Mathematics HandBook ®

Chapter
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES
2
1. RELATION BETWEEN SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES :
D G 2C
= =
90 100 π
180
1 Radian = degree ≈ 57°17'15'' (approximately)
π
π
1 degree = radian ≈ 0.0175 radian
180
2. BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES :
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) sin θ + cos θ = 1 or sin θ = 1 – cos θ or cos θ = 1 – sin θ
2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) sec θ – tan θ = 1 or sec θ = 1 + tan θ or tan θ = sec θ − 1
1 1
(c) If secθ + tanθ = k ⇒ secθ – tanθ = ⇒ 2 sec θ = k +
k k
2 2 2 2 2 2
(d) cosec θ – cot θ = 1 or cosec θ = 1 + cot θ or cot θ = cosec θ – 1
1 1
(e) If cosecθ + cotθ = k ⇒ cosecθ – cotθ = ⇒ 2 cosec θ = k +
k k
3. SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS :
90°, π/2
II quadrant I quadrant
S A
only sine All + ve
& cosec + ve
180°,π 0°, 360°, 2π
only tan & cot only cos
+ ve & sec + ve

T III quadrant IV quadrant C

270°, 3π/2
4. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES :
(a) sin (2nπ + θ) = sin θ, cos (2nπ + θ) = cos θ, where n ∈ I
(b) sin (−θ) = – sin θ cos (–θ) = cos θ
sin(90° – θ) = cosθ cos(90° – θ) = sinθ
sin(90° + θ) = cosθ cos(90° + θ) = –sinθ
sin(180° – θ) = sinθ cos(180° – θ) = –cosθ
sin(180° + θ) = –sinθ cos(180° + θ) = –cosθ
sin(270° – θ) = –cosθ cos(270° – θ) = –sinθ
sin(270° + θ) = –cosθ cos(270° + θ) = sinθ
Note :
n
(i) sin nπ = 0 ; cos nπ =(–1) ; tan nπ = 0, where n ∈ I
π n π
(ii) sin(2n+1) = (–1) ; cos(2n+1) = 0, where n ∈ I
2 2

2

 Mathematics HandBook
®
5. IMPORTANT TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAE :
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.
(ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
(iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
(v) tan (A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
(vi) tan (A – B) =
1 + tan A tan B
cot B cot A − 1
(vii) cot (A + B) =
cot B + cot A
cot B cot A + 1
(viii) cot (A – B) =
cot B − cot A
(ix) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A+ B) + sin (A – B).
(x) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B).
(xi) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
(xii) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

C+D C−D
(xiii) sin C + sin D = 2 sin   cos  
 2   2 

C+D C−D
(xiv) sin C – sin D = 2 cos   sin  
 2   2 

C+D C−D
(xv) cos C + cos D = 2 cos   cos  
 2   2 

C+D D−C
(xvi) cos C – cos D = 2 sin   sin  
 2   2 
2 tan θ
(xvii) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ =
1 + tan2 θ

1 − tan2 θ
(xviii) cos2θ = cos2θ – sin2θ = 2cos2θ – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2θ =
1 + tan2 θ

1 + cos2θ
(xix) 1 + cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ or |cos θ| =
2

2 1 − cos 2θ
(xx) 1 – cos2θ = 2 sin θ or |sin θ| =
2
1 − cos 2θ sin2θ
(xxi)=
tan θ =
sin2θ 1 + cos 2θ
2 tan θ
(xxii) tan 2θ =
1 − tan2 θ
3
(xxiii) sin 3θ = 3 sin θ –4 sin θ.
3
(xxiv) cos 3θ = 4 cos θ – 3 cosθ.

3
Mathematics HandBook ®
3 tan θ − tan3 θ
(xxv) tan 3θ =
1 − 3 an2 θ
2 2 2 2
(xxvi) sin A – sin B = sin (A+B). sin (A–B) = cos B – cos A.
(xxvii) cos2 A – sin2 B = cos (A+B). cos (A – B).
(xxviii) sin (A + B + C)
= sinAcosBcosC + sinBcosAcosC + sinCcosAcosB
– sinAsinBsinC
= ΣsinA cosB cosC – Πsin A
= cosA cosB cosC [tanA + tanB + tanC – tanA tanB tanC]
(xxix) cos (A + B + C)
= cosA cosB cosC – sinA sinB cosC – sinA cosB sinC
– cosA sinB sinC
= Πcos A – Σsin A sin B cos C
= cosA cosB cosC [1 – tanA tanB – tanB tanC – tanC tanA]
(xxx) tan (A + B + C)
tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C S − S3
= 1
1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A 1 − S2

(xxxi) sin α + sin (α+β) + sin (α+2β) +... sin (α + n − 1 β)

  n − 1    nβ 
sin α +   β  sin  
  2    2 
=
β
sin  
2
(xxxii) cos α + cos (α+β) + cos (α + 2β) + .... +cos (α + n − 1 β)
  n − 1    nβ 
cos α +   β  sin  
  2    2 
=
β
sin  
2
6. VALUES OF SOME T-RATIOS FOR ANGLES 18°, 36°, 15°, 22.5°, 67.5° etc.
5 −1 π
(a) sin18
= ° = cos72
= ° sin
4 10
5 +1 π
(b) cos=
36° = sin=
54° cos
4 5
3 −1 π
(c) sin15
= ° = cos75
= ° sin
2 2 12
3 +1 π
(d) cos15
= ° = sin75
= ° cos
2 2 12
π 3 −1 5π
(e) tan =2− 3 = =cot
12 3 +1 12

5π 3 +1 π
(f) tan =2+ 3 = =cot
12 3 −1 12
3π π
(g) tan ( 22.5° )= 2 − 1= cot ( 67.5° )= cot = tan
8 8
(h) tan ( 67.5° )= 2 + 1= cot ( 22.5° )

4

 Mathematics HandBook
®
7. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC EXPRESSIONS :

(a) a cos θ + b sin θ will always lie in the interval [− a2 + b2 , a2 + b2 ] , i.e. the maximum and minimum

values are a2 + b2 , − a2 + b2 respectively.

2 2 2 2
(b) Minimum value of a tan θ + b cot θ = 2ab, where a, b > 0
(c) Minimum value of a2cos2θ + b2 sec2θ (or a2sin2θ + b2cosec2θ) is either 2ab (when |a| > |b|) or a2 + b2
(when |a| < |b|).
8. IMPORTANT RESULTS :
1
(a) sin θ sin (60° – θ) sin (60°=
+ θ) sin 3θ
4
1
(b) cos θ. cos(60° – θ) cos(60°=
+ θ) cos 3θ
4
(c) tan θ tan (60° – θ) tan (60° + θ) = tan 3θ
(d) cot θ cot (60° – θ) cot (60° + θ) = cot 3θ

2 2 2 3
(e) (i) sin θ + sin (60° + θ) + sin (60° – θ) =
2
3
(ii) cos2 θ + cos2 (60° + θ) + cos2 (60° – θ) =
2
(f) (i) If tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C,
then A + B + C = nπ, n ∈ I
(ii) If tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1,
π
then A + B + C = (2n + 1) ,n ∈ I
2

sin(2n θ)
(g) cos θ cos 2θ cos 4θ .... cos (2n – 1 θ) =
2n sin θ
(h) cotA – tanA = 2cot2A
9. CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES :
If A + B + C = 180°, then
(a) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
(b) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
A B B C C A
(c) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
(d) cot + cot + cot =cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
(e) sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
(f) cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = –1–4 cosA cosB cosC
A B C
(g) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
(h) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
5
Mathematics HandBook ®
10. DOMAINS, RANGES AND PERIODICITY OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

T-Ratio Domain Range Period

sin x R [–1,1] 2π

cos x R [–1,1] 2π

tan x R–{(2n+1)π/2 ; n∈I} R π

cot x R–{nπ : n ∈ I} R π

sec x R– {(2n+1) π/2 : n ∈ I} (–∞,–1] ∪[1,∞) 2π

cosec x R– {nπ : n ∈ I} (–∞,–1] ∪[1,∞) 2π

11. GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

1
–π/2 π/2 3π /2
(a) y = sinx X' X
–2π –π o π 2π

–1

Y'
Y
1
(b) y = cosx
X' o X
–3π /2 –π π 3π /2
π/2
–1

Y'

– 3π –π
π 3π
(c) y = tanx
2 2 2 2
X' o π X

Y'

3π π π 3π
– –
(d) y = cotx 2 2 2 2
X' –2π –π o π 2π X

Y'

6

 Mathematics HandBook
®
Y

(-2π,1) (0,1) (2π,1)

y=1

–5 π/2,0 –3π/2,0 –π/2,0 π/2,0 3π/2,0 5π/2,0

X' o X
(e) y = secx
(–π,–1) (π,–1)
y=–1

Y'

y=1
 3π  π 
 – 2 ,1   2 ,1 
   
–π,0 π,0
(f) y = cosecx X' O X
 π   3π 
 – 2 , –1   2 , –1 
   
y=–1

Y'

12. IMPORTANT NOTE :

(a) The sum of interior angles of a polygon of n-sides

= (n – 2) × 180° = (n – 2)π.

(b) Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides

(n − 2) (n − 2)
= × 180
= ° π.
n n
(c) Sum of exterior angles of a polygon of any number of sides

= 360° = 2π.