1

Environmental Science: Theory in Practice I

व्यवहार में सिद्ाांTable
त I of Content

Chapter 1 : Introduction to Environmental Studies Study

Chapter 2: Ecosystems: Concept, Structure, Pyramids and Sequencing Study

Chapter 3: Ecosystems: Biochemical cycles, work, energy flow and productivity Study

Chapter 4 : Ecosystem : Types and Services Study

Chapter 5 : Natural Resources : Land Resources Study

Chapter 6 : Natural Resources : Water Resources Study

Chapter 7 : Natural Resources : Energy Resources Study

Chapter 8: Pollution: Air, Noise and Nuclear Pollution Study

Chapter 9 : Pollution: Water, thermal and soil pollution Study

Chapter 10 : Solid Waste Management and Case Studies

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 2

Q 1 - (a) Define the following in not more than 25 words (any five)

(i) Hydrosphere

(ii) Land degradation

(iii) Soil erosion

(iv) Primary productivity

(v) Geothermal energy

(vi) Lithosphere

(vii) Hazardous waste

(viii) Dam

Answer -

(i) Hydrosphere

The water area covering about 70 percent of the earth's surface is

called hydrosphere. In the hydrosphere, water layers are spread
over the Earth's surface in the form of oceans, lakes, rivers, and
other reservoirs. Oceans are the main parts of the hydrosphere.

(ii) Land degradation

Land degradation is a process in which the productivity of land

decreases due to over-exploitation by humans. In which loss of

soil fertility, soil erosion, water logging, salinity, floods and
drought are some of the major aspects of land degradation.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 3

(iii) Soil erosion

The upper surface of the land moves from one place to another
due to water or wind, which is called soil erosion. Which mainly

involves carrying away the particles of the upper soil of the land
by natural physical forces like water and wind.

(iv) Primary productivity

Primary productivity is the rate at which plants produce biomass

per unit area. Primary productivity is most affected by
environmental factors affecting photosynthesis and respiration.

(v) Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is energy that is generated from within the

ground. This energy emerges from the earth's surface or through

cracks in the ground in the form of natural geysers, such as in

Manikaran, Kullu and Sohana, Haryana. It is often used to

generate water and electricity.

(vi) Lithosphere

Lithosphere is the solid crust or hard upper layer of the Earth. It is made up of rocks and
minerals and covered with a thin layer of soil. Lithosphere is a heterogeneous surface
with different topography like mountains, plateau, plain, valley etc. Mount Everest is the

highest point in the lithosphere.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 4

(vii) Hazardous waste

Hazardous waste is waste that has the potential to pose a hazard

or risk to human, animal health or the environment. This includes

waste generated from petroleum refining, pharmaceutical

production, commercial product manufacturing like petroleum,

paint, aluminium, electronic items etc.

(viii) Dam

Water storage by building dams is considered an efficient

component of water management for irrigation. In India, high

level demand of water for irrigation can be met by construction

of dams of different heights. More than 700 dams have been built

since independence.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 5

(b) State whether True or False :

(i) United Nations has formulated 15 Sustainable Development Goals.

(ii) Plastic straw is an example of single-use plastic.

(iii) E-waste is a biodegradable waste.

(iv) Appiko movement took place in the state of Uttar Pradesh.

(v) Deserts are highly productive ecosystems.

(vi) Renewable energy resources are also called as conventional energy resources.

(vii) PM10 has larger diameter as compared to PM2.5.

(viii) Mangrove forests are highly productive ecosystems.

Answer -

(i) United Nations has formulated 15 Sustainable Development Goals. - False

(ii) Plastic straw is an example of single-use plastic. - True

(iii) E-waste is a biodegradable waste. - False

(iv) Appiko movement took place in the state of Uttar Pradesh. - False

(v) Deserts are highly productive ecosystems. - False

(vi) Renewable energy resources are also called as conventional energy resources. -False

(vii) PM10 has larger diameter as compared to PM2.5. - True

(viii) Mangrove forests are highly productive ecosystems. - True

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 6

Q 2 - Write short notes on any two of the following:

(i) Tundra

(ii) River water conflicts

(iii) Ganga Action Plan

(iv) Harmful impacts of mining on environment

(v) Explain the various anthropogenic causes of deforestation.

Answer -

(i) Tundra

In physical geography, tundra is a biome where tree growth is stunted by low

temperatures and a relatively short growing season. The word tundra comes from the

Finnish language meaning “high ground”, “treeless mountain path”. The main
identity of this place is that the climate here remains cool most of the time, and the land

here does not get hot throughout the year. Tundra generally consists of rocks and snow
fields, with no tall trees. The life system of plants and wildlife here is adapted to the

cold climate, which makes them unique for this cold and cool environment. The
specialty of Tundra is that snowfall varies at many places due to the absence of any trees

and plants between areas. This special environment of the tundra makes it unique and
full of natural beauty.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 7

(ii) River water conflicts

Rivers, originating from natural sources, join the seas and are very important for life. The
water of rivers is essential for many uses, but due to modern lifestyle, excessive

research and use of rivers has led to a major conflict. We can call this 'river water
conflict'. River water conflicts occur when two or more states dispute the use,

distribution, and control of rivers. Water conflicts occur for a variety of reasons,
including territorial disputes, battles for resources, and strategic gains. In India, inter-

state water disputes are one of the most contentious issues of Indian federalism today.
River disputes arise from disagreements over the use, distribution, and control of basin

waters. The Indus Water Treaty (between India and Pakistan) is one of the major water
conflicts.

(iii) Ganga Action Plan

Ganga is an integral part of Indian culture and civilization and is often revered as the

'Mother'. River Ganga has a deep connection with Indian life and heritage and hence it
is recognized as the national river of India. GAP (Ganga Action Plan) has made a plan

to assess the magnitude of Ganga pollution. According to an estimate, about 10,90,000

kg of toxic waste and 13,00,000 kg of domestic and municipal waste are released into

the river annually from the cities of UP. The first phase of GAP started in 1985 and the
second in 1995 with the objective of completing the plan by 1999. Despite this, the
results achieved are disappointing, given the expenditure of Rs 20,000 crore. To get

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 8

subsidies from Netherlands and Japan to clean the water, two more rivers, Yamuna and

Gomti, given below, have been included in the GAP project. For their cleaning, NGPRA
has contributed Rs 10 crore. Current Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has launched

a new scheme called ‘Namami Gange’ in 2015 to clean the holy river Ganga. The
government has sanctioned Rs 20,000 crore for this project.

(iv) Harmful impacts of mining on environment

Mining means extracting minerals and other materials by digging the earth. This has a

very bad effect on the environment because trees and plants are being cut from the
land. This results in interruption of underground water circulation and leads to

landslides, accumulation of debris, soil erosion and formation of new landforms. Mining
operations result in air, water and soil pollution that affects people living near the

mines. While air pollution is caused by harmful gases emitted from heavy machinery and
equipment and toxic gases released from inside mines, water pollution is caused by
mine waste rock and tailings mixing with surface and underground water. Air pollution
also occurs when heavy machinery is used during the construction period of dams.

Dams are also one of the sources of methane gas emissions (greenhouse gas) that
are released from dead and decaying vegetation inside the reservoir.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 9

(v) Explain the various anthropogenic causes of deforestation.

There are various anthropogenic causes of deforestation:

Agriculture and plantations: The most significant threat to forests is their conversion
to agricultural and plantation areas to meet the needs of the growing human
population. Agriculture is the direct cause of 80% of deforestation in tropical and

subtropical regions. Agricultural patterns have changed significantly since the 1950s, as
the focus has shifted to more intensive agriculture incorporating new technology,

machinery and chemicals to meet human needs.

Urbanization: Urbanization is another major cause of deforestation which is a result of

increasing population, capitalism, and globalization. Forests are cleared to establish
residential areas, industries, commercial centers and development projects like roads,

railways etc.

Mining: With the increasing demand for metal resources, mining has become a major
economic activity. Large-scale mining operations, particularly those using open-pit
mining techniques, have resulted in significant deforestation. Mining projects also

require the construction of new roads, settlements and townships for the people

working in the mines, resulting in more forest areas being cleared. Thus industrial
mining operations have led to large-scale deforestation, especially in tropical countries.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 10

Q 3 - Discuss the various steps and measures that need to be taken for conserving

water in agricultural areas and metropolitan cities.

Or

Explain the importance of rainwater harvesting in your campus or residential

complex. Is it practical to retrofit a rainwater harvesting system into an existing

building and if so, what might be the practical complications?

Answer - Introduction

Water is a precious gift of nature, without which human life or

functioning of nature is not possible and it plays a very

important role in the ecosystem. Conservation of water is very

important in agricultural areas and metropolitan cities because

no development is possible in these areas without water, but

still the availability of water to be used is limited but due to its

unnecessary misuse, its utility is decreasing. It is necessary to take necessary measures

for its conservation.

Steps and Solutions to be taken for water conservation in agricultural areas :

Drip Irrigation System

This is the best way to save water, due to which water keeps dripping
slowly into the crop plants. Through this, water keeps dripping slowly

to the roots of the plants and due to the presence of water in the
root area, the crop also grows well and It also costs less.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 11

Farm Pond Construction

To conserve water in the agricultural sector, instead of allowing

excess water to flow wastefully, small ponds should be constructed

in which water can be conserved for agriculture at the required

time.

Step Farming

Under this, a flat place is created by cutting the hilly area in which
the crops are grown. When it rains in the hilly areas, the nutrients
present in the soil reach the next level instead of being washed

away and it also saves the consumption of extra water.

storage tank

These storage tanks are used in those areas where the presence or sources of water are
limited, rain water is stored in these tanks which helps in carrying out various

agricultural processes and it saves water for a long time. And water is supplied to the
crops through pumps.

Various steps and measures taken for water conservation in metropolitan cities :

In domestic areas

• Water can be stored and conserved in the tank for the required period of
time.

• Instead of taking bath in extra shower, take bath by keeping the required
water in the bucket.

• Using tub instead of tap while washing utensils.

• Water can be conserved by conserving rain water and doing necessary work.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 12

In business areas

• Water conservation can be done by spreading awareness among employees about

the importance of water.

• After the work, the remaining water should be poured on trees, plants or other
important places and efforts should be made to save as much water as possible.

• Tanks should be constructed for the required water.

In public sector

• Water conservation by providing penalty for misuse of water in public

areas.

• Water conservation work can be done by increasing the importance of

water among the people.

Practical complications in harvesting and reusing rain water in our premises or

residential area:

The residential complex around us is of urban form where water related problems
persist, for which it becomes very important to harvest rain water and it is also necessary

to make efforts to reuse it, but still rainfall is not enough. Various complexities are
involved in the society for harvesting and reusing water.

Practical complications in harvesting and reusing rain water :

Unorganized urbanization – Due to unorganized urbanization in urban areas, there are

no proper places and conditions for water harvesting. This may hinder the adoption of
water harvesting techniques and create practical problems for its re-use.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 13

Increasing Population - Due to increasing population in cities, the demand for water is

increasing and this is putting more pressure on water harvesting but it is not practical as
rain water cannot be used properly.

Lack of local ponds – Due to lack of local ponds in cities, harvesting of wash water is
difficult, hence it cannot be stored and reused in cities.

Lack of awareness about water harvesting – There may be a lack of awareness about
water harvesting among the people, due to which water harvesting policies are not

being followed properly.

Conclusion

Thus, water is a valuable natural resource whose importance is essential in every field of
nature, in which by conserving water in agricultural areas and spreading awareness

about water in metropolitan cities, we can conserve and properly utilize the rain and
water available in the ground. By spreading awareness about rain water conservation in

our surrounding areas and spreading its importance, useful water can be increased.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 14

Q 4 - Critically examine the various reasons due to which rivers in India continue to

remain highly polluted despite various government initiatives and legislations.

Answer - Introduction

In India, rivers are worshiped like mothers, which since

ancient times are important for maintaining the social,

religious and cultural interactions of Indian life and their

contribution in the economic field is also very important, but

they are not appreciated by the Indian citizens. Pollution is

increasing due to misuse, for the protection of which various

government laws have been made, but despite them, Indian rivers are getting polluted.

Due to excessive pollution of Indian rivers :

Discharge of industrial wastes into rivers

In India, various companies do not manage industrial

waste properly and carelessly discharge it into the rivers,

due to which pollution increases in the rivers.

Disposal of sewage into rivers

In big cities of India, minerals are also discharged into rivers like sewage and urine, an
example of which are Najafgarh and Shahdara drains in Delhi which originate from
Yamuna river.

Religious rituals and superstitions

The reason for pollution of Indian rivers is that religious materials and idols are

immersed in the rivers near religious places during religious festivals, due to which the
rivers get polluted.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 15

Cremation and body disposal

Due to lack of cremation or arrangements for cremation on the banks of rivers, dead
bodies are thrown into sacred rivers, which is the main reason for pollution of Indian

rivers.

initiatives and legislations regarding preventing pollution of rivers in India :

Amendments to Water Act, 1974 and 1988

It was enacted in the year 1974 to control and prevent water pollution and maintain
high quality of water in the country. This Act was amended in the year 1988. The Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act was enacted in 1977 to levy a cess on

consumption of water by persons carrying on certain industrial activities.

Amendments to Water Cess Act, 1977 and 2003

Its objective is to provide for levy and collection of cess on water consumed by persons
carrying on certain industries and local authorities. This Act was last amended in the

year 2003.

Ganga Action Plan

In India, Ganga is seen as "Mother" and is worshipped. It is the national river of India.
But it is highly polluted between Kanpur and Patna. The major reasons for this included

industrial immersion of villages and towns and cities, the release of carcasses of animals
and humans to deal with which the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) project includes cleaning

of the Yamuna and Gomti rivers. Five programmes were recommended by technical
experts in 2014 to clean the Ganga :

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 16

1. Construction of micro dams

2. Plan for floating population
3. Reduction in the number of industries along the river banks
4. Limited storage of water in barrages
Ganga
5. Development of organic farming

Honorable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has launched a new

scheme named Namami Gange in 2015 to clean the holy river Ganga, in
which the government has sanctioned Rs 20,000 crore for this project.

Critical Evaluation
Rivers are very important as the lifeline of India, but their pollution has started to
be very high in today's era, due to activities like various waste materials, excreta,
religious materials, the condition of rivers is becoming very miserable. Due to
which the level of pollution is increasing further. Despite the government's
important laws and projects, there is no improvement in any way. Due to human
beings using rivers for their personal interests, their existence is being threatened.
For which the efforts made for the conservation of rivers also seem weak.

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be said that government initiatives and laws were made to maintain the
proper nature of Indian rivers, but as a result of human intervention, the rivers are still

getting polluted. What is necessary is that we need efforts to eradicate the pollution of
the river for which people should be made aware of their importance.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 17

Q 5 - Sustainable manufacturing can be defined as the creation of manufactured

products through economically-sound processes that minimize negative

environmental impacts while conserving energy and natural resources.' Keeping

this in mind, devise a sustainability framework for an automotive industry that

manufactures two-wheelers by suggesting at least two sustainable measures for

each parameter given in the table below:

Sustainability parameter Suggested Measures (atleast two for

each parameter)

Water Consumption

Energy consumption

Carbon Emission

Waste management and Pollution

reduction

Answer - Introduction

Sustainable manufacturing, also called green manufacturing or eco-friendly

manufacturing, is gaining more attention in the process manufacturing world.

Sustainable manufacturing includes:

• Avoid harming the local environment

• Reducing pollution and emissions

• Reduction in wastage of raw materials and other resources.

• Reducing consumption of energy, water and other finite resources.
• Increase safety for workers and surrounding communities

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 18

Water consumption

First Step: Water Conservation Mechanism and Technology Application

• Use water-related systems and technology in vehicles: The automotive industry

should be motivated to innovate in water-related systems and technology. This may

include research and development of new technologies, including efficient engine

designs, engine management systems, and high-capacity fluid holdings.

• Self-dedicated water devices in use: Research and develop water-related devices

to be used in two-wheelers, such as effective water touch technology, water

harvesting and recycling facilities.

Second Step: Adoption of Sustainable Measures for Water Conservation

• Promotion of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles: Encourage development and use of

hybrid and electric vehicles for water conservation. Research into intelligent water

management systems, better engine efficiency, and battery technology in these

vehicles can reduce water consumption.

• Develop water conservation policies: The entrepreneur should maintain

sustainable policies and procedures for water conservation. These policies can

maintain water conservation, recycling, and reuse throughout the vehicle

manufacturing process.

Energy consumption

Judicious selection of energy source:

• Solar energy and electric power: Power systems based on solar energy and greater
use of strategic equipment that generate electric power can be a wise choice. This
provides clean energy to vehicles and ensures safe and stable use of energy sources.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 19

• Hybrid technology: To reduce energy consumption, hybrid technology can be used

more and more, in which the internal combustion engine can be combined with an
electric motor. This can improve energy transmission and utilize it to a greater

extent.

Mastering Change and Innovation:

• Use of Lightweight Materials: By making more and more use of lightweight

materials in the construction of vehicles, they can become more energy efficient and

fuel efficient. This can improve their stability and reduce energy consumption.
• Updated battery technology: Battery load and utilization can be improved by

making greater use of advanced battery technology and energy storage solutions,
providing vehicles with long-term energy solutions.

Carbon Emission

• Encourage hybrid and electric vehicles: The automotive industry should encourage

more in the development and manufacturing of hybrid and electric vehicles. This will
reduce the use of engines and energy sources, which will reduce carbon emissions.

• Promote energy management and energy efficiency: Energy must be used

efficiently in vehicles by using energy management technologies. Along with this,
new technologies should be developed to promote energy efficiency.

Waste management and pollution reduction

• Pursue clean energy sources: Pursue safe and clean energy sources, such as
electricity, and hybrid and plug-in hybrid technologies. These sources can reduce

atmospheric pollution and help produce high economy automobiles.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 20

• Integration with bicycles and electric scooters: The automotive industry should

consider increasing integration with bicycles and electric scooters. These tools can be
suitable for short distances and can reduce pollution.

Conclusion

With the automotive sector taking up the challenge, leading companies are actively

engaged in implementing innovative technologies and manufacturing processes in line

with these sustainability goals. As we look at the collective efforts of government and

industry, it becomes clear that the path to a carbon-neutral automotive landscape is not
only inevitable but also achievable. This solid commitment to sustainability is not just a

responsibility, but a powerful testament to the automotive industry's dedication to a

cleaner, greener and more sustainable future.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 21

Q 6 - Given below are three out of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) formulated by the United Nations in 2015.

Sustainable Development Description

SDG 2 End hunger, achieve food security and

Zero Hunger improved nutrition and promote

sustainable agriculture

SDG 6 Ensure availability and sustainable

Clean Water and Sanitation management of water

SDG 11 Make cities and human settlements

Sustainable. cities and inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

communities

Select any two SDGs and briefly discuss five steps (for each SDG) that need to be
taken by any country to achieve the same by the year 2030.

Or

Assess the relevance of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in improving the

quality of life.

Answer - Introduction

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were

adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure
peace and prosperity for all by 2030. was adopted as a universal appeal.

1. The 17 SGDs are integrated: Under these goals, actions taken in one area will
influence outcomes in another and will lead to socially, economically and
environmentally sustainable development.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 22

2. It gives priority to backward countries in development.

3. The SDGs are designed to eliminate poverty, hunger, AIDS and discrimination
against women.

The list of 17 SGDs Sustainable Development Goals for improving the quality of
life is provided:

• Complete end of poverty

• End hunger
• Good health and quality of life

• Quality education
• Gender equality

• Clean water and sanitation

• Affordable and clean energy

• Good jobs and economic development

• Industries, Innovation and Infrastructure

• Reduction in inequality
• Sustainable urban and community development

• Responsible consumption and production

• Climate action

• Life under water

• Life on land

• Institute for Peace and Justice

• Collective partnership in achieving goals

SDG 2: Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and

promote sustainable agriculture Food security is an integral part of eliminating poverty

(SDG-1), which includes provision of nutritious food. In India, 40 percent of child deaths
occur due to undernutrition. Food safety depends on various factors such as:

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 23

• Domestic food production;

• Ability to import food grains; And

• Access to food grains, which depends on the purchasing power of households.

Below is the measures India is taking to achieve the goal of zero hunger:

1. Food Security: The world's largest food security program is being run in India as a
legal authority under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013. With the passing

of the said Act the approach was shifted from welfare work to rights based. This
includes two-thirds of India's population, including women, as the senior female

member of the household, on ration cards. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (Antyodaya Anna
Yojana - AAY - AAY) provides facilities in carrying forward the program to eradicate

hunger.
2. Nutrition Security: Children in India face developmental undernutrition under the

age of five due to problems such as hygiene, genetics, environment and available
food. Some of the schemes that help in this area are Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana

Yojana and Scheme for Adolescent Girls.

3. Agricultural Productivity: Food security depends on various factors and efforts to

increase agricultural productivity will help in doubling the income of farmers.

Following are the factors for its development:

• Improved crop productivity;

• Increase in livestock productivity;

• Cost Effective Production Processes:

• Increase in intensity of cropping;

• Crop diversification;
• Better prices; And

• Non-agricultural business.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 24

4. Monitoring: India has reached 35 on the scale of 0 to 100 on the SDG India Index so

far.
5. Ending Hunger:

• Supporting food campaigns: Supporting food campaigns at national and local

levels to end hunger.

• Food Storage: Creating advanced storage facilities and improving food storage.

SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation – Ensuring access and sustainable management

of water and sanitation for all:

India has 4 percent of the world's fresh water resources, while its population is 17
percent of the world's. The demand for water will double by 2030, while the battle for

sanitation has been fought for many years and children under 5 years of age die due to
water-borne diseases. India has been declared open defecation free, but it is an ongoing

struggle. The following measures are being taken in relation to SDG 6:

1. Safe and affordable drinking water for all: A new and integrated Ministry of Jal
Shakti has been formed to look after water governance and its challenges. About 96

percent of the families have safe drinking water. Jal Shakti Abhiyan is working for
water conservation, rain water harvesting and renewal of water bodies.

2. Water quality: Ground and surface water issues are being addressed by the Central
Water Commission with a multi-pronged strategy. Rivers are being cleaned due to

pollution.
3. Sanitation and hygiene for all: The flagship initiative of the Swachh Bharat Mission

(Clean Water Campaign) has constructed 109 million household and community
toilets. From 2017 to 2019, the number of toilets has increased from 88.8 percent to

97.22 percent.
4. Water Recirculation and Recycling: To improve water storage and utilization
through water recirculation and recycling.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 25

5. Management and Monitoring: To ensure social and economic improvement

through sustainable management and monitoring.

India ranks 88 for SDG 6 on the SDG India Index. India needs a local data system on

water, maintenance and access to gender-distinguished toilets, reskilling of sanitation

workers and completing their targeted reforms; And challenges like bringing about

change in hygiene behavior against open defecation will have to be addressed.

Conclusion

• If India is to achieve the goals set in Agenda 2030, it will have to formulate a policy
that harmonizes the policies implemented in all sectors.

• At the same time, attention will have to be paid to coordination and participation for
the implementation of these policies at the administrative and small levels.

• If we achieve the goals of sustainable development by 2030, India can become a

developed and prosperous nation.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 26

Q 7 - Consider a country 'X' which has a vast coastline and is situated near to the

equator. The following is the data on the coal consumption of this country, which
has huge reserves of coal but where the government has also planned to

substantially reduce coal usage to almost zero by year 2050.

Year Coal usage (million tonnes)

2011 50

2012 80

2013 100

2014 130

2015 150

2016 180

2017 220

2018 230

2019 250

2020 180

2021 300

Based on the above data, answer the following questions:

a. Make a time-series plot of the coal consumption pattern from 2011-2021.

b. Critically examine the coal consumption trend of the country and discuss its

impact on the socio-economic and environmental conditions.

c. Suggest some measures that the country should adopt to substantially reduce

greenhouse emissions and air pollution by the year 2050?

Answer -

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 27

a) Coal Consumption Time Series Plot

b) Critical Examination of Coal Consumption Trend

A country has huge reserves of coal but where the government plans to reduce the use
of coal to almost zero by the year 2050, which will cause major impacts –

Socio-Economic Impact -

• Socially changing: The communities concerned may have to face new social
changes.

• Lack of employment: Due to closure of coal mining and related industries, people
may face lack of jobs, which may increase social insecurity.

Environmental effect -

• Energy Security: Reducing coal consumption can help the country move towards

energy security, as can the use of various clean and new energy sources.
• Pollution reduction: The use of coal can reduce pollution, which can help reduce

atmospheric pollution and climate change.

Renewable Energy: Most of the countries will encourage renewable

energy which will reduce pollution in a controlled manner.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 28

c) Suggest some measures to substantially reduce greenhouse emissions and air

pollution by 2050

Reduction in green-house gas emissions

Gases like methane and bromine and these gases are emitted in large quantities from

coal and petroleum (fossil fuels), which are transformed by the ozone layer present in
our atmosphere, due to which the temperature of the atmosphere becomes higher than

normal. Some suggestions given to control this -

Renewable energy resources – use of wind energy, solar energy and water energy.

Wind energy

Air energy, such as wind and air wave energy, is also a good option for

reducing greenhouse gases.

Solar energy

Solar energy is a good option to smoothly reduce greenhouse

emissions. Solar energy can be generated through background, solar

energy producing materials, and solar energy cells.

Water energy

Hydropower is a powerful and clean option for generating energy from

water sources. This may include processes such as water harvesting,

water recycling, and generating electricity from water to produce

energy, which contributes to greenhouse gas reduction.

Suggest some measures that the country should adopt to reduce greenhouse emissions
and air pollution to a great extent by the year 2050.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 29

Wildlife Conservation and Tree Plantation:

• Wildlife conservation should be considered important and tree plantation schemes

should be encouraged to increase.

• Tremendous carbon can be sequestered through tree planting and biodiversity can
be protected through wildlife conservation.

Use of latest energy sources:

• Countries should use latest and clean energy sources, such as solar energy, wind
energy, hydro power, and biomass.
• Expertise and incentives should be provided to support energy source plans.

Keeping public transport clean:

• Public transport should use the latest technologies to remain clean, safe and energy
efficient.

• Plans should be made to increase public transport services at various places and
encourage finding alternative travel.

Conclusion

Thus reducing coal consumption to zero by 2050 will have a significant impact on the

socio-economic and environmental sectors in a country by paying attention to the

proper management of renewable sources of natural resources and motivating people

to use them.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 30

Q 8 - Based on the diagram given below, answer the questions.

Grasses = घास, Mule खच्चर, deer हिरण, Butterfly हििली, Coyote भेह़िया, Flycatcher

कीटमार Jackrabbit खरगोश, Pronghorn प्रोनिॉनन हिरन, Hawk बाज़

(a) Identify the type of ecosystem stating appropriate reason.

(b) Comment on the biotic and abiotic features of this ecosystem.

(c) Draw a functional food web consisting of all the organisms shown in the

diagram.

(d) Briefly mention the importance of this ecosystem.

Answer -

(a) Type of ecosystem – Grass ecosystem :

Reason - In this ecosystem, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers are

interconnected, hence it is a grass ecosystem. In which grass is the primary producer

and rabbit is the primary consumer, mule deer, butterfly, insect are the primary

consumers and hawk and wolf are the tertiary consumers.

(b) Biological and abiotic characteristics of the ecosystem :

Biological characteristics – Ecosystem includes living organisms, they interact with

each other and produce food.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 31

Abiotic characteristics – This ecosystem includes abiotic components like air, soil, land

which help in maintaining the interrelationship of biotic components in the grass

ecosystem.

(c) Functional food web of the diagram: The food web of this ecosystem is as follows,
in which,

(d) Importance of ecosystem: In ecosystem or ecosystem, all the organisms like plants,

animals, microorganisms and humans and physical factors interact and maintain balance
in nature.

OR

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 32

Consider the ecological pyramid to answer the following:

(i) Energy at the producer level that is at phytoplanktons is 1000 KJ. Then calculate
the energy reaching at tertiary level that is humans and heat lost.

(ii) State which ecological pyramid will always be upright?

Answer -

(i) In a food chain, only 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to
another. If the energy produced at the producer level is 1000KJ, the energy available at

the primary consumer level will be 100KJ and the energy available at the secondary
consumer level will be 10KJ.

- Thus, the correct answer is '10 KJ'.

(ii) The energy pyramid will always be a straight pyramid because energy flows from

one level to the next in which energy is always lost in the form of heat. At each stage
some energy is always dissipated in the form of heat. This heat is dissipated in the

atmosphere and never goes back to the sun.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 33

Q 9 - What do you understand by the structure and function of ecosystems?

Explain with suitable examples.

Answer – Introduction

Ecosystem is a structural and functional unit where living organisms interact with each
other and the surrounding environment. In other words, an ecosystem is a series of

interactions between organisms and their environment. The term "ecosystem" was first
coined in 1935 by an English botanist Vidher Arthur Tansley.

Definition of ecosystem: The living and non-living components that sustain life with
mutual cooperation is called ecosystem.

Structure of ecosystem :

The structure of an ecosystem is characterized by the

organization of both biotic and abiotic components. It

involves the distribution of energy in our environment.

It also includes the climatic conditions prevailing in

that particular environment.

The structure of an ecosystem can be divided into two main components,

Biological components, Abiotic components

1) Biological components

The component which affects food, reproduction, and other

organisms and helps in exchange of energy and development is
called biotic component. Biological component includes 3
components – producer, consumer, decomposer.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 34

Productive

Those biological components which make their own food through the process
of photosynthesis are called producers, which include plants. Plants which absorb

inorganic substances through the roots of the soil, obtain energy from the sun,
prepare their own food and give food to other organisms, hence plants are

called producers.

Consumer

Those biological components which depend on the primary

source i.e. green plants or other organisms for obtaining food

and energy are called consumers.

Consumers are divided into three types – primary

consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers.

Decomposer

Micro-organisms that decompose organic compounds present in the dead bodies of

dead plants and animals and convert them into simpler compounds and elements.

These simple compounds and elements go back into the earth's nutrient reservoir and
are called decomposers.

2) Abiotic components

Those environmental components which do not contain life are called abiotic
components and they are available in solid, liquid and gaseous form in the environment.

Example

Climatic factors – light, temperature, humidity, rainfall.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 35

Soil factors – soil, organic and inorganic components of soil etc.

Functions of ecosystem

• The first function is to promote the ecological processes necessary to provide

stability to the processes that sustain life on Earth.

• It maintains the interaction of abiotic components with biotic components.

• It maintains energy flow through the food chain.

• It ensures the biogeochemical cycle of nutrients.

• It ensures ecological succession or ecosystem development.

Conclusion

Ecosystem is the smallest structural and functional unit of the environment. It is a self-
regulatory and self-reliant entity. Different ecosystems are defined differently. Ecosystem

is the basic functional unit that explains all the basic functions performed by an
organism interacting with its environment and defines many of its other components.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 36

Q 10 - Discuss case studies of natural resource conservation as a source of conflict

and cooperation.

Answer - Introduction

Resources have an important role in running nature smoothly, under which natural
resources are obtained from natural activities and nature, which include wildlife, water,

climate, life, sources of energy, land and minerals which support human life. Helps in
running safely and smoothly. It is a source of conflict and cooperation for the

conservation of natural resources.

Meaning of natural resources

Those resources found in the environment and developed without any interference from
humans are called natural resources. Which can be mainly of three types -

Areas of natural resource conservation issues

Land resources Water resources Energy resources

Sources of conflict and cooperation in natural resource conservation case studies :

Land resources

Those resources which are available in the land are called land resources, such as

minerals, soil, forests etc.

Conflict and cooperation in the matter of conservation related to land resources

sector - Land degradation, soil erosion, desertification, deforestation and mining
and dam construction are the major issues which require major cooperation and
struggle to deal with them - tree plantation, forest management. , farming methods
and solid waste management.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 37

Plantation – Increased works related to planting trees for conservation of natural

resources is the best way to tackle problems like land degradation, soil erosion and
desertification.

Forest Management – Instead of cutting the development of available forests in the

name of various schemes, the government and citizens should do good work towards

forest conservation and management by managing them properly and protecting them
from threats.

Cultivation Methods – Use of pesticides, fertilizers and excessive irrigation needs to be

reduced and soil quality can be maintained by mixed farming, organic farming, rice fish

farming, and use of improved variety seeds.

Solid Waste Management – It is an important and social topic. This can be done

through public policies, statutes and social awareness.

Water Resources

Water resources are all those sources and places where water is available. In which it can
be available in various forms. Like – solid, liquid and vapor.

Conflict and cooperation in the matter of conservation related to water resources

sector – Issues like continuous agrochemical adulteration in water quality, demand

of water for irrigation, increasing water conflict, floods and drought are the major
issues, to deal with which major cooperation and struggle has to be done. Should –

includes prevention of water pollution, watershed management, rain water

harvesting, dams and water conservation.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 38

Prevention of Water Pollution – To prevent pollution of water of major rivers like

Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti etc., there is a need to follow the Water Act 1974 and
Environment Act 1986 so that water resources can be saved from being exploited.

Watershed Management – This includes conservation and well-being of surface and

groundwater resources and by spreading awareness of the welfare of the watershed and

its management in local communities.

Rainwater harvesting – The sources of water should be increased by collecting and

storing rainwater, in which it can be conserved by storing it in the form of man-made

ponds, ponds and lakes.

Dams and Water Conservation – Water should be conserved by constructing dams to

meet the needs of the agricultural sector or other water, in which some dams were

attempted to be built, such as – Sardar Sarovar Dam (in Narmada River Valley), Tehri
Dam Project (Bhagirathi River Valley).

Energy resources

Energy resources are the sources and methods used to produce energy. In which there

are conventional sources of energy and non-conventional sources, natural resources

include renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources are those which
can be recovered and non-renewable resources are those which cannot be recovered
after exploitation.

Renewable resources – Solar energy, wind energy, water energy, hydrogen energy,
ocean energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy etc.

Non-renewable resources – Coal, petroleum LPG gas, CNG gas, nuclear energy etc.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 39

In which there is a need for proper management of renewable resources and

conservation of non-renewable resources, for which some efforts can be made –

• Sun's energy is captured from sunlight and can be converted into electricity using

solar panels.
• Water coming from rivers and lakes can be used to generate electricity through

hydro plants.
• We can conserve energy resources by avoiding unnecessary exploitation of energy

resources.

Conclusion

In case of conservation of natural resources, they can be managed properly by taking

various necessary measures because they are needed by every living being in the world,

hence it is necessary to use them properly.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 40

Q 11 - Discuss the linkage between ecosystems and sociocultural diversity in any

area of your choice from India.

Answer – Introduction

This earth of ours is divided into many fascinating and

wonderful ecosystems with different forms of life. In which

the mountain is included in the category of very thrilling

ecosystems. In which the terrestrial ecosystem especially

reflects the beauty of the mountains, healthy climate, and

amazing scenery and local culture.

Relationship between ecosystem and socio-cultural diversity of the hill region of

India:

Mountain ecosystem

• Mountain ecology is a branch of ecology that studies life systems in mountains or

other high altitude areas on Earth.

• Under this area, the mutual interaction between all the creatures living in the
mountain region, including trees, plants, animals and the surrounding environment

and climate, etc. is shown, which forms the ecosystem.

Socio-cultural diversity

• The socio-cultural diversity of the mountainous region varies

according to the people living there and their dependence on

nature in different areas.

• People living in mountainous areas have different types of

lifestyle, food habits and religious activities. The specialty of hill

culture depends on the resources available in the hilly areas.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 41

Relationship between mountain ecosystems and socio-cultural diversity :

For common needs

Due to the difficult physical conditions of mountainous areas, people's

lifestyle is affected, especially their basic needs. They require unique

measures to maintain harmony with their surrounding environment.

Local prosperity and lifestyle

The local richness is unique in the social culture of the hilly areas.

People try to preserve their local traditional and local lifestyle.

language and culture

There are many languages and local dialects in the hilly areas, which
add more richness to their culture. The folk culture here includes local

songs, dances, and stories.

Righteousness

There are many religious communities in the hilly areas and their life is influenced by

religious cultural traditions. Religious tilak, mela, and puja-worship are part of the
religiosity of this region.

Mountain food culture

Mountainous regions also have distinctive food culture, and have a

variety of food ingredients, food methods, and traditions that are

different from other places.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]
 42

Regarding tourism

The field of tourism, mountain eco-system is very popular at

present and it is a major source of economic source for mountain

life.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be said that the mountain ecosystem is dependent on its surrounding areas
and resources, where people remain dependent on nature for their livelihood and to
maintain mutual relationships.

All Rights Reserved © Manish Verma, for more Notes visit [Link]