s second law
 The directions will be radial, normal, and tangential
 The acceleration in the radial direction will be the centripetal
acceleration
 Solve for the unknown(s)
June 30, 2014

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Problem-Solving Tactics
 A roller-coaster car has a mass of 500 kg when fully loaded
with passengers. (a) If the vehicle has a speed of 20.0 m/s at
point A, what is the force exerted by the track on the car at this
point? (b) What is the maximum speed the vehicle can have at
point B and still remain on the track?

June 30, 2014

 step 1: draw free-body diagram

 step 2: choose a coordinate system: centripetal acceleration?
 step 3: Newton’s 2nd law Fnet, y   Fy  may Fnet, x   Fx  max
v2 v2
Fnet, y   Fy  N  mg may  m N  mg  m
r r
2 2
v (20m / s)
N  mg  m  500kg(9.8m / s 2  )  24900 N  24.9kN
r 10m

mg

June 30, 2014

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 What is the maximum speed at point B? Fnet, y   Fy  may

v2
Fnet, y   Fy  N  mg may  m
r
v2 v2 vmax
2
N  mg  m mg  N  m mg  m
r r r
N
vmax  rg  (15m)(9.8m / s 2 )  12m / s

mg

June 30, 2014

Level Curves
 The force of static friction directed toward the
center of the curve keeps the car moving in a
circular path.
2
vmax
f s ,max   s N  m
r
 y
F  N  mg  0
N  mg
 s Nr  s mgr
vmax     s gr
m m
 (0.5)(9.8m / s 2 )(10.0m)  7.0m / s
v  rg
June 30, 2014

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Banked Curves
 A car moving at the designated
speed can negotiate the curve.
Such a ramp is usually banked,
which means that the roadway
is tilted toward the inside of the
curve. The radius of curvature
of the road is R, the banking
angle with respect to the
horizontal is θ and the
coefficient of friction is µ. What
should be the car’s speed in
order that there is no friction
force between the care and the
road?
June 30, 2014

Banked Curves
v? R,  , 
mv 2
 Fr  n sin   mac  R
 Fy  n cos   mg  may
v2
n sin   m
R
n cos   mg
v2
tan  
Rg
v  Rg tan 

June 30, 2014

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Too Fast on a Highway Ramp

vmax  ? R,  , 
mv 2
F r  n sin   f cos   mac 
R
2
mvmax
n sin   n cos  
R
R (sin    cos  )n
vmax 
m
 Fy  n cos   mg  f sin   0
n cos   mg  n sin   0
mg f
n
cos    sin 
gR (sin    cos  )
vmax 
cos    sin 
June 30, 2014

Too Slow on a Highway Ramp

vmin  ? R,  , 
mv 2
F r  n sin   f cos   mac 
R
2
mvmin
n sin   n cos  
R
R (sin    cos  )n
vmin 
m
 y F  n cos   mg  f sin   0 f
n cos   mg  n sin   0
mg
n
cos    sin 
gR (sin    cos  )
vmin 
 sin   cos 
June 30, 2014

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Simple Machines

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