NATIONAL CERTIFICATE IN ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TELEOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

396/24/CR/M0

Module Code: 396/24/M06

Module Title: ELECTRONICS

ZNQF Level: 4

Credits: 20

Duration: 200 hours

Relationship with Based on Unit Standard Instrument Repair of Qualification Standard for
Qualification Telecommunication Technician
Standards:
Pre-requisite modules:

Purpose of Module: This module describes the skills, knowledge and attitudes required by an
Instrumentation Artisan to repair equipment. This includes Carrying out
troubleshooting, acquire repair resources, rectify faults. This is where the
artisan attends to the breakdown of equipment and undertake work to rectify
the problem in order to return the equipment to a working condition. Access
to this module is open to all target groups including unemployed youths,
women and men wishing to establish or improve SMEs in repairing
equipment.

List of Learning LO 1 Introduction to Electronics

Outcomes: LO2 Passive Electronic Components
LO3 Basic Electronic Materials
LO4 The PN junction diode
LO5 The Bipolar Junction Transistor
LO6 The Field Effect Transistor
LO7 The Operational Amplifier
LO8 Power Electronics
LO9 Digital Fundamentals

Learning Outcome 01 Introduction to Electronics

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Assessment Criteria: 1.1 Obtain a job card and interpret the reported fault symptoms
1.2 Select appropriate tools and equipment
1.3 Obtain work permit
1.4 Wear appropriate PPE correctly
1.5 Perform LOTOTO (log-out, tag-out, try-out)
1.6 Assess problem magnitude and depth guided by manufacturer’s
specifications
Content: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS

1.1 State that Electronics is that branch of Electrical Engineering which

deals with design, manufacture, operation and application of devices that

handle electrons.

1.2 Give examples of application of electronic devices in Power

Engineering, Instrumentation and Control, Communications and Electronic
Servicing.

1.3 Understand the concept of systems in Electronics:

 Audio (for example, Radio Communication)

 Computer (for example, Data Communication)

Assessment tasks 3. Written and/or oral assessment on the skills and knowledge required
to conduct an equipment repair as outlined in the assessment criteria
and content above.
4. Practical assessment on the conducting of an equipment repair
including the following: SHEQ requirements, the consideration of
environmental factors which affect the repairing of equipment based
on the performance criteria of the relevant unit standard.

Conditions/Context of 7. Written and/or oral assessment can be conducted in a classroom

assessment environment. Oral assessment can also be conducted by the assessor
during the performance of the practical assessment by the trainees.
8. The practical assessment will be conducted in the workplace or
simulated work environment in the training institution.

Learning Outcome 02 Passive Electronic Components

Assessment Criteria 2.1 State that resistors are passive components

2.2 State the different types of capacitors (polarized and nonpolarised).
2.3 Briefly explain the concept of inductance

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Content 2.1 RESISTORS

- State that resistors are passive components.

State and draw the circuit symbols for the different types
of resistors used in electronic circuits: a) Fixed
Resistors
- Carbon composition
- Wire-wound
- Metal oxide

b) Variable Resistors
- Linear
- Logarithmic

c) Preset Resistors

- State and explain resistor specifications.

a) Nominal value (Use the E12 series).
b) Power rating.
c) Stability
d) Tolerance
Tabulate the resistor colour and printed code (BS1852).
- Draw circuit symbols and explain the characteristics
and applications of non-linear resistors: a) NTC and
PTC thermistors.
b) Voltage dependent resistors.
c) Light dependent resistors.
d) Magneto-dependent resistors.

2.2 CAPICITORS

State the different types of capacitors (polarized and non-polarised).

- Fixed Capacitors

a) Paper
b) Mica
c) Ceramic
d) Polyester

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d) Electrolytic
- Variable capacitors (i.e. air capacitors).
- Preset capacitors.
Explain capacitor specifications:
- Nominal values (use E12 series)
- Working voltage
- Tolerance
- Types of dielectrics
Describe the capacitor colour code and use it to determine the value
of a capacitor.
4.3.4 Describe the operation of the basic capacitor in DC and AC
circuits (DC blocking, AC bypass).

2.3 INDUCTORS

Briefly explain the concept of inductance.

Explain the principles of AC blocking/DC bypass as applied to the

inductor.

State and describe the different types of inductors used: -

Air-cored.
- Iron-cored.
- Dust/ferrite cored.
- Laminated-core inductors.

Explain inductor specifications.

- Nominal value
- Frequency range
- Working current

Assessment Tasks 1. Written and/or oral assessment on the skills and knowledge required
to conduct an installation survey for a domestic solar PV installation as
outlined in the assessment criteria and content above.
2. Practical assessment on the conducting of an installation survey for
a given solar PV installation including the following of SHEQ
requirements, the consideration of environmental factors which affect the
installation, the identification of the positions of solar modules, solar
batteries, switchgear and inverter, and the production of an installation
survey report based on the performance criteria of the relevant unit
standard.

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Conditions/Context of 1. Written and/or oral assessment can be conducted in a classroom

assessment environment. Oral assessment can also be conducted by the assessor
during the performance of the practical assessment by the trainees.
2. The practical assessment will be conducted in the workplace or
simulated work environment in the training institution.

Learning Outcome 03 Basic Electronic Materials

Assessment Criteria 3.1 State the basic materials used in Electronics

3.2 Describe conduction in electronic materials energy band theory

Content State the basic materials used in Electronics, for example, conductors,
semiconductors and insulators. Give examples in each case.

Using Bohr’s model of the atom with its constituent particles (electrons,
protons and neutrons), explain the energy band theory.

- Valence band
- Conduction band
- Forbidden gap
Doping.

Doping materials used and how to create P-type and N-type

semi-conductor materials.

- Majority and minority charge carriers.

Describe conduction in electronic materials energy band theory.
- Intrinsic and extrinsic conduction.
- Effect of thermal agitation and lights on the conductivity
of
semi-conductors.
Assessment Tasks 1. Written and/or oral assessment on the skills and knowledge required to
conduct an installation survey for a domestic solar PV installation as
outlined in the assessment criteria and content above.
2. Practical assessment on the conducting of an installation survey for a
given solar PV installation including the following of SHEQ
requirements, the consideration of environmental factors which affect
the installation, the identification of the positions of solar modules, solar
batteries, switchgear and inverter, and the production of an installation
survey report based on the performance criteria of the relevant unit
standard.

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Conditions/context of 1. Written and/or oral assessment can be conducted in a classroom

assessment environment. Oral assessment can also be conducted by the assessor during
the performance of the practical assessment by the trainees.
2. The practical assessment will be conducted in the workplace or
simulated work environment in the training institution.
3. The context of assessment should include the facilities, tools,
equipment and materials listed below.

Learning Outcome 04 The PN junction diode

Assessment Criteria 4.1 Explain the formation of a PN junction

4.2 Explain the Zener and avalanche effects
4.3 Draw the equivalent circuit and characteristic of diode
4.4 Explain the need for filters in rectifier circuits
4.5 Explain the operation of the zener diode
4.6 Describe the basic construction and operation of optoelectronic
devices
4.7

Content 4.1 THE PN JUNCTION

Explain the formation of a PN junction.

Describe the formation of potential barrier and the depletion layer in an
unbiased junction.
Explain the effects of forward/reverse biasing a PN junction (using block
symbol) on:
- Currents

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- Depletion region
- Barrier potential
Describe the effect of minority charge carriers on blocking current (reverse
bias).
Describe the effect temperature on both the reverse and forward currents of
a diode.

Explain the Zener and avalanche effects.

Sketch typical forward and reverse-bias static characteristics of a PN diode

and draw the test circuit to obtain them.

Effect of temperature on the static characteristic of a diode.

Explain:
- Power dissipation in a diode, Pd.
- Maximum forward voltage, VF max.
- Maximum forward current, IF max.
- Peak inverse voltage, PIV.
Draw the equivalent circuit and characteristic of:
- An ideal diode.
- A diode when assuming a constant forward voltage
drop Vf.
- A diode when assuming a constant forward voltage
drop and a constant forward resistance R1.
Derive the equation and draw the d.c. load line for a PN junction
diode.

Define and show how to obtain:

- Static resistance 𝑅𝑑.

- AC or dynamic resistance.
4.2 APPLICATION OF THE RECTIFIER DIODE

4.2.1 Perform simple calculations and sketch the current and

voltage waveforms for diode in DC and AC circuits.

4.2.2 Demonstrate understanding of diode circuits in DC polarity

protection.

4.2.3 Describe, with the aid of sketches, the operation of diode

AC circuits:
- DC power supply block diagram.
- The half wave rectifier.
- The centre-tap full wave rectifier.
- The full-wave bridge rectifier.
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assuming sinusoidal inputs and a purely resistive load.

4.2.5 Calculate, for the rectifier circuits in 4.11.3 above:

- The average voltage 𝑉𝑑𝑐 and average current 𝐼𝑑𝑐.
- Root-mean-square voltage 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 and root-mean
square current 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠.
- Efficiency
4.2.6 Explain the need for filters in rectifier circuits.
4.2.7 Explain the operation of -
Capacitor filter.
- Choke filter.
- Choke-capacitor (LC) filter.
4.2.8 Define peak-to-peak ripple voltage 𝑉𝑟𝑝𝑝 and the ripple factor.
4.2.9 Perform simple DC output and ripple voltage calculations assuming
linear
discharge and zero charge time.

4.2.10 Explain the effect of capacitor size on diode peak currents and
peak inverse voltage.
Clipping and clamping circuits:
- Simple series and parallel diode clippers.
- Biased series and parallel diode clippers.
- Partial clipping.
- Biased double diode clippers.
- Positive and negative clampers.
4.2.11 Voltage Multipliers.
- Half wave and full wave voltage doublers. -
Voltage trippler.

4.3 THE ZENER DIODE

4.8.1 Explain the operation of the zener diode.

4.8.2 Draw the Zener diode characteristics to indicate the
following parameters:
- 𝐼𝑍𝐾, 𝐼𝑍𝑇, 𝐼𝑍𝑀
- 𝑉𝑍
- Z (or 𝑍𝑍𝑇)

4.8.3 Draw the equivalent circuit and characteristics of the Zener

diode assuming a constant Zener voltage and a constant
reverse resistance 𝑅𝑍.

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4.8.4 Explain the operation of the Zener diode as a voltage

stabilizer.
4.8.5 Perform simple calculations on zener diode voltage
stabilizer circuits.

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- Varying load, fixed supply voltage.

- Varying supply voltage, fixed load.
4.8.6 Explain that the Zener voltage is temperature dependent.
4.8.7 Describe the application of the Zener diode as a clipper and
perform simple calculations.

4.4 OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES

4.9.1 Describe the basic construction and operation of

optoelectronic devices; including characteristics: -
Photoconductive cell (Light Dependent Resistor) -
Solar cell.
- Light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
4.9.2 Give applications of the optoelectronic devices in 4.14.1
above.
4.9.3 Describe operation and applications of the optocoupler; the
need for isolating electronic circuits.
4.9.4 Perform simple calculations on optoelectronic devices.

Assessment Tasks 1. Written and/or oral assessment on the skills and knowledge required to
conduct an installation survey for a domestic solar PV installation as
outlined in the assessment criteria and content above.
2. Practical assessment on the conducting of an installation survey for a
given solar PV installation including the following of SHEQ
requirements, the consideration of environmental factors which affect
the installation, the identification of the positions of solar modules, solar
batteries, switchgear and inverter, and the production of an installation
survey report based on the performance criteria of the relevant unit
standard.

Conditions/context of 1. Written and/or oral assessment can be conducted in a classroom

assessment environment. Oral assessment can also be conducted by the assessor during
the performance of the practical assessment by the trainees.
2. The practical assessment will be conducted in the workplace or
simulated work environment in the training institution.
3. The context of assessment should include the facilities, tools,
equipment and materials listed below.

Learning Outcome 05 The Bipolar Junction Transistor

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Assessment Criteria 5.1 The basic principles of operation of PNP and NPN transistors.
5.2 Compare transistor configurations in terms of the parameters
5.3 State how large output current and voltage in a transistor circuit can be
controlled
5.4 Explain the principles of voltage and current amplification
5.5 Find the major BJT parameters from both characteristics and datasheet

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Content THE BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

4.10.1 The basic principles of operation of PNP and NPN

transistors.
- Understand the construction and operation of the
PNP and NPN transistors (correct bias voltages).
- Describe transistor configurations – CBC, CEO and
CCC.
- Define important transistor parameters.
a) Voltage gain (amplification).
b) Current gain.
c) Power gain.
d) Input and output impedance.
e) Phase relation.

4.10.2 Compare transistor configurations in terms of the

parameters in 4.10.1 above.
4.10.3 Define the DC amplification factors ℎ𝐹𝐸 (𝛽), and ℎ𝐹𝐵( ).
4.10.4 Derive the relationship between the two parameters in
4.10.3 above.
4.10.5 Draw and explain the static characteristics of an NPN
transistor in the common emitter mode and the circuit to
obtain them. Indicate and explain cut off, saturation and
active regions.
- Determine the DC gain, ℎ𝐹𝐸 (𝛽) from the output
characteristics of an NPN transistor.
- Explain the concept of thermal runaway in
transistors and its effect on 𝛽 ℎ𝐹𝐸 .

4.11 THE TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

4.11.1 State how large output current and voltage in a transistor

circuit can be controlled by a small input voltage; common
emitter circuit with a resistive load and DC supply.
- State the bias conditions for switching the transistor
on and off.
- Describe the principle of operation of transistor
switching circuits incorporating the following
components:
a) Phototransistor (include construction and
principles of operation).

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b) Photodiode.
c) Photoconductive cell.
d) Solar cell.
e) Thermistors.

4.12 THE TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER

4.12.1 Understand the concept of small signal and power

amplifiers.
4.12.2 Explain the principles of voltage and current amplification.
4.12.3 Explain the need for biasing transistor amplifier circuits; the
quiescent point, Q.
4.12.4 Draw and explain the circuit diagram of a single-stage
amplifier having a resistance load, 𝑅𝐿 (CEC).
4.12.5 Show the relationship between input and output waveforms
for the circuit in 4.12.4 above.
4.12.6 Describe transistor biasing methods and explain component
functions:

- Fixed bias
- Self bias
- Potential-divider bias.

4.12.7 Determine bias conditions mathematically for a, b and c.

4.12.8 Derive the DC load line and draw it on to the

output characteristics of an amplifier (CEC).
4.12.9 Illustrate how the DC load line can be used to
determine the operating point of an amplifier.
4.12.10 Find the major BJT parameters from both characteristics
and datasheet.
- 𝑃𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
- 𝑉𝐶𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
- 𝐼𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
- ℎ𝐹𝐸

4.12.11 Draw the maximum power dissipation curve (hyperbola) on

output characteristics.
4.12.12 Determine the operating region of a transistor in a given
circuit.
4.12.13 Explain the function of transistor amplifier components.

4.12.14 Explain the effect of variations in the supply voltage,

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leakage current and load

resistance on the quiescent point, DC stabilization.
4.12.15 Apply graphical method for the estimation of current,
voltage and power gain in a BJT (CEC); the small signal AC amplifier.
4.12.16 Explain signal distortion in an amplifier circuit.

Assessment Tasks 1. Written and/or oral assessment on the skills and knowledge required to
conduct an installation survey for a domestic solar PV installation as
outlined in the assessment criteria and content above.
2. Practical assessment on the conducting of an installation survey for a
given solar PV installation including the following of SHEQ
requirements, the consideration of environmental factors which affect
the installation, the identification of the positions of solar modules, solar
batteries, switchgear and inverter, and the production of an installation
survey report based on the performance criteria of the relevant unit
standard.

Conditions/context of 1. Written and/or oral assessment can be conducted in a classroom

assessment environment. Oral assessment can also be conducted by the assessor during
the performance of the practical assessment by the trainees.
2. The practical assessment will be conducted in the workplace or
simulated work environment in the training institution.
3. The context of assessment should include the facilities, tools,
equipment and materials listed below.

Learning Outcome 06 The Field Effect Transistor

Assessment Criteria 6.1 State that the JFET is basically a voltage operated device
6.2 Understand the construction and operation of both the depletion
mode
6.3 Draw the circuit diagram to show how the FET can be used as a
switch
6.4 Draw the circuit diagram of a simple amplifier using a JFET in the
common-source mode

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Content THE FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR

5.1 BASIC JFET OPERATION

4.13.1 State that the JFET is basically a voltage operated device.

4.13.2 State the devices’ advantages and disadvantages as compared to the
BJT.
4.13.3 a) Describe, with the aid of a construction diagram,
the operation of the JFET
(N channel and P channel devices).

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b) Explain why thermal runaway is not a problem with FETs.

c) Sketch typical output and transfer characteristics of a JFET.
Indicate the cut off, ohmic and pinch off regions.

4.13.4 State the three FET configurations, that is, CGC, CSC, CDC.

4.13.5 Draw basic circuits to illustrate the configurations in 4.13.4 above;

circuit to show
proper bias voltages.

4.13.6 Draw the circuit from which the transfer and the output
characteristics of a
JFET can be obtained.

4.13.7 Define JFET parameters and determine them from output and transfer
Characteristics:

- 𝑃𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥; 𝐼𝐷𝑆𝑆; 𝑉𝐷𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥; 𝑉𝑝; 𝑉𝑔𝑠(𝑜𝑓𝑓)

- Mutual conductance 𝑔𝑚 or 𝑌𝑓𝑠.
- Drain resistance 𝑅𝐷.

4.13.8 State that the transfer characteristics can be approximated by the

hyperbola.

𝐼𝐷 = 𝐼𝐷𝑆𝑆 (1 − 𝑉𝐺𝑆)2 = 𝐼𝐷𝑆𝑆 (1

−𝑉 )2
𝐺𝑆𝑉(𝐺𝑆𝑂𝑓𝑓)
𝑉𝑃

4.13.9 State that the product 𝑅𝐷𝑔𝑚. is known as the voltage amplification
factor,
𝜇, of the FET, that is, 𝜇 = 𝑅𝐷𝑔𝑚

4.13.10 Performs calculations on the FET using the relationship in

4.13.8 and 4.13.9 above.

5.2 BASIC MOSFET OPERATION

4.14.1 a) Understand the construction and operation of both the

depletion mode
and enhancement –
mode MOSFETs (P channel and
N channel).

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b) Find the major MOSFET parameters from both

characteristics and
datasheets.
c) Draw the maximum power dissipation curve on the

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output characteristics and determine the operating region of a

FET in a given
circuit.
d) State that
enhancement-mode MOSFETs are
normally off devices whereas depletion-
mode devices are normally on devices. e) Draw the
circuit symbols for the four types of
MOSFETs to show the
correct bias voltages.

4.14.2 Describe biasing methods for both JFETs and MOSFETs:

a) Simple bias.
b) Fixed bias.
c) Source-self bias.
d) Drain-self bias.
e) Potential divider bias.

4.14.3 Determine quiescent voltages and currents for the FET

amplifier circuits in 4.14.2 above.

4.14.4 Draw the DC load line

on the output characteristics of a
FET and use it to
determine the operating point, Q.

4.14.5 Explain the purpose of the input resistance 𝑅𝑖𝑛 and the drain
resistance
𝑅𝐷𝑆.

5.3 THE FET AS A SWITCH

4.14.1 Draw the circuit diagram to show how the FET can be used
as a switch
(CSC). Explain the operation.

4.14.2 Explain possible applications of the FET switch.

5.4 THE FET AS AN AMPLIFIER

4.16.1 a) Draw the circuit diagram of a simple amplifier using a JFET in

the common-source mode.

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4.16.2 Derive the formula for the voltage gain, 𝐴𝑣, of an amplifier in the
common-source mode, that is, 𝐴𝑣= −𝑔𝑚𝑅𝑑

Assessment Tasks 1. Written and/or oral assessment on the skills and knowledge required to
conduct an installation survey for a domestic solar PV installation as
outlined in the assessment criteria and content above.
2. Practical assessment on the conducting of an installation survey for a
given solar PV installation including the following of SHEQ
requirements, the consideration of environmental factors which affect
the installation, the identification of the positions of solar modules, solar
batteries, switchgear and inverter, and the production of an installation
survey report based on the performance criteria of the relevant unit
standard.
Conditions/context of 1. Written and/or oral assessment can be conducted in a classroom
assessment environment. Oral assessment can also be conducted by the assessor during
the performance of the practical assessment by the trainees.
2. The practical assessment will be conducted in the workplace or
simulated work environment in the training institution.
3. The context of assessment should include the facilities, tools,
equipment and materials listed below.

Learning Outcome 07 The Operational Amplifier

Assessment Criteria 7.1 State the basic difference between discrete component circuits and
integrated circuits
7.2 State the basic difference between discrete component circuits and
integrated circuits
7.3 Define the following terms and give mathematical formulae
7.4 Explain the need for matching the resistances of the inverting and
noninverting inputs of an OP-AMP

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Content 4.17 THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

INTRODUCTION TO THE IC OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

4.17.1 State the basic difference between discrete component circuits

and integrated circuits (ICs).

4.17.2 Define the term ‘Operational Amplifier’.

4.17.3 Draw the block symbol of an Operational Amplifier.

4.17.4 Explain that the operational Amplifier is used with feedback.

4.17.5 State that the Operational Amplifier basically amplifies the

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difference between its input signals, that is, 𝐴𝑣= −𝑔𝑚𝑅𝑑

4.18 THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

INTRODUCTION TO THE
IC OPRATIONAL AMPLIFIER

4.18.1 State the basic difference between discrete component circuits

and integrated circuits (ICs).

4.18.2 Define the term Operational Amplifier.

4.18.3 Draw the block symbol of an Operational Amplifier.

4.18.4 Explain that the operational amplifier is used with feedback.

4.18.5 State that the operational amplifier basically amplifies the difference
between its input signals, that is, VO = A (V2 – V1).

4.18.6 State the ideal and practical properties of an Operational

Amplifier:

- Input Resistance
- Output Resistance
- Open-Loop gain
- Bandwidth
- Offset voltage

4.18.7 Draw and explain the transfer characteristic of an Operational

Amplifier.

4.18.8 Describe single-rail and dual-rail biasing techniques for the

Operational
Amplifier.

4.18.9 Define the following terms and give mathematical formulae:

- Bias current.
- Differential Mode gain 𝐴𝑑.
- Common-Mode gain ,𝑐.
- Common Mode Rejection Ratio, CMRR.
- Input offset voltage.
- Output offset current.

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4.19 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS

4.19.1 Understand the virtual earth concept.

4.19.2 Derive the expressions and perform simple calculations for

the voltage gain of an OP-AMP when connected as a:

- Voltage follower
- Inverting amplifier
- Non-inverting amplifier
- Summing amplifier
- Differential amplifier.

4.19.3 Explain the need for matching the resistances of the inverting and
non-inverting inputs of an OP-AMP.

4.19.4 State the practical applications of the amplifier circuits in 4.19.2

above.

4.19.5 Describe how the OP-AMP can be used as a comparator (the

OPAMP as a switch).

4.19.6 State practical applications of the OP-AMP comparator.

4.19.7 Explain the need for bypass capacitors in AC Operational

Amplifiers.

Learning Outcome 08 Power Electronics

Assessment Criteria 8.1 Describe the construction and operation of the SCR
8.2 Draw and explain the conduction characteristics of the SCR
8.3 Discuss commutation of SCR
8.4 Describe single phase power control and burst control
8.5 Describe the construction and operation of the UJT
8.6 Explain triggering of SCR and TRIAC by phase-shift network and
DIAC.

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Content 4.20. POWER ELECTRONICS

THE SILICON-CONTROLLED RECTIFIER (SCR)

4.20.1 a) Describe the construction and operation of the SCR: Use

transistor pair analogy.

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b) State the methods for

triggering the SCR:

- Using the resistance in the gate circuit.

- Using a diode.
- Using a neon discharge tube.

4.20. 2 Draw and explain the conduction characteristics of the SCR.

4.20.3 Thyristor ratings:

- Voltage ratings
- Current ratings
- Gate ratings

4.20.4 Describe single phase power control and burst control. Draw input
and output waveforms.

4.20.5 Perform simple calculations on the circuits in 4.20.4 above:

- Firing angle
- Average load voltage and current
- Average power

4.20.6 Discuss commutation of SCR.

- Natural
- Anode current interruption - Forced

4.21 APPLICATIONS OF THE SCR

4.21.1 DC/AC motor speed control

4.21.2 DC over voltage protection
4.21.3 Controlled rectification

4.22 THE UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTOR (UJT)

4.22.1 Describe the construction and operation of the UJT

(including the formula
𝑉𝐸𝐵= 𝑉𝑝𝑛 +ŋ𝑉𝐵𝐵
4.22.2 Draw the typical characteristic for the UJT.
4.22.3 Applications of the UJT:

- SCR triggering
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- Relaxation oscillator: sketch waveforms to show the

exponential charge and
discharge of the capacitor.

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4.23 THE DIAC AND TRIAC

4.23.1 Describe construction and principle of operation.

4.23.2 Draw and explain conduction characteristics.

4.23.3 Explain triggering of SCR and TRIAC by phase-shift

network and DIAC.

4.23.4 Explain simple phase shift control (TRIAC).

4.23.5 Draw voltage/current waveforms.

4.23.6 Compare the performances of the SCR and

the TRIAC in phase control
applications.

Assessment Tasks 1. Written and/or oral assessment on the skills and knowledge required to
conduct an installation survey for a domestic solar PV installation as
outlined in the assessment criteria and content above.
2. Practical assessment on the conducting of an installation survey for a
given solar PV installation including the following of SHEQ
requirements, the consideration of environmental factors which affect
the installation, the identification of the positions of solar modules, solar
batteries, switchgear and inverter, and the production of an installation
survey report based on the performance criteria of the relevant unit
standard.

Conditions/context of 1. Written and/or oral assessment can be conducted in a classroom

assessment environment. Oral assessment can also be conducted by the assessor during
the performance of the practical assessment by the trainees.
2. The practical assessment will be conducted in the workplace or
simulated work environment in the training institution.
3. The context of assessment should include the facilities, tools,
equipment and materials listed below.

Learning Outcome 09 Digital Fundamentals

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Assessment Criteria 9.1 Describe the difference between analogue and digital signals
9.2 Explain the evolution of number system: base, symbols, counting
sequence and positional weights
9.3 Perform simple binary operations
9.4 Explain, using symbols and truth tables, the operation of logic
elements.
9.4 Describe the relation between Boolean Mathematics and digital
signals

9.5 Draw the logic circuits to generate Boolean expression

9.6 Construct K-maps of up to four variables from truth tables and
Boolean expressions
9.7 Design simple combinational logic circuits
9.7.1 Explain the difference between combinational and sequential
logic.

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Content DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.1.1 Understand the difference between analogue and digital signals.

9.1.2 Give examples of digital systems.

9.2 DIGITAL NUMBER SYSTEMS AND CODES

9.2.1 Explain the evolution of number system: base, symbols, counting

sequence and positional weights (including both integers and fractions).

- Decimal number system

- Binary number system
- Octal number system
- Hexadecimal number system

9.2.2 Show the relationships between the number systems in 4.25.1 above.

9.2.3 Perform simple binary operations:

- Addition/subtraction
- Multiplication/division
- Subtraction using the 1’s and 2’s compliments.
9.2.3 Codes: Define:

- Bit, nibble, byte, word

- BCD and ASCII

9.3 LOGIC ELEMENTS

9.3.1 Explain, using symbols and truth tables, the operation of logic
elements.

- AND
- OR
- NOT
- NAND
- NOR

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- EX-OR
- EX-NOR

9.3.2 Realize logic gates using diodes and transistors (for AND, OR and
NOT gates).

9.3.3 Compare, TTL and CMOS logic families (speed, power, fan-in,
fanout, current and voltage).

9.4 BOOLEAN

9.4.1 Understand the relation between Boolean Mathematics and

digital signals (voltages) on wires.

9.4.2 Introduce Boolean variables, operations and expressions.

9.4.3 State Boolean laws and theorems:

Boolean identities
De Morgan’s theorems

9.4.4 Prove the identities and theorems in 4.26.3 above using

truth tables.

9.4.5 Simplify Boolean expressions using the identities and

theorem in
9.4.4 above.
9.4.6 Derive Boolean expressions from truth tables (Miniterms
only) and logic circuits.

9.4.7 Draw the logic circuits to generate Boolean expression.

9.5 THE UNIVERSAL PROPERTY OF THE NAND/NOR GATES

9.5.1 Demonstrate that NAND or NOR gates may be used to

replace any other gate.

9.5.2 Transform a logic network to use only one type of logic

gate (NAND or NOR).

9.5.3 Graphical method: replaces each gate by its NAND/NOR

equivalent. Analytical method using De Morgen’s Theorems.

9.6 KARNAUPH MAPS

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9.6.1 Construct K-maps of up to four variables from truth tables

and Boolean expressions.

9.6.2 Simplify Boolean expressions of up to four variables using

the K-

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map method.

9.7 COMBINATIONAL LOGIC

9.7.1 Define the term Combinational Logic.

9.7.2 Design simple combinational logic circuits.

4.29.3 Draw the timing diagram for simple logic circuits.

4.29.4 Appreciate Combinational logic application:

- Half and full decoder

- Encoders and decoders

(a) the diode matrix

(b) two-line to four-line; four-line to ten-line
decoding.
(c) the seven-segment display

- Multiplexers and demultiplexers (Qualitative treatment using block

diagrams).

4.30 SEQUENTIAL LOGIC

4.30.1 Explain the difference between combinational and sequential

logic.

4.30.2 Explain the operation of Flip Flops (using NAND logic

gates).

- SR FF
- D FF
- Clocked SR FF
- JK FF
- Master-slave JK FF (Block diagrams)

4.30.3 Draw truth tables and timing diagrams for the FFs in 4.30.2
above.

4.30.4
Explain interfacing of logic circuits

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4.30.5 Explain the operation of the SR FF as a debouncing circuit.

Give practical applications of sequential logic circuits
4.30.6
above.

4.30.7 Describe circuits to drive LEDs and relays and to obtain

input from switches.

Assessment Tasks 1. Written and/or oral assessment on the skills and knowledge required to
conduct an installation survey for a domestic solar PV installation as
outlined in the assessment criteria and content above.
2. Practical assessment on the conducting of an installation survey for a
given solar PV installation including the following of SHEQ
requirements, the consideration of environmental factors which affect the
installation, the identification of the positions of solar modules, solar
batteries, switchgear and inverter, and the production of an installation
survey report based on the performance criteria of the relevant unit
standard.

Conditions/context of 1. Written and/or oral assessment can be conducted in a classroom

assessment environment. Oral assessment can also be conducted by the assessor during
the performance of the practical assessment by the trainees.
2. The practical assessment will be conducted in the workplace or
simulated work environment in the training institution.
3. The context of assessment should include the facilities, tools,
equipment and materials listed below.

Explain with aid of sketches the different views of the equipment to be repaired, front elevation, top
elevation, side elevations, back elevations so as to have a better understanding of the equipment to be
repaired
Demonstrate in-depth knowledge of

Approach to Teaching and Learning:

8. Observation of adult learning principles.
9. Both institution-based and work-based learning to facilitate the integration of theory and
practice.
10. Face-to-face education and learning.
11. Problem-based learning.
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12. Online/distance education and learning.

13. Blended/hybrid education and learning.
14. Use of social media.
Approach to Assessment:
7. Weighting of practical and theory assessment: 70% theory and 30% practical.
8. Weighting of institution-based and work-based assessment: 50% institution-based assessment
and 50%.
9. Oral assessment to be conducted by a panel of two or more assessors.
10. RPL assessment.
11. Portfolio of evidence.
12. Assessment of work conducted by both individual learners and teams of learners.
Resources:
8. Qualifications and experience of Trainers, Assessors and Moderators
All trainers, assessors and moderators should have undergone ZNQF accredited training
programmes and should have qualifications and experience recognised by the Zimbabwe National
Qualifications Authority (ZNQA).

9. Facilities, Tools, Equipment and Materials

 Basic tool kit.
 Digital Multi-meter.  Diagnostic testing equipment  Splicing kit.
 Drilling machine.
 Ladder
 Laptop
 Krone tool.
 Soldering kit  Oscilloscope.
 Megger.
 Multimeter.

10. Learning Resources

Relevant training manual (learners’ guide) and facilitators’ guide

5.0 ASSESSMENT SPECIFICATION GRID

TOPIC TOPIC WEIGHTING%

NO.
1 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS 5
2 PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 10
3 BASIC ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 5
4 THE PN JUNCTION DIODE 10
5 THE BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR 15

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6 THE BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR 10

7 THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 15
8 POWER ELECTRONICS 10
9 DIGITAL FUNDAMENTALS 20
TOTAL 100%

6.0 SUGGESTED REFERENCE BOOKS

1 Floyd (1996) Electronic Devices and Circuit Prentice Hall New Jersey
2 Floyd Digital fundamentals Prentice Hall New Jersey
3 Duncan T. (1993) Success in Electronics John Murray London
4 Green D.C. (1991) Electronics 2 Longman Essex
5 Baith Electrical Technology6 Schum Series (1989) Digital Electronics McGraw Hill, London
7 Williams Power Electronics London
8 Theraja Electronic Devices
9 Mehta Principles of Electronics
10 .Black, 1984, Workshop Practice, Edward Arnold, London, UK
11 .Chesmond,1990, Basic Control System Technology, Edward Arnold, London, UK
12 .Bass, 1971, Introduction to Engineering, McGraw, London, UK
13 .Merrit, 1990, Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Educational Publish, London, UK
14 .Dunn, 2018, Fundamentals of Industrial Instrumentation and Process Control, McGraw,
London, UK

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