Even iti ‘Ug Gefinition of second has been pmodified as discussed in Art. 1 (b), 9, ee [AL AND DERIVED UNITS i venmbet Of physical quantities to be rear ua oe it is not feasible to define a ieee reach quantity, To simplify the Ey pal es of relation between different In mechanics, ats pcs we treat length, mass and time because asic or fundamental quantities, o a Tepresent our basic scientific notions, to them, * #80 other quantity which is simpler i) | 7 a () a, oo and time cannot be obtained (iv) all other can be tll other physical quantities in mechanics ed from them. The units of measure ancl ment of length, mass and mocha hereore called fundamental units, in The units. Of measurement ic The units of all other physical iantities, which can be obtained from fundamental units are called derived units, 2 For eemmple unit of speed (ie. ms“) is a As speed = distance/time unit of speed = Unit of distance unit of time m =tem Bale __ Sumilariy, derived unit of area is m?, derived unit of volume is m3 and so on. The units of physical quantities like density, momentum, acceleration, force, work, power, energy, pressure cic. can be expressed in terms of fandamental units of length, mass and time. Their units are all derived units. pe CHOICE OF A STANDARD UNIT The unit chosen for measuring any physical quantity should mect the following essential requirements : (8) It should be of suitable size ; (i) It should be accurately defined ; (iii) It should be easily accessible ; ould be easly reproducible be replicas of the unit should be available eas ay (v) It should not change with time, and (vi) It should not change with the changing physical conditions like temperature, P! Who decides the units ? : The first esscatial thing about the ae ct 2 standard unit for a ph} Ree eco international acceptance. If Chapa it will choose hisfher own unit for the quantity, the become a mess to communicate ee among, scientists distributed all over the wor'e. ‘A body named ‘General coereeece fo Weights and Measures’ was sct-up an eal authority to decide the units by interns i and any changes agreement It holds its meetings and 20) Coiee in standard units are-communicated throu; publications of the conference. SI SYSTEMS OF UNITS ee exits, 8 ‘em of units js the complete set of units, both ‘feel and derived, for all kinds of physical quantities. Each system is named in terms of fundamental units on which it is based. The ‘common systems of units used in mechanics are iven below : fe 3 @) The fips. system is the British Engineering system of units, which uses for as the unit of length, pound asthe unit of mass and second as the unit of time. 5 (b) The cys. system is the Gaussian system which uses cen imetre, gram and second as the three basic units for length, mass and time respectively. (c) The mks. system is based on mete, Kilogram and second as the fundamental units of length, mass and time respectively. The c.g.s. and mks. systems arc called metic systems or decimal systems because multiples and sub multiples of basic units are related to the practical units by powers of ten. The drawback of c-g.s. system is that many of the derived units on this system are inconveniently small, The advaruages of mks system are that some of the derived units are of convenient size. Also, themks system leads us to electrical units in practical use. The fp.s. system is losing its popularity because of inconvenient multiples and sub- multiples involved in it for conversion. (iv) Itsec y=] Fee Sp The conversion f, E factors in @. Most a eam cOemon se are or lmetre = (it) 1 pound ky « F Fn Sm = 0.4536 4 (4) International s fem of an Pound. The name SI is an aborts SD Systeme International d° Casures. This system of units is essentially a modific: system and is, therefore, call system. This rationalisation ation over the mks. led rationatised mikes. uantitics in Physics as, the fundamental units of mass, length and tame og ; d to obtain th physical quantities in mechanics ae ree No. BD Mass kilogrami” | kg ® [Length metre m @ |Time second” | os 4 Temperature kein mK J. |BeciZccurrent ampere™ A Luminous intensity | candela -/ Ca Quantity of matter | mole mol [Supplementary Supplementary] Symbol .| physical quantitiy unit Plane angle [vagina Solid angle steragan | st In addition to the fundamental units and the supplementary units, there are a large number of derived units on this system. Some of the derived units are ‘No. [Physical Quantitiy | Derived Unit | Symbol used] 1. | Force newton N 2. | Work, Energy joule J 3. | Power watt w 4. |Eleciriccharge | coulomb iG 5. | Electric potential | volt; ~~ v 6. | Electric capacity | farad E 7. | Magnetic fux weber wo, — and soon. DEFINITIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL AND SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS OF SI The seven fundamental units and two supplementary units on the $.I have been defined as under, by the General Conference of Weights and Measures ae ae 1650763.73 wavelengths in vacuurn, of B bation corresponding 10 the transition between(? pyp nd _ (Sas vels of Krypton isotope of mass 86. “Krypton 85 emits light of different wavelengths. The light emitted by Kr-86 due to transition between 2 pip and 5 dg levels is orange red in colour and has wavelengths = 6.0578021 x 10-7 m. The number of these wavelengths in 1 m comes out to be 1650763, The number of wavelengths of distance is measured by an {optical i with an accuracy of 1 in 107, The standard metre has been so defined because Kr-86 isotope can be obtained relatively easily and cheaply in rather pure form. So the standard is casily reproducible. It is” sharply defined and is not affected by time or variation of any other physical condition. *. ~ Yet a new definition of metre was adopted in 1983 at the 17th General Conference of Weights icasures, taking velocity of at in Vacuum ¢ a One metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299, 792, 458 of a sec 2. The kilogram One kilogram is defined as the mass of the intemational prototype of the kilogram (which is a standard block of Platinum Indium alloy preserved in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sevres, near Paris, France. & The second ‘One second is the duration of 9, 192, 631, 770 periods of radiation corresponding to unperturbed transition between the two hyperfine levels (F = 4, uM = Qand F = 3, M = 0) of the ground state of Cs— 133 atom.ee ee They amie slocks are based on this definition, ; an accuracyof Lin 10" seci.e, anerror Of 1 see. only in 5000 years, ¥ ‘The ampere Be Bes adopted as the unit Of electric current, maintbenn i the constant current, which when ie See im each of the two straight parallel Sect OTS Of infinite lengih and negligible cross ection, held ane metre apart in vacuum, shall Produce a force per unit "7 Denes & force per unit length of 2% 10°7 Nim 5. The kelvin Jt was adopted as the unit of temperature. One degree Kelvin is the fraction sha | of te 6 thermod) ic if i warmodynamical temperature ofthe wiple point * of 6. The candela Iwas adopted as the unit of luminous intensity. One candela is the luminous intensity in a Perpendicular direction of fad sq. m area of a black body at freezing point of platinum (2042 K) under a pressure of 101, 325 Nim?. 7. The mole It was adopted as the unit of quantity of matter: One mote is the amount of substance which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of pure carbon-12. The two supplementary units on the SI system are defined as under: 1. The radian fueradian it It was adopted as the unit of plane angle. One radian is Me-angle subtended at the centre ofa circle byian are equal in length to the radius of the circle. 2. The steradian It was adopted as the unit of solid angle. One steradian is the solid angle subtend. cntre of asphere, by that surface of the sphere which is equal in area to square of the radius of the sphere ES Following are the main advantages of SI over the other systems ofunitss ichce, the waterand water vapours. [Link] system of units. aisystem based on a certain set of fundamental units, from which all derived units are obtained _ by multiptication~or division without introducing numer factors. . on a 2. SLis rational system of units, as it assigns only on iniéto a particular physical quantity. For example, joule is the unit for all t This is not so in other systems of units. For example, in mks-system, mechanical energy is in joule, heat energy is in calorie and clectric energy is in watt hour: >.” Gaara 3. SLisan absolute system of units. There are no gravitational units on im. The use of factors ths elminatzd ~ « 4. Slis a metric system i.e. the multiples and submultiples of units aré expressed as rs OL. = 5, In current cleciricity, the absotute units: oe SI, like ampere for current, for fut difference, ohm for resistance, henry for inductance, ‘fare for” capacity oven Lond harp se oA leg practical units for measurement quantities. / Remember that international system of units (SI) applies to all branches of science, whereas /m.k.s. System is confined to mechanics only. _ Note. In our country the responsibility of maintenance of physical standards of length, mass and time étc. has been given fo National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. Tb] SOME IMPORTANT PRACTICAL UNITS. 11) (a) In the macroosm measurements ie. in the measurement ofvery largedistances|weusctho following three units : 1, Astronomical Unit (AU). it is the average distance of the centre of the sun from the centre of the earth. , | LAU = 1.496 x 10"! m= 1.5 x 10" m. 2. Light Year (ly). [tis another important unit of long distances. One light year is the distance travelied by light in vacuum in one year. As velocity of light in vacuum is 3x 108 ms! and 1 year 365 X 24 X 60 X 60 second, therefore, ist. Ithas a fixed value off273.16Vlight year = 3 x 198 * B65 x 24 x 60 x 60) metre Ly = 9.46 x 10% m 3. Par sec. It is ‘ : yet another unit peers and represents a llactic ie pees the distance at which an are ¢ ‘AU long tends an angle of I second. eH As 1 = LAU = 1.496 x 10! m it Cy and 9 = 1sec 1 peda. Pes 60 x 6p deeree ~ x60 * jp Tadian then as r=5 \ Harcce SAU 1sec — 1.496 x 10" m 3/(60 x 60 x 180) rad = 3.084 x 10° m 1 par sec = 3.1 x 106m Relation between AU, fy and par sec As 1AU = 15x10"m lly = 9.46 x 105 m and 1parsec = 3.1x 10!6m lly _ 9.46 x 10'5 1AU ~ 15x10 = 63 x 10 Hence, | 1fy = 63x 10*AU ‘Also, 2barsee . 3.1.x 10% Ss cee) 9.46 x 10'5 par sec = 3.26ly Clearly, 1 par sec is bigger than 1ly, which is bigger than 1 AU. It maybe of interest to note that size of universe is nearly 10'° ty The nearest star, ‘Alpha centauri, outside our solar system is 43 hy away from the carth. (b) In the micro-cosm measurement, i.e, in the measurement of small distances, we use the following four units: Olea ents (ii) nanometre = 1 nm 10-9 m (ii) 1 angstrom = 14° = 10-" m (iv) Lfermi = 1 femtometre = 1fm = 107m For example, the radius of proton is 1.2 fm and radius of hydrogen atom is 0.5 A. (©) For measuring very small areas, the unit used is 1bam = 10 Nuclear cross sections are measured in barns. (d) For measuring heavy masses, the units used are ( Ltonne or I metricton = 1000kg (i) Lquintal = 100 kg (iii) 1slug = 14.57 kg The largest practical unit of mass is Chandra Shekhar limit (C.S.L) 1CS.L = 1-4 times the mass of sun, m (e) For measuring very small masses, the unit used is 1 atomic mass unit = 1 amu. or Iu = 1.66 x 10-77 kg. The atomic and nuclear masses are measured in this unit. (/) Some practical units of standard of time are: (i) Solar day. It is the time taken by carth to complete onc rotation about its axis w.r.t. the sun. (ii) Sedrial day. It is the time taken by earth to complete one rotation about its axis w.r.t. a fixed star. (iii) Solar year (or year) is the time taken by the earth to complete one revolution around the sun in its orbit. 1 solar year = 365-25 average solar days = 306-25 sedrial days Note. The year in which there is total solar eclipse is called a tropical year. The year which is divisible by 4, and in which month of February has 29 days, is called a leap year. One hundred years make up one century. ( adTG BE A ie hie Bocs from A to B, B to.C and C ime t, then the total distanc object in times = AB + BC+C Cone \ Distance is a scalar quantity, Its value can never be zero or negative, durin, i pent ¢, during the motion of an ii), Displacement. {Tie displa object in a given interval of ihe ty de ae ie chen postion oe Se Ee paid ving that time and is given By-the vector me ial son spond object Wh thepath ABC, then the displacement of the C shows that the object is AC. The arrow head at is displaced from A to C. In case the object is displaced from C to A, then the displacement of the object is CA, (a vector drawn from C to A). en, CA =~ ac Tmeans, the displacement CA is having the same magnitude as that of AC but opposite direction. In case the object goes from A to B, Bto \ Cand C to, then the total displacement will be \= AA =f Characteristics of displacement Khe displacement of an object has the walt of Tength) ite? 3 ment Oh Cole 2.(The displacement of an object in-a-piver: if time can be positive, zero ar negative), ). (fhe magnitude of the displacement of a ?ject between two points gives the shortest distance Deoveen tase wo ports | : 4, The displacement of an object between two points does not tell the type of motion followed by object benveon the Oe poms ope we from A to B olowing share patho cular path then displacement in each case is AB. 5. Thecdiyplacement of the object between two Points has a unique value. 6. The actual distance travelled by the object in_ the given time interval can be ealal a l@agaies ‘hart the magnitude of the displacement. 7. The displace i due to the shiftin the origin of the posi [aia] SPEED 8 [Speed oan object is defined as the t Change of position of the object in any direction’ [vis measured by the distance travelled by the abject in unit time in any direction. ic, distance travelled bg time taken Speed = lar“quantity> It gives no idea about the direction of motion of the object. The speed of the object can befZerOOr Positivabut never ‘The unit of speed is cm s~ in cgs system and ms! in_mks system or S.l. The dimensional formula of speed is (M°L'T—]. Ua) Uniform speed An Object suit to be moving with @ uniform speed, if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, howsoever small hese inte be. (by Variable speed. An object is said 10 be moving with a variable speed if it covers equal distances in unequal intervals Of time or unequal distances tr equal intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals may be. (©) Average speed. When an objectis moving with a variable speed, then the average speed of the object igmeatepescen! speed with which the object cover the same distance i given Tt US does while moving with variable speed during the given lime. Average speed fac the given motion is defined 4s the ratio of the total distance travelled by the object ‘othetetaltimetakenie, total distance travelled ese ert tol ere ae (@ Maparticle travels distancesS, , S, , Syctc. with speeds v;,v,,v; etc. respectively, in same direction then total distance travelled =S, +S, +8, + Ss Total time taken = + Average speed, v,, = ali)—— MS) =S.=S he. the bod = distances with different ae Covers equal ene ee sag track. What is the average 2M Sol. Total distance covered (y+ v9) =. nly + U2 ty pees itr It means aver =1XO+3xW=4x 00m 91 ‘mean of individual soe peed ts equal to harmonic Total time taken = 1, + 1, = 60 + 60 = 12), \ (i) If a partie : travels with : aon Miota Ys ete. during time intervals ft sae Lae ere Fespectively, then ie VELOCITY total distance uavelled TMH + + Uy +... Total time taken = 4 + 4 + 4 + So aver: rage speed, velocity = displacement _ vp ttt ab th +, : ee Gime interval ( 4 +Q+y+ ~-(ii) Velocity is a vector quantity, as it has both, the ees creed) and direction. The velocity of : object can itive) Zero and negative (a) wethave according as its displacements positive, Zero 6: negative, oe The unit of velocity is cms~' in cgs system and ms~' in (mkg) system or S.1. The dimensional Xe ie FE formula of velocity is (M°L'T—"}. See liv) If =Q=, = (a) Uniform velocity. An object is said to be % tt means average speed is equal to ieee) uniforms ielociey ‘if itundergoes equa! arthem: itic mean of individual speeds. splacemenis in equal intervals of time, howsoever (d) Instantaneous speed. When the speed of °H/ Nese tatervals may be. ~ an object is variable, then the Soe eee (b) Variable velocity. fir" object is said 10 6) different speeds at differentinstants. The speed of VB With a variable velocity if it undergoes equal an_DOfect ota item instant instant of time is called i Aipleomentinsncqulienl- m instantaneous speed. “unequal displacements in equal intervais of lime? efaitanticsteniitt anjobiect hike ort changes cageciareh nscioa while moving with covers a distance Arima small mterval oftime ar Constant speed ‘ AOU an Are=s Ol icach haa ol ime At, pejecomm MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE omens Bl antouact inacaeiualnelnumpsa OR OnGA An object is said 10 be in uniform motion if \ ect a Bs _ ds undergoes equal displacements in equal intervals 6) Se ee BLT di timé, howsoever small these inuervals may be, — a Consider an object in uniform motion along « where % is the first derivative of distance straight line OX with a velocity ZLet point O bx a Soe the origin for position measurement. Let the timc [Link]. In case of aunijonm motion ofan object, he measured from the instant the object is at ([Link] the instantaneous speed is equal to its uniform speed. and B be the positions of the object at th: instants of time f; and ¢, respectively, where fe Problem. A man walks for I minute at va Nigel Sr ot Nase oie @ speed of Ims~! and then runs for 1 min at OA = ¥,a.d OB = 5, Fig. 2(a). 5.°° Lath a pane lacement of the object in time interval (4 — 4) = AB = OF - OK =x-a As, velocity = sisplacement time interval Following are the important features of uniform motion () For @ uniform motion along a straight tine im a given direction, the_ magnitude of the displacement is equal to the actual distance covered by the object. aaa amine (ii) The velocity in uniform motion does not depend upon the line interval (ty = 1). i (iit) The velocity in uniform motion. is independent of choice of origin. (i) The velocity of an object ix taken to be Positive if the object is moving towards the Fight of origin and is taken 10 be negative if the object is ‘moving \owards the left of origin. (v) No force is required for an object to by uniform motion. \ . in (vi) The average and instantaneous velocities same value in a uniform motion - FORMULA FOR UNIFORM MOTION This formula connects the position, velocity and time of an object in a uniform’ motion Consider an object, moving with uniform velocity P along the straight line OX. Let the origin for position measurement be at point O and the origin for time measurement be taken at the instant, when the object is at A, such that OA = x4 [Fig 2(a).6.] Let the object be at positions Band C at the instants hi ronnie of time 1, and 4, where OB = x; and OC © x. Then AB = i, and ACs Here, OB = OA +AB and OC = OA + AC a eo yl) and ety wnlli) Subtracting (i) from (ii) we get BH = Th - 4) or Ram +tG -4) sali) The relations (i), (i) and (iti) represent the kinematics of uniform motion along a straight line, Note. 1. If x — 3, = Sande, — ft, = I then from (iii) we pet = Tt -w(iv) 2. For a uniform motion in one dimension, displacement is equal to distance travelled and velocity is equal to speed hence the arrow heads over the displacement and velocity vectors may be Uropped. It means we can write, x = ty + Vf; ty = ay + Vtzand (ty = 4) = vq — 4) VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH IN UNIFORM Bgl MOTION Sam. Consider an object moving with a uniform velocity v along a straight line OX. Let the object be moving towards the right of origin O (ée. positive direction of x-axis) for position and time measurements, hence v is positive. The velocity- time graph of the object is a straight line AB parallel to time axis, Fig, 2(a).7 Positive Velocity If the object is moving towards the left of origin, the velocity-time graph is again a straight line parallel to time axis but lies belowthe timeaxis, which has been shown by dotted line A’B’, in Fig 2(a)7.The velocity-time graph of a movin helps us to calculate the di I BE eee ze cones Of the object LetC and D be Let Cand be the two points o velocity-time graph corresponding to instants 1, and t. Then i OA = CC = D,D = wand OC, = 4 andop, = 4. Therefore, displacement of the object in time interval (4 —t,) = unif i 1) = uniform vel : interval pee ce =¥ (4-4) = GC x (OD, — oc) = CC x CD, = area Cc, D\D a It means the displacement of an object in time interval (t, — t,) is numerically equal to the area under velocity-time graph between the instants t, and fi When an object is moving with negative velocity, the area below the velocity-time graph is taken negative and corresponding to this, the displacement will also be negative. Note. 1. The importance of velocity-time graph of uniform motion [Link] the Jact th elps us fo measure the displacement undergone by an object in a given time as the area enclosed by with time axis. duririg The given interval of time which is fo be added wi?propersign.. tS “3QDistance travelled, stance tavell interval of time graph, without considering sign. IC means, even i the body is moving with negative velocity, the are. y - ed of velociy-time graph is ia be talor postive orth the measurement -of distance travelled by body, POSITION TIME GRAPH IN UNIFORM MOTION — Position-time graph of an object in a uniform * motion in one dimension is a straight line AB, inclinedto time axis as shown itt Fig. 2(a).8. Here the position coordinates of the object at the instants ¢ = 0, t, and, respectively are xp, 2, and x2. Let C and D be the two points on the position-time graph corresponding to instantsf, and{,. DrawCC,, CC, object, Position DD, and DD,, perpendiculars on time axis and position axis, as shown in Fig. 2.(a).8. Then tz — f; = OD, — OC, = CD, = CE and x, — x, = OD, — OC, = GD, = ED velocity ofthe object, y= 2. ED tana Hey RCE = slope of position-time graph ¥ Thus velocity of an object in a uniform motion is equal to the slope of position—time graph with twme axiyHcnce the importance of the position-time graph of uniform motion lies in the fact that its slope gives us velocity of the object. Position-time graph of a uniform motion in one dimension of an object (2) starting from origin is shown by st. line OA; (b) starting from left of origin is shown by st, ine BC and (c) starting from right of origin, is shown by st. line DEin Fig. 2(a).8 (a) Position Oe) FIGURE 2( If the position-time graph of a motion in one dimensionis a straight line FG inclined to time axis asshown in Fig. 2 (a). 8(b), then the body is moving, with a constant negative velocity.Position Be] RELATIVE VeLocr ey iff en wo Obiecis A ane a oving with) different velocities, thed the relocity of one object velocity of object fone jek er anthra one So A with respect toanother object B is called relative ) wrt. BL us the relative velocit xr is the velocity with which wr another object. Hence relative velocity is defined asthe time rate of change Of relative p ith 7 ati ive position of one object with respect to The concept of relative velocity is analysed as follows : — (a) Expretion for relative velocity. Consider two objects A ‘and B, moving with uniform velocities v, and v, along parallel straight tracks in the same direction. Let x9, and xg be their displacements from the origin at instant? = 0. If at any time 1, x, and x, are the displacements (distances) of the two objects wrt. the origin of the Position axis, then for the object A, eon val oof) and for the object B, (ii) Subtracting the above equations we have ¥2—%1 = Coz = Xo) + (¥. — 4) Xz = Aq) + U7b sa(iii) where, x9) — x9, = 4p, initial displacement of object B wr. to object Aatt = 0 4 ~ x, = 4,rclative displacement of object B [Link] to object A al time £ Thus the relation (iii) can be written as x =% + (v)-—,)1 or [x — x) =, v0 0 =u, -v, iv) Here L.H.S. of relation (iv) gives the time rate of change of position of object B [Link]. object A i. the reldtive velocity of object B [Link]. object A. “relative velocity of object B w.r.t. object A, 0) vel f object B — velocity of object A. (b) Position-time graph in relative velocity From (v), we note that the relative velocity Ypq will be zero, negative or positive depending upon the relative magnitudes of v, and v,. (0) Itthe two objects A and B are moving with same velocity i.e., v, = v, oF (v; — v4) = 0 then from (iv), x — xp = 0 orx = xpi.e, the two objects will remain always constant distance apart, which is equal to the relative distance between them initially (at ¢ = 0). Therefore, their position-time graphs are parallel straight lines as shown in Fig. 2(a).9 (a). But the graph for relative displacement ( — x5) = x (0) with time (0) will be straight line PQ parallel to time axis as shown in Fig, 2(a).9(b) Positiong ‘Object 8 Object A ‘oa Xo OF oe xf | Sees ters *or is FIGURE OF Itv, > vyie, (vy — v4) Is positive, then from (iv) we note that (x — x9) is positive, It meansSh f fe Saad Separation between two objects will rease by an amount (r, : ‘2 V)) after ¢; it time. Therefore, their posi “te ae a Posit pen out gradually as shown in Fig. 2(a).10. Object A Time FIGURE 2(a).10 (ili) tv, > vie. (v, from (iv) we note that (x ~%o) is negative, It means the separation between the two objects will go on reasing by the amount v; — v, after each unit ofttime. After some time the two objects will meet and then the object B, which was to the right of A. will get more and more to the left of A. The Position-time graphs of this motion will be as Showa in Fig. 2(a).11. The time coordinates corresponding to point of intersection gives their time of meeting and the corresponding position Coordinates gives the position of mecting Position — 2) is negative, then Object A Position of meeting Object B Time of meoting Va Time (c) Determination of relative velocity The basic rule used for the determination of the relative velocity of one object with respect to another is stated as follows : When two objecis A and B are in relative motion, the relative velocity of object A wrt. object B can be obtained by imposing equal and opposite velocity of B on both A and B, so that B is brought to rest. The resultunt of two velocities of A gives the relative velocity of object A [Link]. object B ce err To understand it we consider the following examples. Let and Uy be the uniform velocities of the objects A and B, where v, > vg, (1) When the two objects are moving along Parallel straight lines in the same direction i.c., angle between them is 0° Fig. 2(a).12 (a) shows that both the objects A and B are moving towards the right. To find the relative velocity of object A w.r.t. B, superimpose velocity -#, on both the objects A and B, Fig. 2(a).12(b). Due to which in Fig. 2(a).12(c), the velocity of object B becomes zero i.e,, the object B is brought to rest and the velocity of object A becomes th +(—ih) ie, T,—d%. Hence relative velocity of object A wrt. B is given by %,-% > >>) Th athoa) x foe = vB =D) Os Atrost tae Opt ea FIGURE 2(a).12 Since vag, U, and vp all are in the same direction, we can write Uap Thus if two objects are moving in the same direction, the magnitude of relative velocity of one object Wirt another is equal to difference in magnitiide of fvo velocities: ae ae (ii) When the two objects are moving along parallel straight lines in opposite directions i.c., angle between them is 180°. Fig. 2(a).13(a) shows that the object A is moving towards the right and object B is moving towards the left. To find the relative velocity of object A wrt. B, superimpose velocity —% on both the objects A and B, Fig. 2(a).13(b). Due to which, in Fig. 2(a).13(c), the UA —Up = 5 a Ae . t ee nen Atrest gare ees : © 8 © 8 ° “— FIGURE 2(a).13