What is Database?

Introduction and Concepts:

A database is a collection of information related to a particular subject or purpose, such as
tracking customer orders or maintaining a music collection. Using any RDBMS application
software like MS SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, Sybase etc. , you can manage all your
information from a single database file. Within the file, divide your data into separate
storage containers called tables. You may and retrieve the data using queries.

A table is a collection of data about a specific topic, such as products or suppliers. Using a
separate table for each topic means you can store that data only once, which makes your
database more efficient and reduces data-entry errors. Table organizes data into columns
(called fields) and rows (called records).

A Primary key is one or more fields whose value or values uniquely identify each record in
a table. In a relationship, a primary key is used to refer to specific record in one table from
another table. A primary key is called foreign key when it is referred to from another table.

To find and retrieve just the data that meets conditions you specify, including data from
multiple tables, create a query. A query can also update or delete multiple records at the
same time, and perform built-in or custom calculations on your data.
Role of RDBMS Application Program:
A computer database works as an electronic filing system, which has a large number of
ways of cross-referencing, and this allows the user many different ways in which to re-
organize and retrieve data. A database can handle business inventory, accounting and filing
and use the information in its files to prepare summaries, estimates and other reports. The
management of data in a database system is done by means of a general-purpose software
package called a Database Management System (DBMS). Some commercially available
DBMS are MS SQL Server, MS ACCESS, INGRES, ORACLE, and Sybase. A database
management system, therefore, is a combination of hardware and software that can be used
to set up and monitor a database, and can manage the updating and retrieval of database that
has been stored in it. Most of the database management systems have the following
capabilities:

Creating of a table, addition, deletion, modification of records.

Retrieving data collectively or selectively.

The data stored can be sorted or indexed at the user's discretion and direction.

Various reports can be produced from the system. These may be either standardized report
or that may be specifically generated according to specific user definition.

Mathematical functions can be performed and the data stored in the database can be
manipulated with these functions to perform the desired calculations.

To maintain data integrity and database use.

The DBMS interprets and processes users' requests to retrieve information from a database.
In most cases, a query request will have to penetrate several layers of software in the
DBMS and operating system before the physical database can be accessed. The DBMS
responds to a query by invoking the appropriate subprograms, each of which performs its
special function to interpret the query, or to locate the desired data in the database and
present it in the desired order.
What is My SQL ?

The management of data in a database system is done by means of a general-purpose

software package called a Database Management System (DBMS). Some commercially
available RDBMS are MS SQL Server, MS ACCESS, INGRES, ORACLE, and Sybase.

MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is developed,
distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation. MySQL is named after co-founder Monty
Widenius's daughter, My. The name of the MySQL Dolphin (our logo) is “Sakila,”.

MySQL is a database management system.

A database is a structured collection of data. It may be anything from a simple shopping list
to a picture gallery or the vast amounts of information in a corporate network. To add,
access, and process data stored in a computer database, you need a database management
system such as MySQL Server. Since computers are very good at handling large amounts of
data, database management systems play a central role in computing, as standalone utilities,
or as parts of other applications.

MySQL is based on SQL.

A relational database stores data in separate tables rather than putting all the data in one big
storeroom. This adds speed and flexibility. The SQL part of “MySQL” stands for
“Structured Query Language.” SQL is the most common standardized language used to
access databases and is defined by the ANSI/ISO SQL Standard. The SQL standard has
been evolving since 1986 and several versions exist. In this manual, “SQL-92” refers to the
standard released in 1992, “SQL:1999” refers to the standard released in 1999, and
“SQL:2003” refers to the current version of the standard.

MySQL software is Open Source.

Open Source means that it is possible for anyone to use and modify the software. Anybody
can download the MySQL software from the Internet and use it without paying anything. If
you wish, you may study the source code and change it to suit your needs. The MySQL
software uses the GPL (GNU General Public License),

The MySQL Database Server is very fast, reliable, and easy to use.
If that is what you are looking for, you should give it a try. MySQL Server also has a
practical set of features developed in close cooperation with our users. MySQL Server was
originally developed to handle large databases much faster than existing solutions and has
been successfully used in highly demanding production environments for several years.
Although under constant development, MySQL Server today offers a rich and useful set of
functions. Its connectivity, speed, and security make MySQL Server highly suited for
accessing databases on the Internet.

MySQL Server works in client/server or embedded systems.

The MySQL Database Software is a client/server system that consists of a multi-threaded

SQL server that supports different backends, several different client programs and libraries,
administrative tools, and a wide range of application programming interfaces (APIs).

The Main Features of MySQL

Written in C and C++.

Works on many different platforms.

Uses multi-layered server design with independent modules.

Provides transactional and non-transactional storage engines.

Designed to make it relatively easy to add other storage engines. This is useful if you want
to provide an SQL interface for an in-house database.

Uses a very fast thread-based memory allocation system.

Executes very fast joins using an optimized nested-loop join.

Implements SQL functions using a highly optimized class library that should be as fast as
possible. Usually there is no memory allocation at all after query initialization.

Provides the server as a separate program for use in a client/server networked environment,
and as a library that can be embedded (linked) into standalone applications. Such
applications can be used in isolation or in environments where no network is available.

Password security by encryption of all password traffic when you connect to a server.

Support for large databases. We use MySQL Server with databases that contain 50 million
records. We also know of users who use MySQL Server with 200,000 tables and about
5,000,000,000 rows.
What is Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted and general-purpose dynamic programming language

that focuses on code readability. The syntax in Python helps the programmers to do coding
in fewer steps as compared to Java or C++. The language founded in the year 1991 by the
developer Guido Van Rossum has the programming easy and fun to do. The Python is
widely used in bigger organizations because of its multiple programming paradigms. They
usually involve imperative and object-oriented functional programming. It has a
comprehensive and large standard library that has automatic memory management and
dynamic features.
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)

The systems development life cycle is a project management technique that divides
complex projects into smaller, more easily managements or phases. Segmenting projects
allows managers to verify the successful completion of project phases before allocating
resources to subsequent phases.
Software development projects typically include initiation, planning,design,
development, testing, implementation ,and maintenance phases. However, the phases may
be divided differently depending on the organization involved.
For example, initial project activities might be designated as request, requirements-
definition, and planning phases, or initiation, concept-development, and planning phases.
End users of the system under development should be involved in reviewing the output of
each phase to ensure the system is being built to deliver the needed functionality.
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF SDLC:
PHASES OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

INITIATION PHASE

The Initiation Phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a need or an opportunity.
The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to:

Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of the

organization or a deficiency related to a business need.
Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need.
Recommend the exploration of alternative concepts and methods to satisfy the need
including questioning the need for technology, i.e., will a change in the business
process offer a solution?
Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship. The Sponsor
designates a Project Manager and the business need is documented in a Concept
Proposal. The Concept Proposal includes information about the business process and
the relationship to the Agency/Organization.
Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A successful Concept Proposal results in a
Project Management Charter which outlines the authority of the project manager to
begin
the project.
Careful oversight is required to ensure projects support strategic business objectives
and resources are effectively implemented into an organization's enterprise architecture.
The initiation phase begins when an opportunity to add, improve, or correct a system is
identified and formally requested through the presentation of a business case. The business
case should, at a minimum, describe a proposal’s purpose, identify expected benefits, and
explain how the proposed system supports one of the organization’s business strategies. The
business case should also identify alternative solutions and detail as many informational,
functional, and network requirements as possible.

SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PHASE

The System Concept Development Phase begins after a business need or opportunity is
validated by the Agency/Organization Program Leadership and the Agency/Organization
CIO.
The purpose of the System Concept Development Phase is to:

Determine the feasibility and appropriateness of the alternatives.

Identify system interfaces.
Identify basic functional and data requirements to satisfy the business need.
Establish system boundaries; identify goals, objectives, critical success factors, and
performance measures.
Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative approaches to satisfy the basic functional
requirements
Assess project risks
Identify and initiate risk mitigation actions, and Develop high-level technical
architecture, process models, data models, and a concept of operations. This phase
explores potential technical solutions within the context of the business need.
It may include several trade-off decisions such as the decision to use COTS software
products as opposed to developing custom software or reusing software components,
or the decision to use an incremental delivery versus a complete, onetime
deployment.
Construction of executable prototypes is encouraged to evaluate technology to
support the business process. The System Boundary Document serves as an important
 reference document to support the Information Technology Project Request (ITPR)
process.
The ITPR must be approved by the State CIO before the project can move forward.

PLANNING PHASE

The planning phase is the most critical step in completing development, acquisition,
and maintenance projects. Careful planning, particularly in the early stages of a project, is
necessary to coordinate activities and manage project risks effectively. The depth and
formality of project plans should be commensurate with the characteristics and risks of a
given project. Project plans refine the information gathered during the initiation phase by
further identifying the specific activities and resources required to complete a project.
A critical part of a project manager’s job is to coordinate discussions between user,
audit, security, design, development, and network personnel to identify and document as
many functional, security, and network requirements as possible. During this phase, a plan
is developed that documents the approach to be used and includes a discussion of methods,
tools, tasks, resources, project schedules, and user input. Personnel assignments, costs,
project schedule, and target dates are established.
A Project Management Plan is created with components related to acquisition
planning, configuration management planning, quality assurance planning, concept of
operations, system security, verification and validation, and systems engineering
management planning.

REQUIREMENT & ANALYSIS PHASE

This phase formally defines the detailed functional user requirements using high-
level requirements identified in the Initiation, System Concept, and Planning phases. It also
delineates the requirements in terms of data, system performance, security, and
maintainability requirements for the system. The requirements are defined in this phase to a
level of detail sufficient for systems design to proceed. They need to be measurable,
testable, and relate to the business need or opportunity identified in the Initiation Phase. The
requirements that will be used to determine acceptance of the system are captured in the
Test and Evaluation Master Plan.
The purposes of this phase are to:
Further define and refine the functional and data requirements and document them in
the Requirements Document,
Complete business process reengineering of the functions to be supported (i.e., verify
what information drives the business process, what information is generated, who
generates it, where does the information go, and who processes it),
Develop detailed data and process models (system inputs, outputs, and the process.
Develop the test and evaluation requirements that will be used to determine
acceptable system performance.

DESIGN PHASE

The design phase involves converting the informational, functional, and network
requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases into unified design
specifications that developers use to script programs during the development phase.
Program designs are constructed in various ways. Using a top-down approach, designers
first identify and link major program components and interfaces, then expand design
layouts as they identify and link smaller subsystems and connections. Using a bottom-up
approach, designers first identify and link minor program components and interfaces, then
expand design layouts as they identify and link larger systems and connections.
Contemporary design techniques often use prototyping tools that build mock-up designs of
items such as application screens, database layouts, and system architectures. End users,
designers, developers, database managers, and network administrators should review and
refine the prototyped designs in an iterative process until they agree on an acceptable
design. Audit, security, and quality assurance personnel should be involved in the review
and approval process. During this phase, the system is designed to satisfy the functional
requirements identified in the previous phase. Since problems in the design phase could be
very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development, a variety of elements
are considered in the design to mitigate risk. These include:
Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features.
Performing a security risk assessment.
Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.
Determining the operating environment.
Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs.
Allocating processes to resources.
Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module. The result is a draft
System Design Document which captures the preliminary design for the system.
Everything requiring user input or approval is documented and reviewed by the user.
Once these documents have been approved by the Agency CIO and Business
Sponsor, the final System Design Document is created to serve as the
Critical/Detailed Design for the system.
This document receives a rigorous review by Agency technical and functional
representatives to ensure that it satisfies the business requirements. Concurrent with
the development of the system design, the Agency Project Manager begins
development of the Implementation Plan, Operations and Maintenance Manual, and
the Training Plan.

DEVELOPMENT PHASE
The development phase involves converting design specifications into executable
programs. Effective development standards include requirements that programmers and
other project participants discuss design specifications before programming begins. The
 procedures help ensure programmers clearly understand program designs and functional
requirements. Programmers use various techniques to develop computer programs. The
large transaction oriented programs associated with financial institutions have
traditionally been developed using procedural programming techniques. Procedural
programming involves the line-by-line scripting of logical instructions that are combined
to form a program. Effective completion of the previous stages is a key factor in the
success of the Development phase. The Development phase consists of:
Translating the detailed requirements and design into system components.
Testing individual elements (units) for usability.
Preparing for integration and testing of the IT system.

INTEGRATION AND TEST PHASE

Subsystem integration, system, security, and user acceptance testing is conducted
during the integration and test phase. The user, with those responsible for quality
assurance, validates that the functional requirements, as defined in the functional
requirements document, are satisfied by the developed or modified system. OIT
Security staff assesses the system security and issue a security certification and
accreditation prior to installation/implementation.
Multiple levels of testing are performed, including:
Testing at the development facility by the contractor and possibly supported by end
users
Testing as a deployed system with end users working together with contract
personnel
Operational testing by the end user alone performing all functions. Requirements are
traced throughout testing, a final Independent Verification & Validation evaluation is
performed and all documentation is reviewed and accepted prior to acceptance of the
system.
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and accepted by the user. In this
phase, the system is installed to support the intended business functions. System
performance is compared to performance objectives established during the planning phase.
Implementation includes user notification, user training, installation of hardware,
installation of software onto production computers, and integration of the system into daily
work processes. This phase continues until the system is operating in production in
accordance with the defined user requirements.

OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE

The system operation is on-going. The system is monitored for continued
performance in accordance with user requirements and needed system modifications are
incorporated. Operations continue as long as the system can be effectively adapted to
respond to the organization’s needs. When modifications or changes are identified, the
system may re-enter the planning phase.
The purpose of this phase is to:
Operate, maintain, and enhance the system.
Certify that the system can process sensitive information.
Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the functional requirements
continue to be satisfied.
Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired.
 E-R Diagram
E-R (Entity-Relationship) Diagram is used to represents the relationship between
entities in a table. ER diagrams represent the logical structure of databases. ER Diagram
represents relationship between two database tables.

E-R diagram means Entity Relationship diagram. Entity is an object of system, generally
we refer entity as database table, and the e-r diagram represents the relationship between
each table of database. E-R diagram represent entity with attributes, attributes is a property
of entity. If we assume entity is a database table then all the columns of table are treating as
attributes.

Entity: Entities are represented by rectangle. All table of database are treating as entity.

Attributes: Attributes are the properties of entities. Attributes are represented by means of
ellipses. Every ellipse represents one attribute and is directly connected to its entity
(rectangle). Attributes are represented by ellipses. Attributes are properties of entities.

If the attributes are composite, they are further divided in a tree like structure. Every node
is then connected to its attribute. That is, composite attributes are represented by ellipses
that are connected
with an ellipse

Multivalued attri but

es are depicted by
double ellipse.
Derived attributes are depicted by dashed ellipse.
Relationship
Relationships are represented by diamond-shaped box. Name of the relationship is written
inside the diamond-box. All the entities (rectangles) participating in a relationship, are
connected to it by a line.
A relationship where two entities are participating is called a binary relationship.
Cardinality is the number of instance of an entity from a relation that can be associated with
the relation.

One-to-one −When only one instance of an entity is associated with the

relationship, it is marked as '1:1'.

One-to-many − When more than one instance of an entity is associated with a

relationship, it is marked as '1:N'.
Many-to-one − When more than one instance of entity is associated with the
relationship, it is marked as 'N:1'.
Many-to-many − The following image reflects that more than one instance of an
entity on the left and more than one instance of an entity on the right can be
associated with the relationship. It depicts many-to-many relationship.
 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS (Recommended):

Operating system : Windows 7 or above
Processor : Intel Pentium or AMD Athlon or higher (At least Dual core)
Motherboard : Any mother board which supports the above mentioned procecers
Ram : 512mb+
Hard disk : sata 40 gb or above (with 1GB free)
Monitor 14.1 or 15 -17 inch
Key board and mouse
Optional:
 CD/ DVD r/w multi drive combo: (if backup required)
 Pen drive 8GB : (if backup required)

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Windows OS (Windows 7 or above)
Python 3 (3.7 or higher for no bug issue)
WinRAR (if compressed form of HHC available)
External Editor(PyCharm, VS Studios, Sublime Text 3,…… if inbuild editor proofs
to insufficient or uncomfortable)
 REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFRENCE LINKS:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

BIBLOGRAPHY
COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON XII (SUMITA ARORA)
COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON XI (SUMITA ARORA)