97

MATHEMATICS
SCHEME OF STUDIES:
FOR /[Link]
1. There shall be three different courses of studies in Mathematics.
i) A-Course of Mathematics
ii) B-Course of Mathematics
iii) General Mathematics.

2. Each course will have status of one subject.

3. It is recommended that following division be made.
1. A-Course of Mathematics
(i) Differential and Integral Calculus
(ii) Complex Numbers and Analytic Geometry.
(iii) Infinite series, differential equations Laplace transform.
(iv) (a) Linear Programming and application of the Differential
Calculus
(b) Application of the Integral Calculus

2. B-Course of Mathematics
(i) Group Theory and Linear Algebra
(ii) Vector Analysis and Statics
(iii) Number Theory, Topology and Inner Product Spaces
(iv) Numerical Methods and Dynamics
3. General Mathematics
(i) Complex Number and Linear Algebra
(ii) Differential and Integral Calculus
(iii) Applications of Differential and Integral Calculus and Analytic
Geometry of these dimensions.
(iv) (a) Numerical Methods and Infinite Series
(b) Linear Programming and Differential Equations
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COURSE CONTENTS
[Link].
A-COURSE OF MATHEMATICS
PAPER-I DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Note: Students have to attempt 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 3 from Part-I and 2 from
Part-II

Section-I (5 out of 8)
Differential Calculus
A review of real number system. Absolute values. Upper and lower bounds of variables
and functions. Right and left limits of functions. Theorems about limits. Continuous and
discontinuous functions and their graphs. Inverse of a function. Inverse hyperbolic
functions and their graphs. Definition of derivatives in terms of left and right limits.
Geometrical interpretation of derivatives. Relationship between continuity and
differentiability. Derivatives, Partial derivatives, Differentials and related rates. Higher
derivatives of functions. Leibnitz's theorem. Rolle's theorem. Lagrange's mean value
theorem Increasing and decreasing functions. Cauchy's mean value theorem Taylors and
Maclaurin's theorems in finite and infinite form and their use' in expansion of functions
in series. Indetenninate forms and L'Hospital's rule.

Section-II (3 out of 8)
Integral Calculus
Riemann's definition of definite integral as the limit of a sum. Properties of definite
integrals. Fundamental theorem of calculus. Techniques of integration and reduction
formulae.

Text Book
Recommended Books
1. Zia-ul-Haq, Calculus and analytical Geometry, Carvan Book, 2001.
2. H. Anton, Calculus. ~ edition (1998). John Wiley and Sons, New York.
 99

3. C.H. Edwards and D.E. Penney, Calculus and Analytical Geometry, (Latest
Edition). Prentice Hall, Inc.
4. E.H. Swokowski, Calculus with Analytical Geometry (Latest Edition). PWS
Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts.
5. G.B. Thomas, Jr. and R.L. Finney, Calculus and Analytical Geometry. (Latest
Edition). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.

(A) PAPER-II
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND GEOMETRY

Note: Students have to attempts 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 2 from section-I and 3
from section-II.
Section-I (3 out of 8)
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers and their, polar representation. Euler's formula. De Moivres' theorem
and its applications. Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. Exponential and
logarithmic functions'. Separation of complex valued functions into real and imaginary
parts. Summation of series.

Section-II (5 out of 8)
Analytical Geometry
Two-dimensional Analytical Geometry (2 out of 8)
Translation and rotation of axes. General equation of the second degree and the
classification of conic sections. Conic sections in polar coordinates. Tangents and
normals. Pedal equation of curves. Tracing of polar curves.

Three dimensional Analytical Geometry (3 out of 8)

Direction cosines and ratios. Angles between two lines Standard forms of equations of
planes and lines. Intersection of planes and lines. Distances between points, lines and
planes. Spherical, polar and cylindrical coordinate systems. Standard form of the equation
 100

of a sphere, cylinder, cone, ellipsoid, paraboloid and hyperboloid. Symmetry, intercepts

and sections of a surface. Tangent planes and normals.

Recommended Books
1. Dar, K. H, Mathematical Techniques, The Carvan Book House, 2001.
2. Zia ul Haq, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, The Carvan Book House, 2001.
3. C.H. Edwards and D.E. Penney, Calculus and Analytical Geometry, (Latest
Edition). Prentice Hall, Inc.
4. E.H. Swokowski, Calculus with Analytical Geometry (Latest Edition). PWS
Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts.
5. H. Anton, Calculus. (Latest Edition). John Wiley and Sons, New York.

6. G.B. Thomas, Jr. and R.L. Finney, Calculus and Analytical Geometry. (Latest
Edition). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Math- [Link]
PAPER-III
INFINITE SERIES AND DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Note: There will be 8 questions in all. The candidates would be required to attempt 5
questions. Selecting 2 from section-I and 3 from section-II.

Section-I: (3 out of 8)
Infinite Series
Sequences of numbers and their convergence. Algebra of convergent sequences. Infinite
series and their convergence. Convergence tests for infinite series: Comparison, quotient,
ratio, root & integral tests. Absolute and conditional convergence. Interval of
convergence and radius of convergence.
Section-II (5 out of 8)
Differential Equations
Definition of differential equation & types of differential equations and their formation.
Different methods of solving first order ordinary differential equations. The Bernoulli,
Ricatti and Clairaut equations. Families of curves Orthogonal trajectories. Initial and
 101

boundary value problems. Application of first order differential equation in problems of

decay & growth of population of dynamics and logistics. Second and higher order linear
differential equations with constant coefficients and their methods of solutions. Cauchy-
Euler equations, system of second order linear differential equations. Method of
undetermined coefficient. Method of variation of parameters. Reduction of order. Laplace
transform and its applications.

PAPER-IV
(a) Linear Programming and application of the Differential Calculus
(b) Application of the Integral Calculus
OR
A Computer Language C / C++
Note: This option is withdraw with effect from session 2006-2007 onwards.

Note: Students have to attempt 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 3 from section-I and 2 from
section-II.

Section-I : (5 out of 8)

(a) Applications of Differential Calculus 4/5

Curves and their Cartesian, polar and parametric representations. Asymptotes Maxima
Minima. Points of infiexion and their applications. Singular points. Curve tracing.
Curvature, centre and radius of curvature. Functions of several variables and partial
derivatives with special reference to the case of two variables. Eulers theorem and
implicit functions. Maximum and minimum of functions of one and two variables with
applications. Approximation, Equation of tangent plane and normal line to a surface.

(b) Linear Programming 1/5

Introduction to Operations Research in general and in particular to linear programming.
Simplex method. Assignment model.
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Section-II: (3 out of 8)

Application of Integral Calculus:

Rectification and quadrature. Simple cases of double and triple integrals. Volumes and
area of surfaces of revolution.
Books Recommended
1. W. A. Spivey Linear Programming, McMillan Co.
2. Hamday A. Taha, Operations Research
3. Hiller, Introduction to Operations Research
4. A. Sultan Linear programming, Academic press.
5. Dar, K. H. Mathematical Techniques, Carvan Book House, 2001.

B-COURSE OF MATHEMATICS

PAPER-I GROUP THEORY AND LINEAR ALGEBRA

Note: Students have to attempt 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 2 from section-I and 3
from section-II.

Section-I (3 out of 8)
Group Theory
Definition and examples of groups. Groups of residue classes. Cyclic groups Order of a
group and order of an element of a group. Subgroups. Cosets. The Lag ranges theorem
(Connection between the order of a group and order of its elements) and its applications.
Introduction to Permutations: even and odd permutations. Cydes; length of cycles,
transpositions.
Section-II (5 out of 8)
Linear Algebra:
 103

Fields. Vector spaces and subspaces with their examples. Linear dependence and
independence. Bases and dimensions of finitely spanned vector spaces. Linear
transformation of vector spaces. Motivation of matrices through a system of linear
homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations. Elementary row and column operations
on matrices. Algebra of matrices. Determinants of matrices, their properties and
evaluation Vanous kinds of matrices. Matrix of a linear transformation. Rank of a matrix.
Evaluation of rank and inverse of matrices Solution of homogeneous and non-
homogenous linear equation. (Gaussian Elimination method, Gauss-Jordan Method)

Books Recommended

1. [Link], Jr. and D.E. Penny, Elementary Linear Algebra. (Latest Edition).
Prentice-Hall, Interational Edition.
2. H. Anton, Elementary Linear Algebra, (Latest Edition). J. Wiley. G. Hadley, Linear
Algebra. (Latest Edition). Addison-Wesley.
[Link]. First Course in Abstract Algebra. (Latest Edition), Addison and
Wesley.
K.H. Dar. First step to Abstract Algebra. (2nd edition 1998). Feroz Sons Pvt.
3. A. Majeed. Group Theory

4. K.L. Mir, Linear Algebra, Ilmi Kutab Khana.

PAPER-II
VECTOR ANALYSIS AND STATICS

Note: Students have to attempt 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 2 from section-I and 3
from section-II.

Section-I: (3 out of 8)
 104

Vector Analysis

Three dimensional vectors, coordinate systems and their bases. Scalar and vector triple
products. Differentiation and Integration of vectors. Scalar and vector point functions,
concepts of gradient, divergence and curl operators alongwith their applications.

Section-II: (5 out of 8)

Statics

Composition and resolution of forces. Particles in equilibrium. Parallel forces; moments,

couples. General conditions of equilibrium of coplanar forces. Principle of virtual work,
Friction. Centre of gravity.

Books Recommended
1. A.E. Coulson, An Introduction to Vectors. (Latest Edition). Longmans, Green and
Co.
2. G.D. Smith, Vector Analysis. (Latest Edition). Oxford University Press.
3. K. L. Mir, Vector Analysis. (Latest Edition). Ilmi Kitab Khana.
1. M.N. Talpur, Calculus with Analytic Geometry.
2. Collinson. Introductory Mechanics, (Latest Edition). Edward Arnold (Publishers)
Ltd., London.
6. L. Synge and B.A. Griffith, (Latest Edition). Principles of Mechanics. McGraw-
Hill.
7. Chester, Mechanics, (Latest Edition). George Allen and Unwin.
8. R. Whitworth and Dyke. Guide to Mechanics, (Latest Edition). Macmillan.
9. Q. K. Ohori, Introduction to Mechanics (West Pakistan Publishing Co., Ltd.,
Lahore).
PAPER-III
NUMBER THEORY, INNER PRODUCT SPACES &
TOPOLOGY
 105

Note: Students have to attempt 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 2 from section-I and 3
from section-II.

Section-I (3 out of 8)
Number theory

Divisibility Euclid's theorem ( Division Algorithm) Common and greatest common

divisors. Least common multiple. Theory of Primes. Linear Equations. Diophantine
Equations.
Section-II (5 out of 8)
Topology & Inner Product Spaces:
Definition and Examples of Topology & Topological Spaces. Open and closed sets in
topological spaces. Neighbourhood. Limit point, interior, exterior, boundary and closure
of a set in a topological space. Definition and examples of metric spaces, open balls, open
sets and neighbourhood in a metric space. Interior Exterior boundry and closure of a set
in a metric space. Definition and examples of Inner Product Spaces, Orthognality,
Orthognal and Orthonormal system, Orthognal metrices.

PAPER-IV
NUMERICAL METHODS AND DYNAMICS

Note: Students have to attempt 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 3 from section-I and 2
from section-II.

Section-I: (5 out of 8)
Dynamics of a Particle
Motion in a straight line. Uniformly accelerated and resisted motion. Velocity,
acceleration and their components in cartesian and polar coordinates; tangential and
normal components, radial and transverse components. Relative motion. Angular
velocity. Conservative forces. Projectiles. Central forces and orbits. Simple harmonic
 106

motion. Damped and forced vibrations.

Section-II: (3 out of 8)
Numerical Methods
Introduction to Numerical Analysis. Numerical Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental
Equations: graphical method, bisection method, iteration method, Newton-Raphson
method, secant method and method of false position. System of Linear equations: Gauss-
seidel and Jacobi methods. Numerical integration: Trapezoidal and Simpson's rules.
(If possible computer programming may be used for problem solving.)
Books Recommended

1. Robert -W. Horn beck, Numerical Methods, Quantum Publishers.

2. Alestair Wood, Introduction to Numerical Analysis, Addison Wesley.
3. M. lqbal, Numerical Analysis, National Book Foundation.
4. S.A. Bhatti, N.A. Bhatti, Numerical Methods
5. S.M. Fahfa, Introduction to Point set topology.
6. B. Ahmad, General Topology, 1998.
7. [Link] Hussain, Introduction to theory of Numbers.

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
PAPER-I
COMPLEX NUMBER, LINEAR ALGEBRA AND ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
Note: Students have to attempt 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 2 from section-I and 3
from section-II.

Section-I: (3 out of 8)
Complex Number System
Complex numbers and Polar form. De-Moivres' Theorem. n nth roots of complex
numbers. Hyperbolic functions. Sum of trigonometric series.
Section-II (5 out of 8)
 107

Linear Algebra and Analytic Geometry

Matrices: rank and inverse of a matrix. Linear transformations and their matrices.
Determinants. System of linear equations. Analytic Geometry of two Dimension.
Translation and rotation of axis, Properties of tangents and normals. Polar equation of
conic. Pedal equation. Tracing of polar curves.

PAPER-II
DIFFERENTIAL & INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Note: Students have to attempt 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 3 from section-I and 2
from section-II.

Section-I (5 out of 8)
Differential Calculus
Techniques of finding limits. Continuity of a function Differentiability. Indeterminate
forms, use of Rolle's theorem, mean value theorems (Lag ran~e and Cauchy). Taylor and
Maclaurins series. Derivatives, Higher Derivatives and Partial Derivatives. Related rates.

Section-II: (3 out of 8)
Integral Calculus
Techniques of integration, Definite integral as limit of a sum, Evaluation of a definite
integral by definition, Improper integrals, reduction formulae.

PAPER-III
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL, INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY OF THREE DIMENSIONS
Note: Students have to attempt 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 3 from section-I and 2
from section-II.
 108

Section-I: (5 out of 8)
Application of differential and Integral Calculus:
Asymptotes, maxima and minima of a function of one and two variables. Curvature and
center of curvature, rectification, quadrate, Eulers theorem, Chain Rule, Total derivative,
Equation of tangent, Plane and normal lines to surfaces volume and surface area of
revolution, Simple cases of double and triple integrals.
Section-II: (3 out of 8)
Analytic Geometry:
Direction cosines and Ratios. Angle between two lines. Standard form of equations of
planes and lines. Intersection of planes and lines. Distance between points, lines and
planes. Spherical. Polar and cylindrical coordinate systems. Standard form of the
equations of a sphere, cylinder, cone, ellipsoid, paraboloid and hyperboloid. Symmetry
and intercepts of a surface. Tangent planes and normals.

PAPER-IV
(a) Numerical Methods and Infinite Series
(b) Linear Programming and Differential Equations

Note: Students have to attempt 5 questions out of 8. Selecting 2 from section-I and 3
from section-II.
Section-I: (3 out of 8)
Numerical Methods and Infinite Series:
Introduction to infinite series and tests for their convergence and divergence. Absolute
and conditional convergence. Introduction to Numerical Analysis. Numerical Solution of
algebraic and transcendental equations: bisection method, Newton-Raphson method.

Section-II ( 5 out of 8)
Linear Programming & Differential Equations
Introduction to linear programming. Simplex methods and their examples from real life.
Differential equations of first order. Variables, Sapurable, Homogenous equation, Exact
equation, Linear differential equation, Bernoulli’s equation, orthogonal trajectories, Diff.
 109

Eq. of 2nd and higher order, Cauchy Euler equation, methods of D-operator and method
of variation of parameters. Method of undetermined Coefficient.
Books Recommended for General Mathematics (Papers I to IV)

1. [Link]. Applied Mathematics. For the Managerial, life, and social sciences,
2. H. Anton, Elementry Linear Algebra. (7th edition, 1997). Wiley.
3. Fizino and G. Ladas, Ordinary, Differential Equations with Modern Applications,
(Latest Edition). Wadsworth.
4. E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,(Latest Edition). J. Wiley.
5. C.W. Evans, advanced Engineering Mathematics. (Latest Edition). Chapman and
Hall.
6. H. Anton, Calculas, (Latest Edition). John Wiley and Sons, New York.
7. E. Kreyosing, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, (Latest Edition), J. Wiley.
8. M. lqbal Numerical Analysis. (Latest Edition). National Book Foundation.
9. Faiz Ahmad and M.A. Rana Elements of Numerical Analysis, (Latest Edition).
National Book Foundation.
10. [Link], Mathematical Methods.
11. Hamday A. Taha, Operations Research.
12. A. Sultan Linear Programming, Academic Press.
Other Books
1. Calculas [Link]
2. Mathematical Methods [Link]
3. Introduction to Mechanics [Link]
4. Topology Ch. M. Amin
5. Introduction Set Topology [Link]
6. Metric Spaces by Z.R. Bhatti
7. Elementary Theory of Numbers by Sayyad Manzoor Hussain
8. Elementary Numerical Analysis by Dr. M. Iqbal
9. Vector Analysis by Dr. Munawwar Hussain