(2-MARKS-QUE) MATHS-04 (2021-22)
Qu-01 Solve the PDE p + q = 1 ?
Sol: This is a Non-Linear Type PDE of the form f(p, q) = 0 .
Let the complete integral be:
z = ax + by + c ---(1)
Now, put p = a and q = b in the given equation.
We get: a + b = 1
From this, we can find b in terms of a:
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=> b = 1 - a
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Substitute the value of b back into equation (1):
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z = ax + (1 - a)y + c R
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Exam Note: Since f(p,q)=0 doesn't contain x, y, z explicitly, its
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complete solution is always a plane!
Qu-02 Calculate PI of (D - 3D' + 2)z = e^{x+2y}
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Sol: The Particular Integral (PI) for the form F(D, D')z = eax+by is:
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PI = 1 / F(D, D') [eax+by]
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Here, comparing powers with eax+by, we have:
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a = 1 => Put D → a = 1
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b = 2 => Put D' → b = 2
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F(D, D') = (D - 3D' + 2)
Now substitute the values:
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E PI = [ 1 / (1 - 3(2) + 2) ] ex+2y
PI = [ 1 / (1 - 6 + 2) ] ex+2y
PI = [ 1 / (-3) ] ex+2y
PI = -1/3 ex+2y
Explanation added: The condition is that F(a,b) must not be equal to
zero. Here F(1,2) = -3 ≠ 0, so the direct substitution rule is perfectly
valid.
Qu-03 Classify the PDE:
5 (∂2u / ∂x2) - 9 (∂2u / ∂x∂t) + 4 (∂2u / ∂t2) = 0
Classification Rules for PDE:
Comparing with standard form A uxx + B uxt + C utt = 0 :
B2 - 4AC > 0 → Hyperbolic
B2 - 4AC < 0 → Elliptic
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B2 - 4AC = 0 → Parabolic
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Sol: From the given equation, the coefficients are:
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A = 5, B = -9, C = 4
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Calculate the discriminant:
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B2 - 4AC = (-9)2 - 4(5)(4)
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B2 - 4AC = 81 - 80
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B2 - 4AC = 1 > 0
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Since 1 > 0, the PDE is Hyperbolic.
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Exam Point: Hyperbolic PDEs often describe wave-like phenomena in
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physics (e.g., sound waves, electromagnetic waves).
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Qu-04 Write down the two dimensional wave equation.
Sol: The standard 2D wave equation is given by:
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∂2u / ∂t2 = c2 [ (∂2u / ∂x2) + (∂2u / ∂y2) ]
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Where 'c' is the wave speed and 'u' is the displacement.
u Vibrating Mem
x
y
Qu-05 Calculate the moment generating function of the negative
exponential function f(x) = λ e-λx.
Sol: The Moment Generating Function (MGF) is defined as:
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MX(t) = E[etx] = ∫ etx f(x) dx
Given the limits for exponential function are 0 to ∞:
MX(t) = ∫0∞ etx (λ e-λx) dx
MX(t) = λ ∫0∞ ex(t - λ) dx
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Taking (-) common in power to make integration easy:
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MX(t) = λ ∫0∞ e-x(λ - t) dx
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MX(t) = λ [ e-x(λ - t) / -(λ - t) ]0∞
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Applying limits (Upper Limit - Lower Limit):
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MX(t) = λ [ ( e-∞ - e-0 ) / -(λ - t) ]
Note: We know e-∞ → 0 and e0 = 1
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MX(t) = λ [ ( 0 - 1 ) / -(λ - t) ]
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MX(t) = λ [ -1 / -(λ - t) ]
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MX(t) = λ / (λ - t)
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We can divide numerator and denominator by λ:
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MX(t) = 1 / [ 1 - (t/λ) ]
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MX(t) = [ 1 - (t/λ) ]-1
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Expanding using Binomial theorem (1-x)-1 = 1 + x + x2 + ...
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MX(t) = 1 + (t/λ) + (t/λ)2 + ... = Σr=0∞ (t/λ)r
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f(x)
f(x) = λe^-λx
x
Qu-06 If Regression Coefficient are 0.8 and 0.8, what would be the
Coefficient of Correlation?
Sol: The formula connecting Correlation (r) and Regression
coefficients (byx, bxy) is:
r = √(byx × bxy)
Given values: bxy = 0.8 and byx = 0.8
r = √(0.8 × 0.8)
r = √(0.64)
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r = 0.8
IF
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Property Note: The sign of correlation coefficient 'r' is always the
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same as the sign of both regression coefficients. Since both are
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positive, r is positive.
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Qu-07 A die is tossed twice. A success is getting 3 on toss. Calculate
mean?
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A
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Student's Notes Sol: Given n = 2.
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Probability of getting 3 on toss, p = 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6 = 1/3.
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Mean = np = 2 × (1/3) = 2/3
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ENGINEERING AI LEARNIFY Exam Correction Note:
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The probability of getting a '3' on a single toss of a fair die is
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simply p = 1/6. (The student added probabilities improperly
above).
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Correct Mathematical Approach (Binomial Distribution):
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Number of trials (n) = 2
Prob of success in one trial (p) = 1/6
Formula: Mean = np
Mean = 2 × (1/6) = 2/6 = 1/3.
Always identify the correct 'p' per single trial before multiplying!
p = 1/6
Qu-08 Write Statement of Baye's theorem.
Sol: Statement of Baye's Theorem:
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If E1, E2, ..., En are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events of a
random experiment with P(Ei) ≠ 0.
And 'A' is any arbitrary event of sample space with P(A) > 0, then
for any event Ei:
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P(Ei | A) = [P(Ei) ċ P(A | Ei)] / [Σ P(Ei) ċ P(A | Ei)]
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Explanation: Baye's theorem converts prior probability P(Ei) into
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posterior probability P(Ei|A) using the likelihood evidence P(A|Ei).
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P(A|E1)A
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P(E1)
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P(E2)
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Qu-09 When we use F-test?
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Sol: F-test is a statistical significance test.
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It is used to test equality of Variance of two populations.
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It helps to determine whether two independent samples have been
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drawn from a normal population having the same variance.
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Key condition: The populations from which samples are drawn must
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follow a normal distribution.
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Test Statistic Formula: F = S12 / S22 (where S12 > S22)
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σ1²
σ2²
Qu-10 Explain one-way ANOVA classification?
Sol: ANOVA stands for "Analysis of Variance".
One way ANOVA is a type of statistical test used to test the Analysis
of Variance.
It is used to determine the effect of ONE independent variable
(also called a Factor) on a continuous dependent variable.
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Exam Note: It compares the means of three or more independent
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groups to see if at least one mean is significantly different from the
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others.
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For example: Testing the effect of 3 different diets (Independent
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variable) on weight loss (Dependent variable).
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MATHS-04 (2022-23)
Qu-01 Find PDE by eliminating a and b:
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z = ax + by + a2 + b2 --- (1)
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Sol: Let's partially differentiate eq (1) with respect to x:
(∂z / ∂x) = a(1) + 0 + 0 + 0
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We know that p = (∂z / ∂x), so a = p --- (2)
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Now, partially differentiate eq (1) with respect to y:
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(∂z / ∂y) = 0 + b(1) + 0 + 0
G We know that q = (∂z / ∂y), so b = q --- (3)
From equations 2 and 3, using a and b in equation (1) we get:
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z = x(∂z / ∂x) + y(∂z / ∂y) + (∂z / ∂x)2 + (∂z / ∂y)2
z = px + qy + p2 + q2
Additional Detail: This specific form of equation (z = px + qy + f(p,q))
is known as Clairaut's Equation.
Qu-02 Solve PDE: (D2 + DD')z = 0
Sol: First, we write the Auxiliary Equation (A.E.) by putting D = m
and D' = 1.
A.E = m2 + m(1) = 0
m2 + m = 0
Factoring out m:
m(m + 1) = 0
So the roots are: m = 0, -1
Since the roots are real and distinct (m1=0, m2=-1), the
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Complementary Function (C.F) is written as:
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C.F. = f1(y + m1x) + f2(y + m2x)
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C.F. = f1(y + 0x) + f2(y - 1x)
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Complete Solution: z = C.F. = f1(y) + f2(y - x)
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Note: Since RHS = 0, the Particular Integral (PI) is 0.
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Qu-03 Classify the PDE: uxx + uyy - uxy = 0
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Sol: Let's rearrange in standard form:
uxx - uxy + uyy = 0
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Comparing with A uxx + B uxy + C uyy = 0, we get:
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A=1
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B = -1
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C=1
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Calculate discriminant: B2 - 4AC
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= (-1)2 - 4(1)(1)
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=1-4
= -3
Since -3 < 0 , the given PDE is classified as:
Elliptic
Quick Check Table:
> 0 : Hyperbolic
< 0 : Elliptic (Like this one
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Qu-04 Write the wave eq in two dimensions.
Sol: The two-dimensional wave equation describes waves propagating
on a surface (like a drumhead).
∂2u / ∂t2 = c2 [ ∂2u / ∂x2 + ∂2u / ∂y2 ]
Qu-05 Find the AM (Arithmetic Mean)
Sol: To find the AM for grouped frequency data, we use the formula:
x̄ = Σ(fi xi) / Σfi
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xi fi fi x i
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1 5 5
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2 9
A 18
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3 12 36
4 17 68
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5 14 70
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6 10 60
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7 6 42
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Total Σfi = 73 Σfx = 299
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From the table computations:
Σfi = 73
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E Σfixi = 299
x̄ = 299 / 73
x̄ = 4.09 Ans
Check: The mean (4.09) falls right in the middle of our x values,
specifically around where the highest frequency (17) is located,
proving the answer is logically sound.
Qu-06 Write the Formula of Karl Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
Write the range of Correl coffe?
Sol: Karl Pearson's Correlation Coefficient is denoted by 'r'.
The formula is:
r = [ nΣxy - (Σx)(Σy) ] / √ [ ( nΣx2 - (Σx)2 ) × ( nΣy2 -
(Σy)2 ) ]
Range:
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The range of Karl Pearson's Correlation Coefficient lies perfectly
between -1 and 1.
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Range: -1 ≤ r ≤ 1
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Exam Point: +1 means perfect positive correlation, -1 means perfect
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negative correlation, 0 means no linear correlation.
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Qu-07 P(A) = 1/4, P(B) = 1/2, P(A∪B) = 5/8. Find the value
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P(A∩B)?
Sol: We know the addition theorem of probability:
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P(A∩B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∪B)
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Substitute the given values into the formula:
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P(A∩B) = (1/4) + (1/2) - (5/8)
To solve, make denominators equal (LCM = 8):
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P(A∩B) = (2/8) + (4/8) - (5/8)
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P(A∩B) = (6/8) - (5/8)
P(A∩B) = 1/8 Ans
A A∩B B
Qu-08 Write Probability mass Function of binomial distribution?
Mean and variance of the distribution?
Sol: The probability mass function (PMF) of binomial distribution is:
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f(x) = P[X = x] = nCx px qn-x
Where p is prob of success, q is prob of failure (q = 1-p), n is total
trials.
Mean and Variance:
Mean = np
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Variance = np(1-p) = npq
Note: Standard deviation would be √(npq).
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Qu-09 Define "Null Hypothesis".
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Sol: Null Hypothesis (denoted by H0):
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It is the hypothesis that states there is no significant difference
between the Sample mean and the hypothetical Population mean.
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Any observed difference is assumed to be due to sampling fluctuations
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or random chance.
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Qu-10 Discuss "Control Charts"?
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Sol: The Control Chart is a statistical graph used to study how a
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process changes over time.
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Data is plotted in time order. It has three main lines:
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Upper Control Limit (UCL)
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Central line (Mean/Average)
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Lower Control Limit (LCL)
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UCL
Avg
LCL
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