| and cannot move at random. Thi CHAPTER 5 Siid_Gor Solid State SOLIDS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION Solids are thei constituent parr O i8id and have high mechanical strength, This indicates that et ceettoe Paice (atoms, molecules or ions) are closely packed. They are held together <*. As a result their constituent particles are fixed in their pales lus Solids possess definite sh. 2, Amorphous Solids. In amorphous soli . ;phous solid the constituent atoms, arranged in an orderly manner: Some amorphous solids may have The crystalline and amorphous solids differ from one an 2 1, Definite Geometry. A crystalline solid has definite euleaun pas ee orderly arrangement of constituent particles, On the other hand, an amorphous solid doesnot ‘is a definite geometry because the constituent particles are not arranged in any regular 2, Melting Points. The crystalline substances have sharp melting points. They change abruptly into liquid state. Amorphous solids do not have sharp melting points. These substances melt gradually over a temperature range. 3, Isotropy and Anisotropy. Amorphous solids resemble liquids and gases in one way i. their properties like electrical conductivity, refractive index, mechanical strength ete. are identical in all directions. This property is called isotropy, thus amorphous substances are said to be isotropic. On. the other hand, crystalline substances are anisotropic ie. their physical properties like refractive index, mechanical strength etc. have different values in different directions. The reason being that there is ordered molecular, atomic or _Fig. 1. Anisotropy shown by ionic arrangment in crystalline substances. When substances. the properties are measured along the direction AB, they will be different when measured along the direction CD as shown in Fig. 1. We find different types of atoms along both these directions, therefore the value of physical property varies accordingly. In amorphous solids there is random arrangement of atoms or molecules, therefore, all crystalline aTamers Hea een ret oes eames set ae enema ee Sears i Tp Onegin ages ne i |) An amorphous aid gives eegular ct Basten cree ine ond aero AN ep wb g » Conpariono characteris of etine a amarphous side ‘Covtatine Sa TA catalina has dete and tegalar geometry ve to oniery ‘ntngemen cohen’ parce 2. They ane hry meling pois es soe Le 2 Tey arto Le properties the fcr Arcee a leper oe 1 Rymal ert lecrcal “conduciviy thermal_ | > cera enacts eo ‘parton es hve dierent vsin | purl ‘Steve ction 4 These cost te sis, | Syme san imprtantpropey of 6 Reyne can aap 4 These ate considered a super Is 5. Amorphous solids do not have ay « negara ms 5.2. TYPES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS Deter fe ml ein rons ecifea e pee ef ln Ct nbe ey he par, = sexe coment paces ere ‘Reidel ie cia cece ret ones meets eC TE hy nt ngprm aor amr ne Rierasiean ieee i i ort ro. 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Faced i tie The val ol gad 0 Be 7s at | expt abe le dtc tee Slay te oe Foe Sc Siesta eer alesse uta si aaron ab ae 10 wm a0 20 an ae SS a ae ha cel a we xoS ~ “ ee ee z Teg Ray Sr ig cy : occ ME st as ea ; ee ee a let Fr enw poder nse rt ough ath ACT and KC have id rte ie sien eemeores ere Seeceuyasataemmrencimens ihm antpiege naan maton so ere in fesse cra srrucrune OF nec Keio cxct, 7 H "diac pe fr Nl al owe at rg Re een i icra oct re ae es ond he SEESATSISE sep eh hs pane e839 an 0. The ote 40049 4 © SSW) HED | RED rctae teen in Fire 3 sgn at here ae br bp (cand ic thes one pao (ipa sant cera Crue Eh Jaen cantare yore Ie ard och hie or by St sada Jen. Keeping md hl ect eee Coeoepn grate aria oe any that it elo NaCl contain 6 Nit land (Cro Ge ¢ Neco "KG has carved eabie te ihe tect ar chow ce ro dope ce ek ah siGhaw Teined apace are i bieiobel apolar govt Fredo cred Itch 2 sl Skreened eon phen nid concn [Ss to ters arma own shown ig See he (© Stent iain po ch ? LERESTET ET ry ye mecaAR sign pas er Zier tr, pm een po ce {ay cry te cnt Sen eeu! bea te cane Fees Scene QUESTIONS wim ANSWERS QL vat hos, a at cine ances he acl ppt he itt aan ern ert ban aid cop er eunpe each ‘Sor ‘oh ping tinh» Cl es wih he dnc hh ene [Popeater pra a shoe van cane dint ferrin ita Anscrepy fang eons he eens eed tangent fen arc calle {G2 hy enrol ve sap meng pons? ‘Ans Incline sss the aoe or er els aang 3 ee esr ater Ts ner ete tango he cyl an alld og ne er When eh ysl ted tert prs ste bene an hay ek a ther peta: The nl yt bake aay simulans te covering so AuTi as ne spe poindies os 2, the Wes, Ts sare egh Kays Hee Bey anag xs) asl datcn pea SRST Nt asap ames See ee ies : ee eee ee Seater ga are ese to study ditraction of 2 Saariee meen arnt eet eeemae tears ae ie eo - pattie en seth oiMODERIN'S PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY (8.g¢ 5/32 Using this expression 6 for a face-centred cubic lattice N= g +> =1+3* - 84422 for a body-centred orthorhombic lattice N = 5 +1 = B ha fig for an end-centred monoclinic latice N= +5 = 141 = a ; ae for a simple tetragonal lattice N= 5 = Q.16, How the edge length of a cubic cell can be calculated using powder diffraction Bay difft f the | is indicated ie. every line as assigned a correct s. The diffraction pattern of the crystal is indicated 1.¢. e/a8 a Set Pete Bers ae micesunetnent of 6 fonanyg one: of ese tne, the eee lengli: of the cube can be calculated by the equation 1 Weg aP Tsin@ iquids at all temperatures’ ?, Q. 17. Why amorphous solids are also called ‘Ans. Amorphous solids do not have sharp melting points. As the temperalure is raised, ‘farts to flow. The absence of a sharp melting points amphorphous solid gradually soften and s s suggests that these solids can be thought of ‘liquids at all temperatures’ p> MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which type of the following has highest melting point ? (a) Tonic crystal (8), Molecular crystal (c) Covalent crystal (@ Metallic crystal. 2. Which one is not the property of -ystalline solids ? (@) Isotropy (®) Sharp melting point (©) A definite and regular geometry (d) High intermolecular forces. 3. Amorphous solids are : (a) Solid substance in real sense (®) Liquid in real sense (©) Substance with definite melting point (@) Super cooled liquid. 4, Identify the crystal system having axial characteristics a= b # ca =B = = 90° (@) Monoclinic (8) Orthorhombic (c) Tetragonal (d) Trielinic 5. Number of lattice points in a body centred cubic lattice is : (a) 2 (b) 3 () 6 @ 8. 6. The total number of symmetry elements in a cube are : (@) 13 () 20 (©) 23 (a) 32.