ANALOG

CIRCUITS

ECE-VLSI
III SEM
Dr. Sresta Valasa
22-09-2025
 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Structure and operation of MOSFET, I-V Characteristics, Channel-Length Modulation,
MODULE 1: Transconductance, MOS Device Models: Large-Signal and Small-Signal Model, PMOS
MOSFET Basics Transistor [4]

MODULE 2: Biasing, Amplifier topologies, Analysis and Design of Common-Source Amplifier, Common-
Gate Amplifier, Source Follower, Current mirror and active load, Cascode amplifier [8]
MOS Amplifiers

General considerations, MOS Differential pair: Qualitative analysis, large signal analysis,
MODULE 3: Small signal analysis and CMRR, Analysis of two stage CMOS Operational Amplifier,
Operational Amplifier: Introduction, basic block diagram, transfer characteristics of op-amp,
Differential Amplifier measurement of op-amp parameters [10]

Feedback, Polarity of feedback, Feedback topologies, Barkhausen criteria, RC oscillators

MODULE 4: (phase shift, Wein bridge etc.), LC Oscillators (Hartley, Colpitts, Clapp etc.), non-sinusoidal
MOSFET Oscillators oscillators [6]

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 COURSE DESCRIPTION
Linear applications: Inverting Amplifier, Noninverting Amplifier, Summing amplifier,
MODULE 5: adder, voltage follower, Integrator, Differentiator, voltage to current converter, current to
Op-amp applications voltage comverter, difference amplifier, Design and Verification of first and higher order low
pass, high pass, band pass, band elimination and all pass active filters.
Non-linear applications: Precision half wave and full wave rectifiers, Log and Antilog
Amplifiers, Analog multipliers and dividers, comparators, Schmitt trigger, square wave,
triangular wave generators and pulse generator, 555 timer, principles of digital to analog
converters (DAC) and ADC. [20]

Self-directed DAC types-binary weighted, R-2R, ADC types-flash, successive approximation, dual slope,
specifications of ADC and DAC
learning

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 BOOKS

Behzad Razavi, A. S. Sedra, K. C. Smith, R. L. Boylestad, L. Nashelsky,

“Fundamentals of “Microelectronic circuits”, “Electronic Devices and
Microelectronics”, Wiley, Oxford University Press, Circuit Theory”, 2009.
2013. 2011.

J. Millman, C. C. Halkias, Chetan. D. Parekh, Sergio F, Design with op amps and Analog
“Integrated Electronics”, McGraw Hill. 2010. Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill, Fourth
edition 2016.

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 FEEDBACK
What is feedback?
➢ The fraction of the output signal is sampled and given back to the input side.
➢ This fraction of the output signal is either added or subtracted from the
source signal and given as an input to the circuit.

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 FEEDBACK
Polarity of feedback?

➢ Depending on whether this feedback signal is either added or

subtracted from the source signal, we can have two polarities of
feedback:
1. Positive feedback
2. Negative feedback

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 FEEDBACK
➢ If the sampled signal is subtracted from the source signal, then we will have
negative feedback.
➢ Mostly used in amplifier circuits and many control systems to improve
stability.

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 FEEDBACK
➢ If the feedback signal is added to the source signal, then we will have positive
feedback.
➢ The new input to the circuit is more than the source signal. So, gradually, the
output signal of the circuit will increase.
➢ Mainly used in oscillators, multivibrators, and some active filters (eg:
Butterworth filters)

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 FEEDBACK
Why is negative feedback used in amplifiers?

1. Desensitize the gain

Due to temperature or some other reason, even if the open loop gain of the
amplifier changes, the change in the closed loop gain will be minimal.

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 FEEDBACK
2. Reduces the Non-linear distortion
➢ Sometimes in the amplifier, the gain is higher when the signal level is low.
➢ At the higher signal levels, the gain provided by the amplifier will be less.
➢ Because of this, a non-linear distortion may arise in the amplifier circuit.
➢ Negative feedback reduces the non-linear distortion and makes the gain of the amplifier almost
constant.
➢ This means that negative feedback makes the gain of the amplifier circuit almost independent of the
signal level.

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 FEEDBACK

3. Reduces the effect of noise/gain.

4. Modifies the input and output impedance depending on the feedback topology.

5. Increases the bandwidth of the amplifier.

Overall gain of the amplifier reduces with negative feedback.

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 FEEDBACK
General feedback structure A sampled signal can either be current
Mixer
or voltage Sensing part

Similarly, the signal sent back to the input side can

either be current or voltage All the i/p, o/p, and feedback signals are represented by x here
instead of representing currents and voltages.
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 FEEDBACK
x0 = A. xi

xs - xf = xi

A = open-loop gain
X0 = o/p of amplifier xf = βx0
If β= 0.1, then 10% of o/p is sampled
β = feedback factor and fed back to the i/p side
xf = feedback signal

β shows what fraction of o/p signal is fed back to the i/p side
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 FEEDBACK
Overall voltage gain of the amplifier with feedback (x0/xS):
Case (i): With no feedback (x0/xS):

With no feedback in the circuit: xi=xS

• i/p to basic amplifier is same as the source signal

Open loop gain of

x0/xS = A amplifier

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 FEEDBACK
Case (ii): With feedback (x0/xS):

𝒙𝟎 + 𝑨𝜷𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝑨𝜷)
= 𝒙𝑺 = 𝒙𝑺
𝑨 𝑨

With feedback, the gain reduces by 1+Aβ

Aβ = loop gain
For negative feedback, the loop gain should be positive
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 FEEDBACK

▪ If Aβ = +ve, then xf and xs will have same sign.

▪ Whenever they are subtracted, the difference
signal will be smaller than the xs.
▪ That is why, because of the negative feedback,
the closed-loop gain Af is always smaller than
the open-loop gain.

Closed-loop gain is almost independent of open-

1+Aβ = amount of feedback
loop gain in this case
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 FEEDBACK
What if the open-loop gain Aβ is very large??

➢ Because xf is approx. equal to xs, the difference between them is almost zero.
➢ If the loop gain Aβ is very large, the inputs appearing at the mixer circuit are
almost identical
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 FEEDBACK
Feedback topologies:
➢ Based on either voltage or current on both the sensing side and the mixer side,
we have four different feedback topologies for an amplifier.

The first term shows the

parameter which is sampled at
the output side

Next term shows the connection

of the feedback network with
the output side

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 FEEDBACK
1. Voltage Series Feedback:
Series

+
Vin
-

Vf = feedback voltage
Apply KVL in this loop, then Vin = Vs-Vf

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 FEEDBACK
1. Voltage Series Feedback:
➢ When we want to sample the voltage, then on the
output side, it has to be a shunt connection.
➢ Similarly, on the mixing side, when we want to add
or subtract the voltages, then it has to be a series
connection.

➢ Alternatively, this feedback is also known as shunt series feedback.

➢ Also known as voltage-voltage feedback.
➢ All the voltage amplifiers use this topology.
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 FEEDBACK
1. Voltage Series Feedback: Effective input impedance:

Effective input impedance increases by factor of 1+Aβ

because of the input series connection at the mixing side

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 FEEDBACK
1. Voltage Series Feedback: Effective output impedance:

Effective output impedance decreases by factor of 1+Aβ

because of the input shunt connection at the sensing side
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 FEEDBACK
Gain of Voltage Series Feedback:

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 FEEDBACK
2. Voltage Shunt Feedback:
➢ On the input side, when we have a shunt
Ii= Is - If connection, it means that it is current mixing.

At this node, Incoming current = Is and Outgoing

current = If

➢ Alternatively, this feedback is also known as shunt shunt feedback.

➢ Also known as voltage-current feedback.
➢ Used in trans-impedance amplifiers.
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 FEEDBACK
2. Voltage Shunt Feedback:
Effective input impedance:

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 FEEDBACK
2. Voltage Shunt Feedback:
Effective output impedance:

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 FEEDBACK
Gain of Voltage Shunt Feedback:

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 FEEDBACK
3. Current Shunt Feedback:
➢ On the input side, when we have a shunt
connection, it means that it is current mixing.

➢ Alternatively, this feedback is also known as shunt series feedback.

➢ Also known as current-current feedback.
➢ Used in current amplifiers.
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 FEEDBACK
3. Current Shunt Feedback:

Effective input impedance:

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 FEEDBACK
3. Current Shunt Feedback:

Effective output impedance:

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 FEEDBACK
4. Current Series Feedback:

➢ Alternatively, this feedback is also known as series series feedback.

➢ Also known as current-voltage feedback.
➢ Used in transconductance amplifiers.
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 FEEDBACK
4. Current Series Feedback:

Effective input impedance:

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 FEEDBACK
4. Current Series Feedback:

Effective output impedance:

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 FEEDBACK
Summary:

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 FEEDBACK

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 FEEDBACK

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 FEEDBACK
How to determine the polarity of feedback?

Fig: General feedback system

The procedure of determining the polarity involves three steps:

(a)Assume the input signal goes up (or down);
(b)Follow the change through the forward amplifier and the feedback network;
(c)Determine whether the returned quantity opposes or enhances the original “effect”
produced by the input change.
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 Numerical 1:
Assume Vin ↑ → Vgs ↓ → ID ↓ → Voltage drop across RD ↓
Hence more voltage available at the output side V0 and V0
↑ → Vf ↑ If Vf ↑ then Vgs ↑ and therefore ID ↑ and Voltage
drop across RD ↑ and therefore V0 ↓

Vgs= Vf-Vin Increase in Vin tries to increase the V0 but the

feedback tries to reduce the feedback in the V0.
Certainly we have –ve feedback

➢ In short, if the Increase in Vin also increase the feedback voltage Vf, then we can say that the given feedback is
the negative feedback.
➢ That means if the Vf changes in the same direction as the Vin, then we can say that the given circuit has
negative feedback.

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 Numerical 2:

Current going into the source terminal of M1 = Is-If

If Is ↑ → Is-If ↑ → ID through M1 ↓ → Voltage drop across RD1
↓ → V0 across M1 ↑
V0 across M1 is fed to the gate terminal of M2.
As VGS2 ↑ → ID through M2 ↑ → Voltage drop across RD2 ↑ →
V0 across M1 ↓

As V0 ↓ → If ↑ → ID through M1 ↓

Since Is and If have same polarity or in other words since

they are changing in same direction, we can say that given
circuit has negative feedback.

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 FEEDBACK
Q: Determine the polarity for below circuits.

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