© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Functions of computer
controlled engine system
• Electronic fuel injection (EFI)
• Electronic ignition control
• Idle speed control
• Diagnostic function
• Fail-safe function
• Back-up function, etc
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
ECU power supply
IG-controlled
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
ECU power supply (IG)
ECU controlled
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
ECU power….
Ground circuit
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
ECU power ….
Constant volt (VC) circuitry
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sensor
• Is an input for the control unit
• Converts a physical/chemical condition into an
electrical signal
• Are two types
– Active sensor
– Passive sensor
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Active sensor
• It doesn’t need any reference volt
• Produces its own voltage signal internally
• Examples;
– thermocouple,
– zirconia type O2 sensor,
– magnetic inductance,
– piezoelectric
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Passive sensor
• It doesn’t produce its own voltage
• Requires reference voltage
• Examples;
– potentiometer,
– thermistor,
– piezoresistor,
– switch
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Sensor application
• Flow rate
• Pressure
• Position (travel/angle)
• Temperature
• Speed
• Gas/concentration
• Acceleration and vibration
• Torque/force, etc…
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Engine temperature sensor
• Detects the temperature of coolant
• Made of thermistor
• Signal is used for;
– Oxygen sensor closed loop status
– Canister purge on/off time
– Idle speed control
– Injection correction during;
• starting,
• after start, warm up,
• acceleration and deceleration
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Engine temperature…
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Intake air temperature..
• Signal is used for:
– Injection quantity
– Ignition timing
• Other temperature sensors
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Intake air temperature sensor
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Throttle position sensor
• Measures the opening angle of the throttle
• Signal is used by ECU for;
– fuel cut off control (during deceleration or braking)
– Idle stability
– Power and acceleration enrichment
– Spark advance
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of TPS
• Linear or potentiometer type
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of TPS
• Point or switch type
– Common ground
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of….
• Point or switch type
– Common power supply
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Electronic Throttle Control (ETC)
• Called derive-by-wire
• Advantages over the conventional cable:
– Reducing the number of moving parts.
– No need of cruise control actuators and
controllers.
– No need of an idle air control valve, etc
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
ETC
• Has the following components
– Accelerator pedal position sensor
– Throttle actuator (servomotor)
– Throttle position sensor
– Electronic control unit
throttle actuator control
(TAC) motor
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Throttle plate position
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
DC motor H-bridge circuit
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Air flow meter
• Used with L-type EFI for measuring the amount of
intake air.
• The signal is used by ECU for:
– fuel injection (duration) quantity
– ignition timing advance
• Are two types
– Volume air flow meter
• Vane/flap type
– Mass air flow meter
• hot wire type
• Hot film type
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Manifold pressure sensor
• Used with D-type EFI
• Detects the pressure variation of the intake
manifold and converts it to voltage signal.
• Signal is used by ECU for:
– Injection (duration) quantity
– Ignition timing
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Engine speed and Crank angle
sensor
• Used to detect the crankshaft angle and
engine speed.
• ECU uses this signal for injection duration,
injection timing and ignition timing.
• The sensor can be located on;
– Crankshaft
– (Camshaft)
– Distributor
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of speed and crank angle sensors
• Inductive pick up coil
• Hall effect
• Photo couple
• Reed switch and magnetic resistance
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Separate speed and position sensor
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Determining ignition/injection
timing
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Photo couple
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Photo couple..
Electrical circuit diagram and signal wave form
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Lambda (O2) sensor
• The O2 sensor senses the concentration of
oxygen in the exhaust gas
• The signal is used by ECU for correction injection
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Lambda (ƛ)
• Air ratio (ƛ) is Greek letter witch is used to
denote Air-fuel equivalence ratio.
• ƛ = 0.95 – 0.85 maximum power
• ƛ = 1.1 – 1.2 minimum fuel consumption
• ƛ = 0.9 – 1.1 best possible low fuel
consumption with high power output
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Open loop operation
• Engine starting
• Cold engine operation
• Moderate to heavy load operation
• Acceleration and deceleration
– During open loop operation, the ECU ignores
information from the lambda sensor and uses
other sensors for injection duration
calculassions
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of O2 sensor
1. Narrow-band:- is two step sensor which is
either rich or lean
o 0.45 v is switching value
o Above 0.45 v = rich
o Below 0.45 v = lean
o Zirconia / titania
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Types of O2…
2. Wide –band:-has the ability to detect a ratio
from as rich as 10:1 to as lean as 23:1
It is also called;
o Broad-band sensor
o Air-fuel ratio sensor
o Lean-air fuel sensor, etc..
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Lambda sensor…
• The sensor behaves very similar to a single
cell battery.
• The electrodes act as the positive (+) and
negative (-) plates, and
• the zirconium dioxide element acts as the
electrolyte.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Zirconia ..
Operating Characteristics
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Zirconia ..
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Zirconia
Electrical circuitry
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Titania element
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Titania element
• Made of Titanium Dioxide (Ti02 ).
• always contains a heater circuit
• Changes resistance in relation to how much
oxygen is in the exhaust
• Lean mixture…high resistance (20k)
• Rich mixture ….low resistance (1k)
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Titania...
Electrical circuitry
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Knock sensor
• Used to sense abnormal engine vibration
caused by engine knock
• Signal used by ECU to retard ignition timing
• Operates with piezoelectric effect
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Knock sensor..
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Knock sensor..
Electrical circuit diagram and signal wave form
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Knock sensor..
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only
Other sensors
• Starter signal
• Neutral start switch signal
• Air conditioner signal
• Electrical load signal
• Oil pressure switch
• Stop lamp switch
• Fuel control switch e.t.c......
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only